Environmental Performance Report and

Management Plan (EPRMP)

Cement Plant and Power Plant Project

December 2018

Unit 14/F Equitable Bank Tower Condominium, 8751 Paseo de Roxas Avenue, Salcedo Village, Makati City
Trunkline No. (+632) 856-0999 • Facsimile No. (+632) 856-4844
 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES 1 PROJECT FACT SHEET

ES 1.1 BASIC PROJECT INFORMATION

Name of Project : Cement Plant and Power Plant Project (the “Project”)

Project Location : Barangay Sacsac, Pinamungajan, Cebu

Nature of Project : Cement Plant with Power Plant Component

Mineral Processing Projects – Non-metallic mineral processing plant;
Power Plants – Coal-fired

Project Size : 6,000,000 MT Maximum Annual Production Rate

1 x 60 MW Power Plants

ES 1.2 PROPONENT PROFILE

Proponent Name : Century Peak Cement and Manufacturing Corporation (CPCMC)

Proponent’s Address : Unit 14/F Equitable Bank Tower Condominium, 8751 Paseo de Roxas
Avenue Salcedo Village Makati City

Contact Person : Mr. Wilfredo D. Keng

President

Contact Number : (+632) 856-0999

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ES 1.3 PROJECT RATIONALE

The proposed project will supply the cement needs of Central Visayas (i.e. Cebu, Bohol, Negros
Oriental and Siquijor) and parts of Mindanao with both ordinary Portland cement and pozzolan
cement. Both types of cement will be manufactured in accordance with the standards of ASTM C 150
(Type I) and PNS:C7:1992.

In the Visayas region, there are only two major cement plants, namely the Apo Cement of Cemex
and Taiheiyo Cement, which barely provides the requirements of Regions 6, 7, and 8. This allows
cement plants from Mindanao, namely, Iligan (Lafarge), Alsons (Holcim) and Davao Union (Holcim)
to penetrate the Visayas market. Out of a market size of 3.616 million MT in the Visayas, 1.204
million MT are being serviced by cement plants from Mindanao.

Hence, the establishment of the proposed project may contribute to the cement needs in Visayas
and provide a competitive advantage over Mindanao-based cement plants in terms of lower
transport costs. The area is mineralized with limestone and pozzolan, proximate to the target natural
and grey markets. The area is also near an existing port and is accessible by sea.

Annual average revenue from the project is estimated at Php 578 million, while income tax, excise
tax and local government taxes are expected to amount to a total of Php 93 million per year. The
project will directly hire 91 people, aside from providing indirect employment to several hundreds
more through its contractor. Priority will be given to local residents of the host community, which
will be included in the Company’s Social Development and Management Program.

ES 1.5 PROJECT COMPONENTS

The major components and support facilities of the project are listed below:

Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion

Project Components No. of Total Plant Capacity / No. of Total Plant Capacity /
units Specifications Units Specifications
Cement Plant
Clinker Production 1 2,000,000 MTPY 3 6,000,000 MTPY
Limestone Primary Crushing 1 1,500 TPH 3 4,500 TPH
Plant
Limestone Storage and 1 1,500 TPH 3 4,500 TPH
Reclaiming
Plant
Clay Crushing and Drying 1 200 TPH crushing capacity 3 600 TPH crushing capacity
Plant
Raw Mill Plant with De- 1 500 TPH 3 1,500 TPH
dusting
Raw Meal Silo Plant and 1 400 TPH 3 1,200 TPH
Kiln Feeding
Pre-Heater with Pre-calciner 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
Rotary Kiln Plant 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
Clinker Cooler with De- 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
dusting
Coal Mill Plant 1 45 TPH 3 135 TPH
Cement Mill Plant with Pre- 2 160 TPH/mill 6 160 TPH/mill
grinder

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Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion

Project Components No. of Total Plant Capacity / No. of Total Plant Capacity /
units Specifications Units Specifications
3 3
Clinker Silo 2 40,000 m each capacity 6 40,000 m each capacity
(minimum) (minimum)
3 3
Cement Silo 4 10,000 m each capacity 12 10,000 m each capacity
(minimum) (minimum)
Packing and Bulk Loading 1 4x100 TPH packers; 1x100 3 12x100 TPH packers;
Plant TPH bulk truck 3x100 TPH bulk truck
loader loaders
3x60 MW Power Plants
CFB combustion boiler 1 220 TPH, circulating 1 No changes.
fluidized bed, drum type
Electrostatic precipitator 1 1 No changes.
Steam turbine 1 60 MW 1 No changes.
Generator 1 62,500/50000 kVA/kW, 1 No changes.
10500 V
Surface condenser 1 1 No changes.
Cooling water system 1 1 No changes.
Ash handling system 1 1 No changes.
Ash disposal facility 1 Concrete structure with a 1 No changes.
total area of 3.4
hectares capable of
storing a volume of
3
221,000 m
Process control system 1 1 No changes.
Coal Storage Facility 1 Reinforced concrete 1 No changes.
structure with minimum
dimension of 70m x 50m x
15m (LxWxH). The
structure will be an open
shed with no walls.

ES 2 PROCESS DOCUMENTATION OF THE CONDUCT OF THE EIA

ES 2.1 THE EIA TEAM

The EIA Team is composed of multi-disciplinary specialists as listed below:

Team Member Expertise / Module IPCO No.

MR. JESS ADDAWE Team Leader, EIA Process, GIS Mapping 056
ENGR. RONALD PAHUNANG Air Quality and Noise 173
FOR. ARMANDO GILLADO JR. Terrestrial Flora 312
ENGR. CATHERINE ADDAWE Hydrology, Water Quality 055
MR. FRANCIS DEL ROSARIO Socio-economic/People Module -
ENGR. LOUIE JUNE D. SIOSON Project Description, ERA, Small Sections 095
MR. MICHAEL EDRIAL Terrestrial Fauna, Freshwater Biology -

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ES 2.2 THE EIA STUDY SCHEDULE AND AREA

The EIA study was conducted from within a 4-month period within which the following activities
were conducted:

a. Review of relevant laws, rules and regulations

b. Site inspection and field survey
c. Identification of gaps between primary and secondary data
d. Design and implementation of field studies
e. Baseline information gathering
f. Identification, prediction and evaluation of impacts
g. Formulation of Environmental Management Plan (mitigation measures, management
practices and monitoring)

The EIA study area focused on the identified direct and indirect impact areas of the Project. The
direct impact areas (“DIA”) is the 77-hectare area in Barangay Sacsac, Municipality of Pinamungajan,
Cebu Province where all project facilities are proposed to be located and where operations of the
project are to be undertaken. DIAs also include areas where emissions and effluent of the project
may have significant environmental impacts based on the results of the impact assessment
conducted.

Indirect impact areas are areas outside the project boundaries that may be affected by the project.
The municipality of Pinamungajan is identified as indirect impact area in terms of socio-economic
impacts.

ES 2.3 THE EIA METHODOLOGY

Both primary and secondary data were utilized in the assessment of various project impacts. Primary
data were obtained through on-site investigation and field sampling/surveys while secondary data
were collected from the proponent and from related government agencies/institutions. Sampling
methodologies employed during the EIA process are listed below:

Modules Methodologies Used for Assessment

LAND
Land Use and Classification - Gathering/Review of secondary data
- Site observation/validation
Geology and Geomorphology - Gathering/Review of secondary data
- Site observation
Pedology - Soil sampling
- Analysis of soil samples
- Review of secondary data
Terrestrial Ecology - Gathering and validation of secondary data
- Site observation, Quadrat Sampling, Transect Walk Method
WATER
Hydrology and Hydrogeology - Site observation
- Gathering of secondary data
- Computation of estimated streamflow using Drainage Area-

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Modules Methodologies Used for Assessment

Ratio Method (or the “Basin Factor” method)
Water Quality - Site observation
- In-situ measurements
- Grab sampling for laboratory analysis
AIR
Climate - Gathering of secondary data from PAGASA and MM5 data
Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Computation using the prescribed methodology by
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Air Dispersion Modeling - Methodology follows the Guidelines for Air Dispersion
Modeling (MC 2008-003) falling under category of TIER -4
Ambient Noise - Ambient noise measurements
PEOPLE
Socio-economic Profile - Review of secondary information
- Perception survey

ES 2.4 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

Public participation in the EIA process was achieved through the conduct of household and
perception survey, IEC and FGDs with the various stakeholders.

ES.3 SUMMARY OF BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION, KEY ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS, MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN AND EMF AND EGF
COMMITMENTS

ES 3.1 SUMMARY OF BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION

Module Summary of Baseline Condition

LAND
Land Use and The Municipality of Pinamungajan has a total land area of 11,725.77 ha which
Classification is predominantly classified as Alienable and Disposable (A&D) Lands. Existing
land uses within the Forestland Areas in the municipality include agriculture,
built-up, fishpond/mangrove, grassland/shrubland, and National Greening
Program (“NGP”) area. The entire project area is mostly forest land with
grassland/shrubland as land use/cover. Patches of agricultural land and built-
up areas can also be found within the mine site.
Geology and The project area has steep slopes more than 50% at elevations ranging from 0
Geomorphology to 200 masl. The geology of the area is categorized as Pliocene-Pleistocene
Characterized as: marine and terrestrial sediments; associated with extensive
reef limestone; predominantly marl and reworked tuff in places; sporadic
terrace gravel deposition in some elevated flat and land surfaces; deformation
limited to gentle warping and vertical dislocation.

Cebu province is not located in earthquake-prone areas thus the low risk to

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Module Summary of Baseline Condition

earthquakes category. The project area is categorized as moderately
susceptible to rain-induced landslide and highly susceptible to earthquake-
induced landslides. There are, however, no volcanic hazards in Cebu province.
Pedology Pinamungajan is consisted of seven (7) soil types namely: Hydrosol, Beach
Sand, Faraon Clay, Lugo Clay, Faraon Clay Steep Phase, Mandaue Clay Loam,
and Bolinao Clay. The soil type of the project area is Bolinao Clay.

Bolinao Clay soil has surface soil that is clayey, red to bright red characterized
with moderately friable, granular when dry, and slightly sticky when wet.
Terrestrial Most of the plant species that will be affected by the project during
Ecology construction and operation are from grassland/shrubland and agroforestry
ecosystem represented mostly by Coconut, Mahogany, Gmelina and other
fruit bearing trees and herbs such as Banana, Guava, and Mango among
others. The area is also heavily dominated by introduced/invasive grass/shrub
species such as Gonoi (Chromolaena odorata).

One threatened species was recorded in the sampling sites that falls under
the “vulnerable” category of 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:
Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and is well distributed in the country. Two
endemic species Niog niogan (Ficus pseudopalma) and Toog (Petersianthus
quadrialatus) are also distributed in other parts of Philippines.

Species with highest importance value are Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Alim
(Melanolepis multiglandulosa), Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Bunga
(Areca catechu), Carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum), Strobilanthes sp., and
invasive species such as Gonoi (Chromolaena odorata), Wedelia
(Sphagneticola trilobata), Cogon (Imperata cylindrica).

Characterization of vertebrate fauna was dominated by avifauna. In terms of

family representation, the pigeon and doves (Columbidae) and flycatchers
(Muscicapidae) have the highest number of species recorded.

Fifteen amphibian and reptile species recorded in the area were composed of
frogs, lizards, skink, o lizard, snakes, and turtle. Frogs and skinks were mostly
observed along trails near riparian area, agro-forestry and marginal areas
along sampling site, while snakes were observed in bamboo thickets and leaf
litters. Domesticated animals such as cow, carabao, goat, chicken, ducks and
pigs were also recorded in the area, being an agricultural area.

No restricted-ranged species of Cebu Faunal Region was recorded in the area.

The evenness indices of bird diversity were all within the moderate to very
high range. High index value indicates distribution of individuals per species is
very close to one another. The index also shows the stability and greater
probability for habitat recovery.

Two species considered invasive were recorded in the area namely: cattle
egret Bubulcus ibis and Oriental house rat Rattus tanezumi.

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Module Summary of Baseline Condition

One species in particular Varanus nuchalisis threatened under three redlist

category namely: CITES (Appendix II), DENR DAO 2004-15 (Vulnerable) and
IUCN (Vulnerable). Eight other bird species and turtle are threatened namely:
Haliastur indus (CITES App. II), Accipiter virgatus (CITES App. II), Actitis
hypoleucos (CMS App. II), Charadrius dubius (CMS App. II), Loriculus
philippensis (CITES App. II), Tyto longimembris (CITES App. II), Mearnsia picina
(IUCN NT), Muscicapa griseisticta (CMS App. II) and Cuora amboinensis (IUCN
Vulnerable).
WATER
Hydrology and The entire MPSA is traversed by (5) river systems that drain in a westerly
Hydrogeology direction towards Tañon Strait. The quarry area is bordered by two river
systems. North of the project area is the Manguto River in Brgy. Poblacion
while south of project area is an unnamed river in Brgy. Mangoto.

Hydrogeologic units found within the vicinities of the project area are: Barili
Marl, Carcar Limestone and Quaternary Alluvium. The project area is
underlain by local and less productive aquifers.
Water Quality Low DO levels observed during the 2017 assessment were probably due to
the almost stagnant water during the sampling activity because of the high
tide wherein the downstream portions of Kadlom and Mangoto Rivers were
submerged in seawater. Consequently, a significant increase in conductivity
and TDS was observed in the surface water stations during the 2017 water
sampling due to the said high tide.

BOD and oil and grease levels were within the WQG values except for SS2
which is equal to the limit value for oil and grease.

Metals in all samples analyzed were all below their respective method
detection limits while Fecal Coliform exceeded the 200 MPN/100ml WQG for
Class C waters. It should be noted that a piggery is located upstream to the
stations along Kadlom River. The said piggery allegedly discharges its effluent
along Kadlom River which is being complained by the community.
AIR
Climate The climate of the project site belongs to a zone classified as Type III Climate
based on the Modified Classification of Philippine Climate (no very
pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season last only from one to
three months, either during the period of from December to February or from
March to April).
Greenhouse Gas The estimated CO2 e emissions for the project (initial design unit) was
Emissions 2,182,475 MT per year. For the combined operation of three (3) units cement
and three (3) units power plants and doubling the mobile units, this would
yield an estimated CO2 e emissions of about 6,541,590 MT per year.
Air Quality and Levels of particulate air pollutants (PM 10 and TSP) at the project site and
Ambient Noise vicinities ranged from 5 to 79 µg/Nm3 and 9 to 79 to µg/Nm3, respectively,
and were within the ambient standards set for PM 10 of 200 µg/Nm3 and 300
µg/Nm3 for TSP. Emissions along paved and unpaved roads near the project

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Module Summary of Baseline Condition

site were the sources of fugitive emissions at the time of monitoring.

For the gaseous air pollutants (SO 2 and NO 2 ), background levels were way
below the standards set for these pollutants. The highest measured SO 2 and
NO 2 concentrations were 10 and 12 µg/Nm3.
Particulate metals in ambient air (Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu) were below
detection limit (not detected) during air sampling in May 2015 and October
2017.
At all monitoring stations, sources of noise at the time of monitoring were
from passing vehicles (motorcycles and four-wheels), except at Station ASR7A
wherein sounds from animals and winds were the sources of noise.

In comparison with the daytime noise standards set for residential areas,
background noise levels at all stations monitored appeared to be within noise
limit of 55 dBA plus correction factor of 5 dBA (or total of 60 dBA) for areas
directly facing two-lane roads.
PEOPLE
Socio-economic Pinamungajan has a household population of 57,978.

Barangay Sacsac is the identified direct impact area of the proposed project. It
is one of the rural barangays of Pinamungajan. It has a total household
population of 1,415 in 2010 and has a population share of 2.44%.

The municipality of Pinamungajan is predominantly agricultural.

Based on the output of the research and the methodologies used, particularly
from methods 3 to 6, the following is the enumeration of the documented
community's issues and concerns with regards to the project:

1. Loss or depletion of water supply

2. Damage/destruction or loss of farm/agricultural lands
3. Safety of employees during landslide
4. Threat to health due to generation/dispersion of dust
5. Provision of documents and updates to the municipal office regarding
the status of the project
6. IEC and consultation on community

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ES 3.2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL GUARANTEE AND MONITORING FUND / CONTINGENT LIABILITY

AND REHABILITATION FUND COMMITMENTS

The Philippine Mining Act (1995 and its IRR) requires for the establishment of the Contingent
Liability and Rehabilitation Fund (CLRF) which is the financial mechanism for the multi-partite
monitoring, progressive mine rehabilitation and compensation for claims and damages. The CLRF
ensures just and timely compensation for damages and progressive and sustainable rehabilitation
for any adverse effect a mining operation or related-activity may cause.The CLRF is broken-down in
three (3) forms such as the Mine Rehabilitation Fund (MRF), Mine Wastes and Tailings Fund (MWTF),
and Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan (FMRDP).

The MRF is established and maintained by each operating mine as sufficient environmental deposit
to ensure the availability of funds for the satisfactory compliance and implementation of its
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program (EPEP). The MRF is utilized for the regular
monitoring of mining operations, physical rehabilitation of mining affected areas and research on
the technical and preventive aspects of rehabilitation. The MRF is further broken down into:

• Monitoring Trust Fund (MTF) - This fund covers the expenses incurred by the Multi-partite
Monitoring Team (MMT) and Mine Rehabilitation Fund Committee (MRFC) for the
monitoring activities. The expenses include costs for travel, accommodation, laboratory
expenses, among others;
• Rehabilitation Cash Fund - This fund covers the actual expenses/budget for the
implementation of the EPEP activities amounting to 10%of the total EPEP amount or Php 5
million, whichever is lower; and
• Environmental Trust Fund (ETF) - Allocated as compensation for damages other than those
caused by mine wastes and tailings.

MWTF is a fund collected semi-annually from each operating mining company as fees based on the
amount of mine waste and tailings generated for the said period. The fund is reserved for payment
of compensation for damages caused by mine wastes and tailings.

The FMRDF is established by each operating mining company to ensure the implementation of the
approved Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan. The FMRDF is accrued before the
end of the operating life of the mine and is deposited in a Government depository bank for the sole
purpose of FMR/DP implementation.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
Table of Contents
Century Peak Cement and Manufacturing Corporation

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 Project Description ............................................................................................................. 1-1

1.1 Project Location and Area .................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1.1 Project vicinity and accessibility ...................................................................................... 1-2
1.2 Project Rationale .................................................................................................................. 1-5
1.2.1 Rationale of the Project Based on Regional and Local Economic and Social Development
1-7
1.3 Project Alternatives.............................................................................................................. 1-7
1.3.1 Site Location ..................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.3.2 Cement Plant Technology ................................................................................................ 1-8
1.3.3 Power Plant Technology .................................................................................................. 1-8
1.3.4 Resources ....................................................................................................................... 1-10
1.3.5 Preliminary Identified Environmental Impacts of Alternatives ..................................... 1-10
1.3.6 no project option / alternative ...................................................................................... 1-11
1.4 Project Components .......................................................................................................... 1-11
1.4.1 Major Components ........................................................................................................ 1-11
1.4.2 Support facilities ............................................................................................................ 1-13
1.4.3 pollution control devices and facilities .......................................................................... 1-14
1.5 Process / Technology ......................................................................................................... 1-15
1.5.1 Technology Description and Process Flow ..................................................................... 1-15
1.5.2 List of Equipment ........................................................................................................... 1-17
1.5.3 Plant Layout ................................................................................................................... 1-20
1.5.4 Power Plant ................................................................................................................... 1-23
1.5.5 Material and Water Balance .......................................................................................... 1-26
1.5.6 Fuel Supply .................................................................................................................... 1-30
1.5.7 Coal Handling System..................................................................................................... 1-30
1.5.8 Water Supply System .................................................................................................. 1-30
1.5.9 Power Supply System .................................................................................................. 1-31
1.5.10 Project Wastes, Discharges, Emissions, and Built-In Measures ............................. 1-31
1.5.11 Effluent ....................................................................................................................... 1-32
1.5.12 Solid WasteManagement........................................................................................... 1-32
1.5.13 Hazardous Waste Management ................................................................................ 1-33
1.5.14 Operation and Maintenance ................................................................................... 1-33
1.6 Project size ......................................................................................................................... 1-33
1.7 Project Phases .................................................................................................................... 1-34
1.7.1 Pre-operation ................................................................................................................. 1-34
1.7.2 Construction ................................................................................................................... 1-34
1.7.3 Operation ....................................................................................................................... 1-37
1.7.4 Decommissioning, Abandonment, and Rehabilitation .................................................. 1-38
1.8 Manpower.......................................................................................................................... 1-38
1.9 Project Cost ........................................................................................................................ 1-39
2 Assessment of Environmental Impacts ................................................................................ 2-1
2.1 Land ...................................................................................................................................... 2-1

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2.1.1 Land Use and Classification .............................................................................................. 2-1

2.1.2 Geology and Geomorphology .......................................................................................... 2-8
2.1.3 Pedology......................................................................................................................... 2-27
2.1.4 Terrestrial Ecology ......................................................................................................... 2-33
2.2 Water ................................................................................................................................. 2-70
2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology ............................................................................................... 2-70
2.2.2 Water Quality ................................................................................................................. 2-80
2.2.3 Freshwater Ecology ........................................................................................................ 2-84
2.3 Air ....................................................................................................................................... 2-87
2.3.1 Meteorology................................................................................................................... 2-87
2.3.2 Air Quality And Noise ................................................................................................... 2-110
2.4 People .............................................................................................................................. 2-168
2.4.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 2-168
2.4.2 Secondary Data ............................................................................................................ 2-169
2.4.3 Public Scoping .............................................................................................................. 2-190
2.4.4 Perception Survey ........................................................................................................ 2-191
2.4.5 Social Issues and Concerns about the Project ............................................................. 2-199
2.4.6 Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures (People) .............................................. 2-200
3 Environmental Management Plan ....................................................................................... 3-1
4 Environmental Risk Assessment & Emergency Response Policy and Guidelines .................... 4-1
4.1 Environmental Risk Assessment .......................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 General Risk Assessment Process .................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.2 Materials requirement ..................................................................................................... 4-3
4.1.3 Risk screening and threshold inventory ........................................................................... 4-3
4.1.4 Risk analysis...................................................................................................................... 4-4
4.1.5 Risk Management .......................................................................................................... 4-16
4.2 Emergency Response Policy and Generic Guidelines ........................................................ 4-16
4.2.1 Crisis Management Plan................................................................................................. 4-17
4.2.2 Emergency Procedures .................................................................................................. 4-17
5 Social Development Framework and IEC Framework ........................................................... 5-1
5.1 Social Development Program .............................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Information, Education and Communication ...................................................................... 5-2
6 Environmental Compliance Monitoring ............................................................................... 6-1
6.1 Self Monitoring Plan............................................................................................................. 6-2
6.2 Multi-Sectoral Monitoring Framework .............................................................................. 6-23
6.3 Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund / Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation
Fund Commitments ........................................................................................................................ 6-24
7 Abandonment, Decommissioning, Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines ............................ 7-1
7.1 Decommissioning Plan ......................................................................................................... 7-2
7.2 Rehabilitation ....................................................................................................................... 7-2
7.3 Social Plan for the Abandonment Phase.............................................................................. 7-3
7.4 Maintenance and Monitoring Plan ...................................................................................... 7-3
8 Institutional Plan for EMP Implementation ......................................................................... 8-1
9 References ......................................................................................................................... 9-3

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1. Project location .................................................................................................................. 1-3

Figure 1-2. Direct and indirect impact areas of the project................................................................. 1-4
Figure 1-3. Cement Demand in the Philippines from 2001 to 2015 (in million metric tons) .............. 1-5
Figure 1-4. Total Cement Export from 2001-2015 (in ‘000 metric tons) ............................................. 1-6
Figure 1-5. Total Cement Importation from 2001- 2015 (in ‘000 metric tons) ................................... 1-6
Figure 1-6. Mineral Processing and Cement Manufacturing Process Flow Diagram ......................... 1-21
Figure 1-7. Plant Lay-out of the Existing and the Proposed Expansion Plants (Current lay-out in RED,
Proposed Expansion in YELLOW) ....................................................................................................... 1-22
Figure 1-8. Coal-fired Power Plant Process Flow Diagram................................................................. 1-23
Figure 1-9. Material Flow Diagram for the Cement Operation (after expansion) ............................. 1-28
Figure 1-10. Cement Plant Energy Balance ........................................................................................ 1-29
Figure 1-11. Water Balance for the Cement Plant Operations (after expansion) ............................. 1-29
Figure 1-12. Water Balance for the Power Plant (after expansion)................................................... 1-30
Figure 2-1. Land Classification Map ..................................................................................................... 2-2
Figure 2-2. Existing Land Use Map of Pinamungajan, Cebu................................................................. 2-3
Figure 2-3. Existing Land Use Map of Central Visayas Region ............................................................. 2-4
Figure 2-4. Map of Proclaimed Protected Areas in Region 7 ............................................................... 2-7
Figure 2-5. Topographic Map ............................................................................................................. 2-12
Figure 2-6. Slope Map ........................................................................................................................ 2-13
Figure 2-7. Elevation Map .................................................................................................................. 2-14
Figure 2-8. Geologic Map ................................................................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2-9. Active Faults and Liquefaction Susceptibility Map .......................................................... 2-16
Figure 2-10. Seismicity Map within the Project Area......................................................................... 2-19
Figure 2-11. Map of Probable Earthquake Intensity for a Cebu 7.5 Magnitude Earthquake ............ 2-20
Figure 2-12. Map showing peak horizontal acceleration amplitudes in rock, medium soil and soft soil
for the Philippine Region. Acceleration values have a 10 percent probability of exceedance in 50
years. (Thenhaus, 1994) ..................................................................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-13. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map ........................................................................ 2-22
Figure 2-14. Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Map........................................................ 2-23
Figure 2-15. Tsunami-prone areas in the Philippines ........................................................................ 2-24
Figure 2-16. Volcanic Hazard Map ..................................................................................................... 2-25
Figure 2-17. Soil Map ......................................................................................................................... 2-30
Figure 2-18. Soil sampling map .......................................................................................................... 2-31
Figure 2-19. Soil Erosion Map ............................................................................................................ 2-32
Figure 2-20. Nestled plot ................................................................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2-21. Land use map showing flora sampling stations ............................................................. 2-39
Figure 2-22. Family distribution of flora species recorded ................................................................ 2-43
Figure 2-23. Plant habit ...................................................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-24. Ecological distribution of flora species recorded........................................................... 2-45
Figure 2-25. Specific uses of flora species recorded on the sampling stations ................................. 2-46
Figure 2-26. Ecosystem services from flora species recorded on the site ......................................... 2-47

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Figure 2-27. Diversity indices of established transects...................................................................... 2-48

Figure 2-28. Evenness of established transects ................................................................................. 2-49
Figure 2-29. Forest cover status of Cebu Island................................................................................. 2-56
Figure 2-30. Location of sampling site within the project site........................................................... 2-58
Figure 2-31. Distribution of vertebrate species richness and composition recorded in the area ..... 2-59
Figure 2-32. Representation of vertebrate species distribution status recorded in the area ........... 2-60
Figure 2-33. Selected species observed in the area........................................................................... 2-60
Figure 2-34. Diversity of bird species recorded in the area ............................................................... 2-66
Figure 2-35. Drainage Area Map ........................................................................................................ 2-72
Figure 2-36. Groundwater Availability Map....................................................................................... 2-78
Figure 2-37. Freshwater Quality Sampling Map ................................................................................ 2-82
Figure 2-38. Locations of PAGASA-Mactan Station, MM5 grid cell center and the project site ....... 2-89
Figure 2-39. Climate map of the Philippines showing the locations of the project site and PAGASA-
Mactan Station (Source: PAGASA 2015) ............................................................................................ 2-92
Figure 2-40. Monthly average rainfall and number of rainy days from 1981 to 2010 ...................... 2-93
Figure 2-41. Plot of mean monthly air temperature and relative humidity for PAGASA-Mactan Station
........................................................................................................................................................... 2-94
Figure 2-42. Annual wind rose diagrams for the project site ............................................................ 2-96
Figure 2-43. Wind roses for the project site from January to June ................................................... 2-97
Figure 2-44. Wind roses for the project site from July to December ............................................... 2-98
Figure 2-45. Wind class frequency class distribution for the project site for January to June ......... 2-99
Figure 2-46. Wind class frequency distribution for the project site from July to December ......... 2-100
Figure 2-47. Typhoon incidence map of the Philippines showing the location of the project site 2-101
Figure 2-48. Typhoon risk map of the Philippines showing the location of the project site .......... 2-102
Figure 2-49. Projected change of rainfall in Cebu in 2020 and 2050 (Data source: PAGASA, 2011) (as
extracted from CPC, 2015) ............................................................................................................... 2-103
Figure 2-50. Projected days with rainfall greater than 100 m in Cebu in 2020 and 2050 ............... 2-104
Figure 2-51. Risk to projected rainfall change (as extracted from CPC, 2015) ............................... 2-105
Figure 2-52. Projected change in temperature in Cebu in 2020 and 2050 (Data source: PAGASA,
2011) (as extracted from CPC, 2015) ............................................................................................... 2-106
Figure 2-53. Projected number of days with temperature greater than 35°C (left) and projected
number of dry months (right) in 2020 and 2050 (Data source: PAGASA 2011) ............................. 2-107
Figure 2-54. Risk to project temperature change ............................................................................ 2-108
Figure 2-55. Air sampling location map .......................................................................................... 2-112
Figure 2-56. Locations of emission sources .................................................................................... 2-116
Figure 2-57. Building downwash scenario (Source: Lakes Environmental Course Slides, 2015) .... 2-117
Figure 2-58. The 5L area of influence of buildings on dispersion .................................................... 2-118
Figure 2-59. Modelling domain and receptors ............................................................................... 2-121
Figure 2-60. Topography within the modelling domain ................................................................. 2-122
Figure 2-61. Three-dimensional view of the modelling domain ..................................................... 2-123
Figure 2-62. Predicted concentrations of SO2 (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the
operation of Unit 1........................................................................................................................... 2-137
Figure 2-63. Predicted concentrations of NO2 (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the
operation of Unit 1........................................................................................................................... 2-138

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Figure 2-64. Predicted concentrations of TSP (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the
operation of Unit 1........................................................................................................................... 2-139
Figure 2-65. Predicted concentrations of CO (1-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the
operation of Unit 1........................................................................................................................... 2-140
Figure 2-66. Predicted levels of SO2 (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the operation
of Units 1, 2 and 3 ............................................................................................................................ 2-141
Figure 2-67. Predicted levels of NO2 (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the operation
of Units 1, 2 and 3 ............................................................................................................................ 2-142
Figure 2-68. Predicted levels of TSP (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the operation
of Units 1, 2 and 3 ............................................................................................................................ 2-143
Figure 2-69. Predicted levels of CO (24-hour average at 98th percentile) arising from the operation of
Units 1, 2 and 3 ................................................................................................................................ 2-144
Figure 2-70. Predicted annual average concentrations of SO2 arising from the operation of Unit 1 ... 2-
145
Figure 2-71. Predicted annual average concentrations of SO2 arising from the operation of Units 1, 2
and 3 ................................................................................................................................................ 2-146
Figure 2-72. Predicted 24-hour average at 98th percentile concentrations for TSP assuming upset
operating condition ......................................................................................................................... 2-147
Figure 2-73. Predicted 24-hour average at 98th percentile concentrations for SO2 assuming upset
operating condition ......................................................................................................................... 2-148
Figure 2-74. Predicted 24-hour concentrations of TSP at 98th percentile (uncontrolled) arising from
the operation of Unit 1 (point and volume sources) ....................................................................... 2-149
Figure 2-75. Predicted 24-hour concentrations of TSP at 98th percentile (controlled) arising from the
operation of Unit 1 (point and volume sources) ............................................................................. 2-150
Figure 2-76. Predicted 24-hour concentrations of TSP at 98th percentile (uncontrolled) arising from
the operation of Units 1, 2 and 3 (point and volume sources) ........................................................ 2-151
Figure 2-77. Predicted 24-hour concentrations of TSP at 98th percentile (controlled) arising from the
operation of Units 1, 2, and 3 (point and volume sources) ............................................................. 2-152
Figure 2-78. Predicted 1-hour average SO2 concentrations (Unit 1) with northerly winds ............ 2-153
Figure 2-79. Predicted 1-hour average SO2 concentrations (Unit 1) with southwesterly winds .... 2-154
Figure 2-80. Predicted 1-hour average SO2 concentrations (Units 1, 2, and 3) with northerly winds .. 2-
155
Figure 2-81. Predicted 1-hour average SO2 concentrations (Unit 1, 2, and 3) with southwesterly
winds ................................................................................................................................................ 2-156
Figure 2-82. CPC Public Scoping Activity .......................................................................................... 2-169
Figure 2-83. Random Sample Interviews with residents of Brgy. Sacsac ........................................ 2-169
Figure 2-84. Population growth rate in Cebu. ................................................................................. 2-174
Figure 2-85: Map of Pinamungajan, Cebu ....................................................................................... 2-179
Figure 2-86. Sex of the respondents ................................................................................................ 2-191
Figure 2-87. Age of the respondents ............................................................................................... 2-192
Figure 2-88. Religion of the respondents......................................................................................... 2-192
Figure 2-89. Place of birth of the respondents ................................................................................... 193
Figure 2-90. Respondents’ number of years residing in the Barangay ............................................... 193
Figure 2-91. Landholding status of the respondents .......................................................................... 193

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Figure 2-92. Educational attainment of the respondents................................................................ 2-193

Figure 2-93. Civil status of the respondents .................................................................................... 2-194
Figure 2-94. Source of livelihood of the respondents ..................................................................... 2-194
Figure 2-95. Monthly income of the respondents’ household. .......................................................... 195
Figure 2-96. Respondent’s breadwinner in the household ................................................................ 195
Figure 2-97. Number of respondents who have a household member that got ill ......................... 2-196
Figure 2-98. Common illness of respondents’ household members ............................................... 2-196
Figure 2-99. Source of treatment of respondents during illness ..................................................... 2-197
Figure 2-100. Respondents’ type of toilet facilities. ........................................................................ 2-197
Figure 2-101. Water sources of the respondents ............................................................................ 2-197
Figure 2-102. Major crops planted by the respondents .................................................................. 2-198
Figure 2-103. Level of Response by the Local Unit according to the Respondents ......................... 2-198
Figure 2-104. Level of Community Participation Response for Disaster according to the Respondents
......................................................................................................................................................... 2-199
Figure 4-1. Risk Assessment Process.................................................................................................... 4-2
Figure 4-2. Hazard pathway for the transport, handling, and use of coal ........................................... 4-5
Figure 4-3. Hazard pathway for the transport, handling, and use of diesel fuel ................................. 4-7
Figure 4-4. Coal Fired Power Plant Explosion Pentagon .................................................................... 4-13
Figure 6-1. Structure of the Contingent Liability Rehabilitation Fund (CLRF).................................... 6-25
Figure 8-1. Organizational Chart of Century Peak Corporation ........................................................... 8-2

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1. Geographic coordinates of the Project site ........................................................................ 1-1

Table 1-2. Comparison of Dry and Wet Cement Process ..................................................................... 1-8
Table 1-3. Comparison of a CFB Boiler and a PC-fired boiler............................................................... 1-9
Table 1-4. Major components of the primary processes of the project ............................................ 1-11
Table 1-5. Major components of the support processes and general facilities of the project ......... 1-13
Table 1-6. Minimum Required Chemical Content of Shale and Limestone ....................................... 1-15
Table 1-7. List of Equipment for the Cement Plant ........................................................................... 1-18
Table 1-8. Comparison of Fly Ash, Bottom Ash, Rock and Soil (EPRI, 2009) ...................................... 1-25
Table 1-9. Estimated quantities of ash .............................................................................................. 1-26
Table 1-10. Design of the Ash Pond ................................................................................................... 1-26
Table 1-11. Operating water requirement for cement plant and power plant ................................. 1-27
Table 1-12. Gantt chart for the Pre-operation and Construction Phases of the Project ................... 1-36
Table 1-13. Materials hauling and number of trucks per hour .......................................................... 1-37
Table 1-14. List of required manpower ............................................................................................. 1-39
Table 2-1. Existing Land Use, Pinamungajan, Cebu ............................................................................. 2-1
Table 2-2. Epicenter of earthquakes felt in Cebu .............................................................................. 2-17
Table 2-3. Soil type and area covered, Pinamungajan, Cebu ............................................................ 2-27
Table 2-4. Results of soil analysis ....................................................................................................... 2-28
Table 2-5. Criteria for plant classification .......................................................................................... 2-33
Table 2-6. Flora sampling stations ..................................................................................................... 2-34

