INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol.

2 (1) DEC 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijets.2.2014.1.4.1011

A Review on the Performance of a Vibration Absorber in an Active Suspension

System

G.Hima Bindu Dr.A.Siva kumar

Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering Professor & HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering
MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, India MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, India
[email protected]

Abstract— Active suspension system is to isolate a vehicle II. REVIEW ON SUSPENSION SYSTEM
body from road irregularities to maximize passenger ride
comfort and retain continuous road wheel contact in order
a) literature review
to provide road holding with the help of roll and pitch as well The review of literature is discussed to focus on an
as torsion modes. In advance active suspension concepts, active suspension system in a passenger car. The
damped vibration absorbers, may be fitted to the axles to analysis of leaf spring and vibrations of the suspension
control wheel hop oscillations. The optimal turning and system is discussed in the following sessions.
damping ratio for the vibration absorber to minimize wheel
bounce on a random road are computed for a linear two- Rahul N. Sandage et.al [1] has investigated
degree-of freedom system as function of the relative tyre about the ride comfort of the passengers by studying the
damping rate and mass ratio. The adaptive suspension performance of suspension system. For this a quarter car
controllers provide superior passengers comfort over the model with two degree of freedom has been used for
whole range of road condition. In this connection an attempt checking the performance of semi-active suspension
is made to explain in detail about suspension system, system. To improve ride comfort many analytical and
springs, vibrations and results obtained of different experimental studies on semi-active suspension have
researchers in their experimental investigation. been performed at the same time Fuzzy-PID controller
work better than the PID controller having fixed gain
Keywords— Active Suspension; spring; Vibrations and
parameters have been studied. Yahaya Md. Sam et.al [2]
Quarter car model.
studied about the new strategy by which the active
suspension system can be controlled. The strategy
I. INTRODUCTION utilized the proportional-integral sliding mode control
Shock absorber or a suspension damping system is a scheme. the study is been carried on a quarter-car model
device for reducing the effect of a sudden shock by the and the performance of the controller is compared to the
dissipation of the shock's energy. On an automobile, linear quadratic regulator and with the existing passive
springs and shock absorbers are mounted between the suspension system. A simulation study is performed to
wheels and the frame. When the wheels hit a hole or a prove the e7ectiveness and robustness of the control
raised spot on a road, the springs absorb the resultant approach. Ayman A. Aly et.al [3] has studied why semi-
shock by expanding and contracting. To prevent the active and active systems are being developed. This
springs from shaking the frame excessively, their motion study states that due to increased competition on the
is restrained by shock absorbers, which are also known automotive market has forced companies to research
by the more descriptive term dampers. The type of shock alternative strategies to classical passive suspension
absorber found on automobiles is usually a hydraulic systems. To simulate the actions of an active vehicle
type that has a casing consisting of two tubes, one suspension system a quarter-car 2 degree-of-freedom
telescoping into the other. On some automobiles a type (DOF) system is designed and constructed on the basis
of hydraulic suspension is used to function both as a of the concept of a four-wheel independent suspension.
spring and as a shock absorber. It comprises a sealed The main aim of this study is to illustrate the application
spherical container filled with equal volumes of of intelligent technique to the control of a continuously
hydraulic fluid and gas under pressure. The compression damping automotive suspension system. Zhang Jin-qius
of the gas, which absorbs the shock, is supplied by the et.al [4] have investigated how the considerable energy
vehicle's engine. is been wasted in the form of heat due to mechanical

