Third Semester Syllabus
Third Semester Syllabus
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
SUGGESTED READING:
Arora, S.P. & Bindra, S.P., ‘A text book of Building Construction” Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi, 1977.
Jha, J. & Sinha, S.K., “Building Construction”, Khanna Publishers, Delhi,1977.
Kulkarni, C.J., “A text book of Engineering Materials”, Ahmedabad book Depot, Ahmedabad, 1968.
Kulkarni, C.J., “A text book of Engineering Construction”, Ahmedabad Book Depot, Ahmedabad, 1968.
Kumar Sushil, “Engineering Materials, “Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi, 1994.
Kumar Sushil, “ Building construction”, Standard Publishers, Distributors, Delhi, 1994
McKay W.B., “Building Construction, “Vol.1 to 4, Orient Longman Ltd., Hyderabad, Bombay, Madras, Delhi, Vol.1 & 2 -1995,
Vol. 3-1996, Vol. 4-1998.
Punmia, B.C., “A text book of Building Construction “, Laxmi Publications, Delhi, Madras, 1987.
Course Number: CEM302, Course Title: CONCRETE & CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LAB.
Class: B.Tech., Status of Course: MAJOR COURSE, Approved since session: 2015-16
Total Credits:1.5, Periods(55 mts. each)/week:3(L:0+T:0+P:3+S:0), Min.pds./sem.:39
SUGGESTED READING:
S Narasimhan : First Course in Fluid Mechanics , University Press
Som, S.K. & Biswas G.: Introduction of fluid mechanics & Fluid Machines, TMH, 2000, 2nd edition.
M M Das : Fluid Mechanics & Turbo machines , Oxford University Press
S.K.Agarwal : Fluid Mechanics & Machinery, TMH
Garde, R.J., “ Fluid Mechanics through Problems”, New Age International Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi, 2nd Edition.
Hunter Rouse, “Elementary Mechanics of Fluids”, John Wiley & Sons. Omc. 1946
I.H.Shames, “Mechanics of Fluids”, McGraw Hill, Int. Student, Education, 1988.
Fluid Mechanics by K L Kumar
Vijay Gupta and S.K.Gupta, “ Fluid Mechanics and its Applications”, Wiley Eastern Ltd, 1984.
Modi, P.N., and Seth, S.H., “Hydraulics and Fluid Machines”, Standard Book House, 1989.
1. To verify the momentum equation using the experimental set-up on impact of jet.
2. To determine the coefficient of discharge of an orifice of a given shape. Also to determine the
coefficient of velocity and the coefficient of contraction of the orifice mouth piece.
3. To calibrate an orifice meter, venturimeter, and bend meter and study the variation of the co-
efficient of discharge with the Reynolds number.
4. To study the transition from laminar to turbulent flow and to determine the lower critical
Reynolds number.
5. To study the velocity distribution in a pipe and also to compute the discharge by integrating the
velocity profile.
6. To study the variation of friction factor, ‘f’ for turbulent flow in commercial pipes.
7. To study the boundary layer velocity profile over a flat plate and to determine the boundary
layer thickness.
8. Verification of meta-centric height.
UNIT 1
Building Materials : Classification, Properties and selection criteria of Bricks Burning of Bricks, tests
for bricks, Stone: Classification, characteristics of good building stone, common building stones in
India, lime , IS specifications , Field tests of Building limes, Timber: Characteristics of good timber,
defects in timber, seasoning of timber, tests on timber, plywood.
UNIT 2
Mortar: Types, classification and strength, I.S. specifications.
Cement, Manufacture of cement, Different types of cement such as slag Cement, Portland
Pozzolona Cement and high Alumina cement, their characteristics, composition, use and properties,
Tests on Cements.
UNIT 3
Admixtures, Aggregates and Testing of Aggregates: Classification, source, physical and mechanical
properties. Testing of Aggregates for physical and mechanical properties.
Steel in Civil Engineering: Structural, Reinforcing Bars, Wires.