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Table 2-7. Relative values for plant species diversity (Fernando, 1998) ........................................... 2-37
Table 2-8. Sampling Site Description ................................................................................................. 2-40
Table 2-9. Taxa richness ..................................................................................................................... 2-42
Table 2-10. List of threatened species recorded within project area and its vicinity ........................ 2-45
Table 2-11. List of invasive species recorded in the project area ...................................................... 2-47
Table 2-12. Species diversity and evenness values for the recorded flora in 11 transects ............... 2-49
Table 2-13. List of species with highest IV within established transects ........................................... 2-50
Table 2-14. Performance of biodiversity within impact areas ........................................................... 2-50
Table 2-15. Summary of impacts and corresponding mitigation measures ...................................... 2-53
Table 2-16. Description of sampling site within the project site (2014) ............................................ 2-56
Table 2-17. Checklist of vertebrate species recorded in the area ..................................................... 2-61
Table 2-18. Distribution of threatened species and species of conservation importance ................ 2-67
Table 2-19. Summary of vertebrate species recorded in the area .................................................... 2-68
Table 2-20. Flood peaks of rivers near the project area .................................................................... 2-71
Table 2-21. Estimated mean discharge of rivers/creeks in the project area ..................................... 2-73
Table 2-22. Spring and well inventory, Municipality of Pinamungajan ............................................. 2-75
Table 2-23. List of Water Service Providers in Pinamungajan ........................................................... 2-76
Table 2-24. Water consumption of Cement Plant and Power Plant .................................................. 2-79
Table 2-25. Comparison of results of 2014 and 2017 of water quality assessment .......................... 2-81
Table 2-26. Coordinates of PAGASA-Mactan Station and the MM5 center grid ............................... 2-87
Table 2-27. Meteorological data and information used in this study............................................... 2-88
Table 2-28. Climatological Normals for Cebu City (1981-2010)......................................................... 2-90
Table 2-29. Climatological Extremes for Mactan International Airport in Mactan, Cebu City (as of
2014) .................................................................................................................................................. 2-91
Table 2-30. Monthly average wind speeds and directions at PAGASA-Mactan Cebu ....................... 2-95
Table 2-31. Results of GHG emissions calculations (Source: CPC, 2015) ......................................... 2-109
Table 2-32. Descriptions and coordinates of the air sampling stations (Source: CPC, 2015) .......... 2-110
Table 2-33. Methods of air sampling and analysis........................................................................... 2-111
Table 2-34. Source input parameters for the power plants (Units 1, 2, and 3) ............................... 2-113
Table 2-35. Source input parameters for the cement plants (Units 1, its 2 and 3) ......................... 2-114
Table 2-36. Source input data for volume emission sources ........................................................... 2-115
Table 2-37. List of modelling runs for point sources ....................................................................... 2-128
Table 2-38. List of modelling runs for area sources (Note: same emission sources as provided in the
EIS) ................................................................................................................................................... 2-129
Table 2-39. Results of air monitoring at seven (7) air stations in 2015 and 2017 (in µg/Nm3) ....... 2-130
Table 2-40. Results of air monitoring for metals at seven (7) air stations in 2015 and 2017(in µg/Nm 3)
......................................................................................................................................................... 2-131
Table 2-41. Comparison of the guaranteed emissions of the power plants with the emission
standards ......................................................................................................................................... 2-132
Table 2-42. Comparison of the guaranteed emissions of the cement plants with the emission
standards ......................................................................................................................................... 2-132
Table 2-43. Highest predicted concentrations arising from the operation of Unit 1 (normal operating
condition) ......................................................................................................................................... 2-132

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Table 2-44. Highest predicted concentrations arising from the operation of Unit 1 and the proposed
Units 2 and 3 cement and power plants (normal operating condition) .......................................... 2-133
Table 2-45. Highest predicted concentrations from point and volume sources ............................. 2-134
Table 2-46. Environmental quality standards for noise in general areas (NPCC 1980) ................... 2-160
Table 2-47. Environmental quality standards for noise in general areas (NPCC 1980) ................... 2-162
Table 2-48. Average noise exposure levels (daily Leq) by type of construction .............................. 2-163
Table 2-49. Average noise exposure levels (daily Leq) by trade, activity, or equipment ................ 2-163
Table 2-50. Average daily noise exposure levels (8-hour TWA) of heavy equipment operators and
associated laborers (in dBA) ............................................................................................................ 2-164
Table 2-51. Median of 1-minute sound levels in Leq by equipment/tool ....................................... 2-164
Table 2-52. Noise level increases and corresponding impact categories (Source: Wilson, 1986) .. 2-165
Table 2-53. Land Area in Cebu ......................................................................................................... 2-172
Table 2-54.Demographic Profile of Cebu, 2014. .............................................................................. 2-173
Table 2-55. Household Population in Cebu, PSA 2015 .................................................................... 2-174
Table 2-56. Age and Gender Profile of Cebu ................................................................................... 2-174
Table 2-57. Health Indicators in Antique, 2005-2010. ..................................................................... 2-175
Table 2-58. Literacy Rate, Antique 2000. ......................................................................................... 2-175
Table 2-59. Types of Land (in Ha) in Cebu , 2002............................................................................. 2-176
Table 2-60. Agricultural Crops and Livestock in Cebu...................................................................... 2-177
Table 2-61. Records of In-Migration in Barangay Sacsac from 2005 to 2010 .................................. 2-180
Table 2-62. Municipality of Pinamungajan Population Composition by Working-Age, Dependent-Age
Group and Sex, 2010 ........................................................................................................................ 2-180
Table 2-63. Barangay Sacsac Population Composition Working-Age, Dependent-Age Group and Sex,
2010 ................................................................................................................................................. 2-181
Table 2-64. Year Building/House was Built by Tenure Status of the Lot, Pinamungajan, 2010 ...... 2-182
Table 2-65. Year Building/House was Built by Tenure Status of the Lot, Barangay Sacsac, 2010 ... 2-182
Table 2-66. Total Number of Households per Type of Fuel Used .................................................... 2-184
Table 2-67. Cebu Province May 2010 .............................................................................................. 2-184
Table 2-68. Student Population, Number of Teachers and Classrooms per School ........................ 2-184
Table 2-69. Crop Production, Pinamungajan ................................................................................... 2-186
Table 2-70. Meat Production, Pinamungajan .................................................................................. 2-187
Table 2-71. Employment Rate/Profile, Central Visayas, July 2014 .................................................. 2-187
Table 2-72. Working Age Group by Overseas Worker and Sex, Pinamungajan, 2010..................... 2-188
Table 2-73. Working Age Group by Overseas Worker and Sex, Barangay Sacsac, 2010 ................. 2-188
Table 2-74. Commercial Establishments and Activities, Pinamungajan, Cebu ................................ 2-188
Table 2-75. Banking and Financial Institutions Pinamungajan, Cebu .............................................. 2-189
Table 2-76. Total Road Kilometers per Type and Classification ....................................................... 2-189
Table 2-77. Issues and Concerns during the Public Scoping Activity ............................................... 2-190
Table 2-78. Issues and concerns experienced by the respondents in their community. ................ 2-199
Table 3-1. Impact Management Plan ................................................................................................... 3-2
Table 4-1. Hazardous substance categorization .................................................................................. 4-3
Table 4-2. Effects of SO2 exposure ....................................................................................................... 4-8
Table 4-3. Effects of NO2 exposure ...................................................................................................... 4-9
Table 4-4. National ambient air quality standards for particle pollution .......................................... 4-10

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Table 5-1. Social Development Framework ......................................................................................... 5-3

Table 5-2. IEC Plan/Framework............................................................................................................ 5-6
Table 6-1. Environmental Monitoring Program for the Proposed Cebu Cement and Power Plant
Project – Construction Phase ............................................................................................................... 6-2
Table 6-2. Environmental Monitoring Program for the Proposed Cebu Cement and Power Plant
Project – Operation Phase ................................................................................................................. 6-10

ANNEXES

Annex A – Copy of ECC-CO-1503-0011 approved on April 13, 2015

Annex B – Copy of the Land Titles covering the Project Site

Annex C – Accountability Statement of the Proponent

Annex D – Accountability Statement of the Preparers

Annex E – Duly Accomplished PEMAPS

Annex F – Copy of the latest submissions of CMVR and CMR

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1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Name of Project : Cement Plant and Power Plant Project

Project Location : Barangays Sacsac, Municipality of Pinamungajan, Cebu

Nature of Project : Cement Manufacturing / Non-Metallic Processing

Project Size : 6 Million MT/Year Production Rate

PROPONENT PROFILE

Proponent Name : Century Peak Cement and Manufacturing Corporation

Proponent’s Address : Unit 14F Equitable Bank Tower Condominium 8751 Paseo de
Roxas Avenue, Salcedo Village Makati City

Authorized Representative : Mr. Wilfredo D. Keng / President

Contact Details : (+632) 856-0999

1.1 PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA

Century Peak Cement and Manufacturing Corporation’s (CPCMC) proposed Cement Plant and Power
Plant Project is located in Barangay Sacsac, Pinamungajan, the southwest portion of Cebu Island that
is approximately 25 kilometers southwest of Cebu City in Visayas. Its adjacent cities within Cebu
IslandincludeToledo City, Naga City, San Fernando City, and Aloguinsan.The locations of the nearby
cities are shown relative to Pinamungajan in Figure 1-1.

The geographic coordinates of the project area is provided in Table 1-1.

TABLE 1-1. GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATES OF THE PROJECT SITE

Corner North Latitude East Longitude

1 10°14'58.2"N 123°35'9.4"E
2 10°14'55.4"N 123°35'10.4"E
3 10°14'55.4"N 123°35'12.5"E
4 10°14'57.2"N 123°35'14.5"E
5 10°14'59.4"N 123°35'17"E
6 10°14'57.1"N 123°35'18.9"E
7 10°15'0"N 123°35'21.2"E
8 10°15'0.2"N 123°35'22.3"E
9 10°14'58.9"N 123°35'24.4"E
10 10°15'0.1"N 123°35'25.2"E
11 10°14'58.2"N 123°35'9.4"E
12 10°14'59"N 123°35'29.6"E
13 10°14'58.4"N 123°35'30.1"E

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Corner North Latitude East Longitude

14 10°14'54.2"N 123°35'30.2"E
15 10°14'49.9"N 123°35'24.5"E
16 10°14'50.1"N 123°35'20.8"E
17 10°14'46.9"N 123°35'17.5"E
18 10°14'41.4"N 123°35'14.5"E
19 10°14'43.2"N 123°35'16.7"E
20 10°14'32.2"N 123°35'13.2"E
21 10°14'36.1"N 123°35'8.6"E
22 10°14'37.2"N 123°35'9.2"E
23 10°14'37.4"N 123°35'7.5"E
24 10°14'40.5"N 123°35'4.7"E
25 10°14'41.2"N 123°35'5.1"E
26 10°14'43.1"N 123°35'4.4"E
27 10°14'44"N 123°35'5.5"E
28 10°14'44.1"N 123°35'6.5"E
29 10°14'45.7"N 123°35'6"E
30 10°14'47.1"N 123°35'4.6"E
31 10°14'52.4"N 123°35'4.7"E

The existing modes of transportation to the project site are by (1) private vehicles, and (2)
motorbikes-for-hire. It is accessible from Cebu City proper via the South National Highway to Toledo
City and Pinamungajan.

The company currently holds an existing Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) that grants the
construction and operation of a 2,000,000 metric tons (Mt) clinker-capacity cement plant and a 60
megawatt (MW) co-generation power plant. Due to the potential of the project and the exonomic
contribution to the projects of the government, CPCMC proposes to increase its current cement
production by commissioning two (2) additional cement production lines, to be located in the
immediate vicinity of the exiting cement facilities of CPCMC. The proposed cement plant expansion
will increase the annual capacity from the current 2,000,000 Mt to 6,000,000 Mt clinker product,
while the existing maximum power generating capacity of the power plant will be maintained at 60
MW; still using coal for fuel requirements.

Figure 1-2 below indicates the immediate and indirect impact areas of the project.

1.1.1 PROJECT VICINITY AND ACCESSIBILITY

Municipality of Pinamungajan is located in the southwester portion of Cebu Island. From Cebu City,
the municipality can be reached via the national highway passing Carcar and Toledo City. From the
town proper of Pinamungajan, the project site can be easily access via the newly opened access road
starting from the national highway leading directly to the project site. The access road traverses
mostly the area of Barangay Mangoto.

Within the project site, access are only limited to company employees and authorized personnel.

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1.1.2 DELINEATION OF IMPACT AREAS

The Direct Impact Areas (DIA) and the Indirect Impact Areas (IIA) for the proposed project includes
impacts on air, water, land and people. Consistent with Section 10, of Deparment Administrative
Order No. 2017-15 or the “Guidelines on Public Participation under the Philippines Environmental
Impact Statement (EIS) System”, the DIA for air quality impacts include areas with projected Ground
Level Concentration (GLCs) of emissions higher that the ambient standard based on air dispersion
modeling conducted; DIA for water quality includes the extent of water body where the water
quality are projected to exceed such as downstream of Kadlom and Mangoto Rivers; DIA for
impacts on land particularly on areas where there will be disturbance of habitat; and DIA for impacts
on people directly affected, primarily Brgy. Sacsac, based on the results of the socio-economic
impact assessment.

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FIGURE 1-1. PROJECT LOCATION

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FIGURE 1-2. DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT AREAS OF THE PROJECT

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1.2 PROJECT RATIONALE

The country’s cement manufacturing industry is a critical component of the building and
infrastructure sector. Cement is a primary ingredient in the production of concrete structures and
products, which are essential construction materials for a wide range of building applications –
ranging from government projects such as low-cost socialized housing, schools, hospitals, highways
and bridges, to private sector projects such as commercial establishments, condominiums, and
individual housing units.

The supply and demand for cement is one of the indicators of the country’s overall economic state.
The low supply of cement leads to higher prices, which may adversely affect infrastructure and
development projects, leading to a decreased economic growth of the country. The importation of
cement, on the other hand, may further undermine the local cement industry and also the local
economy. Total cement imports and exports from 2003–2015 shows the increasing amount of
imports and decreasing amount of exports due to the increasing demand for cement. This indicates
the need for heightened local production to match the expected growth in cement demand in the
coming years.

According to the Cement Manufacturers’ Association of the Philippines Inc. (CeMAP), there
continues to be an increase in the cement demand in the country. Figure 1-3 below shows that in
2015, the total demand of cement reached up to 24.4 million tons of cement. Aside from this, the
slope of the from 2001 to 2015 depicts a growth of cement demand over the years that is the basis
for CeMAP’s forecast of increasing demand of cement for the next years. Thus, cement
manufactures all over the country are planning and undertaking steps to increase their cement
production capacity and meet the demand of cement in the country.

FIGURE 1-3. CEMENT DEMAND IN THE PHILIPPINES FROM 2001 TO 2015 (IN MILLION METRIC
TONS)

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To emphasize the country’s cement production deficit, Figure 1-4 shows that there has been very
minimal export of cement from the year 2010 to 2015. This is indicative that in the preceding years,
the country has not produced a surplus of cement for exportation.

FIGURE 1-4. TOTAL CEMENT EXPORT FROM 2001-2015 (IN ‘000 METRIC TONS)

Further, in Figure 1-5, it can be seen that there was a significant increase in cement import in 2015,
from 4 million metric tons in 2014 to 314 million metric tons the following year. This further proves
that the demand for cement is vastly increasing while the supply of cement does not balance.

FIGURE 1-5. TOTAL CEMENT IMPORTATION FROM 2001- 2015 (IN ‘000 METRIC TONS)

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Moreover, in the Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 approved by the National Economic and
Development Authority (NEDA), it was emphasized that “accelerating strategic infrastructure
development” is amongst the four cross-cutting bedrock strategiesto attain the target increase in
GDP and decrease in overall poverty. Hence, maintaining a guaranteed supply of cement, while
upholding competitive prices, is necessary for the completion of both public and private sector
infrastructure projects. The expansion of cement production facilities in the country will decrease
the requirement for imported cement and assure competitive prices to boost the local economy.

1.2.1 RATIONALE OF THE PROJECT BASED ON REGIONAL AND LOCAL ECONOMIC

AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

The proposed project will supply the cement needs of Central Visayas (i.e. Cebu, Bohol, Negros
Oriental and Siquijor) and parts of Mindanao with both ordinary Portland cement and pozzolan
cement. Both types of cement will be manufactured in accordance with the standards of ASTM C 150
(Type I) and PNS:C7:1992.

In the Visayas region, there are only two major cement plants, namely the Apo Cement of Cemex
and Taiheiyo Cement, which barely provides the requirements of Regions 6, 7, and 8. This allows
cement plants from Mindanao, namely, Iligan (Lafarge), Alsons (Holcim) and Davao Union (Holcim)
to penetrate the Visayas market. Out of a market size of 3.616 million MT in the Visayas, 1.204
million MT are being serviced by cement plants from Mindanao.

Hence, the establishment of the proposed project may contribute to the cement needs in Visayas
and provide a competitive advantage over Mindanao-based cement plants in terms of lower
transport costs. The area is mineralized with limestone and pozzolan, proximate to the target natural
and grey markets. The area is also near an existing port and is accessible by sea.

Annual average revenue from the project is estimated at Php 578 million, while income tax, excise
tax and local government taxes are expected to amount to a total of Php 93 million per year. The
project will directly hire 91 people, aside from providing indirect employment to several hundreds
more through its contractor. Priority will be given to local residents of the host community, which
will be included in the Company’s Social Development and Management Program.

1.3 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

1.3.1 SITE LOCATION

No other siting locations were considered for the proposed expansion of the project. The current
CPCMC location is currently not susceptible to liquefaction, earthquake and rain-induced landslides,
volcanic eruptions, storm surges, tsunami, and flooding.

There is no known opposition from the community in the surrounding areas and no indigenous
group will be affected by the expansion. Moreover, the hauling cement, fuel and raw materials can
be easily undertaken due to the proximity of the resources.

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The current location of CPCMC cement and power plant was determined considering seven major
points, namely:

1. No disturbance of prime agricultural land;

2. Logistically advantageous due to the availability and proximity of raw materials;
3. Accessibility of the site to customers and suppliers of coal, raw materials, equipment and
other requirements of the plant;
4. Existence of a ready market for cement in Cebu and adjoining princes;
5. Availability of government port;
6. Availability of professional, skilled, and semi-skilled personnel in Pinamungajan and Toledo
City; and,
7. Acceptance of the community.

1.3.2 CEMENT PLANT TECHNOLOGY

A cement plant production has three main stages, namely:(1) Raw Material Processing, (2) Clinker
Burning, and (3) Finish Grinding. Both raw material processing and clinker burning can be done
either through dry process or wet process depending on the type of raw materials, fuel cost, and
condition of the location. The table below shows that comparison between wet and dry cement
process.

TABLE 1-2. COMPARISON OF DRY AND WET CEMENT PROCESS

Process Advantage Disadvantage
- Utilization of kiln exhaust gases for raw - More sophisticated mixing and
material drying homogenizing equipment needed
Dry - Low heat/coal consumption - Circulation phenomena from volatile
- Short kiln elements more problematic
- Lower volume of process water needed

- - Easy blending/homogenization due to - Long kiln

very wet material - High energy consumption for water
evaporation
Wet
- More water consumption
- Rather high quantity of kiln dust
production

The dry processing method of cement poses the disadvantage of having a higher capital cost due to
more sophisticated mixing and homogenizing equipment needed as opposed to the easier blending
of very wet raw materials in the wet processing method. However, the dry processing method is
more energy efficient compared to the wet process due to the lower specific heat consumption for
clinker burning. Hence,this results in the most significance advantage of the dry process over wet
process: lower running cost for the plant. It is also to be noted that the higher levels of dust
generation in dry process can be easily addressed through the installation and effective maintenance
of appropriate pollution control devices. For these reasons, the CPCMC project currently applies the
dry process; likewise for the project’s expansion.

1.3.3 POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

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The existing specification of the proposed power plant shall be utilized primarily to supply power
requirement to the cement plant operations and the auxillary facilities of the operation. It will utilize
an equipment such as a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boilers with a net generating capacity of 60
MW. Coal will be utilized as the primary fuel, and the plant can be operated at a stable load in the
range of 40-100% of its maximum continuous output. In this range, the plant is able to change its
power output by a range of 3-5% of its maximum continuous output per minute. The plant will likely
be operated in a constant power mode only, near its maximum continuous output.

The CFB combustion is a comparatively new technology that has given boiler and power plant
operators a greater flexibility in burning a wide range of fuels. Most of the coal fired power plants
use the Pulverized Coal (PC) firing technology, which is a proven technology used for nearly a
century. Advances over the years have improved the efficiency of combustion, reliability and
reduced emissions. The emerging technology of CFB combustion is different in many ways from PC
combustion. The key differences and the rationale behind the selection of CFB for the project are
provided in the table below.

In general, the combustion temperature of a CFB is much lower than the PC, which results in lower
levels of SO 2 and NO x pollutants. CFB can handle a wide range of fuels such as coal, waste coal,
lignite, petroleum coke, and agricultural waste. This provides the use of opportunity fuels, where
uncertainty of fuel supply exists and where economics is an issue. Even if the CFB boiler is designed
for coal, the same boiler can be used to burn lignite or petroleum coke.

Moreover, the most significant environmental benefit of CFB technology is the removal of SO 2 (90–
95%) and NO x (emission of less than 100ppm) in the combustion process without adding post-
combustion cleaning equipment such as wet or dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems and
selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems. Thereby, reducing additional maintenance usually
required for PC technology. Low SO 2 emission is primarily due to the suitable temperature for sulfur
retention achieved through the use of limestone, while low NO x emission is due to the low bed
temperature and staged combustion of CFB. Table 1-3 below summarizes the characteristics of a CFB
boiler vis-à-vis with that of a PC boiler.

TABLE 1-3. COMPARISON OF A CFB BOILER AND A PC-FIRED BOILER

CFB Combustion
Parameter PC Firing Technology Benefits of CFB
Technology
Fuel size 6–12 mm x 0 >70% <75 microns Crushing cost is reduced
Fuel range (ash + Up to 75% Up to 60%
Accepts wider range
moisture)
Higher sulfur fuels Limestone injection FGD plant required Less expensive SO 2
(1–6%) removal system
Auxiliary fuel support Up to 20–30% Up to 60%
Less oil/gas consumption
(oil or gas)
Auxiliary power Slightly higher Lower If FGD is used in PC, CFB
consumption power is lower
Emissions
 SO 2 , ppm <200 <250 with FGD Lower emissions in
process, less expensive
 NO x , ppm <100 <100 with SCR No SCR (or SNCR) system

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CFB Combustion
Parameter PC Firing Technology Benefits of CFB
Technology
required
Boiler efficiency, % Same Same No difference
O&M cost (85% CF) 5–10% lower 5–10% higher Lower because of less
moving equipment
Capital cost 5–10% higher 5–10% lower w/o
8–15% lower FGD/SCR
8–15% higher w/
FGD/SCR
Source: Kavidass et al. (2000)
Note: For power plants with a capacity of <150MW
FGD – Flue Gas Desulfurization system, SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction system

1.3.4 RESOURCES

Raw materials such as limestone, shale, silica, gypsum and pozzolanic materials are currently being
sourced from the nearby quarry operation, approximately 3 kilometers from the project site. The
quarry operation is proposed to expand from its 304 hectares operation to 1200 hectares in order to
provide sufficient amount of raw materials to the proposed expansion of the cement and power
plant. In case of raw material shortage, the Project may easily procure materials from other
quarrying operations within the island of Cebu.

The existing power plant generating capacity of 60 MW will be enough to provide the required
power supply for the expansion of cement from 2,000,000 Mt to 6,000,000 Mt annual production.
Aside from the port facility of CPCMC’s sister company, Century Peak Corporation, that will be the
primary access of coal from suppliers to the plant, other adjacent existing ports can also be easily
accessed and utilized for the delivery of resources and raw materials for the power plant operation.

The primary fuel to be used for the cement plant is coal, with liquid fuel to be used for start-up.
Alternative sources of fuel being considered that may reduce costs and decrease harmful emissions
are biomass (i.e. rice hulls bagasse), liquid fuel, sludge, old tires, and other potential sources.

The project has a water storage tank with a capacity of 45,000 cubic meters that impounds rainfall
for additional water supply. The main water requirements of the proposed expansion will be sourced
from the Pinamungajan Water District. An alternative to this is the possibility of exploring
groundwater resources to supply water. However, this option is not part of the current study and
necessary studies will be conducted should there be a need for such option.

TABLE 1-4. SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVES OF THE PROJECT

Aspect Preferred Option Alternative Rationale
Project Site of Immediately No alternative sites Considering that there is
Expansion adjacent to the were identified already an existing operating
current cement plant, where the geotechnical
plant parameters have already been
known and established, and
environmental mitigating
measures are already in-place,

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Aspect Preferred Option Alternative Rationale

there is a strategic advantage in
constructing the proposed
plant expansion adjacent to the
plant. There is no known
opposition from the community
in the surrounding areas and no
indigenous group will be
affected by the expansion.
Moreover, the hauling cement,
fuel and raw materials can be
easily undertaken due to the
proximity of the resources
Cement Production Conventional Dry Wet Process Although plant construction
Technology Process Cement cost is rather low and high
Production quality products are
Technology manufactured more easily for
the wet process, the primary
advantage of the dry
production method is that it is
more energy efficient
compared to the wet process
due to the lower specific heat
consumption for clinker-
burning. Hence, the running
cost for the dry process is also
lower. However, the dry
process is usually associated
with higher levels of dust
generation but this can be
easily addressed through the
installation and effective
maintenance of appropriate
pollution control devices.
Power Plant Circulating Conventional The CFB combustion is a
Technology Fluidized Bed Pulverized Coal- comparatively new technology
Technology Fired Boiler that has given boiler and power
Technology plant operators a greater
flexibility in burning a wide
range of fuels. In general, the
combustion temperature of a
CFB is much lower than the PC,
which results in lower levels of
SO 2 and NO x pollutants. CFB
can handle a wide range of
fuels such as coal, waste coal,
lignite, petroleum coke, and
agricultural waste. This
provides the use of opportunity
fuels, where uncertainty of fuel

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Aspect Preferred Option Alternative Rationale

supply exists and where
economics is an issue. Even if
the CFB boiler is designed for
coal, the same boiler can be
used to burn lignite or
petroleum coke. The most
significant environmental
benefit of CFB technology is the
removal of SO 2 (90–95%) and
NO x (emission of less than 100
ppm) in the combustion
process without adding post-
combustion cleaning
equipment.
Plant Lay-out As provided in No alternative lay- The plant lay-out was designed
Figure 1-9 out was identified and selected to allow for the
optimal use of space given the
site’s terrain, while optimizing
the flow of the materials,
process, and logistics for an
efficient plant operations.

1.3.5 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFIED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVES

1.3.5.1 SITE LOCATION

The location of the proposed expansion cement and power plants relative to the quarry site is
provided in the figure below. The site of the proposed plant expansion is about 1 kilometer to the
south-west of the quarry site. The project area is bordered by two river systems that drain in a
westerly direction towards Tañon Strait. North of the project area is an unnamed river in Brgy.
Mangoto, while at the south of the proposed cement plant expansion area is the Kadlom River.
Located about 2.0 km west of the project area is the coastal area of Pinamungajan which is part of
the Tañon Strait.

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FIGURE 1-6. LOCATIONS OF THE PROPOSED EXPANSION SITE RELATIVE TO THE QUARRY AREA

The Kadlom and Mangoto river systems bound the cement and power plant areas and the quarry
site, respectively. These river systems provide the natural drainage for the water run-off from the
operations.

Elevation
River / Creek Name Location
(MASL)
Kadlom River Near Barangay Road, Southwest of the Project Site, 13.6
Sacsac, Pinamungajan, Cebu Island
Mangoto River Near Main Road / Bridge Northwest of the 0.0
Project Site, Mangoto, Pinamungajan, Cebu Island

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FIGURE 1-7. RIVER SYSTEMS SURROUNDING THE PROPOSED EXPANSION SITE AND QUARRY AREA

1. No disturbance of prime agricultural land;

2. Logistically advantageous due to the availability and proximity of raw materials; and,
3. Accessibility of the site to customers and suppliers of coal, raw materials, equipment and
other requirements of the plant

1.3.5.2 CEMENT PLANT TECHNOLOGY

Dry production method of cement production requires lower specific heat consumption and lower
volume of total process water to be used in the plant. Hence it is more energy efficient compared to
the wet process.

1.3.5.3 POWER PLANT TECHNOLOGY

The CFB combustion technology is known to have better mixing in the bed which results to a wider
range of fuels available for use and fewer fuel feed points. This in turn, makes CFB combustion more
fuel efficient that the PC technology. Aside from this, the CFB combustion produces lower levels of
SO 2 and NO x emissions since the process requires lower combustion technology than the PC
technology.

1.3.6 NO PROJECT OPTION / ALTERNATIVE

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With the proposed cement and power plant expansion project situated in Barangay Sacsac,
Municipality of Pinamungahan, Province of Cebu, Barangay Sacsac is identified as the direct impact
area where the proposed cement and power plant expansion project will be established. All project
facilities will be located inside the vicinity of this barangay. In terms of socio-economic impact of the
project, the whole municipality of Pinamungahan is considered as the indirect impact area
specifically on the adjacent barangays such as, Binabag, Anopog, Punod, Buhingtubig, Butong, Lut-
od, Tutay, Sambagon and Mangoto.

Manpower requirement, which will be sourced mainly from the direct and indirect impact areas of
the project, will be maintained corresponding the initial production capacity of the project. As a
result, water resources consumption due to domestic purposes will also be maintained at the
current levels. However, water consumption utilized for the power plant operation will remain the
same considering that the same power generation capacity of 60MW will be operated.

Under the No Project Option, CPCMC would still continue to implement the Cement plant and power
plant project, however, under a lesser production capacity of 2 Million metric tons per annum. At
this rate, almost the same land area will be disturbed due to the construction and operation of the
project’s facilties. Supply of raw materials for clinker production, such as limestone, will be at a rate
corresponding the 2 Million Mt/year.

For the immediate environment of the proposed expansion area, this option would result to the
continuation of the proposed expansion site’s current state, which is covered with common species
of grass, shrubs, and trees.

Further, without the expansion project, encroachment of human settlements is expected in the
proposed expansion site, and the environment in the project site may deteriorate due to
unsustainable human activities brought about by kaingin and the current farming practices in the
area. Some of the potential effects that would likely to happen will be forest denudation and
deforestation since people in the area tend to cut younger trees to utilize these as source of timber.

1.4 PROJECT COMPONENTS

1.4.1 MAJOR COMPONENTS

Table 1-4 provides the list of the major components of the Cement Plant and the Power Plant.
Details orfunctions of each component are discussed in the succeeding sections.

TABLE 1-5. MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PRIMARY PROCESSES OF THE PROJECT

Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion
Project Components No. of Total Plant Capacity / No. of Total Plant Capacity /
units Specifications Units Specifications
Cement Plant
Clinker Production 1 2,000,000 MTPY 3 6,000,000 MTPY

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Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion

Project Components No. of Total Plant Capacity / No. of Total Plant Capacity /
units Specifications Units Specifications
Limestone Primary 1 1,500 TPH 3 4,500 TPH
Crushing Plant
Limestone Storage and 1 1,500 TPH 3 4,500 TPH
Reclaiming
Plant
Clay Crushing and Drying 1 200 TPH crushing 3 600 TPH crushing
Plant capacity capacity
Raw Mill Plant with De- 1 500 TPH 3 1,500 TPH
dusting
Raw Meal Silo Plant 1 400 TPH 3 1,200 TPH
and Kiln Feeding
Pre-Heater with Pre- 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
calciner
Rotary Kiln Plant 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
Clinker Cooler with De- 1 300 TPH 3 900 TPH
dusting
Coal Mill Plant 1 45 TPH 3 135 TPH
Cement Mill Plant with 2 160 TPH/mill 6 160 TPH/mill
Pre-grinder
Clinker Silo 2 40,000 m3 each capacity 6 40,000 m3 each capacity
(minimum) (minimum)
Cement Silo 4 10,000 m3 each capacity 12 10,000 m3 each capacity
(minimum) (minimum)
Packing and Bulk Loading 1 4x100 TPH packers; 3 12x100 TPH packers;
Plant 1x100 TPH bulk truck 3x100 TPH bulk truck
loader loaders
1x60 MW Power Plants
CFB combustion boiler 1 220 TPH, circulating 1 No changes.
fluidized bed, drum
type
Electrostatic precipitator 1 750 Nm3 flue gas/hour 1 No changes.
Steam turbine 1 60 MW 1 No changes.
Generator 1 62,500/50000 kVA/kW, 1 No changes.
10500 V
Surface condenser 1 500 m3/day 1 No changes.
Cooling water system 1 15,000 m3 capacity 1 No changes.
Ash handling system 1 13.125 Mt combined 1 No changes.
bottom and fly
ash/hour
Ash disposal facility 1 Concrete structure with 1 No changes.
a total area of 3.4
hectares capable of
storing a volume of
221,000 m3
Process control system 1 240V, 60 Hz, 30A 1 No changes.
Centralized control
system

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Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion

Project Components No. of Total Plant Capacity / No. of Total Plant Capacity /
units Specifications Units Specifications
Coal Storage Facility 1 Reinforced concrete 1 No changes.
structure with
minimumdimension of
70m x 50m x 15m
(LxWxH). The structure
will be an open shed
with no walls.

1.4.2 SUPPORT FACILITIES

Table 1-5 provides the list of the support facilities for the Project. This includes auxiliary facilities
such as a four (4) kilometer access road to provide access from the port to the Project site, and vice-
versa, a storm drainage system, a sewerage system, a diesel fuel storage tank to provide back-up
fuel, and a water storage facility capable of storing 45,000 cubic-meters of raw water. The list of
materials handling facilities for both cement plant and power plant is also provided in the Table 1-5,
as well as the administrative/ general facilities and temporary facilities (during construction).

A coal storage stockpile/area enclosed with perimeter wall and proper roofing will be constructed
near the port area.

TABLE 1-6. SUPPORT PROCESSES AND GENERAL FACILITIES OF THE PROJECT

Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion
Auxiliary Facilities
No. Description No. Description
Drainage System 2 V-shape, 3 meters wide x 1.2 6 V-shape, 3 meters wide x 1.2
meters depth x 60meters linear meters depth x 200 meters
length linear length
Sewerage System 2 1.5 meters wide x 3.2 meters 6 1.5 meters wide x 10
length x 2.5meters depth meters length x 2.5meters
depth
Diesel Fuel Storage 1 200,000 liters 3 600,000 liters
Tank
Water Storage 1 45,000 cubic meters 1 45,000 cubic meters
(raw)
Emergency 2 800 kVA each, 3 phase 2 800 kVA each, 3 phase
Generator
Access road 1 4 kilometers 1 4 kilometers
Materials handling Raw Materials Raw Materials
facility for Cement Preparation (Limestone) Preparation (Limestone)
Plant Stacker, Reclaimer, Belt Stacker, Reclaimer,Belt
Conveyor Raw Material Conveyor Raw Material
Grinding (Limestone, Shale, Grinding (Limestone, Shale,
Silica) Bucket Elevator, Air Silica) Bucket Elevator, Air
Chute, Chain Conveyor, Raw Chute, Chain Conveyor, Raw
Meal Homogenizing Silo Meal Homogenizing Silo
Calcination Clinker Conveyor Calcination Clinker Conveyor

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Current Conditions Conditions after Expansion

Auxiliary Facilities
No. Description No. Description
Cement Grinding Bucket Cement Grinding Bucket
Elevators, Air Chutes, Chain Elevators, Air Chutes, Chain
Conveyor Cement Storage and Conveyor Cement Storage
Packaging Bucket Elevators, Air and Packaging Bucket
Chutes, Screw Conveyors Elevators, Air Chutes, Screw
Conveyors
Materials handling Stacker,Reclaimer, and Stacker, Reclaimer, and
facility for Power Conveyor System Conveyor System
Plant
Administrative
and general
services facilities
Administrative 1 6 meters x 60 meters 1 6 meters x 60 meters
and
EngineeringOffice
Warehouse and 1 10 meters x 40 meters, 8 1 10 meters x 40 meters, 8
Truck Shops meters high meters high
Accommodation 1 3.2 meters x 10 meters 1 3.2 meters x 10 meters
Facilities
Bunkhouses 1 6 meters x 30 meters 1 6 meters x 30 meters
Annex Offices 1 10 meters x 20 meters 1 10 meters x 20 meters
Vehicle Service 1 10 meters x 8 meters 1 10 meters x 8 meters
Building
Temporary Facilities
Field Office 1 2 meters x 5 meters 1 2 meters x 5 meters
Warehouse 1 2 meters x 7.5 meters 1 2 meters x 7.5 meters
Bunkhouses 1 2 meters x 10 meters 1 2 meters x 10 meters
Common Kitchen 2 2 meters x 10 meters 2 2 meters x 10 meters
Common 2 2 meters x 10 meters 2 2 meters x 10 meters
Bathroom

1.4.3 POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES AND FACILITIES

TABLE 1-7. POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES / FACILITIES

Facility / Device Location Component Description
Drainage system All facilities Along with the road network, drainage and/or diversion
will be canals, designed as V-shape with dimension of 1m wide
located and 1m high/deep, will be established to direct runoff
within the waters during rainfall events.
Sewerage System MPSA area. Sewerage system and treatment facility will be
constructed and operated, primarily, to treat domestic
wastes generated by the project facilities.
Electrostatic Precipitator Cement The ESP will be used after the roller mill and after the
(ESP) Plant and cement kiln in the production of cement to reduce
Power Plant emissions of particulate mater such as cement kln dust.