18
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

vibrations of a conventional vehicle suspension. In –Integral (PI) and Proportional-Integral Derivative (PID)
recent years for the improvement of vibration Controllers are the popular technique to control any
attenuating performance as well as the reduction of process. In this paper, Proportional-Integral (PI) and
energy dissipation the regenerative suspensions have Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are
attracted much attention. In this investigation the amount used to control the vibrations to give smooth response of
of energy dissipation and the potential of energy the bus suspension system and carry-out their
regeneration are discussed, then the research and comparison on the basis of time and frequency using
development of regenerative suspension is reviewed, and Matlab environment. The simulation and implementation
the energy harvesting schemes and their characteristics of the controller is done using Matlab/Simulink. C.
are summarized and remarked. A. Aldair et.al [5] have Poussot-Vassal et.al [8] have studied how the frequency
studied how to reduce the road roughness in order to modulation at mid and high frequency can be trade-off
give comfort to the passengers and at the same time to overcome the optimal control of damping and how the
increase the ride handling associated with the pitching best performances in terms of comfort are reflected in
and rolling movements which can be done by designing terms of handling and vice verse. In this a semi-active
a robust controller for a vehicle suspension system. This suspension system is described as a quarter car model,
necessitates a very fast and accurate controller to meet as equipped with a controllable damper, providing an
much control objectives, as possible. In this study to effective representation of the semi-active suspension
design a robust controller to meet the control objective dynamics. The main aim of this study is to propose a
an artificial intelligence Neuro-Fuzzy (NF) technique is methodology allowing for evaluation of handling and
been used. The vibrations on each corner of vehicle is comfort lower theoretical filtering bounds, which can be
been minimized by the proposed controller supplying used as a benchmark for any semi-active control design.
control forces to suspension system when travelling on Ammar A. Aldair et.al [9] has developed the design of
rough road. The other purpose for using the NF a robust controller for full vehicle nonlinear active
controller for vehicle model is to reduce the body suspension systems which is used to control and handle
inclinations that are made during intensive manoeuvres the nonlinearities faster than other conventional
including braking and cornering. A full vehicle nonlinear controllers. Neural controller are devised to adjust the
active suspension system is introduced and tested. hydraulic actuators which forces to minimize the
Suleiman Abu-Ein et.al [6] have developed a control vertical displacement at each suspension point when
system and the implementation technology of the travelling on rough roads and to reduce the inclination of
controllers and the subsequent experimental study are the vehicle during sudden manoeuvres such as sharp
used for suspension system in automobiles. This bending and braking. The robustness of the proposed
development is been done for safe, and driving pleasure, controller is being assessed by comparing with
and keeping vehicle occupants comfortable and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controller. To validate
reasonably well isolated from road noise, bumps, and the robustness of the proposed approach, the cases with
vibrations. In this study it is been found that active six types of disturbances will be investigated. The results
suspension system improves ride comfort even at show that intelligent neural controller have improved
resonant frequency by the simulation and analytical dynamic response measured by a decreased cost
methodologies which is used to analyze the suspension function. Kommalapati. Rameshbabu et.al [10] have
system. For step input of 0.08 m, the sprung mass studied about the shock absorber which is used to
displacement has been reduced by 25 % which shows reduces the effect of travelling over rough ground,
the improvement in ride comfort and sprung mass leading to improved ride quality , and increase in
acceleration reduced by 89. 93% .The suspension travel comfort. In this a shock absorber is designed and a 3D
has been reduced by 74.64% and tire deflection has model is created using Pro/Engineer. The model is also
reduced by 89.73%. Sheilza Jain et.al [7] has studied changed by changing the thickness of the spring.
that the suspension system is designed, where a ¼ model Structural analysis and modal analysis are done on the
of bus is used to simplify the problem to a one shock absorber by varying material for spring, Spring
dimensional mass spring-damper system. In this study Steel and Beryllium Copper. The analysis is done by
the open-loop performance on the basis of time response considering loads, bike weight, single person and 2
is observed which depicts that the bus suspension has persons. Structural analysis is done to validate the
oscillations with large settling time. To overcome this strength and modal analysis is done to determine the
problem, closed-loop system is used. Despite displacements for different frequencies for number of
continuous advancement in control theory, Proportional modes. Comparison is done for two materials to verify

