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in

ொதும் ஊகே ொவரும் கேளிர் ! தீதும் நன்றும் பிைர் தே வொேொ

!!

HIGHER SECONDARY FIRST YEAR

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NAME :

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CLASS : 11 SECTION:
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SCHOOL :
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EXAM NO :
கேடில் விழுச்rசெல்வம் ேல்வி ச ொருவற்கு
மொடல்ல மற்றை றவ

. M.Sc, M.Phil, B.Ed.,

PG ASST (PHYSICS)
GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI - 608 502
CUDDALORE DIST
MOBILE - 9940814079

Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

1 . 1 – MEASURING LARGER DISTANCES BY 1 . 3 – PROPAGATION OF ERRORS IN ADDITION AND

1 . 2 – ERRORS AND ITS TYPES
TRIANGULATION AND RADAR METHID SUBTRACTION (DIFFERENCE)

Triangulation method : Errors : (i) Propagation of errors in addition :

• Point of observation of • The uncertainty in a measurement is called an error. • Absolute Error in quantity A = A
tree = C 1. Systematic errors : Absolute Error in quantity B = B
Height of tree or tower • Systematic errors are reproducible inaccuracies • Measured value of A = A  A
= AB = h that are consistently in the same direction. Measured value of B = B  B
Distance of tree from C • Systematic errors are difficult to detect and • Consider the sum ; 𝑍 = 𝐴 + 𝐵
= BC = x
cannot be analyzed statistically, because all of the • Let Z be the error in Z, then

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Angle of elevation of Z  Z = (A ± ΔA) + (B ± ΔB)
tree = ∠𝐴𝐶𝐵 = 𝜃 data is in the same direction. (Either too high or
= (A + B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)

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• In ABC, too low)
Z  Z = Z  (A + B)
𝐴𝐵 ℎ 2. Random errors : (or) 𝚫𝐙 = 𝚫𝐀 + 𝚫𝐁

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tan 𝜃 = = • The errors arise due to random and unpredictable
𝐵𝐶 𝑥 • The maximum possible error in the sum of two
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒉 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 variations in experimental conditions like
quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute errors
• Knowing the distane ‘𝒙’, the height (𝒉) of the tree or pressure, temperature, voltage supply etc. is

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in the individual quantities.
tower can be determined. called Random errors. Random errors are
(ii) Propagation of errors in subtraction
sometimes called “chance error”.
Radar method : • Absolute Error in quantity A = A
• Random errors can be evaluated through

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• The word RADAR stands for RAdio Detection And Absolute Error in quantity B = B
Ranging. statistical analysis and can be reduced by
• Measured value of A = A  A

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• In this method, radio averaging over a large number of observations.
Measured value of B = B  B
waves are sent from 3. Gross Error :
• Consider the difference ; 𝑍 = 𝐴 – 𝐵

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transmitters which • Gross error is caused due to the shear
• Let Z be the error in Z, then
reflected by distant carelessness of an observer.
Z  Z = (A ± ΔA) − (B ± ΔB)
object (planets) are
detected by receiver.
w
• These errors can be minimized only when an
observer is careful and mentally alert.
= (A − B) ± (ΔA + ΔB)
Z  Z = Z  (A + B)
w
• By measuring the time (or) 𝚫𝐙 = 𝚫𝐀 + 𝚫𝐁
interval (t) between • The maximum possible error in the sum of two
w
sent and received quantities is equal to the sum of the absolute errors
instants the distance of the planet is determined. in the individual quantities.
Here,
Speed of radio waves
𝟐𝑫
𝒗 =
𝒕
• Thus, the distance of the object (target)
𝒗 × 𝒕
𝑫 =
𝟐
where, v = 3 X 108 m s −1 → 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑜 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠
𝒕 → 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 by the radiowaves to covering the
distance during the forward and backward
path

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

1 . 4 – PROPAGATION OF ERRORS IN MULTIPLICATION 1 . 5 – RULES FOR COUNTING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES 2 . 1 – TRIANGLE LAW OF ADDITION OF VECTORS
AND DIVISION
• All non zero digits are significant • ⃗ and 𝐵
Let 𝐴 ⃗ are represented by the two adjacent sides
Propagation errors in multiplication : (e.g.) 2345 has 4 significant figure
• Error in A = A OP and PQ of a OPQ taken in the same order, then
• All zeros between two non zero digits are significant
Error in B = B (e.g.) 2005 has 4 significant figure their resultant ⃗𝑅 is given by the third side OQ of the
• Measured value of A = A  A • If the number without a decimal point, the trailing
triangle taken in the reverse order
Measured value of B = B  B zeros are not significant
Magnitude of the resultant vector (R) :
• Consider the product ; Z = A B (e.g.) 23400 has 3 significant figure
• Let Z be the error in Z, then • If the number with a decimal point, all the zeros to

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Z  Z = (A  A)(B  B) the left of the decimal point are significant
Z  Z = AB  (A B )  (B A )  (A B)

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(e.g.) 23400. has 5 significant figure
• On simplifying, we get, • All the zeros are significant if they come from a
𝐙 𝑨 𝐁