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Facility / Device Location Component Description

Spray towers may be used before the ESP in order to
moisten the particulates, increasing ESP efficiency.
Baghouse Filters Cement Baghouses will be used in cement production at the op
Plant of material storage silos and gas separators. Baghouses
will help prevent any particulate matter escape the
process. Collected particulate in the bag filters will be
simply released back into the process to be used in the
cement making.
In-Situ Monitoring Cement In-situ parameters such as; SO2, NOx, and hydrocarbons
Devices (i.e. Continouus Plant kiln emissions, will be continuously monitoring using in-situ
Emission Monitoring stack and monitors such as the CEMS. The readings will be
System (CEMS)) Power plant transmitted to the control room in real time. The
flue-gas control operator uses this information in order to adjust
stack temperature or flow of the material in order to reduce
emissions. These devices will be placed near the top of
the cement kiln stack and the powerplant fule-gas
stack.

1.5 PROCESS / TECHNOLOGY

1.5.1 TECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION AND PROCESS FLOW

1.5.1.1 MINERAL PROCESSING AND CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS

Cement production raw materials consist of limestone, shale, iron oxides, among others, that will be
supplied/sourced from a quarry operation. Raw materials, amounting to 9.6 Million Metric Tons per
Year after the proposed expansion (broken down as: 7,680,000 Mt/year limestone, 960,000 Mt/year
shale, and 960,000 Mt/year iron oxides), will be fed to a raw mill plant in preparation for clinker
production. Operation will utilize the dry process in which the raw materials are ground and dried to
raw meal in the form of a flowable powder. After milling of the raw materials, the dry raw meal is
fed to a preheater or a pre-calciner kiln producing clinker. In the calcination process, Greenhouse
Gas (GhG) emission from limestone (CaCO 3 ) is estimated to produce 3.072 Million Mt/year of CO 2 .
Clinker is produced with an estimated volume of 6 Million Mt/year, and it will be mixed with cement
additives such as gypsum, pozzolan, fly ash to produce various cement products.

The following sub-sections provides a simplified description of the major components of the process.

Figure 1-6 illustrates the process flow of the Project’s mineral processing and cement
manufacturing.

1.5.1.2 RAW MATERIAL

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Prior to mixture crushing, the shale and limestone materials will be analyzed of its important
chemical components for initial identification of cement and clinker to be produced. The shale and
limestone materials should have the average chemical content shown in Table 1-7

TABLE 1-8. MINIMUM REQUIRED CHEMICAL CONTENT OF SHALE AND LIMESTONE

Shale
Component SiO 2 Na 2 O K2O
Percentage 35.00 1.30 0.75
Limestone
Component SiO 2 Na 2 O K2O
Percentage 50.00 0.01 0.25

The limestone raw material will be subjected to size reduction at the primary crusher. Materials in
the form of boulders brought to the crushing plant should not exceed 600 mm in diameter to avoid
problems in handling. The materials will be crushed down to the particles with allowable for raw
milling. Crushed limestone materials will be transported, together with Iron oxides and shale, to a
raw mill plant.

1.5.1.3 RAW MILLING

The well-proportioned raw materials (limestone, shale and iron oxides) will be fed to a Raw Mill. The
Vertical Roller Mill simultaneously grinds, dries and classifies the material in a close circuit. The
ground products are conveyed by hot gas flowing into the classifier. While oversize materials fall
back on the grinding table, the fine parts are captured in a battery of cyclones. The gases from the
cyclones are absorbed by a re-circulation fan and sent to a de-dusting installation such as baghouses
/ bag filters. Several variables have to be controlled to maintain a suitable product for feeding to the
kiln, which are:

a. Chemical quality;
b. Fineness; and
c. Moisture content.

1.5.1.4 CALCINATION

The pyro-processing system consists of a 2-stage pre-heater cyclone, conditioning spray, tower,
rotary kiln and a traveling grate clinker cooler. The pre-heater cyclone has two (2) stages. The
exhaust gas from the kiln will travel up through each stage of the pre-heater, and the kiln feed will
travel down, with the heat exchange taking place in a counter current manner. The kiln feed will
travel from the top, first stage to the bottom, second stage in less than a minute. Kiln feed entering
the pre-heater is at near ambient temperature and is pre-heated at a temperature of 35°C. In the
rotary kiln, the raw meal is subjected in the kiln tube to a series of chemical processes such as
calcining and sintering process. At the calcining zone, the materials reach the temperature of about
900 to 1000°C. During this process the carbon dioxide and other volatile matters are further pre-
heated to form in the liquid phase which eases the succeeding chemical combination of the material
components. During calcination, CaCO 3 precipitates into CaO and CO 2 .

CaCO 3 →CaO (lime) + CO 2 (carbon dioxide)

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Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is produced and emitted as greenhouse gas, while Lime (CaO) reacts with Silica
(SiO 2 ), Aluminum Oxide (Al 2 O 3 ), Ferrous Oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), and Magnesium Oxide (MgO) to form clinker
compounds. As the material approaches and reaches the sintering zone, tremendous heat from the
fuel (coal) initiates the chemical reactions to convert the calcined raw materials to cement clinker.
After the burning process, materials leave the kiln at about 1250 °C. Good clinker with the right
designed chemical composition is recognized by the availability of free lime which is within the range
of 0.5-1.5% by weight in clinker. General clinker chemical composition is:

Component CaO MgO SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3

Percentage 62.00 – 67.00 0.50 – 4.00 19.00 – 24.00 4.00 – 8.00 1.50 – 4.50

Clinker that leaves the kiln is discharged to the travelling cooler grates. As the grates travel, sets of
blowers and fans introduce air at controlled volume to meet heat extraction requirements for the air
quenching operation. Materials leave the cooler at normally below 100°C are mixed with clinker dust
recovered by the multi-cyclone and then conveyed by a series of pan conveyor and bucket elevators
to the clinker silos. The pre-heater exhaust gas exits through a duct induced by a draft fan and
passes through a conditioning tower fitted with a water spray system prior to entering the
electrostatic precipitator.

1.5.1.5 CLINKER COOLING

Clinker cooling takes place at the rotary kiln. Clinker, the output from the kiln, is cooled in a grate
cooler that has equipped with grates and cooling fans supplying the necessary cooling air flow. A
chain conveyor serves for recovering the dust falling through the grates and a clinker breaker
crushes clinker lumps with bigger particle size. The cooled clinker is then conveyed by a bucket and a
chain conveyor to a clinker silo.

1.5.1.6 CLINKER GRINDING AND FINISH MILLING

Clinker is conveyed by grate plates and crushed by a clinker crusher to a maximum allowable
particle. The proportioned materials will then be routed to a common belt conveyor into the bucket
elevator feeding the roller press for pre-grinding. The pulverized materials will then pass through
separators and multi-cyclones. Cyclone underflow will be fed to the tube mill for finish grinding.

Clinker material from the Clinker Silo as well as other cement additives (gypsum, pozzolan) passing
through a proportioning weigh feeder will be conveyed to a feeder bin to cement silo. The product
of the mixture will produce the marketable cement and will be conveyed to a storage silo.

1.5.1.7 CEMENT PACKING

Cement is withdrawn from the cement silos through bucket elevators and air slides and routed to
the pack house. The transported materials are distributed to different packing bins prior to
dispatching. Cement is dispatched by bulk truck, big bags (1000 kilogram) and 40 kilogram multi-
walled paper bags.

Packing of 40 kilogram cement bags is done by an automatic packing machine, then down to a
receiving belt conveyor.

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1.5.1.8 LOADING AND UNLOADING OPERATIONS

Bags of cement (40 kilogram) will be transported through trucks stockpiled in a pallet going to the
local market. For Bulk loading, cement is withdrawn from cement silos and transported in a belt
conveyor.

1.5.2 LIST OF EQUIPMENT

The list of equipment in every cement/clinker production stages are presented below. Pollution
control devices such as bag filters / baghouses, electrostatic precipitator, cyclones, among others will
be in-place in every stage, especially in critical areas where generation of pollution particles are
significant.

TABLE 1-9. LIST OF EQUIPMENT FOR THE CEMENT PLANT

Type and Specification
Operation Main Equipment Quantity
Type Value Units
Apron feeder Capacity 1500 t/h 1
Limestone Capacity, wet
Crusher (easy-to- 1400 t/h
Crushing and basis
crush, medium- 1
Transport Feed size 1500×1200×1000 mm
intensity ore)
Product size ≤75 (90%) mm
Feeder Capacity 400 t/h 1
Additive Capacity, wet
Crusher (easy-to- 300 t/h
Crushing and basis
crush, medium- 1
Conveying Feed size ≤600 mm
intensity ore)
Product size ≤25 (90%) mm
Limestone Pre- Stacker Capacity 1800 t/h 1
blending and
Reclaimer Capacity 1000 t/h 1
Transport
Additive Stacker Capacity 500 t/h 1
Material Pre-
blending Reclaimer Capacity 300 t/h 1
and Transport
Raw coal Pre- Stacker Capacity 800 t/h 1
blending and
Reclaimer Capacity 500 t/h 1
Transport
Capacity, wet
400-440 t/h
basis
Feed size ≤80 mm
Vertical mill (easy-
Product 2
Raw Material to-grind, medium- 80 um
fineness
Grinding & intensity ore)
Product
Exhaust Gas ≤0.50 %
humidity
Treatment
Raw mill circulating Gas flow 965,000 m3
2
fan Pressure -10,500 Pa
Gas flow 860,000 m3
Preheater I.D. fan 2
Pressure -8,000 Pa

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Type and Specification

Operation Main Equipment Quantity
Type Value Units
240-320 (max 0
Temperature C
400)
Gas flow 920,000 m3/hour
0
Temperature 150 (max 250) C
Main bag filter for Inlet dust
≤200 g/Nm3 2
raw mill concentration
Outlet dust
≤30 g/Nm3
concentration
Gas flow 960,000 m3
Fan Pressure -3,000 Pa 2
0
Temperature 90-180 C
Capacity, dry
45 t/h
basis
Feed size ≤50 mm
Pulverized Coal Vertical mill (easy to
Product
Preparation grind medium- 80 residue ≤15% um 2
fineness
(Vertical mill) intensity ore)
Feed humidity ≤15 %
Product
≤1.0 %
humidity
Size 4.80×72.00 m
Rotary Kiln & Rotary Kiln 2
Capacity 5000.00 t/d
Tertiary Air Duct
Tertiary Air Duct Size 2.9 m 2
C1 4.7 m 8
C2 6.80 m 4
Five-Stage Cyclone
C3 6.80 m 4
Preheater
C4 6.80 m 4
Preheater & Pre-
C5 6.80 m 4
calciner
Pre-combustion
Diameter 5.33 m 2
chamber
Diameter 7.50 m
On Line Pre-calciner 2
Height 31.00 m
Capacity 5000.00 t/d
Grate area 143 m2
Grate Cooler 2
Outlet 65 + Ambient
℃
temperature Temp.
Gas flow 680,000 m3/h
Cooler & Exhaust Temperature 250 (max 400) ℃
Gas Treatment Electrostatic Inlet dust
≤50 g/Nm3 2
Precipitator concentration
Outlet dust
50 mg/Nm3
concentration
Gas flow 770,000 m3/h
Fan 2
Pressure -3,000 Pa
Gypsum & Apron feeder Capacity 300 t/h 2
Additive Crusher (easy-to- Capacity, wet
200 t/h
Crushing and crush, medium- basis 2
Conveying intensity ore) Feed size ≤400 mm

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Type and Specification

Operation Main Equipment Quantity
Type Value Units
Outlet size ≤25 (90%) mm
Type RP170-140
≤40 (90%)
Roller press Feed size mm 2
35-60 (10%)
Feed moisture ≤1 %
Type φ 4.2×13 m
Capacity 170 t/h
Product
Cement mill 3,400 cm2/g 2
fineness
Product
0.50 %
humidity
Capacity 1000 t/h
V-type separator 4
Gas flow 250,000 m3/h
Cyclone Gas flow 280,000 m3/h 4
Gas flow 300,000 m3/h
Roller press
Pressure -4,200 Pa 4
circulating fan
Temperature 150 ℃
Cement Grinding Gas flow 57,600 m3/h
and Transport Temperature 150 ℃
(ball mill) Inlet dust
Mill dust filter 1,000 g/Nm3 4
concentration
Outlet dust
≤30 mg/Nm3
concentration
Gas flow 70,000 m3/h
Mill exhaust fan Pressure -4,000 Pa 4
0
Temperature 150 C
Production 210-270 t/h
O-type Separator 4
Gas flow 270,000 m3/h
Gas flow 260,000 m3/h
Temperature 150 ℃
Inlet dust
Filter ≤200 g/Nm3 4
concentration
Outlet dust
≤30 mg/Nm3
concentration
Gas flow 280,000 m3/h
Fan 4
Pressure -5,500 Pa
Bulk Cement
Cement bulk loader Capacity 150 t/h 4
Loading
Small bag packing Capacity 96 t/h
Cement Packing 8
machine Accuracy 50±0.2 kg/bag
& Product
Big bag packing
Storehouse Capacity 25 t/h 4
machine

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1.5.3 PLANT LAYOUT

The plant lay-out indicating the existing as well as the proposed facilities are provided in Figure 1-7
below.

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FIGURE 1-8. MINERAL PROCESSING AND CEMENT MANUFACTURING PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

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FIGURE 1-9. PLANT LAY-OUT OF THE EXISTING AND THE PROPOSED EXPANSION PLANTS
(CURRENT LAY-OUT IN RED, PROPOSED EXPANSION IN YELLOW)

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1.5.4 POWER PLANT

The Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) is a clean process technology of a coal-fired power plant with the
ability to achieve lower emissions of pollutants. As much as 95% of pollutants can be absorbed in
this technology before being emitted to the atmosphere.

The operating principle is to feed crushed coal into the boiler and burn these by utilizing a bed
consisting of inert material such as sand. This process is very suitable for burning fuel with high
moisture content because of the high heat capacity of the bed. There is no need to separate fuel
drying before the boiler. The high heat capacity of the bed also means that the quality of fuel can
vary as compared to other types of boiler.

Figure 1-8 illustrates the general process flow of a coal-fired power plant. There are two main
components of the proposed 60 MW coal-fired power plant:

• Coal-fired circulating fluidized bed boiler that produces steam; and

• Steam turbine, which is used to generate electricity.

FIGURE 1-10. COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

Coal and limestone sorbent are fed into the bottom of the CFB steam generator, and primary and
secondary air for combustion is forced into the furnace. Flue gas exiting the boiler passes through a

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mechanical collector and the removed particulate (unburned carbon) is recycled back into the
bottom of the furnace. Bottom ash from the combustion of raw materials empties through the
bottom of the CFB and is removed. Once the flue gas passes through the cyclone, it enters the
convection pass, super-heater and economizer surfaces where heat is transferred to water tubes to
produce steam, after which the flue gas passes through the filter.

The steam produced in the boilers is injected into steam turbines. This converts the heat contained
in the steam into mechanical power, which drives the generation of electricity.

1.5.4.1 BOTTOM ASH DISPOSAL

When coal fed into the boiler furnace is burnt, two by-products are generated ― bottom ash and fly
ash. Coarse particles will be removed from the bottom of the furnace as bottom ash to maintain the
particle size distribution of the fluidized bed and ensure proper fluidization. As defined by the United
States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), bottom ash is agglomerated ash particles, formed
in pulverized coal furnaces that are too large to be carried in the flue gases and impinge on the
furnace walls or fall through open grates to an ash hopper at the bottom of the furnace. Physically,
bottom ash is typically grey to black in color, is quite angular, and has a porous surface structure.

Bottom ash is coarse, with grain sizes spanning from fine sand to fine gravel. Bottom ash can be used
as a replacement for aggregate and is usually sufficiently well-graded in size to avoid the need for
blending with other fine aggregates to meet gradation requirements. The porous surface structure
of bottom ash particles make this material less durable than conventional aggregates and better
suited for use in base course and shoulder mixtures or in cold mix applications, as opposed to
wearing surface mixtures. This porous surface structure also makes this material lighter than
conventional aggregate and useful in lightweight concrete applications.

The life of the ash handling facility is 25 years. The bottom ash yearly production after expansion is
estimated to be 16,200 m3/year and the total volume produced for 25 years is 405,000 m3. The
capacity of the ash handling facility is 450,000 m3 which is more than enough to cater the bottom
ash to be produced by the power plant after the proposed expansion.

Fly ash, on the other hand, also known as flue-ash, is one of the residues generated in combustion,
and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Fly ash is a fine grey powder consisting
mostly of spherical glassy particles that are produced as a by-product in coal fired power stations. Fly
ash has pozzolanic properties, meaning that it reacts with lime to form cementitious compounds. It
is commonly known as a supplementary cementitious material. Moreover, fly ash significantly
improves concrete performance in different ways and also provides many benefits in cement and
non-cement applications.

The inorganic mineral contents of coal constitutes the ash, therefore its elemental composition is
similar to a wide variety of rocks. The oxides of silicon, aluminum, iron, and calcium make up more
than 90% of the mineral component of fly ash while trace constituents collectively make up less than
1% (EPRI, 2009).

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The power plant is expected to operate 6,700 hours/year. Fly ash yearly generation is expected to be
87,804 Mt or 315 Mt/day. The fly ash generated will be utilized by the cement plant as additive to its
cement mixture.

Table 1-9 illustrates the comparison of the mineral constituents between fly ash, bottom ash, rock
and soil.

TABLE 1-10. COMPARISON OF FLY ASH, BOTTOM ASH, ROCK AND SOIL (EPRI, 2009)

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Two sources of coal are being considered for the Project, local coal and imported coal from
Indonesia. The estimated coal consumption and ash to be generated by the Expansion Project is
presented in Table 1-10.

TABLE 1-11. ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF ASH

Type Quantity
Coal Consumption, Power Plant, Mt/year 810,000.00
Ash Content, Coal, % 13.84
Total Ash, Mt/year 112,104.00
Fly Ash (78%), Mt/year 87,804.00
Bottom Ash (22%), Mt/year 24,300.00
Bulk Density (dry), Mt/m3 1.50
Total bottom Ash, in m3/year 16,200.00
Total bottom as for 25years, m3 405,000.00

The bottom ash generated by the Project will be disposed in an ash pond to be constructed within
the plant complex. The bottom ash will be conveyed in dry condition to the closed bottom ash silo.
The bottom ash in the silo will be periodically discharged into open trucks for transfer to the ash
pond. The ash will be conditioned with water to avoid dust formation.

The specification of the ash pond design is presented in Table 1-11. The ash pond will have an area
of 10.2 hectares and capable of storing a volume of 405,000 m3 of ash for 25 years. The pond will be
plain type dry ash disposal pond surrounded by a dike made of concrete materials. Sedimentation
and erosion control structures shall be positioned at strategic areas to address erosion and siltation.
Actual positioning of said structures will be determined during actual operations.

TABLE 1-12. DESIGN OF THE ASH POND

Ash pond Design Parameters Specification
Design Life, years 25.00
Required Capacity, m3 (total bottom ash x design life) 405,000.00
Max pile Height, m 4.00
Width, m 320.00
Length, m 320.00
Total Area required, m2 (required capacity / max pile height) 101,568.00
Total Area required, in hectares 10.20

The fly ash produced, on the other hand, will be used as additive to the cement mixture. Today, the
most common and widely accepted concrete mixes comprise with a maximum of 25% fly ash. Total
flyash annual production of the project is at 87,804 Mt/year, which only accounts for about 1.5% of
the 6,000,000 Mt target production of cement per year.

1.5.5 MATERIAL AND WATER BALANCE

Process flow sheets indicating material balances for the cement plant and power plant are provided
in Figure 1-8 and Figure 1-9. Table 1-12 provides the operating water requirement for the proposed
Project with the expansion. The total estimated water requirement for the Project after the
proposed expansion is approximately 1,216,000 m3 per year with an operation of 320 days/year.
Approximately 80% of the total water requirement per annum will be recycled. Thus, only about

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243,200 m3 (≈ 20%) will be the make-up water which will be primarily sourced from the Local Water
District and to be supplemented by the rainwater collected from storage tanks.

TABLE 1-13. OPERATING WATER REQUIREMENT FOR CEMENT PLANT AND POWER PLANT
Operating Water Make-up Water
Source of Make-Up Water Requirement
Requirement, Requirement
Water Use
3 3 3 3 Rainwater Local Water District
m /day m /year m /day m /year 3 3 3 3
m /day m /year m /day m /year
Cement
Plant 3,300.00 1,056,000.00 660.00 211,200.00 159.38 51,000.00 500.63 160,200.00
Operations
Power Plant
500.00 160,000.00 100.00 32,000.00 23.43 7,500.00 76.56 24,500.00
Operations
Domestic 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 23.44 7,500.00
TOTAL 3,800.00 1,216,000.00 760.00 243,200.00 182.81 58,500.00 600.63 192,200.00

The PAGASA rainfall data over Cebu shows rainfall occur every month, averaging of 1,630.83 mm for
the last 10-year data (2001-2010) which is enough to maintain rainwater in the storage tank.

The Project will source its water demand from the Pinamungajan Water District which has the
capacity of 1,050,097 cubic meters per year and the adjacent freshwater body such as the Kadlom
River and Mangoto River that has a drainage area of 10.5 km2 and 22.5 km2, respectively, both
draing towards the project site. These sources can accommodate the initial demand of the project
which is estimated at 1,216,000.00 m3 on the initial year and a succedding demand thereof of
approximately 243,200.00 m2 of make-up water. The estimate is based on the available data from
Local Water Utilities Administration.

Further, as validated and confirmed with the management of Pinamungajan Water District, the
water district can provide/supply the required water demand of the Project.

Figure 1-11 and Figure 1-12 provides the water balances for the cement and power plants,
respectively.

The cement process involves gas, liquid and solid flows with heat and mass transfer, combustion of
fuel, reactions of clinker compounds and undesired chemical reactions that include sulfur, chlorine,
and alkali’s.

A typical cement mass balance is shown in the Figure 1-9 below. The corresponding energy balance
is provided in Figure 1-10.

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FIGURE 1-11. MATERIAL FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE CEMENT OPERATION (AFTER EXPANSION)

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FIGURE 1-12. POWER PLANT ENERGY BALANCE

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FIGURE 1-13. WATER BALANCE FOR THE CEMENT PLANT OPERATIONS (AFTER EXPANSION)

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FIGURE 1-14. WATER BALANCE FOR THE POWER PLANT

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1.5.6 FUEL SUPPLY

The fuel that will be used for the cement process and power plant will be coal, which will consist of
both local and imported coal. The locally sourced coal will come from coal mining operations in
Cebu, Panay, and Zamboanga, while imported coal will be sourced from Indonesia. Liquid fuel will be
used to start-up the furnace and kiln burner. The coal will be the low-sulfur type and will be
delivered by dump trucks.

1.5.7 COAL HANDLING SYSTEM

Low sulfur type coal will be delivered to the nearby existing port and then transferred to the power
plant’s covered coal storage area via dump trucks. The coal will be reclaimed, prepared and
transported to storage silos at the boiler. Water sprays or dust collectors will be available for dust
suppression at all coal transfer locations, beginning at the coal unloading area up to the point where
the coal is crushed and stored within the storage silos.

1.5.8 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Water will be sourced primarily from the Pinamungajan Water District5. This will be supplemented
by the rainwater to be collected and stored in three (3) tanks with a capacity of 45,000 m3. The
proponent may also consider exploring groundwater resources to be able to supply water for the
proposed Project subject to further detailed studies on groundwater resource.

1.5.9 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Power supply for the cement plant will be sourced from the three (3) units of 60 MW power plant
and from the six (6) units 800 kVA, 3-phase emergency generators.

1.5.10 PROJECT WASTES, DISCHARGES, EMISSIONS, AND BUILT-IN MEASURES

1.5.10.1 EMISSIONS

Dust and fugitive emissions (SO 2 , NO x , Total Suspended Particles [TSP], Particulate Material [PM])
are the primary emissions of concern for both the cement plant and power plant. Based on the
results of 24-hr values of Tier 3 modeling, the calculated emission guarantee per annum (at 320-day
operation) for cement and power plant are as follows:

• PM = 33,920 µg/Nm3
• SO 2 = 4,512 µg/Nm3
• NO 2 = 8,448 µg/Nm3

1.5.10.2 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES FOR THE CEMENT PLANT

The emissions from the kiln and furnaces will be diverted to bag houses and filters to capture dusts
and other airborne particles. Bag houses will contain huge textile filters that will be designed like
‘bags’ with minimal openings to filter dusts and other particles. From a specified periodic

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maintenance, the bags will be emptied of its captured dusts then re-installed. Dust collectors will
also be installed from the crushing area to the packing of cement to minimize dust emissions. These
dust collectors will exploit fugitive dust collected and bring the dust back into the cement process.

A multi-stage Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) will also be installed before smoke stacks and will serve
as the final equipment that will handle fugitive emissions that were not filtered by the bag houses.
This equipment works by inducing an opposing electrical charge to the surface of an EP, upon which
the dust particles will be attracted, then separated from the main emissions stream. The dust
particles will build up in the surface of the EP, then later discharged and collected.

1.5.10.3 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES FOR THE POWER PLANT

The use of the CFB technology, which provides lower bed temperature for the boiler, greatly reduces
the formation of NO x gases. The limestone injection, which is added as an absorbent to capture
sulfur in the coal, also allows for a reduction in SO x emissions.

The CFB boiler furnace will also be equipped with an EP to control and minimize emissions of dust
and particulate matter. This dust suppression equipment has a number of ducts through which the
gases pass at a velocity of about one meter per second. The duct is formed by two parallel rows of
vertically mounted collecting plates and a number of discharge electrodes which are vertically
suspended between the collecting plates. The high voltage applied to the electrically insulated
discharge electrodes creates a strong electrical field between the discharge electrodes and the
earthed collecting plates. As the voltage is raised, electrical breakdown of the gas close to the
electrode surface takes place. This breakdown produces large numbers of gas ions. The negative gas
ions produced charge the dust particles suspended in the gas, then the negatively charged particles
migrate towards the collecting plates where they are deposited. At an efficiency rating of 99.8%, the
EP is guaranteed to remove 99% of the remaining dust in the flue gas.

A Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) will also be installed in the stack of the power
plant to continuously monitor the different parameters in the final flue gas. CO emission is expected
to be low due to turbulent mixing in the bed and mixing in the cyclone. Similarly, hydrocarbons and
residual unburned carbon are minimized due to the turbulent mixing in the bed and longer residence
time in the circulating bed type boiler.

To prevent resuspension of coal fines, covered conveyors and coal storage areas will be used for the
project. Regular wetting of the ground will also be undertaken during construction and operation to
prevent dust resuspension.

1.5.11 EFFLUENT

Since the proposed Project will operate a closed circuit design system, the estimated volume of
effluent will be 7,500 m3 per year, which primarily consists of domestic wastewater. Other types of
wastewater to be generated include:

• Operational wastewater (generated during operation)

• Process wastewater (mainly from boiler blowdown),
• Contaminated storm water run-off,

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• Maintenance activities wastewater, and

• Domestic wastewater.

Waste water will be treated in the wastewater treatment facility. In general, the wastewater system
will have the following features:

• Drain channel will be directed to the wastewater settling pit before discharge to canals.
• Surface drains will be routed to the run-off pond for settlement of suspended solids, the
clean water from the run-off pond will then be routed to the discharge canal, where sludge
will be removedperiodically. Other sources of runoff from rain will be routed to the
wastewater collection pit prior to discharge.
• Dirty or oily water floor drains will be directed to the oil separator unit for treatment.
Effluent of the oil separator will be released to the wastewater set line pit before discharge.
• Sanitary wastewater will pass by a multiply chamber septic tank. Effluent of the septic tank
will go to the wastewater set line pit before discharge.
• Wastewater will be treated by several treatment processes to ensure that each individual
stream will meet the prescribed effluent standards.

1.5.12 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The Project will comply with disposal regulations stipulated in the Solid Waste Management Act.
Solid wastes generated by the facility will be classified according to source such as industrial, office,
and domestic and according to source such as solid, liquid and gaseous and according to utility such
as re-usable, recyclable, and non-recyclable and according to biodegradability such as biodegradable
and non-biodegradable. The principle of reduce, reuse and recycle will be adopted particularly in
compliance with RA 9003. Wastes that will be generated by the project will consist of:

• Domestic waste consisting of compostable waste materials

• Debris and other materials removed from construction activities
• Industrial solid wastes such as damaged vehicle and equipment parts

Solid waste generation is estimated at 5,040 kg/day during operation phase with an estimated total
manpower of 1000+ personnel. The estimate is based on the solid waste generation rate of 10.6
lb/capita-day (4.8kg/capita-day) for industries (Corbitt, 1990).

1.5.13 HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Hazardous waste generated by the cement and power plant operation will be primarily the bottom
ash. The bottom ash yearly production is estimated to be at 16,200 m3. Bottom ash will be handled
and disposed properly in an ash disposal facility which has the capacity of 662,000 m3. Further, other
hazardous wastes that will be generated are used oils and inorganic chemical wastes such as
mercury and mercuric compounds (busted fluorescent/bulbs/lamps). Used oil to be generated is
estimated at 15,000 liters a year, and mercury and mercuric compounds to be generated is
estimated at about 9,000 pieces a year. Hazardous wastes will be transported, stored and treated by
DENR-accredited hazardous waste TSD facilities. A hazardous waste storage facility will be

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constructed for temporary storage of hazardous wastes prior to disposal through a DENR-accredited
transporter/treater.

TABLE 1-14. SUMMARY OF POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES

Emission Facility / Device Location Component Description
Run-off Water Drainage system All facilities Along with the road network, drainage
from Heavy will be and/or diversion canals, designed as V-
Rainfall located shape with dimension of 1m wide and
within the 1m high/deep, will be established to
MPSA area direct runoff waters during rainfall
events.
Domestic Waste Sewerage System All facilities Sewerage system and treatment facility
Water will be will be constructed and operated,
located primarily, to treat domestic wastes
within the generated by the project facilities.
MPSA area
Flue Gas from the Electrostatic Cement The ESP will be used after the roller mill
Cement Kiln Precipitator (ESP) Plant and and after the cement kiln in the
Power Plant production of cement to reduce
emissions of particulate matter such as
cement kiln dust. Spray towers may be
used before the ESP in order to moisten
the particulates, increasing ESP
efficiency.
Fugitive Dust from Baghouse Filters Cement Baghouses will be used in cement
Cement Storage Plant production at the top of material
and Handling storage silos and gas separators.
Baghouses will help prevent any
particulate matter escape the process.
Collected particulate in the bag filters
will be simply released back into the
process to be used in the cement
making.
Dissolved In-Situ Monitoring Cement In-situ parameters such as; SO2, NOx,
Gases/Compounds Devices (i.e. Plant kiln and hydrocarbons emissions, will be
from the Flue Gas Continuous stack and continuously monitoring using in-situ
of the Cement Kiln Emission Power plant monitors such as the CEMS. The
and Power Plant Monitoring System flue-gas readings will be transmitted to the
Coal Burners [CEMS]) stack control room in real time. The control
operator uses this information in order
to adjust temperature or flow of the
material in order to reduce emissions.
These devices will be placed near the
top of the cement kiln stack and the
power plant flue-gas stack.

1.5.14 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE

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A process control system will monitor and control the various components of operation and related
equipment to ensure their proper coordination. A Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)
will be installed to monitor emission characteristics vis-à-vis DENR standards.

Unit overhauls will be planned and undertaken during periods of lower demands and as
recommended by the manufacturer.

1.6 PROJECT SIZE

The proposed Cebu Cement and Power Plant Project covers a total land area of 77 hectares in
Barangay Sacsac, Pinamungajan, Cebu. Annual capacity of the expanded cement plant will be
6,000,000 metric tons or 157,500,000 bags, while the power plant will maintain the original
maximum generating capacity of 60 MW.

1.7 PROJECT PHASES

The CPCMC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project has four (4) major project phases that will cover
the CPCMC’s entire business life cycle. These include: (a) pre-operation, (b) construction, (c)
operation, and (d) decommissioning, abandonment, and rehabilitation phases.

The major activities during pre-construction are permitting, detailed topographic survey, detailed
geotechnical study, and design and engineering. Aside from the ECC, the pre-construction phase will
also involve the acquisition of all required permits such as Business permits, Tree-cutting permit,
Special Land Use permit for the access roads, Engineering Geological and Geo-hazard assessment
(EGGAR), and Mechanical, Electrical, and Building permits.

The development and construction phase will begin as soon as all necessary permits are secured.
This phase shall include the construction of cement plant expansion, construction of power plant
expansion, and installation of all relevant structures.

Further details of the project’s phases are discussed in the succeeding sub-sections.

1.7.1 PRE-OPERATION

The pre-operation stage of the CPCMC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project is the totality of the
activities and preparations prior to the full commercial production of cement from the two (2)
additional expansion lines. It is important for the CPCMC to accomplish the following major tasks to
ensure smooth operations of the business:

 Application and issuance of relevant Government clearances and permits;

 Consultation with concerned Government agencies and the local population;
 Preparation works on the plant site including construction of access roads and sediment
control structures such as sedimentation ponds and silt traps; and
 Installation and establishment of environmental enhancement measures.

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1.7.2 CONSTRUCTION

The development and construction phase will begin as soon as the ECC and other permits are
secured. This phase shall include the construction of access road, construction of the cement and
power plants, installation of all appurtenant structures such as the electric sub-stations.

Temporary housing and temporary storage of construction materials will also be built within the
project’s premises. Duration of construction is estimated at twenty four (24) months. The
construction phase of the project expansion involves the following activities:

 All the basic and detailed engineering work covering all the plans and design criteria of the
construction;
 Engineering, Procurement, and Construction Management (EPCM) of the cement plant and
the power plants; and,
 Commissioning work of the plant, leading to the plant scale-up to the design capacity of the
cement and power plants.

It is estimated that the completion of the construction and commissioning works of the entire plant
complex will be completed within 12 months. A Gantt chart of the schedule of pre-operations and
construction stage activities is detailed below.

1.7.2.1 DEMOBILIZATION

After the projected construction phase of the proposed expansion of the cement plant and the CFB
power plant, the contractors shall implement a demobilization plan for the progressive clearing-out
of the construction materials and equipment to transition towards the expansion plant
commissioning and operations. The main objective is to maintain the minimum required
construction equipment and materials on-site and in the affected areas while imposing the minimum
amount of disturbance to the commissioning work as well as the lives of the neighboring
communities during demobilization. The main demobilization activities comprise of the following:

• All major construction equipment shall be checked and cleaned properly prior to final shut-
down or dismantling;
• Any solid, liquid, or hazardous wastes used or generated during construction shall be
segregated, and hauled/treated by duly licensed contractors;
• If necessary, CPC will perform remediation on the construction sites to determine and
mitigate possible contamination;
• CPC will closely coordinate with the construction contractors for the planning and
implementation of the demobilization routes to ensure minimal disturbance (dusting, noise,
etc.) will be imposed on the communities that will be affected;
• The host communities and LGUs will be notified in advance by CPC about the planned
demobilization; and,
• CPC will coordinate to local authorities about any possible valid concerns regarding the
demobilization activities

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TABLE 1-15. GANTT CHART FOR THE PRE-OPERATION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES OF THE
PROJECT
Month
Activity
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Permitting
Contracting
Site
Preparation
Engineering
Construction
Commissioning
Commercial
Operations

1.7.3 OPERATION

After the pre-operation phase, the CPCMC will proceed to the full operation of the Cement Plant.
The normal plant operation is 24 hours a day, seven (7) days a week at 312 days of plant availability
per year. The operation involves the following major activities, such as raw material preparation,
clinker and cement production, cement bagging, among others.