19
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

best material for spring in Shock absorber. Faraz Ahmed fatigue stress analysis of springs used in automobiles. To
Ansar et.al [11] have constructed an active suspension isolate the structure and the occupants from shocks and
control for a quarter car model to improve the riding vibrations generated by the road surface the automobile
quality without compromising the handling suspension systems is used. The suspension systems
characteristic by directly controlling the suspension basically consist of all the elements that provide the
forces to suit the road and driving conditions. In order to connection between the tyres and the vehicle body. A
achieve the desired ride comfort, road handling and to spring stores mechanical energy and act as an elastic
solve the uncertainties, a sliding mode control technique body that can be twisted, pulled, or stretched by some
is presented. A nonlinear surface is used to ensure fast force. It returns to their original shape when the force is
convergence of vehicle’s vertical velocity which changes released. Kalaivani Rajagopa et.al [15] has developed
the system’s damping. Extensive simulations are Multi Objective Optimization (MOO) of Vehicle Active
performed and the results obtained shows that the Suspension System (VASS) with a hybrid Differential
proposed controller perform well in improving the ride Evolution (DE) based Biogeography-Based
comfort and road handling for the quarter car model Optimization (BBO) (DEBBO) for the parameter tuning
using the hydraulically actuated suspension system. of Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller.
S.Pathmasharma et.al [12] have studied about improving Initially a conventional PID controller, secondly a BBO,
the suspension system which increases the market share an rising nature enthused global optimization procedure
when a vehicle is provided with maximum comfort. This based on the study of the ecological distribution of
improvement is done by the analysis of the existing of biological organisms and a hybridized DEBBO
the suspension system. The data of the Passenger vehicle algorithm which inherits the behaviors of BBO and DE
suspension system of the existing vehicle are collected have been used to find the tuning parameters of the PID
and a model is created using UG. Automatic dynamics controller to improve the performance of VASS by
of Mechanical System (ADAMS) has become an considering a MOO function as the performance index.
important feature of roadside hardware design and Simulations of passive system, active system having PID
analysis in recent year. The analysis of existing model is controller with and without optimizations have been
carried out using ADAMS which is used to determine performed by considering dual and triple bump kind of
the forces acting on components of suspension system. road disturbances in MATLAB/ Simulink environment.
With the view of minimizing the forces acting on the The simulation results show the effectiveness of
components of the suspension system all of the critical DEBBO based PID in achieving the goal. Abdolvahab
components of the suspension system such as mounting Agharkakli et.al [16] has investigated whether the active
points, track width and mass were modified and suspension system is synthesized based on the Linear
incorporated into the new model along with the capacity Quadratic Regulator (LQR) control technique or a
to make the most important components force act with quarter car model. By using road profile comparison
time by carefully modeling the geometric details such as between passive and active suspensions system are
mounting points. It is believed that these modifications performed. The mathematical model for the passive and
significantly improve the performance of simulating active suspensions systems for quarter car model and an
impacts with off road side.V.V. Jagirdar et.al [13] has active suspension control for a quarter car model subject
developed Wishbone structure for double wishbone to excitation from a road profile using LQR controller.
front-independent Suspension for a military truck The performance of this controller is been determined by
application is presented. At present, the vehicle is performing computer simulations using the MATLAB
equipped with rigid axle with leaf springs. There are two and SIMULINK toolbox. A.Purushotham [17] has
aspects that dictate the design of wishbone structure, viz. developed a two-dimensional mathematical model of a
the path of relative motion between the constituents of McPherson suspension. There are two main suspension
the suspension system and the forces transmitted systems namely: double wishbone suspension system
between them. Also, enhancement of mobility was made and McPherson suspension. The MacPherson strut setup
possible by maintaining the live axle in the system. A is still being used on high performance cars such as the
double wishbone, double coil spring with twin damper Porsche 911, several Mercedes-Benz models and lower
configuration was employed for this application. MBD BMW models due to its light weight, design simplicity
Analysis was carried out using MSC ADAMS. A double and low manufacturing cost. The McPherson suspension
wishbone independent suspension has been designed for model considers not only the vertical motion of the
the front axle and has been successfully integrated with chassis(sprung mass) but also rotation and translation for
the vehicle. Niranjan Singh [14] has studied about the unsprung mass(wheel assembly). Furthermore, this