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= + measurement (e.g.) 23400 m has 5 significant figure
𝒁 𝑨 𝑩 • All zeros to the right of the decimal point are also • From figure, in PQN
• The maximum fractional error in the product of two significant (e.g.) 23400.00 has 7 significant figure 𝑄𝑁 𝑄𝑁

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quantities is equal to the sum of the fractional errors in • If the number less than 1, the zeros between the right sin 𝜃 = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑄𝑁 = 𝐵 sin 𝜃
the individual quantities. 𝑃𝑄 𝐵
of the decimal point and left of the first non zero digit 𝑃𝑁 𝑃𝑁
Propagation errors in division or quotient : are not significant (e.g)0.00023040 has 5 significant cos 𝜃 = = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑃𝑁 = 𝐵 cos 𝜃

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• Error in A = A figure 𝑃𝑄 𝐵
Error in B = B • The power of 10 is irrelevant to the determination of • In PQN apply pythogorus theorem,

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• Measured value of A = A  A significant figure. (e.g.) 2.40 m =2.40 X 102 cm 𝑂𝑄2 = 𝑂𝑁 2 + 𝑁𝑄2 = (𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁)2 + 𝑁𝑄2
Measured value of B = B  B = 2.40 X 103 mm all has 3 significant figure 𝑅2 = (𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃) 2 + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃

.k
• Consider the product ; 𝑍 =
𝐴 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃 + 𝐵2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝐵 1 .6 – DISTANCE OF MOON FROM EARTH BY PARALLAX = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃

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• Let Z be the error in Z, then METHOD 𝑅 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 2 𝐴 𝐵 cos 𝜃
2
A
(A  A) A (1 ± ) • ∴ 𝑹 = |𝑨⃗⃗ + ⃗𝑩
⃗ | = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝟐 𝑨 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
A
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Diameter of Earth = AB
Z  Z = =
(B  B) B Centre of Earth =C Direction of resultant Vector () :
B (1 ± )
B
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Stars = S1 and S2 • In PQN
A B 𝑄𝑁 𝑄𝑁 𝐵 sin 𝜃
Z  Z = 𝑍 (1 ± ) (1 ∓ ) Moon =M
ta𝑛 𝛼 = = =
A B Distance of Moon from Earth = 𝑂𝑁 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑃𝑁 𝐴 + 𝐵 cos 𝜃
• On simplifying we get, MC 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
−𝟏
𝐙 𝑨 𝐁 Parallax angles between Stars
∴ 𝜶 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 [
𝑨 + 𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
]
= +
𝒁 𝑨 𝑩 and Moon = 1 and 2
• The maximum fractional error in the division Total Parallax of the Moon
(quotient) of two quantities is equal to the sum of the subtended on Earth
fractional errors in the individual quantities. = AMB =  = 1 + 2
• Hence,
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜃= = [∵ 𝐴𝐵 ≈ 𝑀𝐶]
𝐴𝑀 𝑀𝐶
𝑨𝑩
𝑴𝑪 =
𝜽

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

2 . 2 – PROPERTIES OF SCALAR PRODUCT 2 . 3 – PROPERTIES OF VECTOR PRODUCT 2 . 4 – KINEMATIC EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR
CONSTANT ACCELERATION
• The product 𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝐵 is always a scalar • The product ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ is always a vector.
• Consider a particle moves in a straight line.
• The scalar product is commutative. (i.e.) • The vector product is not commutative
• Its initial velocity =𝑢
⃗⃗⃗𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 = ⃗⃗⃗𝑩 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑨 (i.e.) ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ ≠ 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗
At time “t” its final velocity = 𝑣
• They obey distributive law. (i.e.) • The vector product is minimum when the two Acceleration =𝑎
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . (𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ + ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑪) = 𝑨 ⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑩 + ⃗𝑨 ⃗ . 𝑪⃗⃗⃗ vectors are parallel ( 𝜽=𝟎°) or anti parallel (𝜽=𝟏𝟖𝟎°) 1) Velocity – time relation :
• ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 × ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒏 ̂ = 𝟎 = 𝒎𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎
The angle between the two vectors, • Rate of change of velocity is called acceleration.
⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ • When two vectors are perpendicular to each other 𝑑𝑣
𝑨 . 𝑩 (i.e.) 𝑎 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

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𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 [ ] (𝜽=𝟗𝟎°) , their vector product becomes maximum 𝑑𝑡
𝑨𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽 𝒏 • By integrating and solving we get
(i.e.) 𝑨 ̂ = 𝑨𝑩 𝒏 ̂ = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎

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• The scalar product is maximum when the two 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕 − − − − (𝟏)
• In self cross product, ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 × ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨 = 𝑨 𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎° 𝒏 ̂ = ⃗𝟎
vectors are parallel (i.e.) 𝜽 = 𝟎° 2) Displacement – time relation :
•

