Acta Agronomica Óváriensis Vol. 61. No.2.

VARIATIONS IN MINERAL CONTENT OF OPIUM POPPY SEEDS

(PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.)

PÉTER ZUBAY1 - ZSUZSANNA JÓKAINÉ SZATURA2 - MÁRTA LADÁNYI3 -

ÉVA NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ1 - KRISZTINA SZABÓ1

1
Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Institute of Sustainable Horticulture,
Szent István University, Budapest
2
Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Food Quality, Safety and Nutrition,
Szent István University, Budapest
3
Department of Biometrics and Agricultural Informatics, Institute of Mathematics and
Basic Science, Szent István University, Budapest

ABSTRACT

Due to its special chemistry, opium poppy is a valuable raw material for the
pharmaceutical and food industries. This research aimed to determine the mineral content
of seeds in eight opium poppy accessions. We studied one registered culinary, (‘Zeno
Plus’); three industrial varieties (‘Botond’, ‘Hunor’, ‘Korona’), and four strains of
landrace origin (‘Lilla’, ‘MB’, ‘T18’, ‘T28’) using ICP-OES, to open the way for their
utilisation in functional food development. Highly significant differences in mineral
content were found among the accessions. ‘Zeno Plus’ had the highest macromineral
content (15976.667±440.038 mg/kg d.w. for Ca; 3733.000±78.689 mg/kg d.w. for Mg;
8219.333±47.648 mg/kg d.w. for K), ‘Botond’ accumulated the most of the iron
(110.043±3.966 mg/kg d.w.), whilst ‘MB’ proved to be the most effective in the
accumulation of Zn (84.233±1.478 mg/kg d.w.), Cu (18.660±0.897 mg/kg d.w.), Na
(68.237±1.410 mg/kg d.w.) and Mn (108.267±2.706 mg/kg d.w.). All three accessions
are promising materials for food fortification or biofortification breeding programs.

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

Keywords: food fortification; chemical variability; presscake

INTRODUCTION

New industries such as food supplements and food fortification have emerged. These
are the combined response of the agriculture, food and health industries to current global
food challenges such as quality hunger and food which is impoverished in vitamins and
minerals (Thomas 2007, Mayer 1997, Ekholm et al. 2007). Several minerals have been
recognized for their nutraceutical potential and thus have become candidates for
functional food ingredients. The most obvious minerals and trace elements with
nutraceutical potential are calcium, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc, selenium and
iron (Wildman and Kelley 2007, Ferrari and Torres 2002). Micronutrient deficiency is
common around the globe. These silent epidemics affect people of all genders and ages.
Food fortification is a population based approach to help in meeting community health
needs safely, an approach which has led to success in the past century (Tulchinsky (2010).
Micronutrient supplementation must be carefully controlled, given the toxic effects
ascribed to trace elements (Fraga (2005).
Mineral malnutrition is a burning global challenge, and different strategies have been
created to prevent it, such as agricultural production methods, food processing
procedures, as well as economic and consumer education programs (Miller and Welch
2013). Biofortification is an innovative and sustainable strategy for addressing
micronutrient malnutrition (White and Broadley 2005, Welch and Graham 2005).
Nowadays, biofortification programs such as HarvestPlus and Biofort Brazil are being
developed (Miller and Welch 2013). Among others, food and flour fortification with iron
is a current and long term strategy to prevent or to overcome iron deficiency anemia in
numerous countries (Huma et al. 2007). At present, technical challenges limit the
bioavailability of minerals in fortified foods, but plant breeding is a very promising new
approach to improve dietary nutritional quality (Zimmerman and Hurrel 2007).
Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an industrial crop whose cultivation and
usage dates back to prehistoric times (Tétényi 1997, Nencini 1997). The manufacture of
morphine in Europe started in the 19th century with small pharmaceutical companies.
After the method of producing morphine from dried capsules instead of opium was