20
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

model includes wheel mass and its moment of inertia and tailor-able properties. The numerical analysis is
about the longitudinal axis. Yousfi Khemissi [18] have carried via finite element analysis using ANSYS
studied about the proposition of sliding mode position software. Stresses, deflection and strain energy results
controller of the magnetic suspension ball system which for both steel and composite leaf spring material were
is a mechatronic system already acknowledged and obtained. Result shows that, the composite spring has
accepted by the field experts. The main function of the maximum strain energy than steel leaf spring and weight
sliding mode control (SMC) Controller is to maintain the of composite spring was nearly reduced up to 85%
balance between the magnetic force and the ball's compared with steel material.
weight. The proposed controller guarantee the Baviskar A. C. et.al [22] have investigated for improving
asymptotic regulation of the states of the system to their the performance of leaf spring. The study states that the
desired values. Complete mathematical models of the suspension system in a vehicle which significantly
electrical, mechanical and magnetic suspension system affects the behavior of vehicle, i.e. vibration
are also developed. characteristics including ride comfort, stability etc. Leaf
springs are commonly used in the vehicle suspension
III. REVIEW ON SPRINGS system and are subjected to millions of varying stress
cycles leading to fatigue failure. In this investigation a
U. S. Ramakanth et.al [19] have studied about multi leaf lot of review on some papers on the design and analysis
springs having nine leaves where generally a leaf springs leaf spring performance and fatigue life prediction of
which are one of the oldest suspension components are leaf spring is seen. There is also the analysis of failure in
used, especially in commercial vehicles. The automobile leaf spring. Also the analysis of leaf spring with ansys is
industries have shown interests in replacement of steel done. Abdul Karim Selman Abdul Karim et.al [23] have
springs with composite leaf springs due to high strength investigated about a rational technique to design leaf
to weight ratio. In this a Finite element approach for spring for light truck . The Light truck is used for the
analysis of a multi leaf springs using Ansys software is world economic growth since it was used in
carried out. The model is generated using solid works transportation for various kinds of commodities. Leaf
and imported in Ansys. Fatigue analysis of leaf springs spring is the most admire alternative utilized in the
is carried out for steel leaf springs, and Static analysis suspension system of this specific truck due to their low
for steel leaf springs, composite leaf springs and hybrid production cost, reliability and maintainability.
leaf springs. Simulation resembles to constrained condition when
Pankaj Saini et.al [20] has developed design and analysis mounting on the vehicles were undertaken to examine
of composite leaf spring where the comparison of the the stresses distribution for each leaf.
stresses and weight saving of composite leaf spring with
that of steel leaf spring is done. Now a days the
Automobile Industry has great interest for replacement IV. REVIEW ON VIBRATIONS
of steel leaf spring with that of composite leaf spring,
since the composite materials has high strength to weight Saikat Dutta et.al[24] has developed a phenomenological
ratio, good corrosion resistance. The composite leaf model of MR damper in which Magnetorheological
spring is used to reducing weight while increasing or (MR) fluids can produce good controllable damping
maintaining strength of products which is getting to be force under application of magnetic field. MR damper
highly important research issue in this modern world. can be used as effective element in semi active vibration
The design parameters were selected and analyzed with control. Out of various semi-active control strategies, the
the objective of minimizing weight of the composite leaf on-off sky-hook control strategy is used in this work. A
spring as compared to the steel leaf spring. single degree of freedom system with MR damper under
Ghodake A. P. et.al [21] have studied about the new sinusoidal excitation is first studied to check the
materials which can be used for leaf spring and then performance of the proposed on-off controller with MR
selected glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) and the damper. By changing the input voltage according to the
polyester resin (NETPOL 1011) which is used against control scheme the parameters of MR damper in the
conventional steel. This study is been done because the model are varied. Performances of this controller for two
Automobile Industry has shown keen interest for types of road profiles, namely, sinusoidal road profile,
replacement of steel leaf spring with that of glass fiber random road profile are studied. The control strategy is
composite leaf spring, since the composite material has found to be effective for a quarter car model. To
high strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance examine optimal damper force vehicle required to isolate