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In case of orthogonal unit vectors,
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩 = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝑨𝑩 = 𝒎𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 • Rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
𝒊̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ × 𝒌 ̂= 𝟎
⃗ 𝑑𝑠
• The scalar product is minimum when two vectors are ̂ ̂ ̂ × 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ (i.e,) 𝑣 = (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 = (𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕) 𝑑𝑡
& 𝒊̂ × 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ; 𝒋̂ × 𝒌 = 𝒊̂ ; 𝒌 𝑑𝑡
anti parallel (i.e.) 𝜽 =𝟏𝟖𝟎°

ka
̂ ̂
𝒋̂ × 𝒊̂ = − 𝒌 ; 𝒌 × 𝒋̂ = − 𝒊̂ ; 𝒊̂ × 𝒌 ̂ = − 𝒋̂ • Integrating and solving, we get
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = − 𝑨 𝑩 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝟏
• In term of components, 𝒔 = 𝒖 𝒕 + 𝒂 𝒕𝟐 − − − − (𝟐)
• When two vectors are perpendicular to each other ̂ 𝟐
𝒊̂ 𝒋̂ 𝒌

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(i.e.) 𝜽=𝟗𝟎° , their scalar product becomes zero (i.e.) 3) Velocity – displacement relation :
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 × 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = |𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒚 𝑨𝒛 |
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑨 𝑩 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟗𝟎° = 𝟎 • We know, acceleration is first derivative of

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𝑩𝒙 𝑩𝒚 𝑩𝒛
Then the two vectors are said to be orthogonal velocity and velocity is first derivative of
• In self dot product, 𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 = 𝑨 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎° = 𝑨𝟐 = 𝒊̂ (𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒛 − 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒚 ) + 𝒋̂ (𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒙 − 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒛 ) displacement. Hence,

.k
+ 𝒌 ̂ (𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒚 − 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒙 ) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
• In case of orthogonal unit vectors,
𝑎= = = 𝑣
𝒊̂ . 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒌 ̂ .𝒌 ̂= 𝟏 • ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗𝐵 form adjacent sides in a parallelogram,
If 𝐴 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠

•
& ̂ ̂
𝒊̂ . 𝒋̂ = 𝒋̂ . 𝒌 = 𝒌 . 𝒊̂ = 𝟎
w
then the magnitude of |⃗⃗
𝑨 𝑿 𝑩 ⃗⃗⃗ | will give the area of (𝑜𝑟) 𝑑𝑠 =
1
𝑎
𝑣𝑑𝑣
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In term of components, the parallelogram
⃗⃗⃗
𝑨 . ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩 = 𝑨𝒙 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑨𝒛 𝑩𝒛 • Integrating and solving, we get
• ⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗𝐵 form adjacent sides in a triangle, then,
If 𝐴 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒂 𝒔 − − − − (𝟑)
w
1
⃗⃗ 𝑿 𝑩
|𝑨 ⃗⃗⃗ | will give the area of the that triangle. 4) Displacement – velocity relation :
2
• From eqn (1) , 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎 𝑡 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑢
• Put this in equation (2), we get
1 1
𝑠 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 2 = 𝑢 𝑡 + (𝑣 − 𝑢) 𝑡
2 2
𝑣𝑡 𝑢𝑡 𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑡
𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡+ − = +
2 2 2 2
(𝒖 + 𝒗)𝒕
𝒔 = − − − − (𝟒)
𝟐

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
 www.kalvikadal.in https://material.kalvikadal.in

2 . 5 – PROJECTILE IN HORIZONTAL PROJECTION 2 . 6 – PROJECTILE IN OBLIQUE PROJECTION 3 . 1 – PARTICLE MOVING IN INCLINED PLANE

• The particle has zero acceleration along horizontal

n
direction (i.e.) a = 0, then • The horizontal distance travelled by the projectile in • The forces acting on the object is
1 time “t” is

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𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 2 = 𝒖𝒙 𝒕 1
(i) Downward gravitational force (𝑚𝑔)
2
𝑥 = 𝑢𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 = 𝑢 cos 𝜃 𝑡 (ii) Normal force perpendicular to inclined surface (N)
• Along vertical direction, 𝑢𝑦 = 0 & 𝑎 = 𝑔 then. 2

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𝑥 • The gravitational force mg is resolved in to two
1 𝟏 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑡= − − − − − (1)
𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 2 = 𝒈 𝒕𝟐 u cos 𝜃
components as
2 𝟐 (1) 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝐶omponent along the inclined plane
• The vertical distance travelled by the projectile in

ka
𝒙
• From equation (1) we have 𝒕 = (2) 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − 𝐶omponent perpendicular to the
𝒖𝒙 time “t” is
• put this in equation (2) we get, 1 1 inclined surface
1 𝑥 2 𝑔 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2 = 𝑢 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑡 − 𝑔 𝑡2 • There is no motion (acceleration) along the y axis.