UNIT 4
Bitumen and bituminous mixes: sources, composition, characterization, various forms, tests on
bitumen preparation/ characterization of bituminous mixes, Mix design
UNIT 5
Other Materials: Glass, Plastics, PVC, Geotextiles, FRP’s, Epoxy-coated bar.
SUGGESTED READING:
Arora, S.P. & Bindra, S.P., ‘A text book of Building Construction” Dhanpat Rai & Sons, Delhi, 1977.
Jha, J. & Sinha, S.K., “Building Construction”, Khanna Publishers, Delhi,1977.
Kulkarni, C.J., “A text book of Engineering Materials”, Ahmedabad book Depot, Ahmedabad, 1968.
Kulkarni, C.J., “A text book of Engineering Construction”, Ahmedabad Book Depot, Ahmedabad, 1968.
Kumar Sushil, “Engineering Materials, “Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi, 1994.
Kumar Sushil, “ Building construction”, Standard Publishers, Distributors, Delhi, 1994
McKay W.B., “Building Construction, “Vol.1 to 4, Orient Longman Ltd., Hyderabad, Bombay, Madras, Delhi, Vol.1 & 2 -1995,
Vol. 3-1996, Vol. 4-1998.
Punmia, B.C., “A text book of Building Construction “, Laxmi Publications, Delhi, Madras, 1987.
Singh Surendra, “Engineering Materials,”, Konark Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 1994.
Civil Engg. Materials, TTTI Chandigarh, Tata McGraw- New Delhi.
SUGGESTED READING:
Malvino & Leach: DIGITAL COMPUTER ELECTRONICS
V Del Toro: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS
Millaman & Grabel: MICROELECTRONICS
HUGHES ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY revised by I McKenzie Smith
List of Experiments
1. Network Theorem verification
2. RLC circuit Response
3. p-n junction characteristics
4. BJT characteristics
5. Biasing circuit analysis and design.
6. Frequency response of CE amplifier.
7. Op-amp and inverting/non-inverting amplifier.
8. Astable multivibrator using IC555 timer.
9. Monostable multivibrator using IC555 timer.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
AS Tannenbaum, Y Langsam, M. Augenstein: DATA STRUCTURES USING C AND C++, 2nd Edition, Prentice Hall.
Mark A Weiss: DATA STRUCTURES AND PROBLEM SOLVING USING C++, 2 nd Edition, Addison Wesley.
R Kruse, B. Leung, C Tondo: DATA STRUCTURES AND PROGRAM DESIGN IN C, Prentice Hall.
C Programming Laboratory.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Introduction, Various types of material used in footwear industries, Identifying/Classifying footwear
materials depending of different parts and different types of footwear such as Leather, Synthetic
Material, Fabric, Wood, Metal, Adhesive, Future Footwear Material etc.
UNIT 2: LEATHER, RUBBER AND SYNTHETIC MATERIAL
Leather-Types and their identification, characteristics and properties, quality variation and
substances variation.
Rubber-Types and their identification, characteristics, rubber sole, crape sole, molded rubber sole,
microcellular rubber sole.
Synthetic and resin rubber sole- mixing PVC PU, TPR poromerics, EVA & Felon material, Properties.
UNIT 3: FABRICS, ADHESSIVE, WOOD AND METAL USED IN FOOTWEAR INDUSTRY
Fabrics- Classification, fabrics used for upper lining, side lining, backer taping, socksing, toe puff
and their characteristics, Different types of threads used in footwear industry.
Adhesive- Types, basic materials used in formation of adhesive, Bonding strength, setting time,
selection for cemented construction.
Wooden and metallic material- heel, platform logs and shank, types of wood and metals used and
their characteristics, Metallic eyelets, rivets, nails, tingles, screw, staples, toecap.
UNIT 4: INSOLE BOARD
Different types of boards for insole, stiffener toe puff such as Fiber board, leather board, cellulose
board.
Out sole- PVC PU, TPR poromerics, EVA & Felon material for out sole.
UNIT 5: FINISHING MATERIAL AND ISO FOR FOOTEAR INDUSTRY
Creams and waxes of different varieties and their use in formulation of finishing materials such as
shoe polishes, heel hand ball, upper dressings, glazing materials, lacquers, binders, resins.