1.7.3.1 CEMENTPLANT

During operations, the cement plant will source direct and indirect materials from the quarry and
other suppliers. These materials include limestone, shale, silica, gypsum, coal and pozzolanic
materials. Quarried materials such as limestone, shale and pozzolan will be transported by hauling
trucks to the cement plant from the quarry site, which is three (3) kilometers away. Silica, gypsum
and coal will be transported from the Toledo Wharf to the cement and power plants via the existing
highway from Toledo to Pinamungajan.

Operations is estimated at 330 days per year and 24 hours per day, assuming 17 tons per truck and a
cycle time of 3 hours, which is equivalent to 36 trucks per hour. This is described in Table 1-14.

TABLE 1-16. MATERIALS HAULING AND NUMBER OF TRUCKS PER HOUR

Materials Amount (Mt) Trucks per hour
Silica 384,000.00 8.55
Gypsum 300,000.00 6.69
Coal 900,000.00 20.04
Total 10,080,000.00 35.28

Traffic will be regulated so as to have truck intervals long enough to allow the dust from the previous
truck to settle down. Trucks will be covered to prevent dust from escaping and a speed limit of 10
kilometers per hour shall be imposed. Trucks will also be regularly maintained.

Traffic at intersections will be closely coordinated with the Municipality and Barangays to prevent
accidents.

Test-runs, debugging and decommissioning will be undertaken for six (6) months prior to the full
plant operations. Full-scale commercial operation is estimated to commence immediately once all
required permit and clearances are secured.

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1.7.3.2 POWERPLANT

The power plant shall be utilized primarily to supply power to the cement plant operations. It will
maintain the existing design of one (1) unit of CFB boiler with a net generating capacity of 60 MW.
Coal will be utilized as the primary fuel, during which the plant can be operated at a stable load in
the range of 40-100% of its maximum continuous output. In this range, the plant is able to change its
power output by a range of 3-5% of its maximum continuous output per minute. The plant will likely
be operated in a constant power mode only, near its maximum continuous output.

Coal will be delivered to the nearby existing port and then transferred to the power plant’s covered
coal storage area via dump trucks. The coal will be reclaimed, prepared and transported to storage
silos at the boiler. Water sprays or dust collectors will be available for dust suppression at all coal
transfer locations, beginning at the coal unloading area up to the point where the coal is crushed
and stored within the storage silos.

The CFB boiler allows a wide range of fuels to be burnt efficiently, with emissions complying with
DENR standards (R.A. 8749). Limestone will be added in the combustion process to minimize acid gas
emissions (SO 2 and NO 2 ). An electrostatic precipitator will also be installed to remove particulates
from the flue gas before emitted to the environment. The bottom and fly ash that will be generated
by the CGB boiler will be transferred to an intermediate storage silo, where it will be conditioned.
The bottom ash will then be delivered to the ash storage area via dump trucks, while the fly ash will
be delivered to the cement plant to be used as additives to the cement mixture.

Major activities of the plant are estimated at 330 days per year and 24 hours per day operation of
the coal- fired power plant and its auxiliaries, and the unloading of coal. Additional operational
activities include the maintenance of the coal storage area and ash pond, and the operation of
pollution control facilities.

1.7.4 DECOMMISSIONING, ABANDONMENT, AND REHABILITATION

The CPCMC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project is not expected to be abandoned within the next
10 to 25 years of its planned operations. However, abandonment of the Plant may be necessary, due
to the following potential scenarios:

 Unsustainable business operations due to economic downturns

 Changes in zoning and other related ordinances of the municipality of Pinamungajan;
 Transfer of operations to other sites;
 Accidents and emergencies, either natural or man-made, that resulted to severe facility
damage and loss of human life; and
 Closure order from Government agencies.

As such, if the abovementioned scenarios happened which could result to the partial or total closure
of the Plant, an Abandonment Plan will be initiated by the CPCMC. During the abandonment of the
project, major structures will be dismantled and the site will be rehabilitated according to the future
intended use. Parts that are still serviceable will be recovered for reuse. A moredetailed
decommissioning or abandonment plan will be developed five years prior the end of the project’s
operating life.

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1.8 MANPOWER

Table 1-15 provides the list of the manpower required for the Project. The managerial positions will
be composed of:

• Project Managers,
• Construction Managers, and
• Engineering Managers.

The technical positions will be composed of experts and skilled workers such as:

• Mechanical Engineers, • Welders,

• Electrical Engineers, • Pipefitters,
• Civil Engineers, • Electricians,
• Mining Engineers, • Carpenters,
• Geodetic Engineers, • Draftsmen,
• Geotechnical Engineers, • Masons,
• Geologists, • Plumbers,
• Chemists, • Warehousemen, and
• Operators of the Crushers, • Tinsmith.
The administrative positions include:

• Drivers, • Laborers,
• Timekeepers, • Security Men and
• Steel-men, • Other semi-skilled employees.

Equal job opportunities will be given to men and women. Priority will be given to local residents of
the host barangay in hiring the required manpower for the Project. Since many residents of
Pinamungajan already have experience in working for the open pit mine, copper concentrator and
power plant of the adjoining Atlas Consolidated Mining and Development Corporation in Toledo
City, it is expected that majority of personnel would be recruited from Pinamungajan itself.

TABLE 1-17. LIST OF REQUIRED MANPOWER

Development Administrative
Managerial Technical Total
phase and Support
Pre-construction 50 300 150 500
Construction 200 1,400 400 2,000
Operations 70 500 130 700
Abandonment 15 45 15 75
Total 335 2,245 695 3,275

1.9 PROJECT COST

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The CPCMC Cement and Power Plant Project has a total estimated cost of Php 17.694 billion (Php
17,694,000,000.00) which will be spent on the following major items/activities:

 Acquisition of cement manufacturing assets;

 Government permitting and other preliminaries
 Construction of cement production and power plant facilities;
 Installation of new equipment;
 Testing and commissioning of the cement and power plants; and,
 Social, Health, and Environmental Protection programs.

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2 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

2.1 LAND

2.1.1 LAND USE AND CLASSIFICATION

2.1.1.1 LAND CLASSIFICATION

The Municipality of Pinamungajan has a total land area of 11,725.77 ha which is predominantly
classified as Alienable and Disposable (A&D) Lands as illustrated in Figure 2-1. About 75 % of the
total municipal land area is classified as A&D while the remaining 25 % is classified as Forestland. The
Project lies within A&D Lands.

Land classification refers to the establishment of boundaries between alienable and disposable lands
and forest lands. Forest lands, also known as permanent forest or forest reserves, refers to those
lands of the public domain which have been the subject of the present system of classification and
declared as needed for forest purposes. On the other hand, alienable and disposable lands refers to
those lands which have been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not
needed for forest purposes. Claims or titles may be applied by private individuals over these lands
for settlement, agricultural and other production purposes unlike forest lands which cannot be
titled.

2.1.1.2 LAND USE

Existing land uses within the Forestland Areas in the municipality include agriculture, built-up,
fishpond/mangrove, grassland/shrubland, and National Greening Program (“NGP”) area while the
rest are A&D lands. The existing land use map of Pinamungajan shown in Figure 2-2 reveals that the
project area is located in the A&D lands. Based on the Regional Land Use Map of Central Visayas
(Figure 2-3), the existing land use or land cover of the proposed project site is “brushlandmixed with
cultivation.” Table 2-1 below lists the existing land uses in Pinamungajan, Cebu with their
corresponding areas in hectares.

TABLE 2-1. EXISTING LAND USE, PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

Land Use Area (ha)
Arable Land 1,447.00
Residential 265.00
Commercial 1,687.00
Industrial 3,063.00
Certified Alienable/Disposable Land 3,950.77
Classified Forest/Reservation/Timberland 523.00
Wildlife/Military Reserved Land 200.00
Unclassified Forest Land/Wilderness 587.00
National Parks/Playgrounds 2.00
TOTAL 11,725.77
Source: Department of Trade and Industry, Cebu

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FIGURE 2-1. LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP

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FIGURE 2-2. EXISTING LAND USE MAP OF PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

Source: FLUP, Municipality of Pinamungajan, Cebu

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FIGURE 2-3. EXISTING LAND USE MAP OF CENTRAL VISAYAS REGION

Source: DENR Region 7 – Central Visayas Website (http://r7.denr.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/regional-profile)

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2.1.1.3 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – LAND USE AND CLASSIFICATION

2.1.1.3.1 CHANGE/INCONSISTENCY IN LAND USE

In case there will be a change in the existing land use of the project area based on the municipal
classification, this issue on land use change can be resolved through a municipal ordinance declaring
the project area for “industrial use.”

2.1.1.3.2 ENCROACHMENT IN ENVIRONMENTALLY CRITICAL AREAS

The Revised Procedural Manual for DENR Administrative Order No. 30, Series of 2003 (DAO 03-30)
defined Environmentally Critical Areas (ECA) in twelve categories from which, the project area falls
under the following categories:

 Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural calamities (geologic hazards, floods,
typhoons, volcanic activity, etc.) – see Section 2.1.2.5 Geologic Hazards.

Due to the project’s proximity to Tañon Strait (approximately 2 km aerial distance, (

Figure 2-4) the project may also fall under the following ECA categories:

 Water bodies characterized by one or any combination of the following: tapped for domestic
purposes;within the controlled and/or protected areas declared by appropriate authorities;
which support wildlife and fishery activities
 Mangrove areas characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions: with
primary pristine and dense young growth; adjoining mouth of major river systems; near or
adjacent to traditional productive fry or fishing grounds; areas which act as natural buffers
against shore erosion, strong winds and storm floods; areas on which people are dependent
for their livelihood.
 Coral reefs characterized by one or any combination of the following conditions: With 50%
and above live coralline cover; Spawning and nursery grounds for fish;Act as natural
breakwater of coastlines

Tañon Strait has been declared as a Protected Seascape through Proclamation No. 1234. The coastal
landscape of Pinamungajan is also noted for its fishing grounds and corals. The project, however, will
not be drawing marine water for its operations. Also, cooling water will not be discharged to Tañon
Strait since the project will implement a closed circuit design.

2.1.1.3.3 POSSIBLE TENURIAL/LAND ISSUE

The entire 18.7-hectare project area has already been bought by the proponent. Based on the initial
survey, about 21 to 24 tenants/households will be relocated, though the lands were already legally
acquired by the proponent from the legal owners of land. The relocation of the affected
tenants/households will be based on a Resettlement Action Plan to be formulated by the proponent
with participation from the affected parties and the Municipal and Barangay LGUs . The framework
for the formulation of RAP is presented in the Impact Mitigation Measures under the People
Module.

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2.1.1.4 IMPAIRMENT OF VISUAL AESTHETICS

Various stages of Project development will inject new elements into the existing landscape and
visual environment. During the pre-construction and construction phases, heavy equipment and all
other earth moving equipment will have temporary potential impact on the visual aesthetics on site,
and the adjacent areas.

Throughout the operation stage of the project, visual impacts caused by the infratructures and
continuous movements of vehicles, machineries and equipments contribute to the long term impact
of the project. To address this, buffer zones will be established such as planting of trees, landscaping
of open areas and areas designated as buffer. Further, infrastrutures exterior and architectural
designs will endevour to merge with the surrounding environment, as practicable.

2.1.1.5 DEVALUATION OF LAND AS A RESULT OF IMPROPER SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Exsting solid wastes management implemented on-site includes wastes segregation, wastes
recovery, and proper waste disposal. Solid wastes sources on-site mostly generated due to day to
day operation of the administrative office and staff houses where the types of wastes generated
includes biodegradable, recyclable, and residual. Generated wastes are properly collected and
segregated on-site and finally to dispose to the LGUs municipal waste disposal facility.

Impacts on the devaluation of land value, as a result of improper solid waste management, can be
always negative across any project type. While CPC properly manages its generated solid waste
within its premises and area of jurisdiction, devaluation of land due to the development and
presence of infrastructures is imminent. However, these impacts are not all negative impacts. The
development of the project, which provides easy access to the interior areas of Barangays Sacsac,
Mangoto and Tutay, also gives beneficial increase of land value to adjacent properties.

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FIGURE 2-4. MAP OF PROCLAIMED PROTECTED AREAS IN REGION 7

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2.1.2 GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

Cebu Province stretches as a wide belt trending north-northeast in the Central Visayas Island, having
a width of more or less twenty one (21) kilometers. In general, it is an assymetrical anticlimorium
composed of minor to major karst topography, karst plain and occasional alluvial plain, and
mountain peaks, the latter forming the central highlands. Karst plain occupies practically all the
coastal areas of Cebu Mainland, and the Island of Mactan and Bantayan. The mountain peaks
reaching up to 908 m are composed of volcanic and metavolcanics confined in the central part of
Cebu, so arranged in a northeast trending direction. (BSWM1, 1986)

The frequent uplift and subsidence of the area due to the tectonic movements which promotes
weathering and re-deposition of pre-existing rocks; the condition of the depositional environment
where the clastic and non-clastic sedimentaries were laid down; and the complex lithology, structure
and the mineralization of the different formations contributed or served as factors to the present
configuration of the province. (BSWM, 1986)

2.1.2.1 TOPOGRAPHY

Cebu Province is basically rugged in topography and is characterized by highlands dominating the
interior of the province with narrow strips of land lining the coast. The hilly to mountainous areas
(slopes greater than 18%) constitute 62% of the province while the remaining 32% account for the
level and rolling lands.

Based on the Regional Maps from DENR Region 7, the project area has rolling to moderately steep
slopes ranging from 18-30% slope at elevations less than 100 m. Topographic map, slope map and
elevation map are presented in Figure 2-5, Figure 2-6 and Figure 2-7, respectively.

2.1.2.2 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 2

One of the earliest known study of the geology of Cebu Island is that of the Geology and Oil
Possibilities in the Philippines by GW Corby, 1951, followed by Luis Santos Ynigo, PhD of the Bureau
of Mines in1999, and the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) in First Edition 1981, followed by a
second edition in 2010.

Below are descriptions of the rock formations based on the above reports of Corby, LS Ynigo (LSY)
and the MGB, Region VII:

1) The oldest rock unit forming the backbone of Cebu Island is the Tunlob Schist, probably of
Jurassic age. The schistsare chloriticorthoschists and micaceousparaschists belonging to the
albite-epidote-amphibolite facies of moderate grade metamorphism.
2) The Mananga Group are rocks of Cretaceous to Paleocene age that overlies theTunlob Schist
and composed of limestone, clastic sedimentary rocks, andesitic to basaltic pyroclastics and

1
Bureau of Soils and Water Management.Soils/Land Resources Evaluation Project–ThePhysical Environment.
Volume I.
2
Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Region VII (http://mgb-7.orgfree.com/profile.htm)

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lava, calcareous mudstone, conglomerate and sandstone. This group includes the Pandan
Formation (Corby et al.),Cansi Volcanics,and Tuburan Limestone(Santos Yñigo, 1951);
3) Unconformably overlying the Mananga Group are the late Eocene to early Miocene
sedimentary formations consisting of the Lutak Hill Formation, Cebu Formation and Malubog
Formation.
 The Lutak Hill Formation is mainly limestone with basal sandstone containing
Lepidocyclina and Nummulites.
 The Cebu Formation iscomprised of upper Orbitoidal limestone, a lower clastic unit with
coal measures and a basal conglomerate (Guindaruhan).
 The Malubog Formation is composed of mudstone, shale and occasional beds of
conglomerate, limestone and coal.
4) Middle Miocene rock formations unconformably overlie the older rocks.
 The older Luka Formation is first in the sequence and consist of interbedded sandstone
and mudstone with conglomerate and limestone lenses.
 Next is the Uling Limestone, a generally hard, massive limestone but partly porous and
coralline with pinkish to reddish-colored facies.
 On top of the sequence is the Toledo Formation consisting of thin to thick bedded
sandstone and shale with occasional lenses of conglomeratic limestone and calcarenite.
5) The Late Miocene Maingit Formation unconformably overlies the older rocks. This formation
is composed of granule to cobble conglomerate with interbedded shale, sandstone,
limestone and conglomeratic limestone in the lower portion.
6) Unconformably overlying the older formations is the Barili Formation of Late Miocene to
Early Pliocene. The Lower Limestone member consisting the formation is generally light
brown, hard, coralline, porous and. The Upper Marl member consisting the formation is
poorly bedded and slightly sandy.
7) The Plio-Pleistocene Carcar Formation occupies the flanks of the island. It is a dominantly
coralline limestone, poorly bedded to massive and partly dolomitic (Alcoy, Cebu).
8) The Lutopan Diorite intrudes the Mananga Group at places which have been postulated to
have brought the mineralization of economic quantity and quality in the Central Cebu area.
9) The Quaternary Alluvium occupies low lying areas and the river banks. It consists mostly
detrital materials made-up of silt, sand and gravel.
10) The Bulacao Andesite consisting of porphyritic and occur as partly intrusive breccias and of
Late Miocene age also occur at places.
11) Serpentinized ultramafic and mafic rocks occur as diapiric (thrust) intrusions along the
major faults and are most probably Creatceous in age.

Santos-Yñigo (1989) suggests that the previously established formations (Tunlob Schist, Tuburan
Formation, CansiVolcanics, Pandan formation, Baye Formation) represent allochthonous blocks and
the basement rocks. Emplacement of such slabs occurred only after the deposition of the Baye
Formation or Late Eocene or Oligocene time.

Florendo (1999) however believes that the older formations in Cebu were thrusted as separate
blocks and not deposited in natural chronological fashion or that the Pandan, Unnamed Paleocene
and the Baye form a separate block (ConsolacionSuccession),while the ultramafic rocks, the

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CansiVolcanics,Tuburan Limestone (Danao Succession) as another block emplaced as thrusts or

folded thrusts, each representing fault-bounded bodies.

Regional geology is illustrated in Figure 2-8. Based on the geologic map, the geology of the area is
categorized as Recent which consists of alluvium, fluviatile, lacustrine, paludal, beach deposits,
raised coral reefs, atolls and beachrock.

2.1.2.3 LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Cebu has different landforms that have been/still affected by diastrophism and other geologic
processes acting on the earth’s surface.

The notable difference between the coastal limestone and the limestone in the interior highlands is
a clear evidence of subsequent submergence and emergence influenced by diastrophism. The
occurrence of meta-rocks at higher elevation also supports this theory because the stratigraphic
series is neither folded nor overturned. Another active geologic process constantly acting on the
area is shown by the antecedent stream exemplified by Balamban River and by the earthquake
sometimes felt in the province, indicating active orogeny (BSWM, 1986).

2.1.2.4 STRUCTURES

Cebu is criss-crossed by several faults which show different characteristics.

BSWM (1986) reported clearly visible structures observed from the upper Miocene sedimentary rock
formation. A west-northwest trending strike-slip fault from Barangay Ablayan, Dalaguete that
extended up to the municipality of Dalaguete in the south had displaced and dragged the coal-
bearing conglomerate and shale.

According to the BSWM report, the region was subjected to renewed deformation late in the
Miocene. A gravity fault trending north-northeastward traceable from Barangay Tulang, Argao up to
Barangay Cagayan, Dalaguete was produced. This fault exposed the coal-bearing sedimentary rocks
in Matalongan-Manlapay.

In the Central part of the province, a group of northwest trending trending major and minor faults
crossed and disturbed the area. A gravity fault, followed or accompanied by erosion exposed the
meta-volcanic in the north. These can be traced from the central highland of Old Carmen in the
north up to the Talavera Bay. Bulacao Andesite from Talavera Bay up to the central highlands of
Balamban is also exposed by this fault. Another gravity fault with the same trend cut the upper
Miocene-Pliocene sedimentary rock, exposing the meta-volcanic rocks from Media Once up to the
central highland of Danao. In between the gravity fault is a strike-slip fault that displaced part of the
Bulacao Andesite to the metarocks. Likewise, a northeast trending gravity fault downthrew the
upper Miocene to Pliocene sedimentary rocks and/or upthrew the metarocks from Cantabaco in the
south of Cotcot River in Barangay Mulao, Compostela. (BSWM, 1986)

The central portion of the province was cut by an easterly trending fault from Media Once in the
west to Camp 7 in the east. This fault is a normal fault whose hanging wall exposed the copper ore
body mined by Atlas Mining Corporation. (BSWM, 1986)

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A recent strike-slip fault occurs from Sogod Bay up to Balamban Bay and disturbed the Upper
Pliocene Limestone and the meta-volcanic rocks outcropping in Tuburan area. The present location
of Balamban River is occupied by this fault which is clear evidence that the fault is still active.
Balamban River is an antecedent stream which occupies or follows the valley floor offered by the
more recent condition. (BSWM, 1986)

Thrusting occurs in Tuburan area where a thrust fault upthrew the metavolcanics from Langoyon
River in Barrio Alegria, Tuburan to Balamban River, between the municipalities of Asturias and
Balamban. (BSWM, 1986)

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FIGURE 2-5. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

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FIGURE 2-6. SLOPE MAP

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FIGURE 2-7. ELEVATION MAP

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FIGURE 2-8. GEOLOGIC MAP

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FIGURE 2-9. ACTIVE FAULTS AND LIQUEFACTION SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

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2.1.2.5 GEOLOGIC HAZARDS

2.1.2.5.1 EARTHQUAKES

Frequent and strong earthquakes sometimes shake Cebu Province. Epicenters are sometimes
located along the tracks of important major fault zones. There are no registered earthquakes of
volcanic origin. Earthquakes that were felt in the province were believed to originate from tectonics.

Table 2-2 shows the felt earthquakes (intensity) in Cebu with surface magnitudes (magnitude > 4)
and depth of earthquiakeas provided by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
(PHIVOLCS). While Figure 2-10 shows that there are no significant earthquake events in Cebu
province, the probability of an event from the two northeast trending fault lineaments, as shown in
Figure 2-9 will not be discounted. Figure 2-11 shows the probable earthquake intensity should there
be a 7.5 magnitude earthquake generated from one of the northeast trending fault lineament. Peak
horizontal acceleration amplitudes in rock, medium soil and soft soil, which are 0.11, 0.17 and 0.27,
respectively for the Cebu region area based on modeled historical earthquakes (Figure 2-12).

TABLE 2-2. EPICENTER OF EARTHQUAKES FELT IN CEBU

Depth
Year Ms Intensity Reports
(km)
1996 3 5.6 F LAPU-LAPU RF5
1996 3 4.1 F TALISAY CEBU RF3; CEBU CITY RF2
1997 6 4 F INTENSITY II - LAPU-LAPU CITY CEBU
2004 5 5.2 F INTENSITY IV - CEBU CITY INTENSITY III - LAPU-LAPU and ARGAO
F INTENSITY IV ARGAO CEBU; INTENSITY II MANDAUE CITY; NAGA
2004 1 4.7
CEBU; TALISAY CEBU
2009 12 4 F INTENSITY IV - TUBURAN CEBU; INTENSITY III - CEBU CITY
F Intensity III - Lapu-lapu City This is an afteshock of 15 October 2013
2013 5 4
M7.2 Bohol Earthquake
F Intensity III - Lapu-lapu City This is an aftershock of 15 October 2013
2013 3 4.5
M7.2 Bohol Earthquake
F Intensity III - Lapulapu City This is an aftershock of the 15 October
2013 10 4.1
2013 M7.2 Bohol Earthquake.
2013 7 4.5 F Intensity III - Boljoon Cebu; Lapu-Lapu City
2013 5 5.1 F Intensity IV - Lapu- Lapu City
2013 8 4.3 F Intensity III - Lapu-Lapu City
2013 11 4.9 F Intensity III - Lapu-Lapu City
2013 9 4.1 F Intensity III - Lapu-Lapu City
2013 7 5.4 F Intensity IV - Metro Cebu
2013 3 4.1 F Intensity IV- Cebu City Intensity III- Lapu-lapu City
2013 3 4 F Intensity IV - Lapu-Lapu City
2013 7 4.6 F Intensity III - Lapu-Lapu City
2013 4 4 F Intensity III - Cebu City; Intensity II - Lapu-Lapu City
F Intensity IV - Mandaue City; Intensity III - Cebu City; Intensity II -
2013 7 4.5
Lapu-Lapu City
2013 5 5.2 F Intensity V - Mandaue City

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Depth
Year Ms Intensity Reports
(km)
F Intensity V - Mandaue City; Intensity II - Cebu City; Intensity I - Lapu-
2013 8 4.2
Lapu City
F Intensity V - Mandaue City Intensity IV - Cebu City Intensity III - Lapu
2013 6 4.5
lapu City
2013 27 4.5 F Intensity V - Mandaue City
2013 1 4.3 F Intensity IV - Mandaue City; Intensity II - Cebu City
2014 3 4 F Intensity III _ Cebu City; Intensity I - Lapu-Lapu City
2014 5 4.1 F INTENSITY III - CEBU CITY
2014 7 4.3 F Intensity II - Cebu City
2014 18 4.5 F Intensity III - Cebu City
2015 11 4 F Intensity II - Cebu City

2.1.2.5.2 LANDSLIDES

Landslides is the general term used for the downward movement of earth materials (rock and soils)
caused by several factors such as tectonic and volcanic earthquake-induced ground shaking,
unstable slopes, and oversaturation with water during extremely high rainfall events. The project
area is categorized as moderately susceptible to rain-induced landslide based on the MGB Landslide
Hazard Susceptibility Map (Figure 2-13). However, Figure 2-14 shows that the project area is within
the high susceptibility to earthquake-induced landslides as identified by PHIVOLCS.

2.1.2.5.3 TSUNAMI

The entire Cebu Island has been categorized as prone to offshore fault and submarine landslide
related local tsunamis as illustrated inFigure 2-15 .

2.1.2.6 VOLCANIC HAZARDS

There are no volcanic hazards in Cebu province as depicted in Figure 2-16.

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FIGURE 2-10. SEISMICITY MAP WITHIN THE PROJECT AREA

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FIGURE 2-11. MAP OF PROBABLE EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY FOR A CEBU 7.5 MAGNITUDE
EARTHQUAKE

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FIGURE 2-12. MAP SHOWING PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION AMPLITUDES IN ROCK, MEDIUM
SOIL AND SOFT SOIL FOR THE PHILIPPINE REGION. ACCELERATION VALUES HAVE A 10 PERCENT
PROBABILITY OF EXCEEDANCE IN 50 YEARS. (THENHAUS, 1994)

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FIGURE 2-13. LANDSLIDE AND FLOOD SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

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FIGURE 2-14. EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY MAP

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FIGURE 2-15. TSUNAMI-PRONE AREAS IN THE PHILIPPINES

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FIGURE 2-16. VOLCANIC HAZARD MAP

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2.1.2.7 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY

2.1.2.7.1 CHANGE IN SURFACE LANDFORM / TOPOGRAPHY / TERRAIN / SLOPE

Civil works during the construction phase of the project will involve clearing and grading of the areas
where the cement plant, power plant and other support facilities are to be located. This will cause
change in surface landform which will result to change in drainage patterns within the project area
and may eventually cause localized flooding in the area.

To mitigate the potential impacts due to the change in topography and drainage pattern in the area,
a drainage system shall be provided during construction to control surface runoff and prevent or
mitigate erosion of exposed areas.

Subsidence due to sinkholes may be a probability in the project area and vicinities due to the
limestone deposit underlying the area. Detailed subsurface geotechnical and geophysical studies will
help identify subsurface conditions and possible hazards such as subsidence from sinkholes. Proper
mitigation measures can be identified from the results of thje studies.

2.1.2.7.2 INDUCEMENT OF LIQUEFACTION AND LANDSLIDES

Civil works during the construction phase will involve land disturbances which may result to
liquefaction and landslides if earthworks are not implemented properly. The project is located in an
area that is moderately susceptible to rain-induced landslides indicating that the area has
inactive/old landslides and tension cracks, however it is highly susceptible to earthquake-induced
landslides.Likewise, earthworks during construction may induce man-made landslides especially in
areas with moderate slopes.

Site-specific geotechnical engineering study will be conducted to determine areas that may be prone
to mass movements and also to facilitate siting of the project facilities. Unstable areas and road cuts
will be stabilized using engineering and/or vegetative measures. Likewise, construction will strictly
adhere to the national Building Code of the Philippines and the Structural Code as well. Engineering
Geological and Geohazard Assesment will be conducted in the area.

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2.1.3 PEDOLOGY

2.1.3.1 SOIL TYPE

Seven types of soil cover the Municipality of Pinamungajan as presented in Table 2-3. The
predominant soil type in the municipality is Lugo Clay, which occupies almost one-half of the whole
land area of Pinamungajan. Lugo Clay is a residual soil developed from lime and shale. It is suitable
for growing of sugar cane, coconut, tobacco and banana.

TABLE 2-3. SOIL TYPE AND AREA COVERED, PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

Soil Type Area (ha) % to Total Area
Hydrosol 153.15 1.3062
Beach Sand 459.15 3.9159
Faraon Clay 1,122.75 9.7555
Lugo Clay 5,793.35 49.4094
Faraon Clay Steep Phase 1,513.00 13.5413
Mandaue Clay Loam 355.95 3.0357
Bolinao Clay 2,253.15 19.2162
TOTAL 11,725.25 100.0000

There are two (2) soil types in the project area namely: Bolinao Clay at the northern portion and
Faraon Clay at the south (Figure 2-17).

2.1.3.1.1 BOLINAO CLAY

Bolinao Clay soil has surface soil that is clayey, red to bright red. Soil depth ranges from 15 to 20 cm.
This soil type is moderately friable, granular when dry, and slightly sticky when wet. It is fairly rich in
organic matter and probably contains exceedingly large amount of iron. This type of soil is usually
planted with corn and cassava.

2.1.3.1.2 FARAON CLAY

This type of soil is usually found in areas with undulating slopes to hilly. The principal distinguishing
characteristic of this type is its black, heavy clay soils with outcrops of gray, coralline and porous
limestone. The surface is littered with pebbles and cobbles of limestone. This soil remains
moderately friable and maintains its excellent good structure when dry. Areas with this type of soil
are widely planted with coconut, corn, cassava, bananas and fruit trees.

2.1.3.2 SOIL QUALITY AND FERTILITY

Soil sampling was done within the project area to have a baseline data on the soil quality and
fertility. Results of soil assessment are shown in Table 2-4. Soil sampling map is shown in Figure
2-18.

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TABLE 2-4. RESULTS OF SOIL ANALYSIS

SS – Barangay
Parameter Remarks/Rating*
Sacsac
SOIL FERTILITY
pH @ 10% 9.37 Strongly Alkaline
(optimum range for most crops is pH 6-8)
Nitrogen (N), % 0.11 Low
Phosphorus (P), % 0.016 Very high
Potassium (K), mg/kg <0.20 Very low
Total Organic Matter, % 0.38 Favorable OM is >3.5%
Typical OM content of soils is 2-10%
SOIL QUALITY
Lead (Pb), mg/kg <0.10 Typical background level for uncontaminated
soil is 15-30 mg/kg
Mercury (Hg), mg/kg 0.020 Typical background level for uncontaminated
soil is 0.01-5 mg/kg
Arsenic (As), mg/kg 5.94 Typical background level for uncontaminated
soil is 0.1-15 mg/kg
Cadmium (Cd), mg/kg 3.09 Typical background level for uncontaminated
soil is 0.01-2 mg/kg
Chromium Hexa (Cr+6), mg/kg <0.10 --
* The amount of nutrients required in soil largely depends on the type of vegetation the soil will support. Thus,
most literatures present soil fertility ratings as a range of values for a specific parameter instead of setting a
fixed value. These ratings are usually based on the soil fertility requirements of the majority of plants for each
specific parameter.

2.1.3.3 SOIL EROSION

Soil erosion is the detachment, transport and deposition of geologic materials from one point to
another. The agents of soil erosion are wind and water. In the Philippines, soil erosion is
predominantly governed by water. The rate and magnitude of soil erosion by water is controlled by
several factors such as rainfall intensity and runoff, soil erodibility, slope gradient and length, land
cover or vegetation and conservation measures or land management practices.

Based on the erosion map of the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (Figure 2-19), the project
area is characterized by slight erosion.

2.1.3.4 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES - SOIL

The construction/site preparation phase of the project entails clearing of vegetation, stripping of
topsoil and installation of project facilities. Land cover is known to protect the soil from eroding thus
clearing and grubbing of vegetation would increase soil erosion in the area by exposing bare soil to
erosive agents especially to runoff. Stripped topsoil that would be eventually stockpiled in
designated topsoil areas are characteristically loose and can be easily eroded in the absence of soil
conservation measures. Soil contamination caused by accidental spill of hazardous materials is also a
potential impact especially during operation.

To minimize exposed areas, land clearing shall be confined only in the proposed footprint of facilities
and unnecessary removal of vegetation shall be strictly avoided. Civil works shall be done only when

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soil conditions would permit. Disturbed areas and spoils shall be protected from surface runoff by
constructing diversion canals to route ‘non-contact’ water away from these areas. Drainage canals
shall also be constructed to drain ‘contact runoff’ intercepted within the disturbed areas. Best
management practices shall be employed at all times to avoid accidents such as spill of hazardous
materials. An emergency response plan shall be developed in case of such accidents and spill kits
shall be made available at all times.

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FIGURE 2-17. SOIL MAP

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FIGURE 2-18. SOIL SAMPLING MAP

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FIGURE 2-19. SOIL EROSION MAP

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2.1.4 TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY

2.1.4.1 TERRESTRIAL FLORA

The proposed increase in production capacity for Cement Plant and Power Plant Project is located at
Barangay Sacsac, Municipality of Pinamungajan, Cebu.

For this study, (1) vegetation analysis of direct and indirect impact areas was employed to conduct
inventory of floral species present in the area; (2) assess and evaluate the existing vegetation,
specifically, determine the biodiversity of the area through computation of applicable and
biodiversity indices; (3) use the baseline data gathered to determine the possible impacts the project
may induce, and (4) propose prevention and mitigation measures.

The sampling was done on June 3-5, 2017 on the direct and indirect impact areas of the project. The
Terrestrial Ecology Report conducted on February 12-15, 2015 for the same Project was also used as
reference for this study.

2.1.4.1.1 METHODOLOGY

2.1.4.1.1.1 SITE SELECTION

Four (4) transects were established within the Project Area and its vicinityto determine the
characteristic of the existing vegetation in consideration of the site’s forest cover, land use, and land
classification. Sampling stations from the previous flora study of theProject were also considered for
the site selection.

As required in Section 1.4.1 of the approved Technical Scoping Checklist (TSC) for the Project dated
September 12, 2017, quadrat sampling was employed for the study. Nestled plots (Figure 2-20) 20 x
20 m, 5 x 5 m, and 3 x 3 m were laid out according to thevegetation stratification (layers). Distance
between sampling plots was approximately 0.5 km.

There are three layers in a forest or vegetation that were sampled, namely: Canopy/overstorey,
intermediate, and understorey/undergrowth layers. Table 2-5 presents the criteria used for plant
layer classification. For the canopy layer, a 20 m x 20 m plot was used and trees greater than or
equal to 15 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured and recorded. For the intermediate
layer, a 5 m × 5 m plot was established randomly inside the canopy plot. Shrubs and saplings were
recorded inside the intermediate plot.Lastly, a 3 m × 3 m plot for the understorey layer inside the
intermediate plot was established randomly to account for the number of species that included
wildlings, herbs, vines, grasses, and shrubs.

TABLE 2-5. CRITERIA FOR PLANT CLASSIFICATION

Classification DBH (cm) Height (m)
Trees, overstorey ≥ 15 DBH ≥3
Saplings, intermediate species* < 15 DBH ≥1
Saplings, undergrowth species** < 15 DBH ≤1
Note: * Tree species and shrubs
** Wildlings of trees, herbs, shrubs, vines, and grasses

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FIGURE 2-20. NESTLED PLOT

Flora species outside established plots werealso documented to characterize the vegetation type of
the sampling area but not included in computations of ecological parameters.

Tracks and coordinates of the sampling stations were recorded using a handheld GPS.Geotagging of
photos were also taken as visual reference of the site.

Table 2-6 presents the geographic coordinates of the flora sampling plots for each transect.
Meanwhile, the flora sampling map is presented in Figure 2-21.