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2 2
𝑦 = 𝑔 ( ) = [ ] 𝑥2 • Put equantion (1), Applying Newton’s second law in the y direction
2 𝑢𝑥 2 𝑢𝑥 2
𝑁 𝑗̂ − 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂ = 0

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𝒚 = 𝑲𝒙𝟐 𝑥 1 𝑥 2
𝒈 𝑦 = 𝑢 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ( )− 𝑔 ( ) (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 𝑗̂ = 𝑚 𝑔 cos 𝜃 𝑗̂
• Here, 𝑲 = u cos 𝜃 2 u cos 𝜃
𝟐 − −→ 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ∴ 𝑵 = 𝒎 𝒈 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽

.k
𝟐 𝒖𝒙
𝟏 𝒙𝟐
• Equation (3) is the equation of parabola. Thus the 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝒏 𝜽 − 𝒈 𝟐 • Applying Newton’s second law in the x direction
𝟐 𝐮 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝑚 𝑔 s𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑖̂ = 𝑚 𝑎 𝑖̂

w
path followed by the projectile is a parabola
(1) Time of flight : • Thus the path followed by the projectile is an inverted ∴ 𝒂 = 𝒈 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽
parabola. • Note that the acceleration depends on the angle of
w
𝟐𝒉 Maximum height (hmax) :
𝑻 = √ inclination 𝜃
𝒈 𝒖𝟐 𝐬𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽
w
𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 = • If 𝜃 = 90° , the block will move vertically with
(2) Horizontal range : 𝟐𝒈 acceleration, 𝒂 = 𝒈.
Time of flight (Tf) : • The initial speed u = 0 as it starts from rest. Here s is
𝟐𝒉 𝟐 𝒖 𝐬𝒊𝒏 𝜽 the length of the inclined surface. The speed (v) when
𝑹= 𝒖𝑻 =𝒖√ 𝑻𝒇 =
𝒈 𝒈 it reaches the bottom is
(3) Velocity of a projectile at any time : Horizontal range (R) : 𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠 = 0 + 2 𝑔 sin 𝜃 𝑠
𝒖 𝟐 𝐬𝒊𝒏 𝟐 𝜽 ∴ 𝒗 = √𝟐 𝒈 𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
• Resultant velocity at that instant, 𝑹 = 𝒖𝒙 × 𝑻𝒇 =
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖̂ + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗̂ = 𝑢 + 𝑔 𝑡 𝑗̂ 𝒈
• For a given initial speed u, the maximum possible
(𝑜𝑟) 𝒗 = √𝒗𝒙𝟐 + 𝒗𝒚𝟐 = √𝒖𝟐 + 𝒈𝟐 𝒕𝟐 range is reached when s𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 is maximum. (i.e.)
• When the projectile hits the ground, 𝑡 = 𝑇 .Hence s𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 = 1 .
This implies 2 𝜃 = 𝜋/2 (or) 𝜃 = 𝜋/4
2ℎ
𝑣 = √𝑢2 + 𝑔2 𝑇 2 = √𝑢2 + 𝑔2 𝒖𝟐
𝑔 𝑹𝒎𝒂𝒙 =
𝒈
𝒗 = √𝒖𝟐 + 𝟐 𝒈 𝒉

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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3 . 2 – TO BODIES IN CONTACT ON A 3 . 3 – MOTION OF BLOCKS CONNECTED BYA 3 . 4 – MOTION OF BLOCKS CONNECTED BYA
HORIZONTAL SURFACE STRING IN VERTICAL MOTION STRING IN HORIZONTAL MOTION

• According to Newton’s second law, we have

𝐹 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎

n
𝑭 • If 𝑚1 moves with an acceleration ‘a’ downward then 𝑚2
∴ 𝒂 = − − − − (𝟏) • Let 𝑚1 > 𝑚2 .When the system is released, , 𝑚2 vertically

l.i
(𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 ) upward and 𝑚1 downward with same acceleration a. also moves with the same acceleration ‘a’ horizontally.
• The contact force exerted by 𝑚1 on 𝑚2 is = 𝑓 ⃗⃗⃗ 21 • From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 , • From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 ,

da
The reaction force exerted by 𝑚2 on 𝑚1 is = 𝑓 12 ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗̂ = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑗̂ 𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚1 𝑔 𝑗̂ = − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑗̂
• From the free body diagram of block 𝑚1 , (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎 − − − − (1)
𝐹 𝑖̂ − 𝑓12 𝑖̂ = 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑖̂ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑚1 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 − − − − (1) • From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 ,

ka
(𝑜𝑟) 𝐹 − 𝑓12 = 𝑚1 𝑎 • From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 , 𝑇 𝑖̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑖̂
𝑓12 = 𝐹 − 𝑚1 𝑎 𝑇 𝑗̂ − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑗̂ (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚2 𝑎 − − − − (2)
𝑁 𝑗̂ − 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑗̂ = 0

vi
𝐹 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 𝑚 2 𝑎 And,
= 𝐹 − 𝑚1 [ ] (𝑜𝑟) 𝑁 − 𝑚2 𝑔 = 0
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 (𝑜𝑟) 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − (2)
𝑚1 ∴ 𝑁 = 𝑚2 𝑔 − − − − (3)

al
= 𝐹 [1 − ] • (1) + (2) ⇒
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 𝑎 + 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇 + 𝑇 − 𝑚2 𝑔 • By substituting equation (2) in (1), we can calculate
𝑚2