21
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

the vibration several performance indices have been received from the ground while vehicle moves on rough
chosen which are functions of vehicle performance roads. Haiping Du et.al [30] have studied about the
measures such as sprung mass acceleration, vehicle active control of seat suspension to reduce vertical
handling and working space. Saeed Asiri et.al [25] have vibration transmitted from uneven road profile to driver
studied about new class of periodic mounts for isolating body and to provide ride comfort, in particular,
the vibration transmission from vehicle engine to the car commercial vehicles, to reduce driver fatigue while long
body and seats is presented. Periodic mounts exhibit hours driving. The control problem will be firstly studied
unique dynamic characteristics that make them act as by proposing an integrated seat suspension model which
mechanical filters for wave propagation. As a result, includes vehicle chassis suspension, seat suspension, and
waves can propagate along the periodic amounts only driver body model. A static output feedback controller is
within specific frequency bands called the “PassBands” then designed for the seat suspension with using
and wave propagation is completely blocked within measurement available signals. Driver mass variation
other frequency bands called the “Stop Bands”. and actuator saturation are also considered in the
Deulgaonkar V.R et.al [26] has studied the correlation controller design process. The conditions for designing
between pressure and vibration levels of different such a controller are derived in terms of linear matrix
sources with acoustical and structure transfer path and at inequalities (LMIs). Finally, numerical simulations are
the same time the effectiveness of the firewall, silencers used to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control
and engine mounts are checked and compared. The strategy. Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah et.al [31] has
various automotives produce a lot of noise & vibrations investigated the effects of vibration to noise in passenger
for which a reduction technique is studied through car cabin generally the vibration is caused by two main
energy flow path. Various international and Indian sources: engine transmission and interaction between
standards for vehicles consider two types of noise tyre and road surface. The noise which produced by the
measurement i.e. pass by noise and stationary noise. In car system can cause hearing impairment, hypertension,
this study the appropriateness of SN test for in use annoyance and sometimes can decrease the driving focus
vehicle is discussed. Two vehicles of same class but of which may cause an accident. Vehicle acoustical
different makes were compared and evaluated for comfort index (VACI) was used to evaluate the noise
interior noise and vibration levels. Yogendra S. Rajput annoyance level and vibration dose value (VDV) was
et.al [27] has investigated about the vibration used to evaluate the vibration level. By using the
characteristics of the frame including the natural changes trend of noise and vibration level depending to
frequencies and mode shapes. The off-road racing engine speeds, optimization model was proposed to
vehicle for the SAEINDIA’s BAJA competition has optimize the vibration level in the passenger car cabin.
raised the value of dynamic analysis under severe
uneven loading. The dynamic analysis is carried out by V. CONCLUSIONS
the finite element method simulation there by predicting
failure modes of the vehicle frame under vibration The following observations are drawn from the
analysis. B. Soleimani et.al [28] have developed the investigation of the previous researchers mentioned in
dynamic response of the wheel on irregular rail track the introduction.
which is been analyzed with analytical approach using Ride comfort and handling characteristics of semi active
the method of Multiple Scales (MMS). The Hertzian suspension system is better as compared to conventional
contact theory is used to obtain the relationship between passive suspension system and less expensive than the
normal contact force and the displacement of the mass active suspension system. There are two criteria of good
center of the wheel. Analytical approach is expanded for vehicle suspension performance: the first one is typically
performance of train’s wheel travelling on the rail. The their ability to provide good road handling and the other
Wheel/rail contact simulation is one of the most is grantee the passenger comfort. The main disturbance
complicated problems in the modeling of railway affecting these two criteria is terrain irregularities.
vehicles. The wheel/rail interaction plays a unique role Active suspension control system reduces these
in rail vehicle dynamics. A. Bala Raju et.al [29] have undesirable effects by isolating car body motion from
developed the equations of motion and studied the vibrations at the wheels. Suspension control is highly a
vibrations of the suspension system under different difficult control problem due to the complicated
disturbing conditions. The suspension system of an relationship between its components and parameters.
automobile helps to support the car body, engine and The research was carried out in suspension control
passengers, and at the same time absorbs shocks system cover a broad range of design issues and