ISOs of Indian Footwear Industries. The National and International standards/regulations apply to
footwear products: CPSIA, GB Standards, EN Standards, ASTM Standards, ISO Standards, AAFA
Restricted Substance List.
SUGGESTED READING:
Harvey, A.J., ‘FOOTWEAR MATERIALS AND PROCESS TECHNOLOGY’. LASRA Publications, New Zealand, 1982.
This course aims to identify, describe and give practical exposure of the entire range of materials used in
footwear production both for upper and for bottom components, their characteristics, testing, identifying
common faults, selection of material and National and International standards/ regulations.
SUGGESTED READING:
Patrick, H.J., ‘MODERN PATTERN CUTTING AND DESIGN’, Mobbs and Lewis Ltd., Kettering, England, 1983.
Lyon, D., ‘MODERN APPROACH TO FOOTWEAR PATTER CUTTING’, 2ND Edn. 1979.
Thornton, J.H., ‘TEXT BOOK OF FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE’, National Trade Press Ltd., London, 1970.
‘MANUAL OF SHOE MAKING’-Clarks Ltd. (London) 1978
Wilhelm, A., ‘Tips for shoe production’ Vol. I, II & III, Huthig Buch, Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988
In order to create a good product design, knowledge about the theory of elements and principles of
design is required. The course demonstrates how elements of design integrated into principles of
designs could be used within the footwear product concept.
SUGGESTED READING:
Somenath Ganguly, (2005), “COMPREHENSIVE FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY” Kolkata.- Indian Leather Technologist
Association.
B. Venkatappaiah, (1997), “INTRODUCTION TO MODERN FOOTWEAR TECHNOLOGY” Chennai.-GOTETI GRAPHICS
Thornton, J.H., ‘TEXT BOOK OF FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE’, National Trade Press Ltd., London, 1970.
Ganga Radhakrishnan, (1993), “POLYMERS IN FOOTWEAR MANUFACTURE”. Publication of Indian Leather, Chennai.
Steve Cross. (1995) “HEAT SETTING IN MODERN SHOE FACTORIES”. SATRA
Venkatappaiah. B. (1994), “ADHESIVES IN SHOE MANUFACTURE” Publication of CLRI Chennai.
Venkatappaiah. B. (1993), “SHOE FINISHES” Publication of CLRI Chennai.
Mark Southam (1994), “FORCE AND STRING LASTING” SATRA. UK
The objective of this course is to introduce the students to respond to all the needs of footwear
production starting from conventional way to most modern and latest clicking technology used in
footwear industries: Manual cutting table, Manual and semi-auto press, CNC hydraulic press, Die-
less cutting machine, etc. to optimally use the material. The course is also enhance the knowledge
of students to maintain, handle and operate the machines with safety measures.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Shames: ENGINEERING MECHANICS Genin Ginsberg: DYNAMICS
Kraige Meriam: DYNAMICS Sundara Rajan: DYNAMICS
1. Friction in Bearings
2. Worm and Worm Wheel
3. Inclined Plane
4. Screw Jack
5. Wheel and Differential Axis
6. Fly Wheel
SUGGESTED READING:
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES FOR ENGINEERING MATERIALS: Serrope Kalpakijan & Steven R. Schmid (Pearson Education)
DEGARMO’S MATERIALS AND PROCESSES IN MANUFACTURING: J.T. Black & Ronald A. Kohser (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)
MANUFACTURING PROCESSES: B.H. Amstead, Phillip F. Ostwald & Myron L. Begeman (John Wiley & Sons Inc.)
PROCESSES AND MATERIALS OF MANUFACTURE: Roy A. Lindberg (PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.)
AUDELS MACHINISTS AND TOOL MAKERS HANDY BOOK: Frank Duncan Graham
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING SCIENCE: P.C. Panday & C.K. Singh (Standard Publishers Distributors)
MODERN MACHINING PROCESSES: P.C. Panday & H.S. Shan (Tata McGraw Hill)
ADVANCED MACHINING PROCESSES: V.K. Jain (Allied Publishers)
ENGINEERING MATERIALS, MACHINE TOOLS AND PROCESSES: W. Steeds (Longmans, Green and Co.