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

invented by the Hungarian pharmacist Kabay in 1928, the perspective of a dual benefit
appeared, integrating the pharmaceutical and food industries’ purposes and demands
(Anonymus 1925, Anonymus 1931). Thanks to Kabay’s method, high quality seeds (the
most significant use in food industry) and valuable pharmaceutical raw material became
available simultaneously (Bernáth 1998). Poppy seeds are a rich source of stearic,
palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids, β-tocopherol, and polyphenols with
antioxidant activity (Özcan and Atalay 2006). Poppy seed has a high nutritional value
compared to other valuable plant materials (Table 1) and incorporating it into the diet
could satisfy some human nutritional needs and promote health. In the last few decades,
the main breeding goals of poppy have been to reach high yields with favourable alkaloid
content and composition, while breeding for optimal fatty acid composition has been
greatly limited (Singh 1990, Singh 1995). Consequently, there is a large pool of different
poppy accessions and varieties with only minimum information available on the
components of the seeds.
Poppy-seed meal is created from presscake, which is a by-product of the edible oil
industry; it contains a high amount of crude protein and 11-14% of residue oil, depending
on the variety and the extraction parameters (Eklund and Agren 1975). The following
minimal information has been published thus far on the utilization of poppy-presscake
and seed-meal: additive to forage supplement (Akinci and Bayram 2003), survey on the
effect of ruminal methane production (Wang et al. 2017) and food product development
possibilities (Aksoylu, Cagindi and Köse 2015, Gök et al. 2011). The modern concept of
waste management tends to identify agro-food waste from a different perspective: waste
materials are seen as resources which can be bioconverted into high value-added, useful
products (Ezejiofor, Enebaku and Ogueke 2014). Edible oil-derived, processed presscake
can be an economically beneficial raw material for the food industry, especially because
there is a necessity to utilize as many valuable by-products as possible in order to stay
competitive (Helkar, Sahoo and Patil 2016).

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

Table 1: Comparison of mineral content in poppy seed with other plant materials which
have high nutrition value (mg/kg d.w.)
Species Minerals Referen-
ces
Ca Mg K Na Na to K Fe Cu Zn Mn
ratio

Poppy 14 380 3 470 7 190 260 1:27.65 97.60 16.27 79.00 67.07 USDA
seed 2020

Hemp 700 7 000 12 000 50.00 1:240 79.50 16.00 99.00 76.00
seed

Flax 2550 3 920 8 130 300 1:27.10 57.30 12.20 43.40 24.82
seed

Beets, 160 230 3 250 780 1:4.17 8.00 0.75 3.50 3.29
raw

Spinach, 990 790 5 580 790 1:7.06 27.10 1.30 5.30 8.97
raw

Kale 15 400 2 900 17 200 88 700 1:0.19 185.80 1.90 36.20 184.00 Miller-
Cebert,
Sisatani,
Cebert
Cabbage 4 700 1 900 18 400 38 000 1:0.48 76.50 - 14.50 24.70 2009

Hazelnut 1 860 1 730 8 630 2 600 1:3.32 42.00 23.00 29.00 56.00 Köksal et
al. 2009

Almond 2 774 3 261 8 276 114 1:72.6 77.60 27.50 67.70 33.30 Simsek,
Kizmaz
2017

Apple 312 331 31 976 9.62 1:3323.9 3.68 3.57 1.93 1.81 Todea et al.
2014.

In the last half century, global production of poppy seeds has doubled, during which
time the main producer countries have been Australia, Turkey, India, and the Czech
Republic – among others (Procházka and Smutka 2012). In Hungary, for a century poppy
has been a traditional crop in several thousands of hectares. The intensive and broad scale
breeding activity in the producing countries has resulted in a relatively large number of
varieties and valuable selected genotypes. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to
reveal the quantitative and qualitative variability of some essential minerals in the seeds.
Hungarian poppy genotypes can reveal their potential in natural food fortification in the

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

future. Furthermore, we wanted to find valuable breeding stocks and genotypes to

improve nutritional value in staple foods.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant material, growth conditions and sampling