22
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

challenges. Conventionally, the vibration energy of Vehicles” Proceedings of the World Congress on
vehicle suspension is dissipated as heat by shock Engineering 2013 Vol :3, WCE 2013, July 3-5, 2013.
absorber, which wastes a considerable number of [5] A. A. Aldair and W. J. Wang , “Design An Intelligent
resources. The composite spring has maximum strain Controller For Full Vehicle Nonlinear Active Suspension
Systems”. International Journal On Smart Sensing And
energy than steel leaf spring and weight of composite
Intelligent Systems, Vol: 4, Issue:2, June 2011.
spring was nearly reduced up to 85% compared with [6] Suleiman Abu-Ein and Sayel M. Fayyad,
steel material. The design and analysis of leaf spring “Electromagnetic Suspension System: Circuit And
performance and fatigue life prediction of leaf spring is Simulation” International Journal of Modeling and
reviewed also the analysis of leaf spring with ANSYS is Optimization, Vol:3, Issue:5, October 2013.
done. The rational technique to design leaf spring for [7] Sheilza Jain and Swati Gaur “ Vibration Control of Bus
light truck is investigated. Simulation resembles to Suspension System using PI and PID Controller”
constrained condition when mounting on the vehicles International Journal of Advances in Engineering
were undertaken to examine the stresses distribution for Sciences Vol:3, July, 2013.
each leaf. By using the changes trend of noise and [8] C. Poussot-Vassal, S.M. Savaresi, C. Spelta, O. Sename
and L. Dugard, “A Methodology for Optimal Semi-Active
vibration level depending to engine speeds, optimization
Suspension Systems Performance Evaluation”. 49th IEEE
model was proposed to optimize the vibration level in Conference on Decision and Control (CDC 2010) .
the passenger car cabin. The vibration characteristics of [9] Ammar A. Aldair and Weiji J. Wang, “Neural Controller
the frame including the natural frequencies and mode Based Full Vehicle Nonlinear Active Suspension Systems
shapes are studied where the dynamic analysis is carried with Hydraulic Actuators”, International Journal of
out by the finite element method simulation thereby Control and Automation, Vol: 4, Issue: 2, June 2011.
predicting failure modes of the vehicle frame under [10] Kommalapati Rameshbabu, Tippa Bhimasankara Rao
vibration analysis. “Design Evaluation of a Two Wheeler Suspension System
for Variable Load “International Journal of
Computational Engineering Research, Vol:03, Issue: 4,
VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT PP:279, April 2013.
[11] Faraz Ahmed Ansari, RajShree Taparia “Modeling,
Analysis and Control of Active Suspension System using
My special thanks to Dr. A. Siva Kumar M.Tech, Ph.D, Sliding Mode Control and Disturbance Observer
MISTE, MIE, Professor & Head in Mechanical “International Journal of Scientific and Research
Department for guiding me in the right way to complete Publications, Volume:3, Issue:1, January 2013.
my paper in the right time. Last but far from least, I also [12] S. Pathmasharma, J. K. Suresh, P. Viswanathan and R.
thank my parents, family members and my friends for Subramanian, “Analysis of Passenger Car Suspension
their moral support and constant encouragement. System Using Adams”. International Journal of Science,
Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), Vol:2,
Issue: 5, May 2013.
VII. REFERENCES [13] V.V. Jagirdar, M.S. Dadar, and V.P. Sulakhe, "Wishbone
Structure for Front Independent Suspension of a Military
Truck" Defence Science Journal, Vol: 60, Issue: 2, pp.
[1] Rahul N. Sandage, Pranit M. Pati, S.A. Patil, “Simulation 178-183, March 2010.
Analysis of 2dof Quarter Car Semi-Active Suspension [14] Niranjan Singh, “General Review Of Mechanical Springs
System to Improve Ride Comfort”, International Journal Used In Automobiles Suspension System” International
of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies,
Management (IJAIEM), Vol: 2, Issue: 12, December Vol :3, Issue:1, December 2013.
2013. [15] Kalaivani Rajagopal, Lakshmi Ponnusamy, "Multi
[2] Yahaya Md. Sam, Johari H.S. Osman, M. Ruddin A. Objective Optimization Of Vehicle Active Suspension
Ghani, “A class of proportional-integral sliding mode System Using Debbo Based Pid Controller", International
control with application to active suspension system”. Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) , Vol:6
Received 20 February 2002; received in revised form 16 Issue:1, March 2014.
October 2002; August 2003. [16] Abdol vahab Agharkakli, Chavan U.S, Dr. Phvithran S,
[3] Ayman A. Aly and Farhan Salem, “A.Vehicle Suspension “Simulation And Analysis Of Passive And Active
Systems Control: A Review”. International Journal Of Suspension System Using Quarter Car Model For Non
Control, Automation And Systems VOL:2, Issue:2 July Uniform Road Profile”, International Journal of
2013. Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol: 2,
[4] Zhang Jinqiu, Peng Zhi-zhao, Zhang Lei, Zhang Y, “A Issue :5, PP:900-906, October 2012.
Review on Energy-Regenerative Suspension Systems for