.k
𝑓12 = 𝐹 (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 = (𝑚1 − 𝑚2 )𝑔 acceleration. (i.e.)
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝑚2 𝑎 − 𝑚1 𝑔 = − 𝑚1 𝑎
𝒂= [ ] 𝒈 − − − − (𝟑)

w
• Here this reaction force is acting along the negative x 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑚1 𝑎 + 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔
direction. In vector notation, • If 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝑎 = 0 . This shows that if the (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑎 = 𝑚1 𝑔
𝒎𝟏
w
𝒎𝟐
⃗⃗⃗ 𝟏𝟐 = − 𝑭
𝒇 𝒊̂ masses are equal, there is no acceleration and the 𝒂= [ ] 𝒈 − − − (𝟒)
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 system as a whole will be at rest. 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
w
• From the free body diagram of block 𝑚2 , • The acceleration vector for mass 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 is • By substituting equation (4) in (2), we can calculate
𝑓21 𝑖̂ = 𝑚2 𝑎 𝑖̂ 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 tension. (i.e.)
⃗⃗⃗ = − [
𝒂 ] 𝒈 𝑗̂ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝒂 ⃗⃗⃗ = [ ] 𝒈 𝑗̂ 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝐹 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑻= 𝒈 − − − − (𝟓)
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑓21 = 𝑚2 𝑎 = 𝑚2 [ ] 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 • Put equation (3) in equation (1), we get tension
𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝑓21 = 𝐹 𝑚1 [ ] 𝑔 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑇
𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
• Here this contact force is acting along the positive x 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
(𝑜𝑟) 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 − 𝑚1 [ ]𝑔
direction. In vector notation, 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
𝒎𝟐 𝑚1 − 𝑚2
⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟐𝟏 = 𝑭 𝒊̂ 𝑇 = 𝑚1 𝑔 [1 − ]
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝑚1 + 𝑚2
• Thus from equation (2) and (3), we have, 𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐
𝑻= [ ]𝒈 − − − (𝟒)
⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟏𝟐 = − ⃗⃗⃗𝒇 𝟐𝟏 𝒎 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
• This confirms Newton’s third law of motion.

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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3 . 5– PUSHING AND PULLING THE OBJECT 3 .6– VECHICLE ON A LEVELLED CIRCULAR ROAD 3 .7– VECHICLE ON A LEVELLED CIRCULAR ROAD

Object pushed at an angle : • When a vehicle travels in a curved • In a leveled circular road, skidding mainly depends on
path, the necessary centripetal force the coefficient of static
is provided by the frictional force friction 𝝁𝒔
between tyre and surface of the road. • If the static friction is not
able to provide enough
• Consider a car of mass ‘m’ moving at
centripetal force to turn, the
a speed ‘v’ in the circular path of vehicle will start to skid.
radius ‘r’ • To avoid this problem,
• Let a body is pushed at an arbitrary angle ‘’ by the

n
• The forces acting on the car when it usually the outer edge of the
applied force F . This force can be resolved into two moves are,

l.i
components as, (1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 & (2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 road is slightly raised
(1) Gravitational force (𝑚𝑔) acting downwards compared to inner edge.
• The total downward force acting on the body is (2) Normal force (N) acting upwards

da
(𝑚𝑔 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃) • This is called banking of roads or tracks. This
(3) Frictional force (𝐹𝑐𝑝 ) acting horizontally inwards introduces an inclination, and the angle is called
• Since there is no acceleration along the vertical along the road banking angle and let it be θ
direction : 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 • Suppose the road is horizontal then the normal force

ka
• When the car takes a turn, there are two forces acting
• It implies that the normal force increases. Hence and gravitational force are exactly equal and opposite on the car:
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 + 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ) [𝑚𝑔 = 𝑁]. (1) Gravitational force 𝑚 𝑔 (downwards)

vi
• Equation shows that a greater force needs to be • Here the static frictional force between the tyre and (2) Normal force N (perpendicular to surface)
applied to push the object into motion. surface of the road which points towards the centre of • Resolve the normal force into two components as

al
Object pulled at an angle : the circular track acts as the centripetal force. (1) N cos θ – It balances the downward gravitational
Condition for safe turn: force 𝑚 𝑔

.k
• For safe turn, the static frictional force must be equal or (2) N sinθ – It provide the necessary centripetal
greater than the necessary centripetal force. (i.e.) acceleration.