Eight different opium poppy accessions were tested. The propagation material
originated from the gene bank of the Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of
Szent István University. The plant material contained one registered culinary (‘Zeno
Plus’) and three industrial varieties (‘Botond’, ‘Hunor’, ‘Korona’), along with a further
four selected strains of landrace origin (‘Lilla’, ‘MB’, ‘T18’, ‘T28’). The industrial
varieties are special high alkaloid containing cultivars, among which ‘Botond’ is
characterised by morphine as the main component, and ‘Hunor’ has both morphine and
tebaine in its capsules, while ‘Korona’ has been bred for high noscapine content. The
culinary variety has a very low (below 0.2%) alkaloid content in the capsules. Among the
other strains, only ‘MB’ has a higher alkaloid content (close to 2.0%) while the others are
intended for culinary use. ‘T18’ has white seeds; all the others have blue or greyish ones.
The plants were grown at the Experimental and Research Farm of the University in
Budapest. Seeds were sown into small plots (10m2) by hand at the end of September 2017
(in the case of the overwintering genotypes (‘Hunor’, ‘Lilla’, ‘T18’ and ‘T28’); and in
March 2018 for the others, summer poppy genotypes. Row and plant distances were 0.5
m and 0.05 m, respectively.
The Research Farm’s soil type is sandy with a low humus content (0.6-0.8%) with a pH
of 7.6-7.9. Nitrogen (80 kg/ha) was added in March and boron (2%) as leaf fertilizer at
budding stage. Weed control was done by hoeing and occasional irrigation was applied
in the dry periods. Plants were harvested by hand in early July (overwintering genotypes)
and middle July 2018 (summer poppies), at the stage of full ripening.

Determination of mineral contents using ICP-OES

Instrumentation
All the samples were analysed in three replicates by ICP-OES (PerkinElmer, model:
Optima 8000 ICP OES), using winLab32 software for the analysis. The spectrometer was
equipped with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) array detector that measures from 160

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

nm to 900 nm. The introduction system was composed of a glass cyclonic spray chamber
and a glass concentric (Meinhard) nebulizer. The injector tube diameter of the torch was
2.0 mm. A part of ICP-OES was also the Monochromator that detects the chemical
elements separately. Instrument operating conditions are listed in Table 2. The selected
analytical wavelengths are compiled in Table 3.

Table 2: ICP-OES operating conditions

Parameter Value

Nebulizer type Meinhard

Spray chamber Cyclonic

Sample flow 1.50 mL/min

Plasma gas flow 15 L/min

Auxiliary gas flow 0.3 L/min

Nebulizer gas flow 0.6 L/min

RF power 1300 W

Viewing distance 15 mm

Table 3: Wavelengths and plasma view which were selected

Element Wavelength (nm) Plasma view

Ca 315.887 Attn. radial

Mg 279.077 Radial

K 766.490 Attn. radial

Na 589.592 Attn. radial

Fe 259.939 Radial

Cu 324.752 Radial

Zn 213.857 Radial

Mn 257.610 Attn. radial

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

Sample preparation - Microwave assisted digestion

The presence of the following minerals: Ca (calcium), Mg (magnesium), K (potassium)
and Na (sodium), Fe (iron), Cu (copper), Zn (zinc) and Mn (manganese) was investigated
by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). All samples
were prepared for the analysis via the microwave digestion method and measured in
triplicate.
Aliquots of each sample (0.5 g) were accurately weighed into a digestion vessel, then 5
mL of concentrated nitric acid (65% HNO3) was added. This mixture was left for one
night, and the next day 3 mL of hydrogen peroxide (30% H2O2) were added in the
digestion vessels. The vessels were placed in the microwave oven digestion system (Mars
5, CEM Corporation) which followed a specific digestion program. It took 20 minutes to
reach a pressure of 250 psi inside the oven, then the samples were treated for 15 minutes
in 2200 °C at a pressure of 250 psi, and finally cooled down for 20 minutes.
After mineralization, the resulting solutions were cooled to room temperature, and then
transferred to autosampler tubes and diluted to a final volume of 25 mL with Milli-Q
water. The determination of mineral contents in this clear solution was carried out by ICP-
OES. The equipment calibration was performed with standard elemental solutions,
diluted to the desired concentration. The dilutions were prepared using HNO 3 (2M). The
first calibration solution (blank) contained only nitric acid; the second calibration solution
was a dilution of the standard elemental solutions with nitric acid, containing the
following minerals: Ca, Mg, K and Na. The third calibration solution was a dilution of
standard elemental solutions with nitric acid, containing the following elements: Fe, Cu,
Zn and Mn. The concentrations of the solutions ranged from 1 to 100 mg/kg (1.5, 10, 100
mg/kg, respectively) to match the amount of the elements possibly present in the samples.