List of Experiments
1. Layout of the Thermal Engineering Laboratory.
2. Study of Boiler, Mountings & Accessories.
3. Study of SKODA/Ruston 10 bp Diesel engine & Draw valve timing diagram.
4. Study the Ignition circuit for six cylinder petrol engine.
5. Performance test on 2 stage compressor.
6. Performance test on SKODA 10 bp Diesel engine.
UNIT 1
UNIAXIAL STRESS & STRAIN: Stress in axially loaded members, strain, constitutive laws. Axial
deformation.
STRESS TRANSFORMATION: Two-dimensional stress system. Analytical and Mohr’s circle methods.
Principal stresses & planes maximum shear stress.
UNIT 2
TORSION: Torsion of circular bars. Torsion formula. Shear stress. Angle of twist.
BENDING: Flexure formula. Bending stress. Shear stress in beams.
UNIT 3
COLUMN: Elastic buckling. Euler’s formula. Various end conditions. Rankine formula. Empirical
formulas.
FLUID MECHANICS: Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches. Lines of flow. Path line. Streamline.
Streak line. Stream tube. Types of flow. Steady and unsteady, uniform and non-uniform, laminar &
turbulent. Continuity equation (one dimensional).
TYPES OF ENERGIES: Potential, Kinetic, and Pressure Energies. Bernoulli’s theorem. Its proof and
limiations. K.E. correction factor.
UNIT 4
FLOW MEASUREMENT: Principles. Venturimeter, horizontal, vertical & inclined. Orifices,
classification, vena contracta. Hydraulic coefficients. Discharge through a large rectangular orifice.
Drowned and partially drowned orifices.
MOUTH PIECES: Types. External mouthpiece. Convergent divergent mouthpiece. Notches. Types.
Rectangular and triangular notches. Weirs. Types. Rectangular weir. Francis and basins formulae.
Velocity of approach.
UNIT 5
FLOW THROUGH PIPES: Reynold’s experiment. Types of flow. Critical velocities. Reynold’s number.
Friction loss. Darcy-Weisbach equation. Friction factor concept. Losses at entry, exit, bend and
valves. Hydraulic and energy gradient lines. Power transmission through pipes. Condition for
maximum power.
FLOW THROUGH OPEN CHANNELS: Chezy’s & Manning’s equations. Bazin’s and Kutter’s
expressions for Chezy’s constants. Best discharging section. Rectangular & Trapezoidal channels.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Popov: ENGINEERING MECHANICS OF SOLIDS Jain: FLUID MECHANICS
Singer: STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Jagdish Lal: HYDRAULIC AND FLUID MECHANICS
Junarkar: MECHANICS OF STRUCTURES Punmia & Goyal: STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
RS Khurmi: STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
1. Obtain the experimental value of coefficient of discharge of a given orifice meter having
diameter of orifice as 9/16” attached with a G.I. pipe of 1”dia. (a) discuss the variation of
discharge with drop in head at orifice meter (b) discuss the variation of coefficient of discharge
with Reynold’s number (c) assuming the value of coefficient of discharge as 0.9 compare the
theoretical and experimental actual discharges for all readings
2. Determine the value of coefficient of friction, ‘f’ for the given G.I. pipe and compare its value
obtained from Moody’s chart (a) pipe of ½”diameter (b) pipe of 1”diameter (c) pipe of 1-
½”diameter. The value of ‘t’ for G.I. pipe is given as 0.0005 feet and the kinematics viscosity of
water at 20C is given as 1.08 x 10-5 feet2/sec
3. Obtain the value of coefficient of discharge of a Venturimeter having throat diameter as 5.0 cm.
(a) discuss the variation of discharge with drop of head at Venturimeter (b) assume the average
value of K=0.98 for above Venturimeter compare the theoretical and experimental actual
discharge
4. Obtain the value of coefficient of discharge at six different heads for ¾” cylindrical mouthpiece
(a) discuss the variation of actual C with head (b) discuss the variation of actual C with H (c)
assuming the value of coefficient of discharge as 0.82 for the ¾” cylindrical mouthpiece
compare theoretical and experimental actual discharge for all readings.