TABLE 2-6. FLORA SAMPLING STATIONS

Transect Plot Longitude (E) Latitude (N) Elevation (masl)
1 123.58574 10.25141 25
1 2 123.58526 10.24869 28
3 123.58647 10.24371 8
1 123.59547 10.26003 43
2 2 123.59743 10.25845 37
3 123.59772 10.25512 45
1 123.61048 10.25373 72
3 2 123.61499 10.25172 112
3 123.62 10.25068 158
1 123.60603 10.26865 21
4 2 123.6105 10.26935 25
3 123.61372 10.26734 31

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2.1.4.1.1.2 VEGETATION CHARACTERIZATION

Desktop review of publicly available information wasconducted to have an overview the existing
vegetation of the Project area.Reviewed datawere validated during the field assessment. Using
results of baseline data and desktop review, vegetation cover was described and the sites were
characterized (i.e. secondary forest, grassland, and agroforestry type).

Plants found in each sampling plot were identified and classified either as trees or saplings using the
criteria in Table 2-5. For plant species that could not be identified onsite, detailed documentation of
the gross morphological features of the plant was done to characterize key features, such as stipules,
exudates, indumentums, domatia, bast fiber, etc. Available published taxonomic literature and
verification to the type images of the National Herbarium to identify the species. The updated
species botanical names were verified using records from thefollowing websites:

- www.philippineplants.org
- www.theplantlist.org
- www.ipni.org

Conservation Status

After species identification, conservation status of each species wasreferred to the DENR
Administrative Order 2017-11 (DAO 2017-11) or the Updated National List of Threatened
PhilippinePlants and Their Categories and the 2017 International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species (www.iucnredlist.org). Conservation status pertains to the
probability of a species to survive in the present and in the future with two major categories:
threatened and non-threatened. IUCN defined a threatened species as those that fall under
categories of either Vulnerable, Endangered, or Critically Endangered. Other categories used by the
IUCN are Near Threatened, Least Concern and Data Deficient.

Endemism

Endemism is the restriction of a taxon or species to a particular geographical area of the world3. A
species is classified as endemic if it is unique to a particular geographic location, i.e., province or
country. An indigenous species, on the other hand, is found elsewhere. Introduced species or exotic
species are plants that are not native in the area but are being planted or cultivated.

The species recorded on the sampling sites were classified into Endemic (En), Indigenous (Ind) and
Introduced (Int) based IUCN database of 2017.

Invasiveness

Invasive species are those that colonize in an area and usually outcompete the natural growing
vegetation. Their presence may result to potential damage to the environment, human economy, or
human health.

3
IUCN Glossary (no date). Retrieved June 25, 2017 from https://www.iucn.org/downloads/en_iucn__glossary_definitions.pdf

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Using the data generated through 2017 Global Invasive Species Database (www.iucngisd.org),
species recorded in the project site were classified as Invasive or Non-invasive.

Economic and Ecosystem Services

Economic and ecosystem services the vegetation of the project area provides were identified
through interviews with the local community as well as secondary data such as the previous EIS
reports and online sources. These services were grouped into MA (2005) functional groups such as
provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural as follows:

• Provisioning services are the products obtained from the ecosystems such as food from
agroecosystems or wild food from the forested areas, medicines, fuelwood and bast fibers
from the forest ecosystems, and freshwater for drinking by livestock and for domestic use.
• Supporting services maintain the conditions for life necessary for the delivery of all other
ecosystem services such as soil formation and retention; water cycling; pollination of crops,
such as by birds and bats and which contribute to productivity/yield of agricultural crops which
is an indirect impact on people; maintenance of the balance of populations of insects and
other animals which prevent dominance of one organism that could trigger an outbreak of
pest and disease infestation; biomass production such as that of grasses for grazing by
livestock; maintenance of soil fertility by nitrogen fixing trees such as legumes (e.g. ipil-ipil) for
the increased biomass production of agronomic crops.
• Regulating services are benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as
prevention of erosion especially by the multi-layered ecosystems and water retention by
forested areas.
• Cultural services are the umbrella term for non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems
through spiritual enrichment, intellectual development, knowledge systems, aesthetic values,
recreation and appreciation of nature.

Biodiversity indices

The purpose of determining diversity indices is simply to have quantitative comparison between
habitats/ecosystems. In this case, species richness and evenness are the common concepts used.

i. Species richness(n) is a number of plant species in a given area4

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Species richness (n) = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒

ii. Shannon diversity index (H’)

𝒏
Diversity Index (H’) =− ∑ 𝒏𝒊 𝒍𝒏 ( 𝑵𝒊 )

iii. Evenness (e’) refers to how well distributed the individuals within a community over
different species.

4
Wilsey, B. J. and Potvin, C. (2000), Biodiversity And Ecosystem Functioning: Importance Of Species Evenness In An Old
Field. Ecology, 81: 887–892. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0887:BAEFIO]2.0.CO;2

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𝑯′
Evenness (e’) = 𝐥𝐧(𝑺)

Indices for plant species diversity and evenness were classified using Fernando (1998) diversity
relative values categories presented in Table 2-7.

TABLE 2-7. RELATIVE VALUES FOR PLANT SPECIES DIVERSITY (FERNANDO, 1998)
Relative Values Species Diversity (H’) Evenness Index (e’)
Very high 3.500 – 4.000 0.750 - 1.000
High 3.000 – 3.499 0.500 – 0.740
Moderate 2.500 – 2.999 0.250 – 0.490
Low 2.000 – 2.499 0.150 – 0.240
Very low 1.999 and below 0.140 and below

Importance Value Index (IV)

Importance value (IV) index is used to determine overall importance of each species in the
community structure. It reflects the influence a species exerts on the ecosystem.The formulas
adapted from Magurran (1988) were used to compute for the following parameters:

iv. Population Density is the population count, density per 100 m²

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Population Density (De) = 100 𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠

𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Relative Density (RDe) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

v. Frequency is the number of times the species encountered

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡

Absolute Frequency (Fr) = ( 3 𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑡𝑠
)𝑥 100

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

Relative Frequency (RF) =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠

vi. Species Dominance is the coverage/basal area of a species

Species Dominance (Do) = 0.7854 (𝐷𝐵𝐻 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑚2 𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎)

𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠
Relative Dominance (RDo) = (𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠) 𝑥 100

vii. Importance Value

Importance Value IV = RDe + RF + RDo

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2.1.4.1.2 RESULTS

2.1.4.1.2.1 EXISTING VEGETATION

The proposed Project is located in Barangays Sacsac, Municipality of Pinamungajan, Cebu. According
to the official website of Municipality of Pinamungajan (www.pinamungajan.gov.ph), large
percentage of the municipality’s land area are allotted for agricultural (33.6%), timberland (27.7%)
and protection forest (27.3%). Meanwhile, existing land cover of the proposed project site is
revealed as brushland mixed with cultivation based on DENR Regional Profile (www.r7.denr.gov.ph).

For the terrestrial flora study, four (4) transects were established on direct and indirect areas of the
project site. The first two transects were established in Barangay Sacsac. Transect 1 and Transect 2
werelaid out along the proposed location of the cement plant site while Transect 3 was established
to represent the vegetation to be affected by the proposed access from the plant site. Transect 4
was located in Barangay Binabag to represent the indirect impact areas of the project. In Figure
2-21, it is shown that the sampling stations were also distributed along different land uses that will
be affected by the project.

Results of the sampling suggests that the project site and its vicinity was a production area with few
patches of secondary growth forest and riparian zones. Plants for food production especially
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) were the most abundant along with pioneer species on open marginalized
areas. The descriptions of each transect is detailed in Table 2-8. Based on secondary data, the field
observations as well as the 2015 vegetation assessment, the project site’s vegetation was generally
agroforestry, brushland and grassland.

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FIGURE 2-21. LAND USE MAP SHOWING FLORA SAMPLING STATIONS

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TABLE 2-8. SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTION

Transect Description Photos
TRANSECT 1 Transect 1 was established at Barangay
Barangay Sacsac Sacsac, Pinamungajan, a direct impact area
where the proposed cement and
Plot 1 cogeneration power plant project is to be
10.25141N, constructed. The terrain of the area was
123.58574E relatively flat.Its current land use in the
Elev: 25 masl area was agroforestry and dominated by
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) and other fruit-
Plot 2 bearing trees such Mangga (Mangifera
10.24869N, indica) and Bayabas (Psidium guajava).
123.58526E Carabao grass (Paspalum conjugatum)
Elev.: 28 masl dominated the understorey layer.

Plot 3
10.24371N,
123.58647E
Elev: 8 masl

TRANSECT 2 Transect 2 was also established in thedirect

Barangay Sacsac impact area a direct impact area where the
proposed cement and cogeneration power
Plot 1 plant project is to be constructed. Plots 1
10.24754N, and 2 have relatively flat terrain while Plot 3
123.58943E has rolling to steep terrain. Based on field
Elev: 36 masl observation, the area was an agroforestry
ecosystem wherein Mahogany (Swietenia
Plot 2 macropylla), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), and
10.2445N, Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) dominated the
123.59E overstorey layer. Noted plants/trees
Elev.: 37 masl outside the transect were Batino (Alstonia
macrophylla), Duhat (Syzygium cumini),
Plot 3 Papaya (Carica papaya), Cassava (Ipomea
10.24053N, batatas) and malunggay (Moringa oleifera)
123.58791E
Elev: 41 masl

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Transect Description Photos

TRANSECT 3 Transect 3 was established at the northern
Barangay Binabag side of the plant near the proposed road.
The area has steep terrain with agroforest
Plot 1 ecosystem where Coconut (Cocos nucifera)
10.25373N, was the dominant overstorey species while
123.61048E Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and
Elev: 72 masl Strobilanthes sp. predominated the
intermediate and understorey layers,
Plot 2 respectively.
10.25172N,
123.61499E
Elev.: 112 masl

Plot 3
10.25068N,
123.62E
Elev: 158 masl

TRANSECT 4 The transect was established on

Barangay Binabag BarangayBinabag in the indirect impact
area. As observed in the field, the Plot 1
Plot 1 was a secondary growth forest on steep
10.26865N, slope while Plots 2 and 3 is within riparian
123.60603E zone with presence of agroforestry species.
Elev: 21 masl Taluto (Pterocymbium tinctorium) and
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) were the
Plot 2 abundant species in the overstorey layer
10.26935N, while Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata) and
123.6105E Selaginella sp. predominated the
Elev.: 25 masl understorey layer. Intermediate layer, on
the other hand, was dominated with Bunga
Plot 3 (Areca catechu). Noted outside sampling
10.26734N, plots was Kawayangtinik (Bambusa
123.61372E blumeana) near Plot 2.
Elev: 31 masl
The transect’s location has flat to steep
terrain.

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Floral taxonomy

Sixty-one (61) species with a total of 181 individuals recorded in the field assessment belonged to 58
genera under 35 families (Table 2-9). Most of the species recorded belonged to families Fabaceae (5
species or 8% of the total number of species) which consisted of trees and herbs and Meliaceae (4
species or 7% of the total number of species) and Moraceae (4 species or 7% of the total number of
species) composed of shrubs and trees (Figure 2-22).

A complete list of species recorded within established transects in the project area is presented in
Appendix A.

TABLE 2-9. TAXA RICHNESS

Category Count
Individuals 181
Species 61
Genus 58
Family 35

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Family Distribution
FABACEAE
MORACEAE
MELIACEAE
POACEAE
PHYLLANTHACEAE
EUPHORBIACEAE
ASTERACEAE
ARECACEAE
ANACARDIACEAE
MALVACEAE
LEEACEAE
LAMIACEAE
CONVOLVULACEAE
THELYPTERIDACEAE
SOLANACEAE
SELAGINELLACEAE
SAPOTACEAE
SAPINDACEAE
RUSCACEAE
RUBIACEAE
PIPERACEAE
MYRTACEAE
MUSACEAE
MUNTINGIACEAE
LOMARIOPSIDACEAE
LECYTHIDACEAE
EBENACEAE
DIOSCOREACEAE
CLUSIACEAE
CARICACEAE
BURSERACEAE
ARACEAE
APOCYNACEAE
ANNONACEAE
ACANTHACEAE
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

No. of species

FIGURE 2-22. FAMILY DISTRIBUTION OF FLORA SPECIES RECORDED

Habit

Among the plant groups, trees have the largest percentage of the 61 observedspecies in the
sampling sitesor 54%. These trees are mainly composed of fruit-bearing and production species.
Another plant group with large number of individuals are palms which is mainly composed of
Coconut (Figure 2-23).

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Plant Habit

6% 3%2% 5% Fern

13% Fern Allies

Grass
5%
Herb

54% 10% Palm

2% Shrub
Shrub-Vine
Tree
Vine

FIGURE 2-23. PLANT HABIT

2.1.4.1.2.2 EXISTENCE OF IMPORTANT LOCAL SPECIES

Niog niogan (Ficus pseudopalma) and Toog (Petersianthus quadrialatus) were the only endemic
species out of the total 61 species recorded in the project area. Niogniogan is distributed across
Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Guimaras, Leyte, Samar, Mindanao and are also occasionally used
for landscaping. Fernando et al (2004) also stated that the species usually occurs in forest gaps and
edges as well as near coconut and fruit tree plantations5. On the other hand, Toogabounds in
Agusan, Surigao, Davao del Norte, Leyte, Samar, Negros and Masbate and fairly common and
scattered in primary rainforests, near riverbanks or on hillside, in swampy and cool places. Toog, or
the Philippine rosewood, is known for its high wood quality6.

Majority (62%) of the total species in the project area are indigenous while 34% is comprised of
exotic or introduced species (Figure 2-24).

5
Fernando, E.S., et al (2004). Flowering Plants and Ferns of Mt. Makiling. ASEAN-Korea Environmental Cooperation Unit.
6
Florido, H (2004). Research Information Series on Ecosystems, Vol 16 Jan-Apr 2004. Retrieved June 16, 2017 from
erdb.denr.gov.ph/files/publications/rise/r_v16n1.pdf

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Ecological Distribution

Endemic
3%
Introduced
35%

Indigenous
62%

FIGURE 2-24. ECOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION OF FLORA SPECIES RECORDED

Conservation Status

Only one (1) threatened species recorded in the sampling sites that falls under the “vulnerable”
category of 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) found in
Transects 2 and 3 with a total of 10 individuals. Mahogany is an introduced plantation species known
for its commercial value. The vulnerable status of this species is only applicable on its place of origin
and not our local settings. Mahogany is also considered a potential bio-invasive species and often
linked to decreased diversity of a given area (Baguinon, Quimado & Francisco, 2005)7.

None of the species listed in all transects are identified in the DENR Administrative Order 2017-11.

TABLE 2-10. LIST OF THREATENED SPECIES RECORDED WITHIN PROJECT AREA AND ITS VICINITY
Conservation Status
Common
Scientific Name Family Name IUCN Red List Transect
Name DAO 2017-11
2017
Swietenia macrophylla Mahogany MELIACEAE Vulnerable n/a 2 and 3

Economic and Ecosystem Services

According to the Pinamungajan Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), the known economic activities
in the Municipality of Panimungajan are Agricultural, Fishery, Mining, Commercial and Service

7
Baguinon, N. T., Quimado, M. O.,& Francisco, G. J. (2005). Country report on forest invasive species in the Philippines. The
unwelcome guests: Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Forest Invasive Species Conference. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO Regional
Office for Asia and the Pacific.

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Centers, and Industrial. Since the area is predominantly agricultural, uplandcommunities are
engaged in farming.

The ecosystem services of the project area are composed of the fourmain functional groups of MA
(2005). Use of each species or biodiversity is emphasized to highlight not only its ecological
importance butalso its potential utility to man. Results were based on interviews with the local
residents as well as desktop review of secondary sources (CLUP).

As presented in Figure 2-25, 30% of the total number of individuals were utilized for food
consumption. Banana (Musa paradisiaca), Papaya (Carica papaya), Coconut (Cocos nucifera),
Bayabas (Psidium guajava), Mangga (Mangifera indica), and Camote (Ipomea batatas) are only some
of the fruit bearing trees and agricultural crops for food consumption found in the impact areas. On
the other hand, timber species (15%) observed in the sampling stations are Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla) and Gmelina (Gmelina arborea) among others. Ornamental trees and plants observed
includeBatino (Alstonia macrophylla) and Niogniogan (Ficus pseudopalma). On the other hand,
plants used for fodder comprise about 10% of the recorded plants, medicinal/folkloric plants about
8%, and fuelwood about 8%. Lastly, 18% is composed of individuals that does not fall under general
categories of the uses.

Using the MA functional group, plant species found in the sampling are can be categorized into
provisioning, supporting and cultural services (Figure 2-26). The 64% of the total species found on
the sampling stations have provisioning services or products such as food, medicines, and fuelwood.
Moreover, 21% provide supporting services or those that maintain the conditions for life necessary
for the delivery of all other ecosystem services. The remaining 15% of the vegetation found on the
project site and vicinity provide cultural services. These services include spiritual enrichment,
intellectual development, knowledge systems, aesthetic values, recreation and appreciation of
nature, such as ornamental plants and trees.

Specific Uses

Timber Fodder
15% 10%

Others Food
18% 30%

Ornamental
11%
Medicine
8%

Fuelwood
8%

FIGURE 2-25. SPECIFIC USES OF FLORA SPECIES RECORDED ON THE SAMPLING STATIONS

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Cultural
Supporting 15%
21%

Provisioning
64%

FIGURE 2-26. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES FROM FLORA SPECIES RECORDED ON THE SITE

Invasive species

Nine (9) out of 61 species (15%) found on the project site were classified as invasive by the Global
Invasive Species Database (2017) as presented in Table 2-11. Invasive species were present in all
four transects established. Gonoi (Chromolaena odorata) was found in all four transects. The species
is deemed problematic even outside the country due to its ability to suppress forest regeneration
and invasion of plantation through rapid dispersal of seeds by wind and exo-zoochory8.

TABLE 2-11. LIST OF INVASIVE SPECIES RECORDED IN THE PROJECT AREA

Common Name Scientific Name Transect
Lumbang Aleurites moluccana 3
Atis Annona squamosa 2
Gonoi Chromolaena odorata 1-4
Cogon Imperata cylindrica 2
Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala 3
Makahiya Mimosa pudica 1
Bayabas Psidium guajava 1
Wedelia Sphagneticola trilobata 4
Kamaykastila Syngonium podophyllum 4

2.1.4.1.2.3 ECOLOGICAL PARAMETERS AND DIVERSITY INDICES

Diversity and indices

Diversity indices (H’) of each transect were computed using Magurran 1988. Using Fernando (1998)
relative measure of diversity scale as reference, the diversity of the Project site ranges from verylow
to high (1.933 – 3.200) as presented in Figure 2-27 and Table 2-12. Transect 3has very low diversity

8
Gautier, L., 1992. Taxonomy and distribution of a tropical weed: Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. King & H.
Robinson. Candollea 47 (2), 645–662.

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(1.933) while Transects 1 (2.487) and 2 (2.496) have low diversity. Transect 4,an indirect impact area
in Barangay Binabag, has very high diversity (3.200) and the highest among four transects.

The values for diversity indices are primarily affected by the type land use in the area, which is
agroforestry system, as observed in Table 2-8. Moreover, continued land conversion provides
opportunities for introduction of spread of alien invasive species. Vila et al (2011) suggest that the
presenceof invasive species can reduce the local plant species diversity9 of an area.

3.500

3.000

2.500

2.000
H'

H'
1.500 Low

1.000 High

0.500

0.000
1 2 3 4
Transect

FIGURE 2-27. DIVERSITY INDICES OF ESTABLISHED TRANSECTS

Species evenness (e‘) recorded in four transects is found to have high to very high (0.593 to 0.950)
evenness. Transect 3 has high evenness with 0.593 value. On the other hand, Transect 1 (0.878),
Transect 2 (0.881), and Transect 4 (0.950-highest) have very high evenness.

High values of evenness indicate that the flora species are well distributed in the area. Figure 2-28
and Table 2-12 show the species evenness of each established transect.

9
Vilà, M., Espinar, J. L., Hejda, M., Hulme, P. E., Jarošík, V., Maron, J. L., Pergl, J., Schaffner, U., Sun, Y. and Pyšek, P. (2011),
Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems.
Ecology Letters, 14: 702–708. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01628.x

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1.000
0.900
0.800
0.700
0.600 e'
e'

0.500
0.400 High

0.300
Very High
0.200
0.100
0.000
1 2 3 4
Transect

FIGURE 2-28. EVENNESS OF ESTABLISHED TRANSECTS

TABLE 2-12. SPECIES DIVERSITY AND EVENNESS VALUES FOR THE RECORDED FLORA IN 11
TRANSECTS
Species Diversity
Transect Relative Values Evenness (e’) Relative Values
(H’)
1: Barangay Sacsac 2.487 low 0.878 very high
2: Barangay Sacsac 2.496 low 0.881 very high
3: Barangay Binabag 1.933 very low 0.593 high
4: Barangay Binabag 3.200 high 0.950 very high

Importance Value (IV)

Importance value (IV) index is used to determine overall importance of each species in the
community structure. It reflects the influence a species exerts on the ecosystem taking into account
the density, frequency, and basal area for the overstorey layer (Curtis, 1959). The intermediate and
undergrowth layers only require density and frequency. List of species with highest recorded IV is
presented in Table 2-13.

It can be observed that Coconut (Cocos nucifera) is the dominant overstorey species in all transects.
On the other hand, saplings of Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) dominate the intermediate layer
in Transects 2-3. It was discussed earlier that H’ value of a quadrat decreases as the IV value of
Mahogany increases. Other dominant intermediate species are: Alim (Melanolepis multiglandulosa)
in Transect 1 andBunga (Areca catechu) in Transect 4. For the undergrowth, Carabao grass
(Paspalum conjugatum), Gonoi (Chromolaena odorata), Strobilanthes sp., and Wedelia
(Sphagneticola trilobata) are the dominant species.

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TABLE 2-13. LIST OF SPECIES WITH HIGHEST IV WITHIN ESTABLISHED TRANSECTS

Transect
Layer
1 2 3 4
Overstorey Coconut Coconut Coconut Coconut
(Cocos nucifera), (Cocos nucifera), (Cocos nucifera), (Cocos nucifera),
169.734 83.947 114.424 56.324
Intermediat Alim Mahogany Mahogany Bunga
e (Melanolepis (Swietenia (Swietenia (Areca catechu),
multiglandulosa), macrophylla), macrophylla), 38.974
56.944 85.714 41.667
Understorey Carabao grass Gonoi Strobilanthes sp. Wedelia
(Paspalum (Chromolaena 33.113 (Sphagneticola
conjugatum), odorata), trilobata),
49.631 46.923 44.610

2.1.4.1.2.4 BIODIVERSITY PERFORMANCE

The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the Cement Plant and Power Plant Project in Barangay
Sacsac, Pinamungajan, Cebu in 2015 was used as reference in the evaluation of biodiversity
performance for the proposed project. For the proposed expansion project (2017), the Terrestrial
Flora study covers Cement Plant locations and indirect impact areas. The 2015 Terrestrial Flora
Report used the combination of random plot and transect walk methods. From 103 individuals
observed, sixty (60) flora species were recorded from 32 families and 54 genera for the February
2015 vegetation assessment on Cement Plant location and its vicinity. The dominant species in 2015
were Badyang (Alocasia macrorrhizos) and Hagonoy/Gonoi (Chlomolaena odorata), Coronitas
(Lantana camara).

The diversity indices of 2015 were higher compared to that of the 2017 flora study. This can be
attributed to vegetation clearing and increased disturbance to flora species. Required method (i.e.
quadrat sampling) on the approved TSC for the 2017 field sampling (which is different from 2015
field sampling) is also a factor that caused changes in the flora assessment results.

TABLE 2-14. PERFORMANCE OF BIODIVERSITY WITHIN IMPACT AREAS

Parameters February 2015 June 2017
Method Random Plot Method and Transect Quadrat sampling method
Walk Method
Taxa • 103 individuals • 181 individuals
Richness • 60 species • 61 species
• 54 genera • 58 genera
• 32 families • 35 families
Endemic • Bungang-Ipot (Areca ipot) • Niogniogan (Ficus pseudopalma)
Species • Kalalaknit (Merremia vitifolia) • Toog (Petersianthus quadrialatus)
• Puso-puso (Neolitsea vidalii)
• Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi)
Threatened • Bungang-Ipot (Areca ipot), • Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)
species • Narra (Pterocarpus indicus),
• Puso-puso (Neolitsea vidalii),
• Antipolo (Artocarpus blancoi)
Diversity Very High Very Low to High

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Parameters February 2015 June 2017

indices
Evenness Very High High to Very High
Importance • Badyang (Alocasia macrorrhizos) • Overstorey: Coconut
value • Hagonoy/Gonoi (Chlomolaena (Cocos nucifera)
odorata) • Intermediate: Alim (Melanolepis
• Coronitas (Lantana camara) multiglandulosa), Mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla), Bunga (Areca catechu)
• Undergrowth: Carabao grass (Paspalum
conjugatum), Gonoi (Chromolaena
odorata), Strobilanthes sp., Wedelia
(Sphagneticola trilobata)

2.1.4.1.3 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The potential key impacts to terrestrial flora vis-à-vis project related activities are discussed in this
section. Pre-construction phase activities will include planning, permitting, detailed design and
engineering, contracting, and geoscientific surveys within the project area. Therefore, these
activities entail no potential impact that may significantly affect terrestrial flora. Summary of impacts
and their corresponding mitigating measures are listed in Table 2-15.

Vegetation removal and loss of habitat

Most of the plant species that will be affected by the project during construction and operation are
from grassland/shrubland and agroforestry ecosystem represented mostly by Coconut, Mahogany,
Gmelina and other fruit bearing trees and herbs such as Banana, Guava, and Mango among others.
The area is also heavily dominated by introduced/invasive grass/shrub species such as Gonoi
(Chromolaena odorata).

To mitigate this impact, 100% tree inventory will be conducted on areas to be cleared in compliance
with DENR requirement for tree cutting permit. Clearing will be confined within the direct Project
area only to avoid vegetation damage on adjacent areas. Tree cutting permit from the DENR shall be
secured prior to any clearing activities. Cutting clearance from the Municipal Agricultural Office of
Pinamungajan (MAO) and Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA) shall also be secured whenever
applicable.

To compensate for the removed/affected vegetation, the requirement based on DMO 2012-02 for
tree replacement ratio of 1:100 using indigenous tree species, preferably those found in the area,
will be complied with. Replacement seedling can be planted within the buffer zone of the cement
plant, as well as on designated NGP Sites in coordination with the LGU and the concerned
DENR/DA/DAR field office. Plantings in buffer zones near access roads must also be prioritized as
habitat destruction and fragmentation, edge effect, exotic species invasion, pollution, over-hunting
and genetic barriers among others are some of the impacts of road construction to biodiversity10.

10
Marcantonio, M. et al (2013). Biodiversity, roads, & landscape fragmentation: Two Mediterranean
cases. Applied Geography, 42 (2013), 63-72.

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In addition, coordination with land owners, MAO, and PCA canbe initiated by the proponentto
compensate for the affected agricultural crops.Rainforestation or rainforestation farming can be
used as a reforestation approach for the project by the proponent together with the
concernedDENR/DA/DAR field office. Rainforestation is a reforestation approach and agroforestry
system that integrates the use of annual crops, fruit trees, and native timber trees to mix
economically and ecologically important trees in the area11.Involvement of community in nursery
maintenance and tree planting activities is also recommended.

Continuous tree planting and replacement activities are recommended to support the government
effort in national greening program. Bio-engineering strategies that combine vegetative and
engineering schemes are recommended especially on steep areas. Planting of certain species or mix
of different plant forms (of trees, shrubs, grasses and creepers) in a methodical manner will help in
providing structural cover for erosion control, slope stabilization and enhanced drainage system.
Replacement plantingsshould also take into consideration the four functional groups that the flora of
the site provides: provisioning, supporting, regulating, and cultural, in respect to the community’s
use of the flora species. Indigenoustimber and food production species (provisioning services) are
suggestedgiven the site’s current land use - agroforestry system. Species for ecosystem support and
erosion control (supporting and regulating services), as well as species for landscaping and other
species that provide cultural services must also be prioritized to mitigate further impacts of the
project. The list of species based on their ecosystem services is presented in Appendix A.

Threat to existence and/or loss of important species

One threatened species was recorded in the sampling sites that falls under the “vulnerable” category
of 2017 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) and is well
distributed in the country. Two endemic species Niog niogan (Ficus pseudopalma) and Toog
(Petersianthus quadrialatus) are also distributed in other parts of Philippines.

Securing a tree cutting permit from DENR before any cutting of trees will be implemented. All
conditions of tree cutting permit (e.g. 1:100 replacement ratio) shall be followed. Same species that
will be removed or indigenous species that are commonly found in the area canbe used as preferred
species for replacement. Replacement planting can be planted preferably buffer zones, road sides,
and other NGP designated areas where no development is deemed to be constructed. After
replacement planting, regular monitoring can be conducted to ensure growth and survival.
Continuous seedling production may be done by the Proponent. Planting and replanting of various
tree species of different habits and functions is also encouraged to promote species diversity.

Nine (9) invasive species were recorded within the project site. Possible proliferation of invasive
species might occur especially on open areas during abandonment. To mitigate this impact,
immediate revegetation with preferenceto indigenous plant species within the cleared and opened
areas should be conducted. Moreover, a list of invasive species can be prepared during revegetation

11
Rainforestation farming: a farmer’s guide to sustainable forest biodiversity management. (2015). Retrieved June 25, 2017
from
https://www.google.com.ph/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjF_tzy_dfUAh
UBuI8KHXWzAEEQFggmMAA&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fwww.rainforestation.ph%2Fresources%2Fpdf%2Fpublications%2FRainf
orestatition%2520(ENG)%2520true.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGzQ-6S8dk5ZQ30dc2TcdL3Or_vWg

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to avoid its deliberate re-introduction in the area. Monitoring and maintenance of revegetated areas
will also be done to ensure the growth and survival ofplanted species.

Threat to abundance, frequency, and distribution of important species

Species with highest importance value are Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Alim (Melanolepis
multiglandulosa), Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Bunga (Areca catechu), Carabao grass
(Paspalum conjugatum), Strobilanthes sp., and invasive species such as Gonoi (Chromolaena
odorata), Wedelia (Sphagneticola trilobata), Cogon (Imperata cylindrica).

Construction and operation activities of the Project will entail removal of individuals of important
species mentioned above. However, extinction of these species due to the Project is unlikely as
these species are widely distributed throughout the country.

To further mitigate this impact, off-set planting shall be done by the proponent in compliance to
DENR and PCA requirements. The Proponent cancreate and implement no poaching of wild plants
policy among Proponent’s workers as a mitigation measure. The proponent’s environment unit will
monitor worker’s compliance with this policy. Conservation, education and public awareness (CEPA)
programs regarding local biodiversity in communities can also be implemented to educate the local
people on the importance of these species as part of the Proponent’s IEC program. Establishment of
nature parks featuring the important species of the site on accessible areas meant for recreation of
the community and project employeesis recommended. The park would boost the value of the land
and will also increase nature and aesthetic appreciation of the community.

TABLE 2-15. SUMMARY OF IMPACTS AND CORRESPONDING MITIGATION MEASURES

Phase Occurrence
Pre-Construction

Abandonment
Construction

Operation

List of Key Impacts Discussion/Proposed mitigation activities

 Vegetation - Seedling production, regular tree planting,

removal and loss replanting, donations of seedlings and partnership
of habitat with private, NGO and government organizations
is recommended
- Rainforestation or rainforestation farming is
recommended as a reforestation approach for the
 
project
- Bio-engineering strategies that combine
vegetative and engineering schemes were
recommended especially on steep slopes
- Involvement of community in nursery
maintenance and tree planting activities
 Threat to - Extinction important species is unlikely as these
existence and/ or important species are well distributed in the area
loss of important   and in the country.
local species - Seedling production, regular tree planting,
replanting, donations of seedlings and partnership

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Phase Occurrence

Pre-Construction

Abandonment
Construction

Operation
List of Key Impacts Discussion/Proposed mitigation activities

with private, NGO and government organizations

is recommended
- Monitor replacement planting to ensure growth
and survival
 Threat to - Seedling production, regular tree planting,
abundance, replanting, donations of seedlings and partnership
frequency and with private, NGO and government organizations
distribution of are recommended
important - Monitor replacement planting to ensure growth
species   and survival
- Establishment of nature parks/pocket parks
featuring the important species of the site on
accessible areas meant for recreation of the
community and project employeesis
recommended
 Proliferation of - Revegetation of cleared and opened areas using
invasive species preferably indigenous species, if applicable, is
   recommended
- Generate list of invasive species and avoid its
reintroduction on site

2.1.4.2 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA

2.1.4.2.1 METHODOLOGY

Ocular field observation was conducted to determine the access road/trail, existing site vegetation,
extent of sampling location and safety condition. Primary data gathering were undertaken on 3-5
June 2017 to supplement the existing information which involved the identification of species on
pre-identified sampling stations based on the proposed location of the cement plant and other
facilities to be constructed and other potential point/area sources of development.

A total of eight sampling site were established in selected sites within the direct and indirect impact
area of the project. Non-invasive methods were applied during sampling such as species listing of
birds, ethno-bio survey and photo-documentation; and no species were harmed during the
sampling. Information on other non-bird species such as herpeto-faunas and other mammals were
taken through opportunistic observations along trails, rivers, and creeks and interview. For volant
mammals or bats, secondary information from recently conducted ecologically survey were used.
Information of other animals such wild pig, wild deer and civet cats was gathered through interview
with locals through the aid of field materials.

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Bird species inventory data was used in deriving various biodiversity parameters namely, Species
Diversity Index, Dominance Index and Evenness Index. The formulae used in computing these
indices are as follows:
ni ni
Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H) = Σln = Σ piln pi

2
ni
Simpson Dominance Index (C) = Σ

H
Evenness Index (E) =
log S
where:

S = number of species

Biodiversity indices were calculated through PAST (PALeontoligical Statistics ver. 3.02) by Hammer et
al. (2001) and classified into relative categories based on Fernando’s Biodiversity Scale, similar to
terrestrial vegetation.

The species’conservation status and their categories follow red list status recognized by the
Philippines such as the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened
Species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES),
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (also known as CMS or Bonn
Convention), and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) Administrative
Order No. 2004-15 National List of Threatened Wildlife and Administrative Order No. 2007-01
Establishing the National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their categories.

2.1.4.2.2 BASELINE CONDITION

2.1.4.2.2.1 HABITAT AND SAMPLING SITE DESCRIPTION

The island of Cebu, located in Central Visayas, is considered as the most denuded island in the
central Philippines (Collar et al. 1999). According to Mallari et al. (2001) and DENR-FMB (2010)., the
forest cover of Cebu Island is now less than 1% of its total land area (Figure 2-29). The almost
complete deforestation of Cebu Island has apparently led to the extinction of many birds and other
wildlife (Brooks et al. 1995).

Using a combination of methods to determine the vertebrate species in the area, eight sampling site
were established within the proposed project site and adjacent areas (Table 2-16 and Figure 2-30).
Generally, the vegetation of the sampling area is dominated by agro-forest ecosystem. Condition of
vegetation cover is already disturbed anthropogenically through farming, animal grazing, and
collection of non-timber forest products.

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FIGURE 2-29. FOREST COVER STATUS OF CEBU ISLAND

TABLE 2-16. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLING SITE WITHIN THE PROJECT SITE (2014)
Locality and Sampling
Transect Site description
Coordinates
Site 1 Within the Temfacil, Power Sampling site is located along the existing road and
Plant and Cement Plant area in trail within the direct and indirect impact area of
Brgy. Sacsac. the proposed Cement and Power plant. Mixed
10°15’31” N 123° 35’8”E (start) vegetation of agroforestry species such as coconut,
10°14’44” N 123°35’7”E (end) mango, bamboo, gmelina and grass species were
observed. Hunting of birds was observed.

Site 2 Adjacent to the proposed Sampling site is located along the existing road and
Power Plant and Cement Plant trail within the direct and indirect impact area of
area, Brgy. Sacsac. the proposed Cement and Power plant. Mixed
10°14’43”N 123°35’26”E (start) vegetation of mahogany and agroforestry species
10°14’24”N 123°35’35”E (end) such as coconut, mango, cassava and bamboo.
Hunting of birds was observed.