Statistical analysis
The examined accessions were compared for the mineral content of their seeds using
one-way multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA). In order to normalize the data and regulate
the variances, iron was square-root-transformed, calcium was inverse-transformed, and
manganese and sodium were inverse-square-root-transformed. Normality of the residuals
then was accepted by Shapiro-Wilk’s test (p>0.05). Homogeneity of variances was
checked by Levene’s test (p>0.05). Multivariate factor effect was tested by Wilk’s
lambda. When there was a significant multivariate overall result, follow-up univariate

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

ANOVA was run with Bonferroni’s correction in order to avoid Type I error
accumulation. Homogeneous subgroups were separated by Tukey’s hoc test. Statistical
analysis was performed by using IBM SPSS v25.

RESULTS

In terms of the mineral contents, considerable differences were found among the
accessions. The overall MANOVA result was highly significant (Wilks’ lambda<0.001;
p<0.001). The follow-up between-subjects effect was significant for each mineral
(F(7;16)> 209.9; Bonferroni’s corrected p<0.001). Tukey’s post-hoc test result is given
in Table 4.
Among the macrominerals studied, Ca was the one showing the highest concentration
in opium poppy seeds, with a global mean content of 9937.13 mg/kg (Table 5). Global
mean contents for the other macrominerals were 5602.88 mg/kg for K, 2578.13 mg/kg
for Mg and 23.82 mg/kg for Na. Accessions with the highest Ca accumulation were ‘Zeno
Plus’ (15976.667±440.038 mg/kg d.w.), ‘Hunor’ (14075.333±293.423 mg/kg d.w.) and
‘MB’ (10985.333±97.167 mg/kg d.w.) (Table 4). The highest K concentration was
recorded in ‘Zeno Plus’ (8219.333±47.648 mg/kg d.w.), ‘Hunor’ (6392.000±38.158
mg/kg d.w.) and ‘Botond’ (6238.667±59.501 mg/kg d.w.) (Table 4). ‘Zeno Plus’
(3733.000±78.689 mg/kg d.w.), ‘Hunor’ (3558.000±61.612 mg/kg d.w.) and ‘Lilla’
(2651.667±54.501 mg/kg d.w.) presented the highest Mg concentration, while ‘MB’,
‘Botond’ and ‘Hunor’ accumulated the highest quantity of Na (Table 4). On average,
registered varieties had a higher content of the investigated essential minerals than
landraces and breeding strains (except Na and Mn).
Global mean contents for the microminerals investigated here were: 66.36 mg/kg
for Fe, 56.36 mg/kg for Mn, 54.96 mg/kg for Zn, and 12.77 mg/kg for Cu (Table 5). The
maximum Fe content was measured in ‘Botond’ (110.043±3.966 mg/kg d.w.), ‘Korona’
(90.973±1.390 mg/kg d.w.) and ‘MB’(88.533±0.948 mg/kg d.w.), while Zn accumulation
was the highest in ‘MB’ (84.233±1.478 mg/kg d.w.), ‘Botond’ (71.443±1.091 mg/kg
d.w.) and ‘Zeno Plus’ (70.173±1.193 mg/kg d.w.) (Table 4). Accessions showing high
Mn accumulation were ‘MB’, ‘Botond’ and ‘Hunor’, while the accessions of ‘MB’,
‘Korona’ and ‘Botond’ accumulated a high amount of Cu in their seeds (Table 4). Ca