w
𝜇𝑠 𝑁 ≥
𝑚 𝑣2
𝑟
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑠 𝑚 𝑔 ≥
𝑚 𝑣2
𝑟
(𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑠 ≥
𝑣2
𝑟𝑔
• By using Newton second law
𝑁 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑔 − − − − − − (1)
w
∴ 𝒗 ≤ √𝝁𝒔 𝒓 𝒈 𝑚 𝑣2
• When an object is pulled at an angle θ, the applied 𝑁 sin 𝜃 = − − − − − − (2)
w
• So the coefficient of static friction between the tyre 𝑟
force ‘F’ is resolved into two components as , 𝑚𝑣 2
and the surface of the road determines what [ ]
(1) 𝐹 sin 𝜃 & (2) 𝐹 cos 𝜃 (2) 𝑁 sin 𝜃 𝑟
maximum speed the car can have for safe turn. ⟹ =
• The total upward force acting on the body is Condition for skid : (1) 𝑁 cos 𝜃 𝑚𝑔
(𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 ) 𝒗𝟐
• If the static friction is not able to provide enough
• Since there is no acceleration along the vertical 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = − − − − − (3)
centripetal force to turn, the vehicle will start to skid. 𝒓𝒈
direction the normal force N is (i.e.) • So the safe speed of the car at the curved track is,
𝑁𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑙 + 𝐹 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔 𝑚 𝑣2 𝑣2
(𝒐𝒓) 𝜇𝑠 𝑚 𝑔 < (𝑜𝑟) 𝜇𝑠 < 𝒗 = √𝒓 𝒈 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 − − − − − (4)
𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝑚 𝑔 − 𝐹 cos 𝜃 𝑟 𝑟𝑔 • The banking angle θ and radius of curvature of the road
• Thus the normal force decreases and hence,
∴ 𝒗 > √ 𝝁𝒔 𝒓 𝒈 or track determines the safe speed of the car at the
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝒔 = 𝝁𝒔 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 = 𝝁𝒔 ( 𝒎𝒈 − 𝑭 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 )
turning.
• Equation (2) shows that a lesser force needs to be
applied to pull the object into motion.
Result :
• Since 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒔𝒉 > 𝑵𝒑𝒖𝒍𝒍 , it is easier to pull an object
than to push to make it move.
VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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4 . 1 – WORK – KINETIC ENERGY THEOREM 4 . 2 – RELATION BETWEEN POWER AND VELOCITY 4 . 3 – ELASTIC COLLISION IN ONE DIMENSION
Statement : • The work done by a force 𝐹 for a displacement ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 is,
• Work done by the force on the body changes the
𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊 = ∫ ⃗⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑟 − − − − − (1)
kinetic energy of the body. This is called work - kinetic
energy theorem. • LHS of equation (1) can be written as
Explanation : 𝑑𝑊
• Let a body of mass “m" rest on a frictionless 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 • In order to have collision, we assume that the mass m1
𝑑𝑡
moves faster than mass m2 i.e., 𝒖𝟏 > 𝒖𝟐 .
horizontal surface. • RHS of equation (1) can be written as vel Linear
• The work done by the constant force “F” for a ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑟 Body
ma
oci momen
Kinetic

n
displacement “s” is ∫𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ .
𝑑𝑟 = ∫ [𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑣] 𝑑𝑡
] 𝑑𝑡 = ∫[𝐹
ss
ty tum energy
𝑊= 𝐹𝑠=𝑚𝑎𝑠 − − − − (1) 𝑑𝑡 1

l.i
1 𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚1 𝑢12

Befor

collis
e
• From equation of motion, • Hence equation (1) becomes, 2
𝑑𝑊 1
𝑣 2 = 𝑢2 + 2 𝑎 𝑠 2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚2 𝑢22

da
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫[𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 ] 𝑑𝑡 2
2 𝑎 𝑠 = 𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝑊 1 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑚1 𝑣1 𝑚1 𝑣12

collis
After
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2

ions
𝑎= − − − − (2) ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − ∫[𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 ] 𝑑𝑡 = 0 2

ka
2𝑠 𝑑𝑡 1
𝑑𝑊 2 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑚2 𝑣2 𝑚2 𝑣22
• Put equation (2) in (1), ∫[ ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 ] 𝑑𝑡 = 0
− 𝐹
2
𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 𝑚 𝑑𝑡 • Form law of conservation of linear momentum,

vi
𝑊= 𝑚 [ ]𝑠 = [𝑣 2 − 𝑢2 ] • Hence, 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
2𝑠 2
1 1 𝑑𝑊 𝑚1 𝑢1 − 𝑚1 𝑣1 = 𝑚2 𝑣2 − 𝑚2 𝑢2

al
𝑊 = 𝑚 𝑣2 − 𝑚 𝑢2 − ⃗⃗⃗𝐹 . ⃗⃗⃗𝑣 = 0 𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 ) − − − (1)
2 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑊 = (𝐾𝐸)𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 − (𝐾𝐸)𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝒅𝑾 • For elastic collision ,
⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝒗

.k
= 𝑭 1 1 1 1
𝑾 = ∆ 𝑲𝑬 𝒅𝒕 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
(𝒐𝒓) 𝑷= 𝑭 ⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗𝒗 2 2 2 2
• Thus work done by the force, change the kinetic
energy of the body. This is known as work - kinetic
w 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22
𝑚1 𝑢12 − 𝑚1 𝑣12 = 𝑚2 𝑣22 − 𝑚2 𝑢22
w
energy theorem.
𝑚1 ( 𝑢12 − 𝑣12 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣22 − 𝑢22 )
Conclusion :
𝑚1 (𝑢1 − 𝑣1 )(𝑢1 + 𝑣1 ) = 𝑚2 (𝑣2 − 𝑢2 )(𝑣2 + 𝑢2 ) − − (2)
w
• If work done by the force on the body is positive, then • Divide equation (2) by (1),
kinetic energy increases.
𝑢1 + 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 + 𝑢2
• If work done by the force on the body is negative, then 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟏 − 𝒖 𝟐
kinetic energy decreases. • Put this in (1) we get,
• If work done by the force on the body is zero (no 𝒎𝟏 − 𝒎𝟐 𝟐 𝒎𝟐
𝒗𝟏 = [ ] 𝒖𝟏 + [ ]𝒖
work), there is no change in kinetic energy, which 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
means the body moves with constant speed. • Similarly we get,
𝟐 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 − 𝒎𝟏
𝒗𝟐 = [ ] 𝒖𝟏 + [ ]𝒖
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝟐
Special cases :
1) 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 then, 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟐 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
2) 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 & 𝑢2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝒗𝟏 = 𝟎 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒖𝟏
3) 𝑚1 ≪ 𝑚2 & 𝑢2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛, 𝒗𝟏 = − 𝒖𝟏 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟎
4) 𝑚2 ≪ 𝑚1 & 𝑢2 = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 , 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒖𝟏 & 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐 𝒖𝟏