23
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (IJETS) Vol. 2 (1) DEC 2014

[17] A. Purushotham, “Comparative Simulation studies on Model”, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering
MacPherson Suspension System”, International Journal of Research, Vol : 4, Issue: 9, September 2013.
Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol:3, Issue:3, [30] Haiping Du, Weihua Li and Nong Zhang, “Vibration
PP:1377-1381, June. 2013. Control of Vehicle Seat Integrating with Chassis
[18] Yousfi Khemissi, “Control Using Sliding Mode Of the Suspension and Driver Body Model”, Advances in
Magnetic Suspension System”, International Journal of Structural Engineering, Vol : 16, Issue : 1, 2013.
Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJENS, Vol:10, [31] Zulkifli Mohd Nopiah, Ahmad Kadri Junoh, Wan Zuki
Issue :3, June 2010. Azman Wan Muhamad, Mohd Jailani Mohd Nor, Ahmad
[19] U. S. Ramakanth & k. Sowjanya, “Design And Analysis Kamal Ariffin Mohd. Ihsan, Mohammad Hosseini
Of Automotive Multi-Leaf Springs Using composite Fouladi, “Linear Programming: Optimization of Noise
Materials”, International Journal of Mechanical and Vibration Model in Passenger Car Cabin”,
Production Engineering Research and Development International Journal of Soft Computing And Softwar
(IJMPERD) ISSN 2249-6890, Vol: 3, Issue: 1, PP: 155- Engineering (JSCSE), Vol :2,Issue :1, 2012.
162, March 2013.
[20] Pankaj Saini, Ashish Goel, Dushyant Kumar, “Design
And Analysis Of Composite Leaf Spring for Light
Vehicles”, International Journal of Innovative Research in
Science, Engineering and Technology , Vol : 2, Issue :5,
May 2013.
[21] Ghodake A. P, Patil K.N, “Analysis of Steel and
Composite Leaf Spring for Vehicle”, IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Vol:5,
Issue :4, PP 68-76, Feb.2013.
[22] Baviskar A. C, Bhamre V. G, Sarode S. S,“ Design and
Analysis of a Leaf Spring for automobile suspension
system”, International Journal of Emerging Technology
and Advanced Engineering, Vol:3, Issue:6, June 2013.
[23] Abdul Karim Selman Abdul Karim, and Arshed Abdul
Hamed Mohammed, “Studying The Stress Analysis In
Leaf Spring By Finite Elements Method”, Diyala Journal
of Engineering Sciences, Vol :3, Issue:1, PP: 47-64, June
2010.
[24] Saikat Dutta, Sangolla Narahari, Goutam Chakraborty,
“Semi-active vibration isolation of a quarter car model
under random road excitations using Magneto rheological
damper”,1st International and 16th National Conference
on Machines and Mechanisms (iNaCoMM2013), Dec
2013.
[25] Saeed Asiri and A.A.N. Aljawi, “Periodic Mounts to
Isolate the Vibrations of Automotive Vehicle Engine”,
JKAU: Eng. Sci., Vol:17, Issue:1, PP:97-115, 2006.
[26] Deulgaonkar V.R, Dr.Kallurkar S.P, Dr. Mattani A.G,
“Review and Diagnostics of noise and vibrations in
automobiles”, International Journal of Modern
Engineering Research (IJMER), Vol:1, Issue:2, PP:242-
246.
[27] Yogendra S. Rajput1, Vikas Sharma1, Shivam Sharma1,
Gaurav Saxena, “ A Vibration Analysis Of Vehicle
Frame”, International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications (IJERA), Vol : 3, Issue : 2, PP:348-350,
April 2013.
[28] B. Soleimani1, M.M. jalili, “Analytical Approach to
Vibration Analysis Of the Wheel-rail contact”,
International Journal of Automotive Engineering, Vol: 3,
Issue : 3, Sept 2013.
[29] Bala Raju and R. Venkatachalam, “Analysis of Vibrations
of Automobile Suspension System Using Full-car

24