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

accumulation is the only case where each of the studied opium poppy accessions differed
significantly. In the cases of the K, Fe, Na and Mn, seven genotypes showed significant
differences (Table 4). In general, there was a large variation among the studied accessions
in the content of essential minerals, with high differences in the content of Ca (‘Korona’:
6330.667±68.879 mg/kg d.w. - ‘Zeno Plus’: 15976.667±440.038 mg/kg d.w.), in the
content of Fe (‘T18’: 27.277±0.698 mg/kg d.w. - ‘Botond’: 110.043±3.966 mg/kg d.w.),
and in the content of Mn (‘Lilla’: 31.763±0.803 mg/kg d.w. - ‘MB’: 108.267±2.706
mg/kg d.w.) (Table 4). Moisture content of opium poppy seeds were 4,38%, whilst
moisture content of the presscake was 6,48%.

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

Table 4: Means (mg/kg d.w.) and standard deviations of minerals of the eight
investigated poppy accessions. Different letters are for significantly different genotypes
(Tukey’s, p<0.05)
Accession
Statistical
Mine-
parame-
rals ‘Zeno
ters ‘Botond’ ‘Hunor’ ‘Korona’ ‘Lilla’ ‘MB‘ ‘T18’ ‘T28’
Plus’

Mean 10430.667 14075.333 6330.667 6839.667 10985.333 6603.000 8255.667 15976.667

Ca StDev 75.002 293.423 68.879 40.501 97.167 29.000 42.782 440.038

Tukey’s e g a c f b d h

Mean 2365.667 3558.000 2315.667 2651.667 2295.333 2009.000 1696.667 3733.000

Mg StDev 82.597 61.612 55.869 54.501 32.716 43.313 40.377 78.689

Tukey’s c e c d c b a f

Mean 6238.667 6392.000 5744.333 4735.000 4383.333 4506.000 4604.333 8219.333

K StDev 59.501 38.158 63.532 61.000 22.898 36.428 20.526 47.648

Tukey’s e f d c a ab bc g

Mean 48.263 22.850 9.923 7.545 68.237 10.008 8.830 14.883

Na
StDev 1.184 1.486 0.370 0.105 1.410 0.219 0.090 0.405

Tukey's f e c a g c b d

Mean 110.043 54.453 90.973 32.493 88.533 27.277 60.530 66.553

Fe
StDev 3.966 0.670 1.390 0.755 0.948 0.698 0.741 1.159

Tukey's g c f b f a d e

Mean 15.150 12.773 16.680 11.047 18.660 7.259 7.737 12.817

Cu
StDev 0.362 0.614 0.572 0.294 0.897 0.074 0.257 0.262

Tukey's d c e b f a a c

Mean 71.443 46.310 56.517 39.917 84.233 28.613 42.460 70.173

Zn
StDev 1.091 0.779 1.115 0.335 1.478 0.978 0.979 1.193

Tukey's e c d b f a b e

Mean 72.933 62.377 53.807 31.763 108.267 35.713 37.963 48.053

Mn
StDev 2.026 0.990 1.347 0.803 2.706 0.753 0.415 0.267

Tukey's f e c a g c b d

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

Table 5: Mineral content (mg/kg) of poppy seed according to different references,

compared with the results of the current research

Minerals Origin of the seeds

Southern India Konya, USA Budapest

Turkey (Ramasastri Turkey (United States Zubay et al. (Current
(Özkutlu et 1983) (Özcan Department of research, global mean)
al. 2007) 2004) Agriculture 2020)