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Locality and Sampling

Transect Site description
Coordinates
Site 3 Within Brgy. Binalag and Sampling site is located along the trail and dirt road
Sambagon area within the direct impact of the proposed projet.
10°15’30”N 123°35’50”E (start) Vegetation is mostly agroforestry species such
10°15’30”N 123°36’18”E (end) asgmelina, coconut and mango trees. Grass species
includes cogon, hagonoy and bamboo thickets.
Collection of non-timber products and fuelwood
were observed.
Site 4 Adjacent to the creek in Sitio Sampling site is located in the direct impact
Pangiin Brgy. Binalag. adjacent to a small creek. Vegetation is dominated
10°16’6”N 123°36’8”E (start) by grass species with few stands of coconut,
10°16’12”N 123°36’33”E (end) mango, banana plantation, gmelina and bamboo
species. Collection of non-timber products,
fuelwood and hunting of birds were observed.
Site 5 Along the trail beside a hill with Sampling is located in the direct impact which is
nearby houses in Brgy. Lut-od. adjacent to the brgy road beside a hill. Vegetation
10°16’41”N 123°36’35”E (start) along the sampling site is dominated by gmelina,
10°16’56”N 123°36’56”E (end) and grass species with few stand of coconut and
mango species. Houses were also recorded nearby
(~100 meters) from the sampling site.

Site 6 Along the existing trail adjacent Sampling site is located in the indirect impact area,
to a creek in Brgy. Anapog. east of the proposed project and adjacent to the
10°17’52”N 123°37’39”E (start) creek. Vegetation is dominated by agroforest
10°18’7”N 123°37’49”E (end) species mainly coconut, banana and cassava
species.
Site 7 Within Brgy. Buhing-tubig area Sampling site is located in the direct impact area of
adjacent to rough road the proposed project project adjacent to a rough
10°18’26”N 123°36’45”E (start) road. Vegetation is dominated by mainly by
10°18’18”N 123°36’21”E (end) gmelina, cassava and mahogany species. Nearby
houses observed.
Site 8 Within Brgy. Butong adjacent to Sampling is located in the direct impact area of the
rough road propose project. Vegetation is dominated by
10°17’56”N 123°36’8”E (start) coconut plantation with few stands of mango and
10°17’31”N 123°35’59”E (end) other fruit-bearing tree species. Houses were
observed in all sides.

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FIGURE 2-30. LOCATION OF SAMPLING SITE WITHIN THE PROJECT SITE

2.1.4.2.2.2 SPECIES RICHNESS, COMPOSITION AND ABUNDANCE

A total of 78 vertebrate species belonging to 39 families and 17 orders were recorded in eight sites
(Figure 2-31). Characterization of vertebrate fauna was dominated by avifauna with 59 species and
482 individuals recorded.

In terms of family representation, the pigeon and doves (Columbidae) and flycatchers
(Muscicapidae) have the highest number of species recorded with five species each. They are
followed by cuckoos and coucals (Muscicapidae) and rails (Rallidae) with four species each.

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A total of 19 non-bird species were recorded in selected area. Fifteen amphibian and reptile species
recorded in the area were composed of four frog, three lizards, three skink, one monitor lizard, three
snakes, and one turtle. Frogs and skinks were mostly observed along trails near riparian area, agro-
forestry and marginal areas along sampling site, while snakes were observed in bamboo thickets and
leaf litters. Domesticated animals such as cow, carabao, goat, chicken, ducks and pigs were also
recorded in the area, being an agricultural area

FIGURE 2-31. DISTRIBUTION OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES RICHNESS AND COMPOSITION RECORDED IN

THE AREA

Species abundance is dominated by chestnut munia Lonchura atricapilla with 92 individuals,

Eurasian tree sparrow Passer montanus (51), yellow-vented bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier (40), and
glossy swiftlets Collocalia esculenta with 32 individuals. One species Pied Fantail Rhipidura javanica
were recorded in all sites with 17 individuals recorded.

Of the 78 species, twenty species representing 26% of the total list are endemic to the Philippines
(Figure 2-31 and Figure 2-33). No restricted-ranged species of Cebu Faunal Region was recorded in
the area. Forty-eight (48) resident/widespread species were also recorded in the area (62%),
followed by migrant (4) species. Resident species with migrant population and introduced species
have three (3) species each. Most number of bird species and individuals recorded in the area were
recorded in site 1, 2 and 7. Table 2-17 shows the checklist of vertebrate species recorded in the area.

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FIGURE 2-32. REPRESENTATION OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION STATUS RECORDED IN THE

AREA

Endemic species are native species that breed and are found only in the Philippines and nowhere
else in the world. Some endemic species are restricted-range species or species found only in
selected islands of the country like mainland Mindanao, Leyte and Samar. Migrant species are
migratory species with substantial proportion of the members of its population regularly cross at
least one boundary between countries while resident species are species with breeding population
inside and outside the Philippines but do not migrate during winter season such as most pigeons and
doves recorded in the project site. Introduced species on the other hand are species that humans
have placed into an ecosystem or community (either accidentally or intentionally) in which it does
not naturally occur.

FIGURE 2-33. SELECTED SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE AREA

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TABLE 2-17. CHECKLIST OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES RECORDED IN THE AREA

Range/ Sampling Site
Conservation
ORDER/Family Species Common Name Distribution
Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Status
PELECANIFORMES: Ardeidae Egretta garzetta Little Egret Migrant Least concern 1 2
PELECANIFORMES: Ardeidae Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret Resident with Least concern 1 2
migrant
population
ACCIPITRIFORMES: Accipitridae Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite Resident CITES Appendix II 1
ACCIPITRIFORMES: Accipitridae Accipiter virgatus Besra Resident CITES Appendix II 1
GALLIFORMES: Phasianidae Coturnix chinensis Blue-breasted Quail Resident Least concern 1 1
GALLIFORMES: Phasianidae Gallus gallus Red junglefowl Resident Least concern 1 1
GRUIFORMES: Rallidae Rallina Slaty-legged Crake Resident Least concern 1 1
eurizonoides
GRUIFORMES: Rallidae Gallirallus striatus Slaty-breasted Rail Resident Least concern 1 2
GRUIFORMES: Rallidae Amaurornis White-breasted Resident Least concern 1
phoenicurus Waterhen
GRUIFORMES: Rallidae Gallinula chloropus Common Moorhen Resident with Least concern 1
migrant
population
CHARADRIIFORMES: Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper Migrant CMS Appendix II 2 3
CHARADRIIFORMES: Charadriidae Charadrius dubius Little ringed plover Resident with CMS Appendix II 2
migrant
population
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae Streptopelia Spotted Dove Resident Least concern 2 3 1 2 2 1
chinensis
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae Chalcophaps indica Emerald Dove Resident Least concern 1
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae Geopelia striata Zebra Dove Resident Least concern 2 1 1 1
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae Phapitreron White-eared Dove Endemic Least concern 2 2 2 1 1 1
leucotis
COLUMBIFORMES: Columbidae Treron axillaris Philippine Green Endemic Least concern 1

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Range/ Sampling Site

Conservation
ORDER/Family Species Common Name Distribution
Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Status
(previously known Pigeon
as T. pompadora)
PSITTACIFORMES: Psittacidae Loriculus Philippine Hanging- Endemic CITES Appendix II 1 1
philippensis Parrot
CUCULIFORMES: Cuculidae Cacomantis Plaintive Cuckoo Resident Least concern 1 1
merulinus
CUCULIFORMES: Cuculidae Cacomantis Brush Cuckoo Resident Least concern 1 1
variolosus
CUCULIFORMES: Cuculidae Eudynamys Asian Koel Resident Least concern 1
scolopaceus
CUCULIFORMES: Cuculidae Centropus Lesser Coucal Resident Least concern 1 2 1 1 1
bengalensis
STRIGIFORMES: Tytonidae Tyto longimenbris Eastern Grass owl Resident CITES Appendix II 1
Caprimulgiformes: Apodidae Collocalia esculenta Glossy Swiftlet Resident Least concern 12 8 2 5 2 3
Caprimulgiformes: Apodidae Collocalia Pygmy Swiftlet Endemic Least concern 5 3 2 2 2 1
troglodytes
Caprimulgiformes: Apodidae Mearnsia picina Philippine Needletail Endemic IUCN Near 1
Threatened
CORACIIFORMES: Coraciidae Eurystomus Oriental Dollarbird Resident Least concern 1
orientalis
CORACIIFORMES: Alcedinidae Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Resident Least concern 2 1 2 1 2
Kingfisher
CORACIIFORMES: Alcedinidae Todiramphus White-collared Resident Least concern 1 1 1 1 1
chloris Kingfisher
CORACIIFORMES: Meropidae Merops philippinus Blue-tailed Bee-eater Resident Least concern 4 2 1
PICIFORMES: Megalaimidae Megalaima Coppersmith barbet Endemic Least concern 1
haemacephala (subspecies)
cebuensis

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Range/ Sampling Site

Conservation
ORDER/Family Species Common Name Distribution
Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Status
PASSERIFORMES: Pittidae Pitta sordida Hooded pitta Resident Least concern 1
PASSERIFORMES: Artamidae Artamus White-breasted Resident Least concern 3 2 4
leucorynchus Woodswallow
PASSERIFORMES: Campephagidae Lalage nigra Pied Triller Resident Least concern 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Laniidae Lanius schach Long-tailed Shrike Resident Least concern 2 3 1 1 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Hirundinidae Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow Migrant Least concern 2 2 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica Pacific Swallow Resident Least concern 6 4 8 6 2
PASSERIFORMES: Paridae Parus elegans Elegant Tit Endemic Least concern 1
PASSERIFORMES: Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus Yellow-vented Bulbul Resident Least concern 12 4 2 2 4 16
goiavier
PASSERIFORMES: Pycnonotidae Ixos philippinus Philippine Bulbul Endemic Least concern 2 3 3
PASSERIFORMES: Dicruridae Dicrurus balicassius Balicassiao Endemic Least concen 2 3 2
PASSERIFORMES: Sturnidae Oriolus chinensis Black-naped Oriole Resident Least concern 1 1 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Sturnidae Sarcops calvus Coleto Endemic Least concern 1
PASSERIFORMES: Sturnidae Aplonis panayensis Asian Glossy Starling Resident Least concern 7 4
PASSERIFORMES: Locustellidae Megalurus Tawny Grassbird Resident Least concern 2 3 1 2 1
timoriensis
PASSERIFORMES: Locustellidae Megalurus palustris Striated Grassbird Resident Least concern 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Muscicapidae Muscicapa Grey-streaked Migrant CMS Appendix II 1 1
griseisticta Flycatcher
PASSERIFORMES: Muscicapidae Saxicola caprata Pied Bushchat Resident Least concern 8 6 1 2 5 4
PASSERIFORMES: Muscicapidae Copsychus saularis Oriental Magpie Resident Least concern 1 1 1
robin
PASSERIFORMES: Muscicapidae Rhipidura javanica Pied fantail Resident Least concern 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 2
PASSERIFORMES: Muscicapidae Cyornis rufigastra Mangrove Blue Resident Least concern 1 1
Flycatcher
PASSERIFORMES: Dicaeidae Dicaeum Pygmy Flowerpecker Endemic Least concern 1 1
pygmaeum

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Range/ Sampling Site

Conservation
ORDER/Family Species Common Name Distribution
Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Status
PASSERIFORMES: Dicaeidae Dicaeum Orange-bellied Resident Least concern 1 1
trigonostigma Flowerpecker
PASSERIFORMES: Dicaeidae Dicaeum australe Red-Keeled Endemic Least concern 2 1 1
Flowerpecker
PASSERIFORMES: Nectariniidae Anthreptes Plain-throated Resident Least concern 1 1
malacensis Sunbird
PASSERIFORMES: Nectariniidae Leptocoma sperata Purple-throated Resident Least concern 1
Sunbird
PASSERIFORMES: Nectariniidae Cinnyris jugularis Olive-backed Sunbird Resident Least concern 3 1 1
PASSERIFORMES: Passeridae Passer montanus Eurasian Tree Introduced Least concern 22 13 2 4 10
Sparrow
PASSERIFORMES: Estrildidae Lonchura atricapilla Chestnut Munia Resident Least concern 46 12 8 22 4
ANURA: Bufonidae Rhinella marina Giant marine Toad Introduced Least concern 7 2 2 2
ANURA: Ceratobatrachidae Platymantis Common Forest Frog Widespread Least concern 1
dorsalis
ANURA: Dicroglossidae Occidozyga laevis Puddle Frog Widespread Least concern 1 1
ANURA: Rhacophoridae Polypedates Common Tree Frog Widespread Least concern 1 1
leucomystax
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Draco spilopterus Philippine Flying Endemic Least concern 1 1
Dragon
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Cyrtodactylus Philippine Bent-toed Endemic Least concern 1 1
philippinicus Gecko
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Gekko gecko Tokay Gecko Widespread Least concern 1 1 1 1
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Brachymeles taylori Taylor’s Short-legged Endemic Least concern 1
Skink
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Eutropis Philippine Mabuya Endemic Least concern 1 1
multicarinata
borealis

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Range/ Sampling Site

Conservation
ORDER/Family Species Common Name Distribution
Status 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Status
SQUAMATA: Scincidae Lamprolepis Emeral Tree Skink Endemic Least concern 1
smaragdina
philippinica
SQUAMATA: Varanidae Varanus nuchalis Large-scaled Water Endemic IUCN Near 1 1
Monitor Threatened

CITES Appendix II

DENR DAO 2004-

15 - Vulnerable
SQUAMATA: Colubridae Ahaetulla prasina Asian Vine Snake Widespread Least concern 1 1
preocularis
SQUAMATA: Colubridae Calamaria gervaisi Gervais’ Worm Snake Endemic Least concern 1
SQUAMATA: Colubridae Dendrelaphis Maren's Bronzeback Widespread Least concern 1
marenae
TESTUDINES: Bataguridae Cuora amboinensis Asian Box Turtle Widespread IUCN - Vulnerable 1
amboinensis
RODENTIA: Muridae Mus musculus House Mouse Introduced Least concern 2 1 1
RODENTIA: Muridae Rattus exulans Polynesian Rat/ Introduced Least concern 1 1 1
Oriental House Rat
CHIROTERA: Pteropodidae Cynopterus Short-nosed Fruit Bat Widespread Least concern 4 2
brachyotis
CHIROTERA: Pteropodidae Ptenochirus jagori Musky Fruit Bat Endemic Least concern 2 2

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2.1.4.2.2.3 DIVERSITY AND EVENNESS

The number of bird species recorded in eight sites ranged from 15 species in Site 3 and 5 to 29
species in Site 2 (Figure 2-34). More species and individuals were recorded in Site 1, 2 and 7due to
diverse type of habitat ranging from combination of grassland andagricultural with thick cover
vegetation and less human activities.

FIGURE 2-34. DIVERSITY OF BIRD SPECIES RECORDED IN THE AREA

The species diversity indices ranged from H = 372 in Site 8 to H = 2.984 in Site 2. Average species
diversity is Moderate at H’=2.666. Species diversity encompasses the number, types, and distribution
of species within an area or ecosystem.
The evenness indices were all within the moderate to very high range with an average evenness
index at 0.712. Evenness index refers to the relative abundance of members of each species. High
index value indicates distribution of individuals per species is very close to one another. The index
also shows the stability and greater probability for habitat recovery.

2.1.4.2.2.4 INVASIVE SPECIES

According to the Convention on Biological Diversity, “Invasive alien species (IAS) are species whose
introduction and/or spread outside their natural past or present distribution threaten biological
diversity”. Two species considered invasive were recorded in the area namely: cattle egret Bubulcus
ibis and Oriental house rat Rattus tanezumi. The former carries tick that affects native species while
the latter are pest to humans and agriculture. No study or documentation of the impacts of IAS was
recorded in the area, however, accounts from local interview suggests that rat species recorded in
the area have negative impact on agriculture and household surroundings. Oriental house rat Rattus
tanezumi and house mouse Mus musculus are the most common non-volant species recorded in the
area being pest in both agriculture and human habitation. House mice are typically commensal, and
are found in a very wide range of man-made habitats including houses, farms, buildings, and even
coal mines and frozen meat stores.

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2.1.4.2.2.5 THREATENED SPECIES AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE

Of the 78 vertebrate species recorded, none are considered rare or uncommon. Overall, 10 species
are considered threatened of immediate concern while the remaining 68 species remains in the
Least Concern category (Table 2-18). One species in particular Varanus nuchalisis threatened under
three redlist category namely: CITES (Appendix II), DENR DAO 2004-15 (Vulnerable) and IUCN
(Vulnerable). Eight other bird species and turtle are threatened namely: Haliastur indus (CITES App.
II), Accipiter virgatus (CITES App. II), Actitis hypoleucos (CMS App. II), Charadrius dubius (CMS App. II),
Loriculus philippensis (CITES App. II), Tyto longimembris (CITES App. II), Mearnsia picina (IUCN NT),
Muscicapa griseisticta (CMS App. II) and Cuora amboinensis (IUCN Vulnerable).

TABLE 2-18. DISTRIBUTION OF THREATENED SPECIES AND SPECIES OF CONSERVATION

IMPORTANCE
Threatened Category
Least CITES DENR-DAO
Taxa Threatened IUCN IUCN Near CMS
Concern Appendix 2004-15
Vulnerable Threatened Appendix II
II Vulnerable
Birds 51 8 1 4 3
Amphibians 4
Reptiles 9 2 1 1* 1* 1*
Mammals 4
*Varanus nuchalis

Hunting was prevalent in the area, mostly targeting larger species of pigeons and doves, parrots and
monitor lizards locally known as “maral o halo”. We saw locals keeping birds in cages, and hunters
were encountered during field sampling in Site 2, 3 and 6. Among the species kept in cages were
White-eared Brown Dove locally known as “alimukan” and Colasisi. Pigeons and doves are the most
economically important wild species to locals according to interview. According to them this
provides additional subsistence and income to the family. In addition to birds, monitor lizards caught
were sold at 1,500 pesos per adult individual in nearby city of Toledo.

2.1.4.2.2.6 HISTORICAL OCCURRENCE OF FIRE OR PEST INFESTATION

During the conduct of the field assessment, there were no signs or reported events of recent forest
or grass fires in the area. No pest or insect infestation or natural in-balance wasrecorded in the area.

2.1.4.2.2.7 COMPARISON OF SPECIES OBSERVED AND RECORDED IN 2015 EIS

Information of vertebrate species recorded in the area is presented in Table 2-19 below. Species
found in three studies are almost the same with the exception of some species recorded in 2015
which is mainly based on interviews and did not undergo verification. Species recorded in the area
are common in nature and abundantly found throughout the Philippine archipelago. This can be
attributed to the condition of the vegetation which is mainly agricultural and mosaic patches of grass
and tree plantations found in the area.

Species recorded are highly urban species or species associated with human habitation. The absence
of natural forest cover and undisturbed habitat also helps determine the over-all composition of the
species in the area.

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TABLE 2-19. SUMMARY OF VERTEBRATE SPECIES RECORDED IN THE AREA

2015 EIS 2015 EIS 2017 EPRMP (Cement
Group
(Cement plant area) (Quarry Area) and Quarry Area)
Bird 19 43 59
Mammals 2 9 4
Herpetofauna 9 21 15

2.1.4.2.3 POTENTIAL IMPACT AND OPTION FOR MITIGATION

Potential impacts and proposed mitigation options are presented this section. Impacts on terrestrial
fauna are primarily from construction activities.

2.1.4.2.3.1 LOSS OF HABITAT

Land clearing during site preparation and will result to the physical loss of vegetation. While the loss
of vegetation is permanent, there will be no change in the overall vegetation profile in areas. Based
on the data gathered, the area is an agricultural and grassland area. The impact is more localized
/limited to the area to be cleared, that is, within an aggregate area and along road networks of the
proposed cement plant. Before doing any clearing, an inventory of important trees within the MPSA
shall be undertaken, and necessary permit will be obtained prior to land clearing, if applicable.

Identification and establishment of buffer zone or buffer boundaries along the cement plant will be
implemented. To compensate other loss of vegetation during clearing, measures such as re-
vegetation of temporarily affected areas and offset planting for permanently affected areas are
recommended using native and indigenous species.

Re-vegetation of open/denuded areas after construction activities will be implemented in order to

restore and enhance ecological and aesthetic conditions.

2.1.4.2.3.2 THREAT TO ABUNDANCE, FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTANT

SPECIES

Impacts on the population of wildlife will be permanent and long-term in nature. Wildlife species
such as birds in the area are already adapted to such type of disturbance brought by the existing
activities such as quarrying in nearby area and other human activities.

Noise generated during clearing of vegetation cover may also disturb wildlife. Noise may temporarily
drive away wildlife to quiet areas to take refuge and the loss of natural habitat could cause this
wildlife not to return to the area. Increase in sound levels during construction and operation of
cement and power plant is another source of wildlife disturbance as this threatens the ability of
native birds to reproduce, hence affecting their abundance, frequency, and distribution.
Construction and plant operations, if possible, should be limited during the day to minimize noise
pollution to species as well as humans.

Workers are discouraged from making unnecessary noise and prohibited from engaging in the
exploitation of natural resources such as hunting and collection of forest products such as timber.
Proponent is encouraged to plant vegetation near the affected areas as buffer zone. Impacts on the

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population of wildlife will be highly temporary, localized and very short term in nature. Noise that
may be generated during construction and operation may also disturb wildlife in the area. Noise may
temporarily drive away wildlife to quiet areas to take refuge, but as soon as noise is gone, they are
expected to return to the area.

Dust generated is likewise not expected to significantly affect wildlife species. Dust will be
concentrated near the road, penstock and headrace and will be negligible during the rainy season.

2.1.4.2.3.3 HINDRANCE TO WILDLIFE ACCESS

Construction of cement and power plant, and road networks will pose hindrance to wildlife access
thereby limiting or affects species’ movements. Though the affected species will possibly transfer to
adjacent area with vegetation cover, other species such threatened species is the most vulnerable.

To mitigate the impacts, proponent and its contractors must limit clearing activities to designated
area. They must also establish and maintain corridor or buffer zones within the project area for
species’ refuge and food source. At the same time, retain and enhance unaffected vegetation and
habitat/ecosystem wherein these can serve as natural acoustic protection and habitat of
displaced/disturbed wildlife species.

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2.2 WATER

2.2.1 HYDROLOGY/HYDROGEOLOGY

2.2.1.1 WATERSHED DELINEATION

The source of surface water in the province of Cebu depends mainly on the precipitation of the area
which then goes into the rivers and creeks (BSWM, 1986) consisting the area. The province is part of
the Water Resources Region No. 7 (Central Visayas) which is comprised of Cebu Island, Bohol Island
and Negros Oriental. Five (5) of the nineteen (19) principal river basins of Central Visayas can be
found in Cebu Island. The five principal rivers are: Guinabasan, Balamban, Kotkot, Sapang Dako and
Mananga River.

The project area is bordered by two river systems that drain in a westerly direction towards Tañon
Strait. North of the project area is an unnamed river in Brgy. Mangotowhile south of project area is
the Kadlom River. Located about 2.0 km west of the project area is the coastal area of Pinamungajan
which is part of the Tañon Strait.

Using ArcGIS 10.1 and National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) topographic
maps, the drainage areas of the two river systems were delineated (Figure 2-35). The Mangoto
Watershed has an approximate drainage area of 22.5 km2 while Kadlom River has a drainage area of
10.5 km2.

2.2.1.2 MEAN MONTHLY FLOW

The river systems have no historical streamflow records that could be used to determine the mean
annual discharge of each rivers/creeks. The nearest gauged river with historical streamflow records
is the Sta. Ana River located in Barangay Sta. Ana, Barli, Cebu. Similar to Mangoto River and Kadlom
River, Sta. Ana River drains westwards toward Tañon Strait. It is approximately 17 kilometers south
of the project site and has a drainage area of approximately 45km2. Sta. Ana River has 16 years of
fragmented records from 1984 to 1999.

Stream discharges were estimated using analogue method specifically Drainage Area-Ratio Method
(USGS12). This method can be used for transferring flows within the drainage basin or similar
physiographic (topography, geology, climate, soils, vegetation), hydrographic features (river network
density), morphometric features (drainage area, slope, etc.) and other characteristics (Sokolov and
Chapman13). Results of streamflow estimates are presented in Table 2-21.

12
USGS.Estimates of Flow Duration, Mean Flow, and Peak-Discharge Frequency Values for Kansas Stream Locations.
Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5033. U.S. Geological Survey.
13
Sokolov, A.A. and T.G. Chapman. Methods for water balance computations: An international guide for research and
practice. The UNESCO Press: Paris 1974.

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2.2.1.3 PEAK FLOW

As mentioned earlier, there are no historical streamflow records of rivers in the project area. In view
of the foregoing, available streamflow records within Water Resources Region no. VII were collected
and collated particularly the historical peak flow data. All flood peak data were subjected to point
frequency analysis to determine the peak flow values of different return periods utilizing the
available historical data on annual flood peaks of the gaged rivers. All flood frequency curves for the
said region were used to construct a Regional Flood Frequency Curve for the project area as well as
for region VII in general.

The procedure for the Regional Flood Frequency analysis involves the following procedure:

1. Estimation of Mean Annual Flood (MAF)

2. Estimation of Flood peak values with corresponding return periods

The MAF is determined by pooling all the annual flood data series of gauged rivers within water
resources region no. VII taking into consideration the homogeneity of data observed climate type,
response to the climatologic and hydrologic inputs and size of the catchment area. The equation of
the MAF will take the form:

MAF = 11.7 A0.616

Where, A is the catchment area of the river of interest expressed in square kilometers.

The result of the Regional Flood Frequency Analysis is shown Table 2-20.

TABLE 2-20. FLOOD PEAKS OF RIVERS NEAR THE PROJECT AREA

Mean Annual Flood (MAF) in
River Name Drainage Area (km2)
m3/s
Mangoto River 22.5 80
Kadlom River 10.5 50

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FIGURE 2-35. DRAINAGE AREA MAP

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TABLE 2-21. ESTIMATED MEAN DISCHARGE OF RIVERS/CREEKS IN THE PROJECT AREA

River/Creek Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec ANNUAL
0.496
Sta. Ana m3/s 0.59 0.473 0.524 0.38 0.357 0.366 0.48 0.378 0.455 0.527 0.789 0.627
(Ave.)
River
15.59
(45 km2) MCM 1.58 1.14 1.40 0.98 0.96 0.95 1.29 1.01 1.18 1.37 2.05 1.68
(Total)
Mangoto 0.25
m3/s 0.30 0.24 0.26 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.24 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.39 0.31
River (Ave.)
(22.5 7.79
MCM 0.79 0.57 0.70 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.64 0.51 0.59 0.68 1.02 0.84
km2) (Total)
Kadlom 0.12
m3/s 0.14 0.11 0.12 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.11 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.18 0.15
River (Ave.)
(10.5 3.64
MCM 0.37 0.27 0.33 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.30 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.48 0.39
km2) (Total)
*MCM = million cubic meters

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2.2.1.4 HYDROGEOLOGIC UNITS IN THE VICINITIES OF THE PROJECT

Groundwater occurs and moves through interstices in the soil and rocks. This movement is governed
by the rock’s permeability that, in general, depends on the type and/or age of geological formations.
Based on the occurrence and movement of groundwater, the geological formations are divided into
three major hydrogeologic groups (Bureau of Mines, 1986). These are as follows:

a. Rocks in which flow is dominantly intergranular;

b. Rocks in which flow is through fracture and/or solution openings; and
c. Rocks with local or no groundwater.

Aquifers where groundwater movement is intergranular are associated with unconsolidated and
semi-consolidated deposits that contain extensive and thick medium to coarse grained sand and
gravel deposits. This type of aquifer includes the Quaternary Alluvium deposits. Water yield
generally ranges from 0.3 to 5 L/s.

Rock types where groundwater flow is through secondary structures such as solutional openings and
fractures include the Carcar Limestone and Barili Limestone Formations. These limestones are
classified as fairly to less extensive aquifers with low to moderate potential recharge in the area.
Water intake is through areas with karstic topography. Water yield generally averages 1 L/s.

The rock types which has local or no groundwater potential are those impermeable rocks which has
generally no significant groundwater except in some few interconnected fractures and fissures.
These include the Cansi metavolcanics and Pandan metasediments of the early Cretaceous Mananga
Formation found further northwest of the project site. Groundwater is extremely localized and
confined to fault and fracture systems. Water yield generally range from 0.1 to 0.5 L/s.

2.2.1.4.1 BARILI MARL

The fine sediments generally has lower water yield of about 0.1 to 0.5 L/s but higher water yield of
2.0 L/s for the coarser siltstone and sandstone. Confined aquifers for this type are relatively shallow
(up to 30 meters). Water levels vary with the season with the shallow unsaturated zone being fully
saturated during the rainy season. During extended long drought, water depth may fall as much as
10 meters.

2.2.1.4.2 CARCAR LIMESTONE

It is an important source of potable groundwater in Metro Cebu due to its extensive occurrence and
water-bearing characteristics. Groundwater occurs under unconfined conditions and semi-confined
locally beneath alluvial deposits. Groundwater flow is largely through fractures and sinkhole solution
channels. A significant amount of groundwater is also stored and moved through interstices of
sandy, gravelly and rubbly beds in the limestone formation. The rubbly facies within the top 100
meters of Carcar Formation are reported to be the most consistent water producers. Yields are
increased by secondary interconnected porosity made by fractures and solution channels.

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2.2.1.4.3 QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM

The best aquifer for this type of rock unit generally consists of granular deposits wherein
groundwater occurs and moves through pore openings between individual grains. It includes
unconsolidated deposits that contain extensive and thick, medium to coarse-grained sand and gravel
and semi-consolidated but thick deposits of coarse sandstone and conglomerate. Total thickness of
water yielding from this type of deposit is from less than 1.5 m. to about 50 m. The highest yield,
from 50 to 150 liters per second is obtained mainly from unconsolidated sand and gravel deposits.

Generally the sediments are poorly permeable and form a confining layer on top of the Carcar
limestone. In locations where these poorly permeable sediments reach a considerable extent,
springs and free flowing wells exist such as in Talisay City and Balamban. Shallow sandy layers within
the sediments are tapped by shallow wells with low yields used for local drinking water.

The urban center and neighboring barangays enjoy potable water supplied by the Municipal
Waterworks System. There’s a need to install water meters to all users to control water
consumption.

Water sources in the rural areas are artesian wells, open wells, pumps and springs. Any major
project would have to construct their own deep wells to meet their operational needs.

2.2.1.4.4 GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL

Groundwater supply in Cebu province is abundant for domestic and industrial use as evidenced by
the presence of springs, pump wells and deep wells in almost every municipality (BSWM, 1986).
However, the province of Cebu is now gearing towards shift from groundwater to surface water
utilization to prevent further salt intrusion due to indiscriminate use of groundwater for domestic
and industrial use.

Based on the groundwater availability map shown in Figure 2-36, the project area is underlain by
local and less productive aquifers. This type of aquifer has very low to moderately high permeability
with well yields mostly < 6 L/s.

2.2.1.4.5 SPRING AND WATER WELL INVENTORY

The spring and water well inventory for the municipality of Pinamungajan is as follows:

TABLE 2-22. SPRING AND WELL INVENTORY, MUNICIPALITY OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Barangay Springs Wells Barangay Springs Wells
1. Anislag - - 10. Guimbawian 1 -
2. Anopog - 1 11. Lamac - 1
3. Binabag - 1 12. Lut-od - -
4. Buhingtubig 1 - 13. Mangoto 1 -
5. Busay - 1 14. Opao - -
6. Butong 2 - 15. Pandacan 1 -
7. Cabiangon - - 16. Poblacion 1 -
8. Camungao - - 17. Punod - -
9. Duangan 1 - 18. Rizal - -

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Barangay Springs Wells Barangay Springs Wells

19. Sacsac 1 - 24. Tanibag 3 -
20. Sambagon 1 - 25. Tupas - -
21. Sibago - - 26. Tutay 1 -
22. Tajao - - TOTAL 13 4
23. Tangub - -
Source: Municipal Water District

The water wells in Pinamungajan are actually springs that have been converted to wells. These wells
are freely-flowing at the surface. All of them are located at 5 to 9 meters above sea level (masl) and
are outside the proposed project site. All the water wells and springs except for two (2) springs are
controlled by the Pinamungajan Water District. In Barangay Sacsac, the spring is being used for
bathing. There are no springs or wells in the proposed plant site.

Based on the National Water Resources Board’s Listahang Tubig data uploaded by the office of the
Municipal Planning and Development Office of Pinamungajan, the following are the water service
providers in Pinamungajan:

TABLE 2-23. LIST OF WATER SERVICE PROVIDERS IN PINAMUNGAJAN

Water Utility Name Level of Service Management Type
Anopog glunclamp water system Level 3 only BWSA
Barangay-butong,Sitio-Baguimbel Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Butong,Sitio-Orchids Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Butong,Sitio-Santan Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Butong,Sitio-Waling-Waling Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Avocado Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Lemonsito Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Nangka Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Nangka Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Nangka Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Saging Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Santol I Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Santol II Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Santol II Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Santol II Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Santol II Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Lut-Od,Sitio-Tambis Level 1 only BWSA
Barangay-Punod,Sitio-Inyam I Level 2 only BWSA
Barangay-Punod,Sitio-Inyam II Level 2 only BWSA
Barangay-Punod,Sitio-Inyam ii(1) Level 2 only BWSA
Barangay-Punod,Sitio-Mahogany Level 2 only BWSA
Unnamed Water Service
Barangay-sibago,sitio-caimito Level 1 only
Provider
Unnamed Water Service
Barangay-sibago,sitio-chicos Level 1 only
Provider
Unnamed Water Service
Barangay-sibago,sitio-danawan Level 1 only
Provider
LAMAC MPC Level 3 only Cooperative

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Water Utility Name Level of Service Management Type

LAMAC MULTI-PURPOSE COOPERATIVE Level 3 only Cooperative
PINAMUNGAJAN WATER DISTRICT Level 3 only Water District
SOURCE: NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES BOARD HTTP://LISTAHANGTUBIG.CLOUDAPP.NET/ (JANUARY 2018)

The Pinamungajan Water District serves seven (7) barangays namely: Binabag, Buhingtubig, Butong,
Cabiangon, Camugao, Guimbawian and Lut-od.

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FIGURE 2-36. GROUNDWATER AVAILABILITY MAP

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2.2.1.5 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – HYDROLOGY/HYDROGEOLOGY

2.2.1.5.1 DEPLETION OF WATER RESOURCES / COMPETITION IN WATER USE

The cement manufacture is a dry process and will not require any water in the manufacturing
process. Bulk of the project water requirement will be used for cooling processes for both the
cement and power plant. With the proposed expansion (increase from 2,000,000 MTPY to 6,000,000
MTPY clinker production), the total water consumption for the project is estimated to increase from
512,000 cubic meters per year to 1,216,000 cubic meters per year with an operation of 320 days per
year. From the total project water consumption, the cement plant will be requiring 1,056,000 m3 per
year and the power plant at 160,000 m3 per year. Domestic water consumption for the project is
estimated at 2,500 cubic meters per year. There is no expected increase in annual water
consumption for the power plant since the power plant capacity will remain the same (60 MW)
while the annual water consumption of the cement plant is projected to increase from 352,000 m3
to 1,056,000 m3.

It is estimated that 80% (972,800 m3) of the total water consumption is recyclable water which is
practically a one-time requirement although it may need to be replenished from time to time due to
evaporation. Only about 243,200 m3 (≈ 20%) will be the make-up water which will be primarily
sourced from the Local Water District, to be supplemented by the rainwater collected from storage
tanks.

TABLE 2-24. WATER CONSUMPTION OF CEMENT PLANT AND POWER PLANT

Make-up Source of Make-Up Water
Water Requirement
Operating Water
Water Use Requirem Local Water
Requirement, m3/year Rainwater,
ent, 3 District,
m /year
m3/year m3/year
Cement Plant
1,056,000 211,200 51,000 160,200
Operations
Power Plant
160,000 32,000 7,500 24,500
Operations
Domestic 0 0 2,500
TOTAL 1,216,000 243,200 58,500 187,200

2.2.1.5.2 ANALYSIS/ESTIMATION OF WATER AVAILABILITY TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION

THE PAGASA 2020 AND 2050 CLMATE PROJECTIONS

The relevance of rainfall to the project are: (a) the potential rainfall-induced landslides and (b)
impacts on the drainage system. A drainage system will be constructed at the project site during the
construction phase and operation phase to: (a) prevent runoff from reaching exposed areas with
critical slopes during construction; and (b) to properly convey surface runoff from the project site to
sedimentation ponds and eventually to the final discharge points such as receiving surface water
bodies.