5. Obtain the value of coefficient of discharge at six different heads for 7/8” circular orifice (a)
discuss the variation of actual discharge with head (b) discuss the variation of actual Q with
H (c) assuming the value of coefficient of discharge as 0.62 compare theoretical and
experimental actual discharges for all readings
6. Obtain the value of coefficient of discharge for 60 notch. (a) discuss the variation of actual
discharge with H 52 (b) obtain the values of constant K and to satisfy the equation Q=KH (c)
assuming the value of coefficient of discharge as 0.65 compare theoretical and experimental
actual discharges for all readings.
7. Obtain the value of coefficient of discharge for 90 V notch. (a) discuss the variation of actual
discharge with H d2 (b) obtain the values of coefficient K and to satisfy the equation Q=KH.
List of Experiments.
1. Study of Boiler & mountings.
2. Value Timing diagram on vertical Diesel engine & study various circuits.
3. Brake Test on Single cylinder Diesel engine.
4. Ignition circuit for 6 cylinder Petrol engine.
5. Performance test on 2 stage air compressor.
Hydraulic Laboratory.
1. Study of centrifugal pump & turbine.
2. Testing of centrifugal pump.
3. Testing of variable speed centrifugal pump.
4. Determination of coefficient of friction in Disc Friction apparatus.
5. Load Test on Pelton wheel.
6. Meriched Cover of Pelton wheel.
7. Load test on Francis turbine.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Mechanics of Materials by Pytel, Harper Collins Publishers, London, 1987
Strength of Materials by Ryder, Macmillan India Ltd, 2012
Strength of Materials by Timoshenko and & Yσungs, D. Van Nostrand Company; 5th Revised edn.
Mechanics of Materials by Bear Jhonson, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2004
1. To conduct the tensile test and determine the ultimate tensile strength, percentage elongation
for a steel specimen.
2. To determine the compression test and determine the ultimate compressive strength for a
specimen.
3. To conduct the Impact-tests (Izod / Charpy) on Impact-testing machine to find the toughness.
4. To determine the hardness of the given specimen using Vicker/Brinell/Rockwell hardness
testing machine.
5. To study the slider-crank mechanism etc. of 2-stroke & 4-stroke I.C. Engine models.
6. Friction experiment(s) on inclined plane and/or on screw-jack.
7. Worm & worm-wheel experiment for load lifting.
8. Bending of simply-supported and cantilever beams for theoretical & experimental deflection.
9. Experiment on Moment of Inertia.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
MD Raisinghania: INTEGRAL TRANSFORMS
Schaum’s Series: LAPLACE TRANSFORM
Schaum’s Series: COMPLEX VARIABLES
UNIT 1
Accounting: Definition, Object, Concept, conventions, Role of Accounting in Modern Business,
Double Entry System, Journal.
UNIT 2
Ledger, Trial Balance, Errors and their rectification, Final Accounts of sole traders and Partnership
Firm, Adjustments at the end of financial year.
UNIT 3
Final Accounts of Non-Profit Organisation, Bank Reconciliation Statement, Company Accounts-Issue
and forfeiture of shares.
UNIT 4
Preparation of Financial Statements of Joint Stock Companies-Profit & Loss Accounts and Balance
Sheet.