Ca no data 17200 10583 14380 9937.13±3615,20

Mg no data no data 4256 3470 2578.13±716.56

K no data no data 5906 7190 5602.88±1327.38

Na no data no data no data 260 23.82±22.44

Fe 29 ± 1.4 127 91.1 97,6 66.36±28.92

Cu 11 ± 0.4 no data 14.4 16.27 12.77±4.04

Zn 25 ± 0.4 no data 42.5 79 54.96±18.95

Mn 24 ± 1.7 no data 56.1 67.07 56.36±25.21

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

DISCUSSION

In the cases of Ca, K, Fe, Na and Mn, at least seven accessions differed significantly.
Three accessions accumulated the minerals in the highest levels: ‘Zeno Plus’, strain ‘MB’
and ‘Botond’ (Fig 1. and 2.). ‘Zeno Plus’ is a spring ecotype variety meant for the food
industry, while ‘Botond’ and strain ‘MB’ are high alkaloid containing winter poppies
developed for pharmacological use. ‘T18’, the white coloured strain, differed in mineral
content from the accessions with blue seeds, similar to other important properties
described before by (Eklund and Agren 1975, Lo and Chua 1992, Hayes et al. 1987). All
of the genotypes are of European origin, six of them originating from Hungary. Therefore,
it seems that no strong connection exists between the origin of the accessions and their
mineral contents. Similarly, neither overwintering characteristics nor alkaloid content of
the capsules appear in connection with the nutrient values as measured. Further
investigation is needed to understand the eventual anatomical and metabolomical
backgrounds of the determined differences among poppy accessions in their essential
mineral content.
Until recently, extremely little information was available in the literature about the
mineral content of poppy seeds with different origins (Table 5). This has caused a high
standard deviation among the results reported by these references. Compared to the
previous references, the poppy genotypes in our study have average mineral contents. At
the same time, variety ‘Zeno Plus’ accumulated a prominent amount of K, while ‘MB’
was characterised by high concentrations of Zn and Mg compared to poppy-seed
accessions from India, Turkey and the USA (Table 5).
Minerals accumulated in the highest concentrations were Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn. Similar to
calcium, vitamins D and K together have a synergic effect on the skeletal and
cardiovascular system (Kidd 2010); in the case of food product development, it is worth
determining the vitamin D and K content of the fatty oil of poppy seed. Increased dietary
magnesium intake fosters protection against many diseases typical in western civilization
(Bo and Pisu 2008); and poppy may play a role in delivering a high proportion of
magnesium. Iron deficiency is the most threatening type of mineral malnutrition in the
world, causing serious consequences for human health (Haas and Brownlie 2001, Oski
1979). Also, poppy seed is an excellent, high iron content plant material for a food

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

fortification approach. The modern diet is lacking in potassium and loaded with energy-
rich foods (Sebastian et al. 2006), thus a reconditioned, adequate potassium-to-sodium
intake ratio is essential for human health (Jansson 1990, He and MacGregor 2008, Yang
et al. 2011).
The bioconversion from waste to wealth of the poppy-seed presscake could be a
sustainable way of alleviating malnutrition by delivering bioavailable, plant-based
essential minerals to the population. Differences among the poppy-seed accessions could
greatly benefit from sophisticated cross-sector collaborations between the pharmaceutical
and food industries. Developers could process the poppy-seed presscake as a by-product
of the edible oil industry into health promoting functional and novel foods. This could be
based on the information from the best mineral-accumulating genotypes utilised by the
food or pharmaceutical industries. Adding value to the by-products by applying
knowledge of genetic potential and sharing research-based information would benefit
those market players who are willing to cooperate with each other. The capsules of opium
poppy plant accumulate narcotic alkaloids, though the seeds do not contain alkaloids
unless they are contaminated by pest damage and during harvesting. Functional food is
the manifestation of a modern theory which addresses contemporary food and nutrition
problems. The development of fortified food using oilseeds could be an effective solution
to these problems (Asma, El Fadil and El Tinay 2006, Shilpa and Lakshmi 2012).
Development of poppy genotypes with enhanced mineral content may be included in
breeding programs. Among the examined accessions, ‘Zeno Plus’, ‘Botond’ and the strain
‘MB’ were found to be promising for this purpose. Poppy-seed products are commonly
consumed at festive meals in East-Central Europe.
Breeding, cultivation, processing and consumption of poppy is organically connected
to Hungarian tradition and national identity, along with other populations in the region.
Thus, a well-directed development of functional food products based on the new results
and theory which were suggested in this article may make the poppy product line even
more prosperous.