Cebu province has been categorized with high risk to El Niño and projected temperature increase
thus making the water resource vulnerable which may result to water resource use competition.

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Water conservation measures such as water recycling and utilization of rainwater will be
implemented as part of its climate change adaptation measures. Drainage systems shall be provided
to ensure that flooding in the cement/power plant complex and in the adjoining areas does not
occur.

2.2.2 WATER QUALITY

Water quality assessment was conducted in Mangoto and Kadlom Rivers through grab sampling
method and laboratory analysis. The water quality sampling station was located downstream of the
project area. In-situ measurements for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and temperature were also taken
using a portable water tester.

The guidelines/standards set in DENR Administrative Order 08 of 2016 (DAO 2016-08) – Water
Quality Guidelines and General Effluent Standards were used in the assessment of the status of
surface water quality in the study area for the 2017 updating of baseline conducted on June 4-5,
2017. Mangoto and Kadlom Rivers are not yet classified by the DENR hence they were classified
according to their current best beneficial use i.e. agriculture, irrigation and livestock watering.
Results of water quality analysis thus were compared to Class C water quality guidelines (WQG). To
assess the project’s performance in terms of water quality, previous water quality data (August 2014
baseline study) are also presented in this EPRMP (Table 2-25).

Results of the 2017 baseline updating show pH values within Class C WQG ranging from 7.34-8.33.
Stations along Kadlom River had DO levels below the WQG both during the 2014 (DO range: 3.33-
3.63 mg/l) and 2017 (DO=4.70 mg/l) water quality assessment. Similarly, DO levels during the 2017
water assessment at stations located along Mangoto River were below the WQG (DO range: 4.45-
4.72 mg/l). Low DO levels observed during the 2017 assessment were probably due to the almost
stagnant water during the sampling activity because of the high tide wherein the downstream
portions of Kadlom and Mangoto Rivers were submerged in seawater. Consequently, a significant
increase in conductivity and TDS was observed in the surface water stations during the 2017 water
sampling due to the said high tide. The downstream portion of Mangoto River (SS2) had a salinity of
31.9 ppt which is can be considered as brine (saltwater) compared to the upstream station (SS3)
with 0.28 ppt salinity, considered as freshwater. The water along the Kadlom River stations,
specifically at Sacsac Spring had a salinity of 2.03 ppt which can be considered as brackish. BOD and
oil and grease levels were within the WQG values except for SS2 which is equal to the limit value for
oil and grease. Metals in all samples analyzed were all below their respective method detection
limits while Fecal Coliform exceeded the 200 MPN/100ml WQG for Class C waters. It should be
noted that a piggery is located upstream to the stations along Kadlom River. The said piggery
allegedly discharges its effluent along Kadlom River which is being complained by the community.

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TABLE 2-25. COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF 2014 AND 2017 OF WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Kadlom River
Mangoto River
“Sacsac” Spring
Kadlom River Kadlom River
Sambagon – Mangoto River Brgy. Sacsac along SS1,
Mangoto River (SS2) (SS1) Upstream
Upstream (SS3) Kadlom River Sacsac
(SS4) DAO 2016-08
Parameter (near SS1) Spring &
Class C WQG
10° 15’ 53.5’ N 10° 15’ 2.1” N 10° 14’ 18.6 N 10° 14’ 8.8” N 10° 14’ 9.3” N SS4*
123° 34’ 54” E 123° 35’ 38.3” E 123° 34’ 58.3” E 123° 34’ 56.3” E 123° 35’ 12” E
August
July 2017 August 2014 July 2017 August 2014 August 2014 August 2014 July 2017
2014
Update Baseline Update Baseline Baseline Baseline Update
Baseline
pH 7.7 8.33 8.18 8.07 7.15 7.13 7.50 7.34 6.5 – 9.0
Temp, °C NT 35 28.3 26.6 27.1 27.0 26.7 25.0 25-31
DO, mg/l
7 4.45 6.29 4.72 3.5 3.33 3.63 4.70 5.0
(minimum)
Conductivity, µS/cm NT 5,240 512 5,740 NT 300 505 3,430 NS
TDS, mg/l NT 66,000 349 386 NT 334 336 3,170 NS
Salinity**, ppt NT 31.9 NT 0.28 NT NT NT 2.03 NS
BOD, mg/l 2 3 NT 2 37 NT NT 2 7
COD, mg/l 49 92 NT 28 NT NT NT 6 NS
TSS, mg/l 26 57 NT 3 10 <1 NT 11 80
Oil and Grease, mg/l 2 2 NT 1 <1 NT NT 1 2
Total Coliform, MPN/100
35,000 130 NT 92x102 NT NT NT 16x102 NS
ml
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100
170 79 NT 35x102 NT NT NT 540 200
ml
Chromium Hexa (Cr+6), mg/l <0.002 <0.01 NT <0.01 NT NT NT <0.01 0.01
Lead (Pb), mg/l <0.01 <0.01 NT <0.01 <0.005 <0.005 NT <0.01 0.05
Mercury (Hg), mg/l <0.0001 <0.0001 NT <0.0001 NT NT NT <0.0001 0.002
Arsenic (As), mg/l <0.001 <0.001 NT <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 NT <0.001 0.02
Cadmium (Cd), mg/l <0.003 <0.003 NT <0.003 <0.002 <0.002 NT <0.003 0.005
Copper (Cu), mg/l <0.005 <0.005 NT <0.005 <0.002 <0.002 NT <0.005 0.02
NT = NOT TESTED; NS = NO STANDARD
* ONLY ONE SAMPLE WAS TAKEN DURING THE 2017 UPDATING OF BASELINE FOR KADLOM RIVER SINCE THE 2014 SAMPLING STATIONS WERE SUBMERGED BY SEAWATER COMING FROM THE MOUTH OF
KADLOM RIVER (HIGH TIDE, WATER IS NOT FLOWING).
** WATER SALINITY RANGE: FRESHWATER <0.5 PPT; BRACKISH WATER 0.5-30 PPT; BRINE >50 PPT

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FIGURE 2-37. FRESHWATER QUALITY SAMPLING MAP

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PHOTO 1. SAMBANGON-MANGOTO RIVER UPSTREAM (SS3)

PHOTO 2. KADLOM RIVER (SS1, SACSAC SPRING, SS4)

.
PHOTO 3. MANGOTO RIVER (SS2)

2.2.2.1 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES – WATER QUALITY

2.2.2.1.1 DEGRADATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY

The proposed increase in Cement Plant capacity would result to an increase in the use of raw
materials, fiuel and consequently wastes including hazardous wastes. The project will be using
hazardous materials such as fuel. As a result, hazardous wastes such as used oil, sludge, used
batteries, etc. would also be generated from the project operations. Sewage from administrative
buildings, accommodation facilities and other structures may also potentially contaminate the
groundwater.

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To mitigate potential groundwater contamination from project activities and components, the
following shall be implemented:

 The cement and power plants, camp housing, administrative buildings and other structures
shall be provided with toilets and sewerage systems.
 All sewage will pass through septic tanks and no raw sewage shall be discharged.
 Project facilities such as Diesel fuel storage tanks, Vehicle service building, Warehouse and
truck shops, Waste disposal areas, shall be lined with cement flooring and shall be provided
with secondary containment canals in case of spills.
 Liquid wastes shall be fully contained prior to disposal.
 Solid waste reduction and recycling shall be implemented.

2.2.2.1.2 DEGRADATION OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY

The proponent has already started the Construction Phase which involved clearing of vegetation and
civil works. These activities will result to accelerated soil erosion in the area due to the exposure of
bare soil to surface runoff. Stripped topsoil that would be eventually stockpiled in designated topsoil
areas are characteristically loose and can be easily eroded in the absence of soil conservation
measures. Eroded soil may eventually reach the surface waters (rivers and coastal waters) and cause
siltation.

During the Operation Phase, industrial process wastewater shall be routed to the wastewater
treatment facility prior to discharge (if needed) to comply with guideline values and regulations set
by the DENR. Stormwater should be separated from process and sanitary wastewater streams and
shall be prevented from contacting with coal and waste material stockpiles by covering or enclosing
stockpiles and installing run-on controls. To minimize water consumption, the following shall be
implemented: use of closed circuit cooling systems with cooling towers; use of treated wastewater
for cooling towers; and reusing/recycling of cooling tower blowdown. Trash bins shall be provided in
all critical areas of the cement and power plant complex. Used chemicals, fuel and other liquids shall
be handled and stored properly as indicated in their MSDS and shall be subjected to proper disposal.

Regular monitoring of ambient surface water quality along Mangoto and Kadlom Rivers must be
implemented by the proponent as soon as possible since the Construction Phase has already
commenced.

2.2.3 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY

This study aims to assess the plankton community structure in Kadlom and Mangoto Rivers through
determining its species composition, abundance, evenness, dominance and diversity in river systems
which may potentially be affected by the proposed project .

2.2.3.1 METHODOLOGY

River and drainage maps were utilized as references for sampling. Samples were taken and results
were reviewed to determine the conditions of the entire river system. The following data were
gathered; description of the area, date and time of sampling, notes on whether conditions during

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the sampling, and data on some physical and chemical parameters of the water body. The physical
features and data were presented in table and compared to other study conducted within the area if
possible. Secondary data were used to enhance the results of the study. Water and sediment
sampling were carried out for plankton, and benthic organisms.

2.2.3.1.1 SAMPLING SITES

Seven (7) sampling stations were established for the study of freshwater ecology for both the
cement/power plant project and quarry project of CPC. Out of the seven stations, two (2) sampling
stations are considered for the assessment of freshwater ecology of the Cement and Power Plant
Project (Table 2 - 1). The locations of these sampling stations (downstream of the proposed project
area) were decided based on the potentially to be affected by the project and varying habitats along
the river system.

TABLE 2 - 1 FRESHWATER ECOLOGY SAMPLING STATIONS, PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU ISLAND

Sampling
River / Creek Elevation
Station Location
Name (masl)
Code
Near Barangay Road, Southwest of the Project
SS1 Kadlom River 13.6
Site, Sacsac, Pinamungajan, Cebu Island
Near Main Road / Bridge Northwest of the
Mangoto
SS2 Project Site, Mangoto, Pinamungajan, Cebu 0.0
River
Island

2.2.3.1.2 PLANKTON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE

These are species that feed on phytoplankton and are pivotal in nutrient and energy transfers in
aquatic ecosystems. The study aims to assess the plankton community structure in the study sites
through determining its species composition, abundance, dominance and diversity in river systems
at the sampling sites. Plankton samples were collected on February 13 in Two (2) sampling stations.
Water samples were filtered using plankton net (25 cm diameter; 35 µm mesh size). The collected
plankton samples were placed to polyethylene bottles and fixed with 10% formalin solution.
Taxonomic keys and illustrations were used for identification (Belinger, 2013; AlgaeBase, 2013).
Electric microscope and 1-mL Sedgewick-Rafter counting chamber were used for plankton
identification and counting.

2.2.3.1.3 BENTHIC MACRO-INVERTEBRATES

Sediments samples were collected from each sampling station by gathering a trowel-full of benthos
in the pool areas in the sampling stations. Samples were stored in zip lock bags and preserved with
10% formalin. In the laboratory, samples were filtered using 5.0 millimeter mesh size sieve under
running water. This was done to remove debris like stones and leaves. Organisms were sorted,
counted and identified up to the lowest taxa possible (USEPA, 1992).

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2.2.3.1.4 DATA ANALYSIS

Quantification of plankton and benthic macro-invertebrates were done through calculation of

species density and abundance. Diversity Indices (i.e. Dominance and Shannon H’ Diversity) were
also computed using PAleontological STatistics (PAST), version 2.12.

2.2.3.1.5 AQUATIC MACROPHYTES, FISHES AND LARGE BENTHIC ANIMALS

Water associated plants within the immediate vicinity of the sampling sites and those along the
riverbanks were recorded. In case of difficulty in species identification on site, the plants were
photographed and /or specimens were taken for identification. This was crossed checked with the
checklist of aquatic plants prepared prior to survey. Fishes and other benthic organisms were
identified through actual observation and by interview. Some fish, which are difficult to identify,
were photographed and/ or was taken and preserved with ethyl for identification. Additional
methods were employed via the Participatory Rapid Biodiversity Assessment or eth-no-zoological
surveys, key informant interviews, and secondary information in the identification and assessment
of the status of freshwater resources.

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2.3 AIR

2.3.1 METEOROLOGY

2.3.1.1 CHANGE IN THE LOCAL CLIMATE

2.3.1.1.1 SCOPE

As provided in the Technical Scoping Checklist for the project, this section identifies and assesses the
project’s impact in terms of change in the local microclimate change and the effects of climate
change using the medium to long-term projections of PAGASA.

The baseline data parameters requirements are as follows:

 Climatological normals and extremes, specifically on monthly average rainfall and air
temperature of the area,
 Wind rose diagrams; and
 Frequencies of tropical cyclones

2.3.1.1.2 METHODOLOGY

Meteorological data derived from two (2) stations were used to characterize the monthly average
rainfall, air temperature, and wind speeds and wind directions of the area. The first station is an
Upper Air and Surface Synoptic Station of PAGASA (the “PAGASA-Cebu Station”) located in Mactan
Island, Cebu. The second station is a prognostic meteorological station or location (the “MM5
Station or MM5”), in which data generated from the MM5 were also used in the air dispersion
modelling.

The prognostic meteorological data consisted of three-years of hourly surface and upper air
meteorological data from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016, which were generated by Lakes
Environmental Software in Canada. Table 2-26 and Figure 2-38 show the technical description and
the locations of the two (2) foregoing stations.

Table 2-27 presents the summary of meteorological data and information used in this study. The
data included, among others, the climatological normal and extremes for PAGASA-Cebu Station
(Table 2-28 and Table 2-29), and climate projections in 2020 and 2050 by PAGASA (2011).

TABLE 2-26. COORDINATES OF PAGASA-MACTAN STATION AND THE MM5 CENTER GRID
1 Distance
Station Latitude Longitude Elev (amsl)
(km)
Upper Air and Surface
2
Synoptic Station of PAGASA 10°19’20.8” N 123°58’48.47” E 25.703 m 44.0
in Mactan Island, Cebu
Prognostic MM5 location
10°12'0.00” N 123°31'59.88”E 42 m -
(nearest grid cell center)
Notes:
1
Above mean sea level
2
Distance from PAGASA-Mactan Station to project site (centroid of polygon sources)

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TABLE 2-27. METEOROLOGICAL DATA AND INFORMATION USED IN THIS STUDY

Data Period Covered Purpose
Climate map of the Philippines 1951 to 2010 Describes the climate of the project site
(1951 to 2010)
Climatological normals for PAGASA- 1981 to 2010 Describe the normal air temperature,
Mactan Station (Table 2-28) rainfall, wind speeds and wind directions
Climatological extremes for As of 2014 Describe the highest or greatest recorded
PAGASA-Mactan Station (Table air temperature, rainfall and wind speeds
2-29)
Climate projections of rainfall, Climate Describe the projected rainfall,
temperature and extreme weather projections in temperature and extreme weather
events 2020 and 2050 events
MM5 data January 1, 2014 to Present the annual, monthly and three-
Dec. 31, 2016 hourly wind profile at the project site
(also used in the dispersion modelling)
Typhoon incidence and risk typhoon DENR and Manila Describe the frequency of occurrence of
maps Observatory typhoon passages

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FIGURE 2-38. LOCATIONS OF PAGASA-MACTAN STATION, MM5 GRID CELL CENTER AND THE PROJECT SITE

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TABLE 2-28. CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS FOR CEBU CITY (1981-2010)

Rainfall Temperature (°C) Wind No. of Days
No. of Vapor Cloud
Amount Dry Wet Dew MLSP
Month Rainy Pressure %RH Direction Speed Amt.
(mm) Max Min Mean Bulb Bulb Pt. (mbar) TSTM LTNG
Days (mbar) (16pt) (m/s) (okta)
JAN 105.2 12 29.8 23.9 26.8 26.7 24.4 23.6 29.0 83 1012 NE 3 6 1 0
FEB 69.6 9 30.2 24 27.1 26.9 24.4 23.5 28.8 81 1012 NE 3 5 1 1
MAR 58.6 8 31.1 24.5 27.8 27.8 24.9 23.9 29.5 79 1012 NE 3 5 1 1
APR 48.1 6 32.3 25.4 28.8 28.9 25.6 24.5 30.5 77 1011 NE 3 4 3 2
MAY 95 10 32.8 25.8 29.3 29.3 26.1 25.1 31.6 78 1010 E 2 5 9 8
JUN 175.6 14 32.1 25.4 28.8 28.6 25.9 25 31.5 81 1010 SW 2 6 11 9
JUL 192.9 16 31.5 24.9 28.2 28 25.6 24.8 31.2 82 1009 SW 2 6 13 9
AUG 143.5 14 31.7 25 28.4 28.1 25.5 24.6 30.8 81 1009 SW 3 6 11 7
SEP 179.6 15 31.8 24.9 28.3 28.1 25.6 24.8 31.1 82 1010 SW 2 6 14 10
OCT 194.8 16 31.4 24.8 28.1 27.9 25.6 24.8 31.2 83 1010 NE 2 6 14 10
NOV 161.9 14 31 24.7 27.8 27.7 25.4 24.6 30.8 83 1010 NE 3 6 6 6
DEC 139.7 14 30.2 24.3 27.3 27.1 24.9 24.1 30.0 84 1011 NE 3 5 3 2
Annual 1564.5 146 31.3 24.8 28.1 27.9 25.3 24.4 30.5 81 1010 NE 3 6 87 65
Source: Climate and Agrometeorology Division, PAGASA
Coordinates and Elevation of PAGASA-Mactan Station
Latitude: 10°19’20.8” N
Longitude: 123°58’48.47” E
Elevation: 25.703 m
Notes:
1) RH – relative humidity
2) MSLP – mean sea level pressure
3) TSTM – thunderstorm
4) LTNG – lightning

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TABLE 2-29. CLIMATOLOGICAL EXTREMES FOR MACTAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT IN MACTAN, CEBU CITY (AS OF 2014)
Greatest Daily Rainfall
Temperature (°C) Highest Wind (m/s) Sea Level Pressure (mb)
Month (mm)
High Date Low Date Amount Date Speed Dir Date High Date Lowe Date
Jan 33.5 01-03-1988 19.8 01-21-1997 126.6 01-08-1999 30 NE 01-24-1975 1019.8 01-29-1998 995.3 01-24-1975
Feb 33.4 02-12-2011 20.0 02-16-2004 107.2 02-08-2012 22 E 02-18-1988 1019.8 02-01-1998 1003.8 02-18-2001
Mar 33.9 03-31-2004 20.0 03-02-2000 141.3 03-26-1982 25 SW 03-26-1982 1018.9 03-23-1998 996.0 03-26-1982
Apr 35.6 04-15-1992 22.1 04-01-2003 174.0 04-04-1994 30 SW 04-04-1994 1018.1 04-05-1998 998.1 03-26-1982
May 37.0 05-31-2010 22.0 05-27-2007 106.0 05-27-2000 20 W 05-17-1987 1015.4 05-02-1998 1000.2 05-21-1976
Jun 36.4 06-07-2010 20.2 06-20-1997 87.8 06-09-1984 18 SW 06-25-1992 1016.5 06-07-1997 1000.5 06-29-2004
Jul 35.3 07-20-1973 20.8 07-05-1990 135.0 07-08-2012 20 SE 07-17-1998 1015.9 07-11-1979 997.9 07-03-2001
Aug 35.6 08-27-1998 21.1 08-19-1981 96.6 08-17-1982 25 SW 08-15-1986 1015.7 08-11-1997 1001.5 08-01-1986
Sep 34.6 09-06-1978 21.5 09-18-1972 127.0 09-26-1989 48 NE 09-02-1984 1015.8 09-28-1997 983.4 09-02-1984
Oct 34.4 10-22-1987 22.0 10-13-2009 166.1 10-28-1995 25 SW 10-28-1995 1016.8 10-05-1987 996.8 10-28-1995
Nov 33.8 11-02-1993 20.4 11-22-1998 276.1 11-12-1990 55 S 11-12-1990 1017.4 11-08-1997 971.1 11-12-1990
Dec 34.0 12-01-2006 20.0 12-28-1996 185.4 12-05-2001 42 S 12-26-1993 1018.3 12-12-2002 995.1 12-26-1993
Annual 1019.8 01-29-1998
37.0 05-31-2010 19.8 01-21-1997 276.1 11-12-1990 55 S 11-12-1990 971.1 11-12-1990
1019.8 02-01-1998
Period
1972 - 2014 1972 - 2014 1972 - 2014 1972 - 2014
of Record
Source: Climate and Agrometeorology Division, PAGASA
Coordinates and Elevation of PAGASA-Mactan Station:
Latitude: 10°19'20.80''N
Longitude: 123°58'48.47''E
Elevation: 25.703 m

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2.3.1.1.3 BASELINE METEOROLOGICAL DATA

2.3.1.1.3.1 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Climate Type and Monthly Average Rainfall

The climate of the project site belongs to a zone classified as Type III Climate based on the Modified
Classification of Philippine Climate (1951 to 2010) (Figure 2-39). As defined by PAGASA, this type of
climate has no very pronounced maximum rain period with a dry season last only from one to three
months, either during the period of from December to February or from March to April (PAGASA).
The island of Cebu is within a zone classified as Type III Climate

.
FIGURE 2-39. CLIMATE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES SHOWING THE LOCATIONS OF THE PROJECT SITE
AND PAGASA-MACTAN STATION (SOURCE: PAGASA 2015)

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Figure 2-40 shows the plots of the monthly average rainfall and rainy days at PAGASA-Mactan
Station from 1981-2010 and the monthly average rainfall at the project site with MM5 data (2014
to 2016).

The annual average rainfall at the project site (MM5 data) is 2080 mm. This is 25% higher than
the annual average rainfall of 1564.5 mm at PAGASA-Mactan Station. These annual averages
(PAGASA-Mactan Station and MM5) were lower than the average annual rainfall in the
Philippines of 2,562.5 mm.

Results of statistical test using t-test in ProUCL Statistical Software showed that the variances of
mean monthly rainfall at PAGASA-Mactan Station and the MM5 were not equal. This could be
due to differences on the length of meteorological data wherein PAGASA-Mactan Station has 30
years as compared to 3 years for the MM5 data.

The mean monthly average rainfall for both stations, however, follow the same trend as shown in
Figure 2-40, except on January wherein high rainfall was generated for the MM5 data. This was
due to the presence of a low-pressure area and the intense northeast monsoon that triggered
continuous and heavy rainfall in Northern Mindanao and in Cebu in January 2014.

FIGURE 2-40. MONTHLY AVERAGE RAINFALL AND NUMBER OF RAINY DAYS FROM 1981 TO
2010

Extreme Recorded Rainfall Events

The passage of Typhoon Mike (known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ruping) in Cebu on
November 12, 1990 resulted to extreme recorded rainfall of 276.1 mm at PAGASA-Mactan
Station (Table 2-29). The second highest recorded daily rainfall was 185.4 mm on December 5,
2001.

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2.3.1.1.3.2 AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE

Monthly Average Air Temperature

Figure 2-41 shows the monthly average air temperature at PAGASA-Mactan Station and the
MM5. The average annual temperature at PAGASA-Mactan Station is 27.9 °C and the MM5 is
27.3 °C.

The mean monthly air temperatures generally follow the same trend with low air temperatures
from December to February and high air temperature in April and May. PAGASA-Mactan Station
shows high air temperature from January to May due likely to differences in elevations from both
stations with the MM5 about half in elevation with PAGASA-Mactan Station (Table 2-26).

FIGURE 2-41. PLOT OF MEAN MONTHLY AIR TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY FOR
PAGASA-MACTAN STATION

Extreme Temperature Events

The highest recorded air temperature at the area based on 42 years of record at PAGASA-Mactan
Station was 37°C on May 31, 2010 followed by 36.4°C on June 7, 2010. As expected, the extreme
high temperature events were observed during dry months.

On the contrary, the lowest recorded air temperature was 19.8°C on January 21, 1997 and the
second lowest was 20°C, which was recorded in December 1996, February 2004, and March
2000. Extreme low temperature events occurred during northeast monsoon, which is
characterized by cold winds that in which colder winds that emanate from northern hemisphere.

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2.3.1.1.3.3 WIND SPEEDS AND WIND DIRECTIONS

Average Wind Speeds and Wind Directions

PAGASA-Mactan Station

Monthly average wind directions at PAGASA-Mactan Station show two (2) prevailing wind flows,
which are the northeast and southwest winds that prevail during the months of October to April
and June to September, respectively (Table 2-30). Easterly winds prevail in May during transition
from northeast to southwest monsoon. Average wind speeds at PAGASA-Mactan Station range
from 2 to 3 m/s.

TABLE 2-30. MONTHLY AVERAGE WIND SPEEDS AND DIRECTIONS AT PAGASA-MACTAN CEBU
Month Wind Direction (deg) Wind Speed (m/s)
January NE 3
February NE 3
March NE 3
April NE 3
May E 2
June SW 2
July SW 2
August SW 3
September SW 2
October NE 2
November NE 3
December NE 3

MM5 Data

Using MM5 data (2014 to 2016), the prevailing winds are generally from the North-East and
South-West quadrants (Figure 2-42)

Light winds with speeds from 1 to 5 m/s occurred about 69% of the time while calm winds (less
than 1 m/s) about 9%. Wind speeds greater than 5 m/s occurred about 22% of the time.

Monthly wind roses show prevailing winds from the North-East quadrant from November to April
and from the South-West quadrant from July to October (Figure 2-43 and Figure 2-44). Transition
from northeast to southwest monsoon appear to occur in May and June (Figure 2-43).

Moderate winds with wind speeds from 5 to 9 m/s appear to increase during in January (40.8%)
and in July (37.8%) (Figure 2-45 and Figure 2-46). These occurred during peak of northeast and
southwest monsoons, respectively. In general, however, light winds (1 to 5 m/s) prevail over the
project area and vicinities in all months of the year.

Extreme Recorded Winds

The passage of Typhoon Mike (or Typhoon Ruping in the Philippines) brought extreme recorded
wind speed of 55 m/s in November 12, 1990 (Table 2-29). The project site, however, is within a
zone with low incidence of Typhoon (Figure 2-47). Risk to typhoons is also low as shown in Figure
2-48.

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FIGURE 2-42. ANNUAL WIND ROSE DIAGRAMS FOR THE PROJECT SITE

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FIGURE 2-43. WIND ROSES FOR THE PROJECT SITE FROM JANUARY TO JUNE

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FIGURE 2-44. WIND ROSES FOR THE PROJECT SITE FROM JULY TO DECEMBER

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FIGURE 2-45. WIND CLASS FREQUENCY CLASS DISTRIBUTION FOR THE PROJECT SITE FOR JANUARY TO JUNE

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FIGURE 2-46. WIND CLASS FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION FOR THE PROJECT SITE FROM JULY TO DECEMBER

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FIGURE 2-47. TYPHOON INCIDENCE MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE
PROJECT SITE

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FIGURE 2-48. TYPHOON RISK MAP OF THE PHILIPPINES SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
SITE

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2.3.1.1.4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT/PROJECTED CLIMATE

2.3.1.1.4.1 PROJECTED CHANGE IN RAINFALL

• PAGASA (2011) presented climate projections in the following “seasons” of the year.
• Northeast monsoon season – December, January and February (DJF);
• Summer season – March, April and May (MAM);
• Southwest monsoon season – June, July, and August (JJA); and
• Transition from southwest to northeast monsoon season – September, October and
November (SON).

In Cebu, the projected rainfall from 2006 to 2035 (centered in 2020) and from 2036 to 2065
(centered in 2050) showed increased in rainfall in all “seasons” from the baseline years (1971 to
2000) (Figure 2-49), though projected rainfall change in March, April and May appear to slightly
change from the baseline years.

Days with rainfall greater than 100 m were projected to decrease in 2020, but tend increase to 17
days in 2050 (Figure 2-50).

In terms of risk to projected rainfall change, the project area or the Cebu province is within a zone
categorized as “medium” risk (Figure 2-51). Other nearby islands in Visayas (i.e., Bohol and Negros
Islands) are within zone categorized as “low” risk to projected rainfall change.

FIGURE 2-49. PROJECTED CHANGE OF RAINFALL IN CEBU IN 2020 AND 2050 (DATA SOURCE:
PAGASA, 2011) (AS EXTRACTED FROM CPCMC, 2015)

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FIGURE 2-50. PROJECTED DAYS WITH RAINFALL GREATER THAN 100 M IN CEBU IN 2020 AND 2050

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FIGURE 2-51. RISK TO PROJECTED RAINFALL CHANGE (AS EXTRACTED FROM CPCMC, 2015)

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2.3.1.1.4.2 PROJECTED CHANGE IN AIR TEMPERATURE

Air temperature in Cebu is projected to increase in all “seasons” of the year (Figure 2-52). There is
also substantial increase of days with temperature greater than 35 ºC from 2006 to 2035 (centered
in 2020) and from 2036 to 2065 (centered in 2050) (Figure 2-53).

In terms of the projected number of dry days, which is defined as days with 2.5 mm of rainfall, there
appears substantial decrease of dry days from the baseline years (1971 to 2000) of 7112 days to
5720 and 5693 from 2006 to 2035 (centered in 2020) and from 2036 to 2065 (centered in 2050),
respectively (Figure 2-53).

Further, the project site is also within an area or zone with “high” risk to projected temperature
increases (Figure 2-54).

FIGURE 2-52. PROJECTED CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE IN CEBU IN 2020 AND 2050 (DATA SOURCE:
PAGASA, 2011) (AS EXTRACTED FROM CPC, 2015)

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FIGURE 2-53. PROJECTED NUMBER OF DAYS WITH TEMPERATURE GREATER THAN 35°C (LEFT) AND
PROJECTED NUMBER OF DRY MONTHS (RIGHT) IN 2020 AND 2050 (DATA SOURCE: PAGASA 2011)

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FIGURE 2-54. RISK TO PROJECT TEMPERATURE CHANGE

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2.3.1.1.4.3 IMPACT OF PROJECT ON LOCAL CLIMATE

The development and operation of cement plant, power plant and other related facilities will cover
an area of about 58.2 hectares (ha). With the clearing of vegetation within the project area and
operation of industrial facilities and equipment, there is expected increase of local air temperature
and modification of the prevailing wind flows. Removal of vegetation and combustion of fuel at the
cement and power plant will lead to increase of local air temperature. Further, wind flows would
likely be altered due to construction or presence of high buildings and structures (i.e., cement and
power plant buildings and tents).

While the above-mentioned local climate changes are expected due to project development,
mitigation measures should be implemented to lessen the anticipated impacts. Mitigations
measures particularly on increase on site temperature would include inclusion of buffer strips of
trees along the project boundaries and planting of vegetation as part of landscape plan within the
project site.

2.3.1.2 CONTRIBUTION IN TERMS OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

Table 2-31 shows the results of GHG computations for the initial design plants of one (1) unit each of
cement and power plant, including heavy and transport equipment, as provided in the EIS for the
initial design plant (CPC, 2015).

The estimated CO2e emissions for the project (initial design unit) was 2,182,475 MT per year. For the
combined operation of three (3) units cement and three (3) units power plants and doubling the
mobile units, this would yield an estimated CO2e emissions of about 6,541,590 MT per year.

TABLE 2-31. RESULTS OF GHG EMISSIONS CALCULATIONS (SOURCE: CPC, 2015)

Recommended measures to reduce GHG emissions are as follows:

a. Consider in the plant design measures to improve or increase power plant efficiency as
increase in efficiency will result to a 2% to 3% reduction in CO2 emissions (IEA, 2014). For
cement plants, increase in energy efficiency of the process will also reduce CO2 emissions
(IEA, 2014).
b. Use of low carbon fuels instead of high carbon fuels.
c. Optimize location of run-of-mine (ROM) and overburden to limit the amount of haul
distance, and consequently, fuel consumption;
d. Regular maintenance of haul roads to reduce rolling resistance;

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e. Regular maintenance of vehicles and heavy equipment used in quarrying and hauling;
f. Offset GHG emissions by implementing reforestation program for the project;
g. Reduce idling time of vehicles and heavy equipment; and
h. Minimize opening of vegetated areas and use of existing bare areas (if any), and replenish or
replant opened space cleared for quarrying as soon as necessary.

2.3.2 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE

2.3.2.1 DEGRADATION OF AIR QUALITY

This section focuces on determining the air quality impacts arising from the operation of the initial
design cement and power plants, which are still under construction but are referred herein as “initial
design plants” or “Unit 1”), and the proposed two (2) cement plants and two (2) power plants
(herein referred as “proposed plants or “Units 2 and 3”). Each of the proposed power plant has a
design capacity of 60 MW and will use coal and a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler.

To be consistent with the modelling presented in the EIS for the initial design plants (CPC, 2015),
dispersion modelling in this study focused on the emission sources provided in the EIS for the project
(CPC, 2015) plus the proposed power plants (Units 2 and 3).

2.3.2.1.1 METHODOLOGY

2.3.2.1.1.1 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE/EXISTING CONDITION METHODOLOGY

Air Quality Monitoring Stations

The initial design plants or Unit 1 are still in its initial stage of construction (i.e., site preparation).
Available air quality data are those measured in May 2015 and October 2017 at seven (7) monitoring
stations (Table 2-32 and Figure 2-55). As provided in CPC (2015), the methods for air sampling and
analyses were based from the U.S.EPA Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and the DENR-EMB Air
Quality Monitoring Manual (Table 2-33). The air quality data are presented in Section 2.3.2.1.

TABLE 2-32. DESCRIPTIONS AND COORDINATES OF THE AIR SAMPLING STATIONS (SOURCE: CPC,
2015)
Station ID Location Latitude (deg) Longitude (deg)
ASR1 Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan 10°14’18.73” 123°35’5.01”
ASR2 Residential area, Brgy. Tutay, Pinamungajan 10°14’50.21” 123°34’43.42”
1)
ASR2A Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan (southwest of project site) 10°14’35.60” 123°34’54.00”
ASR3 Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan 10°14’51.66” 123°35’29.48”
Church of the Latter Day Saints, Brgy. Sacsac,
ASR4 10°15’6.46” 123°34’45.52”
Pinamungajan
ASR5 Residential area, Brgy. Mangoto, Pinamungajan 10°15’36.96” 123°34’53.55”
ASR6 Residential area, Brgy. Poblacion, Pinamungajan 10°15’53.38” 123°35’34.86”
ASR7 Pinamungajan Municipal Hall 10°16’11.21” 123°35’3.64”
1)
ASR7A Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan (northeast of project site) 10°15’08.3” 123°35’22.9”
Notes: 1) ASR2A and ASR7A are new sampling stations in October 2017 to include areas S-W and N-E of the project site, 2)
Coordinates of ASR1 to ASR7 as reflected in May 2015 and October 2017 varies, though the air samplers were positioned at
or within the same monitoring area. Please refer Annex F-1 on the coordinates of the sampling stations in October 2017, as
reported by Ostrea (2017)

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TABLE 2-33. METHODS OF AIR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

Sampling
Parameter Analyses
Methodology
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) High Volume Gravimetric Method
PM with diameters 10 µm or smaller (PM10) High Volume Gravimetric Method
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Bubbler Pararosaniline Method
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Bubbler Griess Saltzman Reaction
Arsenic (As) High Volume Hydride Generation AAS*
Cadmium (Cd) High Volume Flame AAS
6+
Chromium Hexavalent (Cr ) High Volume Diphenylcarbazide
Mercury (Hg) High Volume Cold Vapor AAS
Lead (Pb) High Volume Flame-AAS
Copper (Cu) High Volume Flame-AAS
*AAS - Atomic absorption spectroscopy

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FIGURE 2-55. AIR SAMPLING LOCATION MAP

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2.3.2.1.1.2 DISPERSION MODELLING METHODOLOGY

Air Dispersion Model

The Graphical User Interface (GUI) developed by Lakes Environmental, Inc. for the AERMOD Air
Dispersion Model was used to simulate the predicted ambient concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2), suspended particulates and carbon monoxide (CO) arising from the
operation of the project. AERMOD was developed in collaboration with the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the American Meteorological Society (AMS).

DENR MC 2008-003 (Guidelines for Air Dispersion Modelling) requires the use of AERMOD or
CALPUFF for Tier 4 air quality impact assessment. Tier 4 involves the use of sophisticated dispersion
models (AERMOD and CALPUFF) that are capable of modelling dispersion of air pollutants over
simple and complex terrain. It also involves the use of at three (3) years of hourly meteorological
data, if no on-site meteorological data or nearby representative meteorological data is available.