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
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4 . 4 – PERFECT INELASTIC COLLISION 5 . 1 – ANGLE OF BENDING OF CYCLIST WHEN 5 . 2 – MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A UNIFORM ROD ABOUT ITS
NEGOTIATING A CURVE ROAD CENTRE AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE ROD

Reason :
• When the cyclist
negotiating a circular
• In a perfectly inelastic or completely inelastic level road, the necessary
collision, the objects stick together permanently after centripetal force is
collision such that they move with common velocity. provided by the
frictional force between
• Let the two bodies with masses m1 and m2 move with

n
tyres and the road. • Mass of the rod =𝑀
initial velocities u1 and u2 respectively before
• If this frictional force is Length of the rod =𝑙

l.i
collision.
not sufficient, he must Position of centre of mass = 𝐺
• After perfect inelastic collision both the objects move Distance of infinitesimally small mass 𝑑𝑚 from centre
fall.

da
together with a common velocity v. =𝑥
• To avoid this, he has to bend by an angle from the
velocit Linear Kinetic Length of infinitesimally small mass 𝑑𝑚 𝑖𝑠 = 𝑑𝑥
Body mass
y momentum
vertical.
energy The mass per unit length of the rod = 𝜆

ka
Angle of bending :
1 •
𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚1 𝑢1 𝑚 𝑢2 • To solve problems in rotating frame of reference, we As the mass is uniformly distributed
collision
Before

1
2 1 1 have to apply a centrifugal force (pseudo force) on the 𝑀 = 𝜆 𝑙 (𝑜𝑟) 𝜆 =
𝑀
1

vi
𝑙
2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚2 𝑢2 𝑚 𝑢 2 system • Hence the mass of the infinitesimally small length as,
2 2 2 •
1 The forces acting on the system are, 𝑀

al
𝑚1 𝑣 𝑚1 𝑣 𝑚1 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑚 = 𝜆 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥
collision

1 (i) gravitational force (mg), 𝑙

2
After

(ii) normal force (N), •

s

1 The Moment of inertia of the small mass (𝑑𝑚) about the

.k
2 𝑚2 𝑣 𝑚2 𝑣 𝑚2 𝑣 2 (iii) frictional force (f) and perpendicular axis
2 𝑚 𝑣2
centrifugal force ( 𝑓𝑐𝑓 = ) 𝑀
• Since, the linear momentum is conserved during (iv) 𝑑𝐼𝐺 = (𝑑𝑚) 𝑥 2 = ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 2
collisions,
𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 ) 𝑣
•
w 𝑟
As the system is in equilibrium in the rotational frame •
𝑙
Thus the moment of inertia (𝐼𝐺 ) of the entire rod about
w
of reference, the net external force and net external the perpendicular axis passes through its centre can be
𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 torque must be zero.
𝒗 = found by integrating equation (2),
w
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 • Let us consider all torques about the point A 𝑙⁄ 𝑙
2 𝑀 𝑀 ⁄2 2
Loss of kinetic energy in perfect inelastic collision : Torque due to N and f about the point A = 0 𝐼𝐺 = ∫ ( 𝑑𝑥) 𝑥 = 2
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• In perfectly inelastic collision, the loss in kinetic • For rotational equilibrium, 𝜏𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 0 −𝑙⁄ 𝑙 𝑙 −𝑙⁄
2 2
energy during collision is transformed to another 𝑚 𝑣2 𝑙⁄
(𝑖. 𝑒. ) − 𝑚 𝑔 (𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃) + (𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃) = 0 𝑀 𝑥3 2 𝑀 𝑙3 𝑙3
form of energy like sound, thermal, heat, light etc. 𝑟 𝐼𝐺 = [ ] = [ − (− )]
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑙 3 −𝑙⁄ 3𝑙 8 8
• The loss of kinetic energy 𝑚 𝑔 𝐴𝐶 sin 𝜃 = 𝐴𝐶 cos 𝜃 2
∆𝑄 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝐸 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐾𝐸 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟 𝑀 𝑀
1 1 1 2 = (𝑙 3 + 𝑙 3 ) = (2 𝑙 3 )
sin 𝜃 𝑣 24 𝑙 24 𝑙
∆𝑄 = 𝑚1 𝑢12 + 𝑚2 𝑢22 − (𝑚1 + 𝑚2 )𝑣22 = 𝟏
2 2 2 cos 𝜃 𝑟𝑔 𝑰𝑮 = 𝑴 𝒍𝟐
• By simplifying the above equation, we get 𝑣2 𝟏𝟐
1 𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 tan 𝜃 =
∆𝑄 = [ ] (𝒖𝟏 − 𝒖𝟐 )𝟐 𝑟𝑔
2 𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 [ ]
𝒓𝒈