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'Botond'
20
'Zeno 15 'Hunor'
Plus'
10
*1000 mg/kg dw
5
Ca
'T28' 0 'Korona'
Mg
K

'T18' 'Lilla'

'MB'
Figure 1: Mean values of macromineral contents (Mg, Ca and K, *1000 mg/kg d.w.) of
the eight investigated poppy accessions

'Botond'
120
100
'Zeno Plus' 80 'Hunor'
60
Na
40 Fe
20
'T28' 0 'Korona' Cu
Zn
Mn
'T18' 'Lilla'

'MB'

Figure 2: Mean values of mineral contents (Zn, Cu, Fe, Na and Mn, mg/kg d.w.) of the
eight investigated poppy accessions

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 Variations in mineral content of opium poppy seeds (Papaver somniferum L.)

KÜLÖNBSÉGEK MÁK (PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L.) MAG TÉTELEK

ÁSVÁNYIANYAG-TARTALMÁBAN

ZUBAY PÉTER1, JÓKAINÉ SZATURA ZSUZSANNA2, LADÁNYI MÁRTA3,

ZÁMBORINÉ NÉMETH ÉVA1, SZABÓ KRISZTINA1

1
Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék, Fenntartható Kertészet Intézet, Szent István
Egyetem, Budapest
2
Alkalmazott Kémia Tanszék, Élelmiszerminőségi, -biztonsági és
Táplálkozástudományi Intézet, Szent István Egyetem, Budapest
3
Biometria és Agrárinformatika Tanszék, Matematika és Természettudományi Alapok
Intézet, Szent István Egyetem, Budapest

ÖSSZEFOGLALÓ

Speciális fitokémiai összetételének köszönhetően a mák értékes növényi alapanyag

mind az élelmiszer- mind a gyógyszeripar számára. Kutatásunk célja nyolc hazai
nemesítésű mák magtétel ásványianyag-tartalmának meghatározása volt. ICP-OES
módszerrel vizsgáltuk négy fajtajegyzékben elismert, köztük egy étkezési- (‘Zeno Plus’)
és három ipari (‘Botond’, ‘Hunor’, ‘Korona’) fajta, valamint négy tájfajta (‘Lilla’, ‘MB’,
‘T18’, ‘T28’) ásványianyag-tartalmát az élelmiszer dúsítási potenciál felmérése
érdekében. Erősen szignifikáns különbségeket figyeltünk meg a vizsgált fajták
ásványianyag-tartalma között. A ‘Zeno Plus’ fajta esetén figyeltük meg a legnagyobb
makroelem-tartalmat (Ca - 15976.667±440.038 mg/kg sz.a.; Mg - 3733.000±78.689
mg/kg sz.a.; K - 8219.333±47.648 mg/kg sz.a.), a ‘Botond’ halmozta fel a legtöbb vasat
(110.043±3.966 mg/kg sz.a.), miközben az ‘MB’ bizonyult a leghatékonyabbnak a Zn
(84.233±1.478 mg/kg sz.a.), Cu (18.660±0.897 mg/kg sz.a.), Na (68.237±1.410 mg/kg
sz.a.) és az Mn (108.267±2.706 mg/kg sz.a.) elemek akkumulációjában. Mindhárom tétel
kifejezetten ígéretes alapanyagnak bizonyul élelmiszer dúsítás célú élelmiszerfejlesztések
és nemesítési programok megvalósításához.
Kulcsszavak: élelmiszer dúsítás; ásványi anyag; olajpogácsa

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 P. ZUBAY- ZS. JÓKAINÉ SZATURA- M. LADÁNYI- É. NÉMETH ZÁMBORINÉ- K. SZABÓ

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This research was supported by the Ministry for Innovation and Technology within the
framework of the Higher Education Institutional Excellence Program (NKFIH-1159-
6/2019) in the scope of plant breeding and plant protection researches of Szent István
University.

„ SUPPORTED BY THE ÚNKP-18-3-I-SZIE-16 NEW NATIONAL EXCELLENCE

PROGRAM OF THE MINISTRY OF HUMAN CAPACITIES”
This work was supported by the Human Resources Development Operational Program
under grant number EFOP-3.4.3-16-2016-00012.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research,
authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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