UNIT 5
Goodwill and depreciation accounting.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Maheshwari SN: ADVANCED ACCOUNTANCY Grawal & Sukla: ADVANCED ACCOUNTANCY
Gupta RL & Radhaswamy M: ADVANCED ACCOUNTANCY Jain & Narang: FUNDAMENTAL OF ACCOUNTING
Shukla SM: ADVANCED ACCOUNTANCY Ken & Gupta: AN INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING
Kapoor ND: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF ACCOUNTING Chaturvedi & Agrawal: BOOK KEEPING & ACCOUNTANCY
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Concept, Nature, Objectives, Importance, Process (Functions) and Principles of Management
UNIT 2: PLANNING
Concept, Characteristics, Objectives, Process and Importance of Planning, Types of Plan, Meaning
and Process of Decision Making
UNIT 3: ORGANISING
Concept, Nature and Forms of Organisation Structure, Authority and Responsibility, Staffing
UNIT 4: DIRECTING
Concept, Importance and Principles of Direction, Communication, Leadership, Motivation and Co-
ordination
UNIT 5: CONTROLLING
Concept, Nature, Importance, Elements of Control, Cycle of Controlling
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Koontz O’Donnell & Wielrich: ESSENTIALS OF MANAGEMENT
Iswar Dayal: NEW CONCEPTS IN MANAGEMENT
RS Dawar: THE PROCESS OF MANAGEMENT
Srinivasan: MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
Banerjee: PRINCIPLES & PRACTICE OF MANAGEMENT
Gupta CB: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
Peter F Drucker: MANAGEMENT TASKS, RESPONSIBILITIES, PRACTICES
GR Terry: PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION
Definition and Scope of Economics, Methods of Economic Study, Micro and Macro Analysis Economic
Laws.
UNIT 2: ANALYSIS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility & Law of Equi-marginal Utility, Consumer’s Surplus: Marshallian
Approach, Indifference Curve: Concept, Characteristics, Consumers Equilibrium & Effects on
Consumer’s Equilibrium & Consumer Surplus [Hicksian Approach & Slutski’s Approach]
UNIT 3: DEMAND ANALYSIS
Demand: Concept, Types, Demand Schedule & Demand Curve, Law of Demand, Elasticity of
Demand: Concept, Types & Applications, Demand Forecast.
UNIT 4: THEORY OF PRODUCTION
Production: Concept & Factors of Production, Efficiency of Land, Labour & Capital, Economies &
Diseconomies of the Scale, Laws of Return, Laws of Return to Scale, Producers Equilibrium.
UNIT 5: THEORIES OF PRODUCT PRICING
Different market situations, Effects of changes in Demand and supply on Equilibrium price, Cost
and Revenue Analysis, Pricing under Perfect Competition, Monopoly and Monopolistic Competition,
Price Discrimination & Inter-related Prices.
SUGGESTED READINGS:
Dewett KK: Modern Economic Theory Seth ML: Principles of Economics
Sundharam KPM & Vaish MC: Principles of Economics George Leland Beach: Economics
Bansal SN & Agarwal Anupam: Economic Analysis Kotsoyiannis A: Modern Micro Economics
Students are required to present one seminar paper in each major paper for internal evaluation. In
addition to this he is allotted one more topic for presentation in external seminar for end semester
evaluation.
Course Number: GKC381, Course Title: SC. METH., G.K. & CURRENT AFFAIRS III
Class: B.Tech., Status of Course: CORE COURSE, Approved since session: 2016-17
Total Credits:1, Periods (55 mts. Each)/week:1 (L:1+T:0+P:0+S:0), Min.pds./sem.: 13
Geography: Our Solar system- Sun and Nine plannets. Earth-Rotation and Revolution. Latitude and
longitude. World-Continents. Oceans. Seas. Islands. Highest Peaks. Major Rivers.
History: Main civilizations of ancient times and their main features. World Wars- First and Second-
Causes. Some important world & Indian personalities (Historical & Political).
Political Science: Important Indian news papers. Important political parties in India.
Economics: Some impportant International Monetary Organisations.
Currencies of different countries.
Literature and Art: Important Indian writers and their works.
Current Affairs: From News papers.
SUGGESTED READING:
NCERT- Text books on History, Geography, Civics and General Science for Secondary Schools
Publication Division Government of India- India; Times of India- Directory; Manorama Year Book; Vikas General Knowledge
Encyclopaedia; Readers Digest- Great World Atlas; Guinness- Book of World Records
News Papers and Magazines: India Express; Hindustan Times; India Today; Science Digest; Sunday; Readers Digest;
Competition Success Review; Careers and Competitions; Time; Newsweek; Illustrated Weekly of India.
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