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929
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5 . 3 – KINETIC ENERGY IN ROTATIONAL MOTION 5 . 4 – KINETIC ENERGY IN PURE ROLLING 5 . 5 – ROLLING ON INCLINED PLANE

• Let us consider a rigid body • In general pure rolling is the combination of

rotating with angular translational and rotational motion, we can write the
velocity ω about an axis as total kinetic energy (KE) as the sum of kinetic energy
shown in Figure due to translational motion (𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 ) and kinetic
• Every particle of the body energy due to rotational motion (𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡 ). That is ,
will have the same angular 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 + 𝐾𝐸𝑟𝑜𝑡
velocity ω and different • Mass of rolling body = 𝑀
tangential velocities v based Angular velocity =𝜔 • Forces acting on the object on the inclined plane are,

n
on its positions from the axis Radius of gyration =𝐾 (1) Gravitational force (𝑚𝑔)

l.i
of rotation. Velocity of centre of mass = 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 𝑅 𝜔 (2) Static frictional force (f)
• Let the mass 𝑚, 𝑚2 , 𝑚3 , … . . 𝑚𝑖 of each particle Moment of inertia about centre of mass = ICM = M K 2 (3) Normal force (N) exerted by the plane
• Here 𝑚𝑔 can be resolved in to two components,

da
situated at a distances 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 , 𝑟3 , … . . 𝑟𝑖 from the axis. Moment of inertial about point of contact (O)
Let 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑣3 , … . . 𝑣𝑖 be their respective tangential IO = ICM + M R2 (1) 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − Component along the inclined
velocities. With centre of mass as reference: plane downwards

ka
• The kinetic energy KE of the rigid body is, 1 1 (2) 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 − Component vertical to the
2
1 1 1 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + I𝐶𝑀 𝜔2 inclined plane downwards
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚1 𝑣12 + 𝑚2 𝑣22 + 𝑚3 𝑣32 + … … 2 2
2 2 2 1 2 1 2 𝑣𝐶𝑀
2 • Here component 𝑚𝑔 cos 𝜃 is cancelled by the normal

vi
1 1 1 : 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣𝐶𝑀 + M K ( )
2 2 𝑅 force (N)
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚1 𝑟12 𝜔2 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 𝜔2 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 𝜔2 + … … 1 1 𝐾2
2 2 2 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑀 𝑣 2
+ M 𝑣 2
( ) • Component 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 causes translational motion and

al
1 2 𝐶𝑀
2 𝐶𝑀
𝑅2 static frictional force f opposes this motion.
𝐾𝐸 = [𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + 𝑚3 𝑟32 + … … ] 𝜔2
2 𝑛 𝟏 𝑲𝟐 Acceleration :

.k
𝟐
1 𝑲𝑬 = 𝑴 𝒗 𝑪𝑴 [𝟏 + ] • Thus for translational motion, 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑎
𝐾𝐸 = [∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2 ] 𝜔2 𝟐 𝑹𝟐
2 • For rotational motion, 𝑅𝑓=𝐼𝛼

w
𝑖=0
With point of contact as reference:
𝟏 1 • By definition, 𝑎 = 𝑅 𝛼 and 𝐼 = 𝑚 𝐾 2 . Hence
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑰 𝝎𝟐 𝐾𝐸 = I𝑂 𝜔 2 [ ∵ 𝑣𝐶𝑀 = 0] 𝑎
w
𝟐 2 𝑅 𝑓 = 𝑚 𝐾2
where , 1 𝑣𝐶𝑀 2
𝑅
𝐾𝐸 = (ICM + M R2 ) ( ) 𝐾2
w
𝑛 2
𝑰 = ∑𝑖=0 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖 − −−→ the moment of inertia of 2 𝑅 𝑓 = 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2]
2
1 𝑣𝐶𝑀 𝑅
the whole body 𝐾𝐸 = (M K 2 + M R2 ) 2
2 𝑅 • Put this in equation (1),
𝟏 𝟐
𝑲𝟐 𝐾2
𝑲𝑬 = 𝑴 𝒗𝑪𝑴 [𝟏 + 𝟐 ] 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2 ] = 𝑚 𝑎
𝟐 𝑹 𝑅
𝐾2
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎 + 𝑚 𝑎 [ 2 ]
𝑅
𝐾2
𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 𝑎 [1 + 2 ]
𝑅
𝐾2
𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑎 [1 + 2 ]
𝑅
𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝒂=
𝑲𝟐
[𝟏 + 𝟐 ]
𝑹

VICTORY R. SARAVANAN. M.Sc ,M.Phil,B.Ed., PG ASST (PHYSICS), GBHSS, PARANGIPETTAI -608 502, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Please send your Materials & Question Papers to [email protected] (OR) Whatsapp - 9385336929