Source Input Parameters

Source input data for the existing and proposed power plants were based on updated values
provided by CPC, as shown in Table 2-34 and Table 2-35.

The design stack heights of the power plants (Units 1, 2, and 3) were increased to 120 m from the
original stack height of 70 m as presented in the EIS for the project (CPC, 2015) (Plate 2-1). For the
cement plants (Units 1, 2, and 3), the stack heights were also increased from 40 to 110 m.

The increased of the stack heights not only lower or decrease concentrations of dispersed pollutants
at the ground or breathing zone as the distance between the dispersed plumes and ground level
increases, but will also avoid building downwash - a scenario wherein cavities created at the wake
zones of buildings forces air pollutants to the ground resulting to high ground level concentrations.
This scenario is illlustrated in Figure 2-56 and discussed in detailed below.

TABLE 2-34. SOURCE INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE POWER PLANTS (UNITS 1, 2, AND 3)

Parameter Units 1, 2 and 3 Remarks

As extracted from plot plan imported in

X-coordinate (m) -
AERMOD View (Figure 2-56)
As extracted from plot plan imported in
Y-coordinate (m) -
AERMOD View (Figure 2-56)
Base elevation (m) - As extracted using AERMAP View
Release or stack height (m) 120.0 Updated height as provided by CPC.
Based on guaranteed emissions
Emission rate of SO2 (g/s)* 45.625
concentrations provided by CPC
Emission rate of NO2 (g/s) 19.716 -same as above-
Emission rate of particulates (g/s) 1.584 -same as above-
Emission rate of Carbon Monoxide (CO)
2.817 Based on CPC (2015)
(g/s)
Exit gas temperature (⁰C) 145 Updated value provided by CPC
Diameter at exit point (m) 3.0 Updated value provided by CPC
Exit gas velocity (m/s) 13.97 Based on CPC (2015)

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*Annex F-3 presents the worksheet of emission rate computation

TABLE 2-35. SOURCE INPUT PARAMETERS FOR THE CEMENT PLANTS (UNITS 1, ITS 2 AND 3)

Parameter Units 1, 2 and 3 Remarks

As extracted from plot plan imported in AERMOD View

X-coordinate (m) -
(Figure 2-56)
As extracted from plot plan imported in AERMOD View
Y-coordinate (m) -
(Figure 2-56)
Base elevation (m) As extracted using AERMAP View
Release or stack height (m) 110 Updated height as provided by CPC
Emission rate of SO2 (g/s) 20.734 Based on guaranteed emissions concentration by CPC
Emission rate of NO2 (g/s) 29.714 -same as above-
Emission rate of particulates (g/s) 2.302 -same as above-
Emission rate of Carbon Monoxide (CO) 10.810 -same as above
Exit gas temperature (⁰ C) 150.0 Updated value provided by CPC
Diameter at exit point (m) 4.5 Updated value provided by CPC
Exit gas velocity (m/s) 16.08 -same as above

PLATE 2-1. FORESHORTENED SCREENSHOT OF THE GUARANTEED VALUES PROVIDED BY CPC

(SOURCE: TECHNICAL NARRATIVE OF THE PROPOSED POWER PLANT, CPC 2017)

Table 2-36 shows the estimated emission rates of area sources. To be consistent with the emission
sources presented in the EIS for the initial project design (Unit 1), only the type of emission sources
related to Table 2-36 are used in the current modelling.

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The emission rates in Table 2-36 were computed based on the AP 42 emission factors (in kg/ton)
and the process inputs (tons per hour). Modelling process for sources presented in Table 2-36
followed that of the ESIA conducted for the STC Cement Plant and Associated Facilities (ERM, 2017),
that is, the sources were assumed as volume sources.

TABLE 2-36. SOURCE INPUT DATA FOR VOLUME EMISSION SOURCES

Uncontrolled Controlled emission
Emission source
emission rate (g/s) rate (g/s)*
Raw mill 0.3014 0.0151
Raw mill feed belt 0.0778 0.0039
Raw mill air separator 0.7778 0.0389
Finish grinding mill 0.1750 0.0088
Finish grinding mill feed belt 0.0500 0.0025
Finish grinding mill weigh hopper 0.1958 0.0098
Limestone crushing 0.0339 0.0017
Limestone transfer 0.0001 0.000004
1) Assumed 95% control efficiency – based on average values provided by South Coast AQMD,
California (December 2014)

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FIGURE 2-56. LOCATIONS OF EMISSION SOURCES

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Building Profile Inputs

Wind flows over and around buildings create cavity zones, as illustrated in Figure 2-57. The cavities
tend to force air pollutants dispersed within turbulent wakes to the ground resulting to high ground
level concentrations, a scenario or event called building downwash.

FIGURE 2-57. BUILDING DOWNWASH SCENARIO (SOURCE: LAKES ENVIRONMENTAL COURSE

SLIDES, 2015)

To account for the effect of nearby buildings on the dispersion of air pollutants, building dimensions
and heights were processed using building profile module of AERMOD View and the Building Profile
Input Program (BPIP). This was done by importing the base map in AERMOD View, and digitizing the
locations of buildings.

As the building elevations were not yet available as of this writing, building heights were assumed
from typical building heights of similar cement and power plant projects in Luzon and Visayas.
Figure 2-58 shows the 5L area of influence of buildings on dispersion where L is the lesser of the
height or projected width of the buildings.

Annex F-2 shows the output file using the BPIP.

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FIGURE 2-58. THE 5L AREA OF INFLUENCE OF BUILDINGS ON DISPERSION

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Modelling Domain and Receptors

Figure 2-59 shows the modelling domain and receptors used in this study. The modelling domain
covers an area of 20 km by 20 km wherein the center of the domain is the centroid of the sources
polygon.

Two (2) types of receptors were used in the modelling. The first is the mutl-tier grid receptors and
the second the Cartesian plant boundary receptor. The multi-tier receptors were based on the
Protocol Default Settings provided in AERMOD View, as adopted from the Human Health Risk
Assessment (HHRA) and Screening Level Ecological Risk Assessment Protocol (SLERAP) protocol of
the U.S.EPA.

Plate 2-2 shows the screenshot of the multi-tier grid receptors.

PLATE 2-2. SCREENSHOT OF THE MULTI-TIER GRID RECEPTORS

The Cartesian plant boundary receptos were generated by digitizing the project boundaries and the
extent of the project facilities using the plot plan provided by CPC. Plate 2-3 shows the
foreshortened screenshot of the coordinates, elevations and hill heights of the receptors along the
boundaries. Due to file size, only portions of the technical description of the Cartesian plant
boundaries are shown.

Note that multi-tier receptors within the Cartersian boundary points were “disabled” or excluded in
the computation of the predicted concentrations as ambient standard or guideline values apply
outside project boundaries.

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PLATE 2-3. SCREENSHOT OF CARTESIAN PLANT BOUNDARY

Receptor Elevations and Hill Heights Inputs

Receptors elevations and hill height inputs were processed using the AERMAP module of AERMOD
View. AERMAP utilized the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data, as provided from Lakes
Environmental Inc (Lakes).

The locations of the receptors are those presented as multi-tier receptors in Figure 2-59. The hill
heights (or referred as Zhill) are the heights of the terrain surrounding the receptor, which likely
influence the flow in stable conditions (www.weblakes.com).

Figure 2-60 and Figure 2-61 show the two-and three-dimensional views of the topography within the
modelling domain. It appears that complex terrain or terrain higher than the top of the stacks of the
projects are found within the N-E and S-E quadrants of the project site.

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FIGURE 2-59. MODELLING DOMAIN AND RECEPTORS

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FIGURE 2-60. TOPOGRAPHY WITHIN THE MODELLING DOMAIN

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FIGURE 2-61. THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF THE MODELLING DOMAIN

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Meteorological Input Data

As there is no meteorological station at the project site and that nearest synoptic station (PAGASA-Cebu
Station) is relatively far (about 41 km from the project site), prognostic meteorological data were used
in the dispersion modelling. The meteorological data consisted of surface and upper air data covering
the period January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2016. This is equivalent to three-years of meteorological
data – the minimum length of meteorological data used for Tier 4 impact assessment (in the absence of
on-site meteorological data).

The prognostic meteorological data were purchased from Lakes, as shown in meteorological data order
information (please refer Plate 2-4). The hourly surface meteorological data was provided in SAMSON
(*.sam) format while the upper air data in TD-6201 (*.ua) format. These data were processed using
AERMET View so as to generate the surface (*.sfc) and profile (*.pfl) required for AERMOD.

Plate 2-5 and Plate 2-6 show the screenshots of the surface and profile data, respectively. The
processed meteorological data (wind roses, rainfall and air temperature) are presented in Section 2.3.1
(Meteorology).

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PLATE 2-4. METEOROLOGICAL DATA INFORMATION

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PLATE 2-5. FORESHORTENED SCREENSHOT OF SURFACE METEOROLOGICAL DATA (JANUARY 1, 2014 TO DECEMBER 31, 2016)

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PLATE 2-6. FORESHORTENED SCREENSHOT OF PROFILE METEOROLGOICAL DATA (JANUARY 1, 2014 TO DECEMBER 31, 2016)

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Modelling Scenarios and Default Modelling Options

Table 2-37 shows the simulations to determine compliance of the project with the ambient guideline
values (at 98th percentile) for SO2, NO2, TSP, and CO under normal (or guaranteed values) and upset
operating conditions. Run Nos. 1 to 8 were intended to determine the predicted levels of dispersed air
pollutants arising from the operation of the initial design plants and/or proposed cement and power
plants.

Run Nos. 9 to 12 aimed to determine the predicted levels of air pollutants assuming upset operating
condition or when the pollution controls (i.e., particulate control) were not operational. Although the
PCAA and its IRR prohibit emission of air pollutants greater than the NESSAP values, modelling scenarios
assumed high levels of pollutant emissions exceeding the NESSAP values.

As compliance monitoring during power plant operation requires one-hour sampling downwind of the
stack or emission source, simulations included predicted one-hour average concentrations of SO2. Only
one-hour average SO2 concentrations were simulated as locations of highest ground level
concentrations are the same for other air pollutants, assuming the source input parameters remain the
same.

Table 2-38 shows the list of modelling simulations for the point and non-point sources.

TABLE 2-37. LIST OF MODELLING RUNS FOR POINT SOURCES

Run
Scenario Pollutant Averaging Period Remarks
No.
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
1 SO2 Based on guaranteed emissions
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
2 NO2 Based on guaranteed emissions
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
3 TSP Based on guaranteed emissions
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
4 CO Based on guaranteed emissions
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98
5 SO2 Based on guaranteed emissions
3 percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98
6 a) NO2 Based on guaranteed emissions
3 percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98
7 TSP Based on guaranteed emissions
3 percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98
8 CO Based on guaranteed emissions
3 percentile); annual
th Assumed upset operating condition;
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
9 TSP particulate control facility assumed
Plant) percentile); annual
not operational
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98 Assumed upset operating condition;
10 SO2
Plant) percentile); annual efficiency assumed 0
th Assumed upset operating condition;
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98
11 TSP particulate control facility assumed
3 percentile); annual
not operational
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 24-hr (98 Assumed upset operating condition;
12 SO2
3 percentile); annual efficiency assumed 0
Unit 1 (Cement and Power Simulation for January 15, 2014
13 SO2 1-hour average
Plant) during northeast monsoon

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Run
Scenario Pollutant Averaging Period Remarks
No.
Unit 1 (Cement and Power Simulation for August 1, 2014
14 SO2 1-hour average
Plant) during southwest monsoon
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and Simulation for January 15, 2014
15 SO2 1-hour average
3 during northeast monsoon
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and Simulation for August 1, 2014
16 SO2 1-hour average
3 during southwest monsoon

TABLE 2-38. LIST OF MODELLING RUNS FOR AREA SOURCES (NOTE: SAME EMISSION SOURCES AS
PROVIDED IN THE EIS)
Run
Scenario Pollutant Averaging Period Remarks
No.
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98
1 TSP Without and with emission control
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power 24-hr (98 Without and with emission control
2 TSP
Plant) percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 24-hr (98 Without and with emission control
3 TSP
and 3 percentile); annual
th
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 24-hr (98 Without and with emission control
4 TSP
and 3 percentile); annual

2.3.2.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE/EXISTING CONDITION

Compliance with Ambient Air Quality Standards

As discussed in Section 2.3.2.1.1.1, available air quality data are those measured in May 2017 and
October 2017 at seven (7) monitoring stations. Only land clearing and preparation activities have been
done for the initial design plant (Unit 1) including construction of the access road from the highway to
the project site.

Levels of particulate air pollutants (PM10 and TSP) at the project site and vicinities ranged from 5 to 79
µg/Nm3 and 9 to 79 to µg/Nm3, respectively, and were within the ambient standards set for PM10 of 200
µg/Nm3 and 300 µg/Nm3 for TSP. Emissions along paved and unpaved roads near the project site were
the sources of fugitive emissions at the time of monitoring in Table 2-39.

For the gaseous air pollutants (SO2 and NO2), background levels were way below the standards set for
these pollutants. The highest measured SO2 and NO2 concentrations were 10 and 12 µg/Nm3,
respectively (Table 2-39).

Particulate metals in ambient air (Cr, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cu) were below detection limit (not detected)
during air sampling in May 2015 and October 2017 (Table 2-40).

Existing power plants in the area were the Toledo coal-fired power plants in Toledo City located about
16 km north-northeast from the project site.

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TABLE 2-39. RESULTS OF AIR MONITORING AT SEVEN (7) AIR STATIONS IN 2015 AND 2017 (IN
µG/NM3)
PM10 TSP NO2 SO2
Station
Location May Oct May Oct May Oct May Oct
ID
2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 2017
Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac,
ASR1 16 8 22 13 2 16 18 <7
Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy. Tutay,
ASR2 10 - 10 8 - 10
Pinamungajan/
Brgy Sacsac, Pinamungajan
ASR2A - 9 12 - 6 <7
(southwest of project site)
Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac,
ASR3 79 9 79 17 10 <1 12 <7
Pinamungajan
Church of the Latter Day Saint,
ASR4 9 5 9 12 3 10 5 <7
Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy.
ASR5 10 11 10 22 7 <7 8 <7
Mangoto, Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy.
ASR6 13 5 13 9 6 <7 7 <7
Poblacion, Pinamungajan
ASR7 Pinamungajan Municipal Hall 9 - 9 - 7 - 9 -
Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan
ASR7A - 6 - 13 - 7 - 7
(northeast of project site)
NAAQS 200 300 260 340

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TABLE 2-40. RESULTS OF AIR MONITORING FOR METALS AT SEVEN (7) AIR STATIONS IN 2015 AND 2017(IN µG/NM3)
Chromium (Cr) Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg) Arsenic (As) Cadmium (Cd) Copper (Cu)
Sta ID Location
May Oct May May Oct May Oct May Oct
Oct 2017 Oct 2017 May 2015
2015 2017 2015 2015 2017 2015 2017 2015 2017
Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac,
ASR1 <0.4 <3 <1.0 <0.03 <0.005 <0.0002 <0.025 <0.001 <0.075 <0.01 <0.125 <0.004
Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy. Tutay,
ASR2 <0.005 - <0.002 - - - <0.002 - <0.009 - <0.002 -
Pinamungajan
Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan
ASR2A - <3 - <0.03 - <0.0002 - <0.001 - <0.01 - <0.004
(southwest of project site)
Residential area, Brgy. Sacsac,
ASR3 <0.005 <3 <0.002 <0.03 - <0.0002 <0.002 <0.001 <0.009 <0.01 <0.002 <0.004
Pinamungajan
Church of the Latter Day Saint,
ASR4 <0.005 <3 <0.002 <0.03 - <0.0002 <0.002 <0.001 <0.009 <0.01 <0.002 <0.004
Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy.
ASR5 <0.005 <3 <0.002 <0.03 - <0.0002 <0.002 <0.001 <0.009 <0.01 <0.002 <0.004
Mangoto, Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy.
ASR6 <0.005 <3 <0.002 <0.03 - <0.0002 <0.002 <0.001 <0.009 <0.01 <0.002 <0.004
Poblacion, Pinamungajan

ASR7 Pinamungajan Municipal Hall <0.005 - <0.002 - - - <0.002 - <0.009 - <0.002 -

1)
Brgy. Sacsac, Pinamungajan
ASR7A - <3 - <0.03 - <0.0002 - <0.001 - <0.01 - <0.004
(northeast of project site)
NAAQS - 20 - 20 10 -

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Compliance with Emission Standards

Table 2-41 and Table 2-42 show the guaranteed emissions of the power plants and the cement
plants, respectively, as provided by CPC. The guaranteed emissions comply with the emission
standards stipulated in the PCAA and its IRR. Air pollution control facilities for particulates and
gaseous air pollutants shall be provided for the project to ensure compliance of air emissions prior to
discharge to the environment.

TABLE 2-41. COMPARISON OF THE GUARANTEED EMISSIONS OF THE POWER PLANTS WITH THE
EMISSION STANDARDS
Guaranteed Project Emission Standard
Pollutant 3 3 Remarks
Emission (mg/Nm ) (mg/Nm )
Sulfur Oxide (SOX as SO2) 22.5 700 Within emission standard
Nitrogen Oxide (NOX as NO2) 650 1000 -do-
Particulate Matter (PM) 280 150 -do-
Carbon Monoxide (CO) <500 500 -d0-

TABLE 2-42. COMPARISON OF THE GUARANTEED EMISSIONS OF THE CEMENT PLANTS WITH THE
EMISSION STANDARDS
Guaranteed Project Emission Standard
Pollutant 3 3 Remarks
Emission (mg/Nm ) (mg/Nm )
Sulfur Oxide (SOX as SO2) 12.8 700 Within emission standard
Nitrogen Oxide (NOX as NO2) 115.5 500 -do-
Particulate Matter (PM) 164.9 150 -do-
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 60 500 -do-

2.3.2.1.3 KEY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

2.3.2.1.3.1 PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS (24-HOUR AT 98 TH

PERCENTILE AND ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS) FROM POINT SOURCES

Normal Operating Conditions:

Table 2-43 and Table 2-44 show the highest predicted 24-hour average (at 98th percentile) and
annual average concentrations of SO2, NO2, TSP and CO arising from the operation of Unit 1 and
combination of Units 1, 2 and 3 (point sources only). Figure 2-62 to Figure 2-71 show the isopleths of
predicted concentrations of the foregoing air pollutants (SO2, NO2, TSP, and CO).

TABLE 2-43. HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1
(NORMAL OPERATING CONDITION)
Highest Predicted 3
Pollutant Averaging Period 3 NAAQG (µg/Nm )
Conc. (µg/m )
th
SO2 24-hr (98 percentile) 19.5 180
SO2 Annual 3.0 80
th
NO2 24-hr (98 percentile) 10.3 150
NO2 Annual 1.5 -
th
TSP 24-hr (98 percentile 1.0 230
TSP Annual 0.16 90
3
CO 1-hour 4.5 35 mg/Nm
3
CO 8-hour 4.3 10 mg/Nm

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TABLE 2-44. HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1
AND THE PROPOSED UNITS 2 AND 3 CEMENT AND POWER PLANTS (NORMAL OPERATING
CONDITION)
Highest Predicted
Pollutant Averaging Period NAAQG (µg/Nm3)
Conc. (µg/m3)
SO2 24-hr (98th percentile) 55.6 180
SO2 Annual 8.9 80
NO2 24-hr (98th percentile) 28.3 150
NO2 Annual 4.3 -
TSP 24-hr (98th percentile 2.8 230
TSP Annual 0.45 90
CO 1-hour 10.6 35 mg/Nm3
CO 8-hour 12.6 10 mg/Nm3

Predicted concentrations of SO2, NO2, TSP and CO with Unit 1 in operation were all within the
ambient guideline values set for these air pollutants (Table 2-43). The highest predicted
concentrations of SO2, NO2 and TSP at 98th percentile was located about 4.3 km southeast of the
project site. Highest concentrations likely occurred at this area because it is downwind of the
resultant wind flows and that the area is on complex terrain or at elevated areas about 200 m above
mean sea level (amsl). For CO, the predicted highest 1-hour average concentration (98th percentile)
is located about 750 m south-southeast of the project site.

Assuming all units were operational (Units 1, 2, and 3), there were expected increase of predicted
concentrations due to the contribution of emissions from proposed Units 2 and 3. However, the
predicted concentrations (24-hour at 98th percentile and annual average) were still within the
ambient guideline values set for SO2, NO2, TSP, and CO (Table 2-44). The highest predicted
concentrations of SO2, NO2 and TSP were also located about 4.3 to 4.4 km southeast of the project
site.

Upset Operating Conditions:

As presented in Table 2-38 simulations assuming upset operating conditions were also conducted to
determine levels of air pollutants without pollution control. With Unit 1 in operation assuming upset
condition, very high concentration at 244.3 µg/m3 exceeding ambient guideline value for TSP set at
230 µg/m3 were predicted over complex terrain (about 200 m amsl) about 4 km southwest of the
project (Figure 2-72). This assumed that the particulate pollution facility was not operational, though
it should be noted that stack emissions concentrations greater than the NESSAP values (or in this
case greater than 150 mg/Nm3) are not allowed or prohibited under the PCAA and its IRR.

Simulations were no longer performed for combined operation of Units 1, 2, 3 under upset
operating conditions as predicted concentrations from Unit 1 already exceeded ambient guideline
value set for TSP.

Simulations were also performed for dispersion of SO2 under upset operating conditions, and results
showed highest predicted concentrations of 67.7 µg/m3 with Units 1, 2, and 3 in simultaneous
operation (Figure 2-73). The results were likely within the ambient guideline value set for SO2 as the
maximum SOX removal efficiency was assumed only at 21%. Stack emission concentrations of SO2

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for the boiler stacks was 650 mg/Nm3, which is slightly lower than the NESSAP for SOX set at 700
mg/Nm3. Stack concentrations of SO2 higher than 700 mg/Nm3, however, already exceeded the
NESSAP values and are not allowed to be emitted pursuant to the PCAA and its IRR.

2.3.2.1.3.2 PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP (24-HOUR AT 98 TH PERCENTILE AND

ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS) FROM POINT AND VOLUME SOURCES

Simulations for dispersed particulates from point (stacks) and non-point sources (process fugitive
emissions) were also performed for TSP, as presented in Table 2-38. Predicted TSP concentrations
(24-hour average at 98th percentile values) without controls exceeded ambient guideline values set
for TSP (please refer Table 2-45).

Predicted concentrations as high as 1964.2 µg/m3 were simulated for Unit 1 with uncontrolled
emissions (Figure 2-74). Highest predicted concentration was found at one of the Cartesian plant
boundary receptors nearest the crusher site east of the project site.

With Units 1, 2 and 3 in operation without emission controls, the isopleths of predicted
concentrations or extent or air pollutant was relatively larger than those of Unit 1, and that the area
covered by isopleths of 230 µg/m3 increased in size as depicted in the shaded area north and
northeast of the project boundaries adjacent the project site (please refer Figure 2-76).

With provisions of emission controls for particulates, the predicted concentrations of TSP were all
within the ambient guideline values set for TSP. Figure 2-75 and Figure 2-77 show the plots of
predicted concentrations with emission control arising from operation of Unit 1 and Units 1, 2 and 3,
respectively.

TABLE 2-45. HIGHEST PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS FROM POINT AND VOLUME SOURCES
Highest Predicted Conc.
(µg/m3) NAAQG
Pollutant Averaging Period
Without With (µg/Nm3)
control Control
24-hr (98th
Unit 1 (Cement and Power Plant) 1964.2 98.0 230
percentile)
Unit 1 (Cement and Power Plant) Annual 493.4 24.7 90
th
24-hr (98
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 3 1968.3 98.4 230
percentile)
Unit 1 and proposed Units 2 and 3 Annual 503.5 25.4 90

2.3.2.1.3.3 PREDICTED ONE-HOUR AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS

Although the PCAA and its IRR require demonstration of compliance of proposed projects with the
ambient guideline values (NAAQG) through air dispersion modelling, Section 1 (NAAQS) of Rule XXVI
of DAO 2000-81 (IRR of of the PCAA) requires that actual monitoring to determine compliance with
the NAAQS shall be done at location of highest expected concentration (please refer Plate 2-7).
Averaging periods of the NAAQG differ than those of the NAAQS, the latter with averaging periods of
one-hour, 30-minutes, and other averaging times depending on the air pollutants.

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Locations of air sampling stations to determine compliance with the NAAQS shall be determined by
air dispersion modelling or the EMB’s manual on air monitoring, which specifies that sampling shall
be conducted either at the property line or at downwind distance of 5 to 20 times the stack height,
whichevever is more stringent. Note that provision of 5 to 20 times the stack height is applicable for
facilities whose significant emissions are mainly from stacks. Further, location of highest expected
concentration are those located downwind of the source emission air pollutants.

PLATE 2-7. SECTION 1, RULE XXVI OF DAO 2000-81 (IRR OF THE PCAA)

For one-hour average concentrations of air pollutants (e.g., SO2 and PM) with Unit 1 in operation
(assuming meteorological data on January 16, 2014 with winds generally from the North-East
quadrant), the location of the highest predicted concentrations was about 1 km south-southeast of
boiler stack of Unit 1 when wind blows from north-northwest (Figure 2-78). With winds blowing
from the southwest (assuming meteorological data on August 1, 2014), the highest predicted
concentration was about 680 m northeast of the boiler stack of Unit 1 (Figure 2-79).

Simultaneous operations of Units 1, 2, and 3 with same assumed meteorological data on January 16,
2014 showed highest predicted concentration about 1880 m south-southwest of the boiler stack of
Unit 1 (Figure 2-80). With assumed meteorological data on August 1, when wind blows generally
from the southwest, the location of the highest predicted concentrations was the same as that with
Unit 1 (Figure 2-81).

The locations of the highest predicted concentrations for TSP may be closer to the project site than
the gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2) because fugitive emissions from the project mainly come from
non-point sources.

Thus, locations of the highest predicted one-hour average concentrations of air pollutants depend
on the prevailing wind flows and atmospheric conditions (i.e., stability) and the number of units in
operation, and that for cement plant wherein fugitive emissions from non-point sources are the
most significant air emissions, the highest concentrations of TSP are likely located adjacent or within
the immediate vicinities of the project.

The proposed locations of the air monitoring stations based on the above-cited conditions are
presented in the EMMoP.

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a) Predicted Plus Background Noise Levels

As shown in Table 2-39, background levels of air pollutants in the area were relatively low as there
was no existing significant emitters at the time of monitoring, such as power plants and industrial
facilities. Although the locations of the highest predicted concentrations of gaseous air pollutants
and suspended particulates (please refer Table 2-43, Table 2-44 and Table 2-45) arising from
operation of the cement and plants differ than those of the air stations, adding the background
(converted to 24-hour average by factor of 0.4) plus predicted concentrations will yield total
concentrations lower than ambient guideline values. Provided, that pollution control
facilities/equipment are installed and that maintenance of these equipment (i.e., change of bag
filters) are regularly conducted to ensure compliance with air quality regulations.

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FIGURE 2-62. PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF SO2 (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1

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FIGURE 2-63. PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF NO2 (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1

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FIGURE 2-64. PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1

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FIGURE 2-65. PREDICTED CONCENTRATIONS OF CO (1-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1

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FIGURE 2-66. PREDICTED LEVELS OF SO2 (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3

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FIGURE 2-67. PREDICTED LEVELS OF NO2 (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3

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FIGURE 2-68. PREDICTED LEVELS OF TSP (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3

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FIGURE 2-69. PREDICTED LEVELS OF CO (24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3

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FIGURE 2-70. PREDICTED ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SO2 ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1

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FIGURE 2-71. PREDICTED ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF SO2 ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3

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FIGURE 2-72. PREDICTED 24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE CONCENTRATIONS FOR TSP ASSUMING UPSET OPERATING CONDITION

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FIGURE 2-73. PREDICTED 24-HOUR AVERAGE AT 98TH PERCENTILE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SO2 ASSUMING UPSET OPERATING CONDITION

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FIGURE 2-74. PREDICTED 24-HOUR CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP AT 98TH PERCENTILE (UNCONTROLLED) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1 (POINT
AND VOLUME SOURCES)

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FIGURE 2-75. PREDICTED 24-HOUR CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP AT 98TH PERCENTILE (CONTROLLED) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNIT 1 (POINT AND
VOLUME SOURCES)

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FIGURE 2-76. PREDICTED 24-HOUR CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP AT 98TH PERCENTILE (UNCONTROLLED) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2 AND 3
(POINT AND VOLUME SOURCES)

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FIGURE 2-77. PREDICTED 24-HOUR CONCENTRATIONS OF TSP AT 98TH PERCENTILE (CONTROLLED) ARISING FROM THE OPERATION OF UNITS 1, 2, AND 3
(POINT AND VOLUME SOURCES)

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FIGURE 2-78. PREDICTED 1-HOUR AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (UNIT 1) WITH NORTHERLY WINDS

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FIGURE 2-79. PREDICTED 1-HOUR AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (UNIT 1) WITH SOUTHWESTERLY WINDS

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FIGURE 2-80. PREDICTED 1-HOUR AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (UNITS 1, 2, AND 3) WITH NORTHERLY WINDS

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FIGURE 2-81. PREDICTED 1-HOUR AVERAGE SO2 CONCENTRATIONS (UNIT 1, 2, AND 3) WITH SOUTHWESTERLY WINDS

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2.3.2.1.3.4 PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES

Cement plants with no appropriate dust controls are known to emit excessive fugitive emissions or
dust. This is one of the reasons why residences or households residing adjacent or in the vicinities of
proposed cement plants tend to object the development of cement plants in their area. To ensure
that the background air quality in the area will remain the same as possible during project operation,
and avoid complaints from nearby residents and ensure compliance with the ambient standards,
mitigation measures should be included in the project design to minimize or lessen release of
process and non-process related dust emissions.

Mitigation measures should be implemented during construction and operation phases of the
project, including project abandonment.

1) Construction Phase

Project construction will increase background levels of particulate and gaseous air pollutants,
particularly suspended particulates (TSP and PM10). Increase in suspended particulates occur during
land clearing, bulldozing and grading of the construction site and access roads, hauling of materials,
wind erosion of stockpiles and open area during dry and windy conditions, and from other
construction activities.

Contractors should be required to prepare dust control plans in conjunction with the Environmental
Monitoring Plan (EMP) of this EPRMP as guides in the preparation of the plan. This plan should be
submitted to the Environmental Officer of the Project for approval prior to start of the contractor’s
activity and should be regularly monitored for compliance.

Mitigation measures should include the following per type of activity.

a. General dust emissions from project - provision of buffer strips of trees or other types of
vegetation along the boundaries of the project area. The buffer strips of trees and other
vegetations should be dense and tall enough to act as dust buffers. It could also minimize
aesthetic effect of the project as viewed from the public outside the project area.
b. Bulldozing – wet suppression or water spraying and installation of temporary wind barriers,
particularly during high wind conditions in dry months,
c. Grading – wet suppression or water spraying over exposed areas, and phasing with the
hauling activities to reduce cumulative increase of fugitive dusts,
d. Hauling of construction materials and spoils – wet suppression or water spraying, strict
implementation of speed limits, provision of covers for trucks hauling spoils and other
materials, provision of wheel washing facilities for trucks leaving the project site during wet
or rainy months, and consider re-routing of vehicles away from households, particularly
during very dry weather condition when water spraying may not be that effective,
e. Materials handling and processing – water spraying over exposed areas and installation of
temporary barriers to reduce wind speeds,
f. Batching plant operation - provision of baghouse filters, water spraying over exposed areas
and installation of temporary barriers to reduce wind speeds,

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g. Wind erosion of stockpiles and other exposed areas – water spraying over exposed areas
and installation of temporary barriers to reduce wind speeds or provision of covers over
stockpiles, avoid opening or clearing of new areas during early stage of construction

Other mitigation measures will include stabilization of slopes and opened ground surfaces, and limit
opening of areas as possible.

2) Operations Phase

Mitigation measures to control gaseous and particulate pollutants during operation of the cement
and power plant are presented below. Note that mitigation controls for cement plants were
generally based on measures provided by CPCB (2012) and the DHHS (2012).

i. Boiler emissions
 Use of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler which is known to emit lower NOX and SOX
due to low temperature combustion and use of limestone bed material, respectively.
Continuous monitoring systems shall be installed to ensure compliance with emission
standards.
 Provision of a dust control facility (i.e., ESP) to control particulate stack concentrations
within NESSAP values;
 Provision of a smokestack with height of 120 m above ground level. This relatively
higher stack reduces possibility of building downwash wherein dispersed plumes or
pollutants from lower stacks tend to be forced at the surface or ground resulting to
very high pollutant concentrations.
ii. Kiln emissions
 Installation of pollution control facility (e.g., ESP)
 Provision of a smokestack with height of 110 m above ground level. This relatively
higher stack reduces possibility of building downwash wherein dispersed plumes or
pollutants from lower stacks tend to be forced at the surface or ground resulting to
very high pollutant concentrations
 Provision of CEMS to monitor compliance with emission standards
iii. Stand-by generators
 Provision of a vertical stack without caps to enhance dispersion of air pollutants
 Diesel fuel to be used will have low sulfur content and consequently emissions
compliant with SOX emission standards
 Diesel engines have inherent high NOX emissions due to high temperature combustion.
though stack emissions are generally within emission standard of 2000 mg/Nm 3.
Emissions monitoring to be done regularly to check compliance with the standard.
 Regular maintenance of the diesel engines (i.e., change oil and filter change) to reduce
particulate and carbon emissions
iv. Crushers, screening areas and other unloading areas
 Installation of cyclone dust collectors and/or baghouse filters
 Total enclosure of crusher areas with unloading sides to be provided with flexible
curtain-type material covering the whole area of the unloading sides
 Provision of dust suppression system (water spraying) prior to and during unloading

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v. Materials handling
 Installation of cyclone dust collectors and/or baghouse filters
 Unloading sides to be provided with flexible curtain-type material covering the whole
area of the unloading sides.
 Provision of dust suppression system (water spraying) prior to and during unloading for
materials handling
 Regular removal of spillage
vi. Transfer points and conveyors
 Enclosure of belt conveyors
 Total enclosure of transfer points with open sides to be provided with flexible curtain-
type materials
 Provision of dust collectors and/or baghouse filters at each transfer points
 Regular removal of spillage
vii. Storage for clinkers, coal, limestone, and other raw materials
 Provision of silos for storage of clinkers.
 Storage areas to be covered with roofings and enclosed at all sides. Openings will be
provided with overlapping flaps, sliding doors, flexible rubber curtains or other
equivalent materials or devices to ensure that the storage area is always closed.
 In case clinkers or other raw materials will be temporarily stored outside silos or
storage sheds during emergency cases, any of the following measures will be
undertaken:
 Provision of three-sided barrier (i.e., wind barriers equal to the height of the
material being stored);
 Use of water sprays or misting system, or equivalent dust suppression system;
 Use of tarpaulins or covers; and
 Other equivalent dust suppression measures, such as use of chemical stabilizers
 Installation of dust collectors or baghouse filters at certain areas within the storage
sheds where loading of materials takes place
 Provision of partial enclosure at retrieval areas or sides
 Dry fly ash will be stored in silos
 Silo vents to be provided with bag filters or other equivalent dust filters
viii. Cement packing section
 Provision of dust extraction equipment (i.e. baghouse filters) at packing machines and
at recycling screen areas.
 Regular removal of cement spillage at floors using vacuum sweeping machines.
 Provision of rubber curtains or other equivalent materials or devices to ensure that the
storage area should be closed all the time, as possible
 Provision of bag and belt cleaner device from loading stations to stacking and
palletizing areas.
ix. Paved and unpaved roads
 Regular wet suppression or water spraying during dry weather condition
 Regular sweeping of roads to remove dust source
 Reduction of wind speeds by installing temporary wind barriers along haul roads during
high wind conditions along

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 Grading to be phase in with hauling activities to reduce cumulative increase of fugitive

dusts Phasing with hauling
 Strict implementation of speed limits
 Provide trucks with appropriate cover, such as solid sliding cover on top of trucks,
tarp that completely covers that whole transported material
 Provide wheel washing facilities for vehicles leaving the quarry and project site. The
wheel washing facility should be used to remove muds at the tires of trucks and
heavy equipment,
 In case of very dry weather condition where wetting of dry surfaces would be
effective for short duration, consider re-routing of vehicles away from area sensitive
receptors (households or residences)
 Regular maintenance of trucks to reduce or maintain tailpipe emissions
x. Other sources
 Provision of clothes cleaning facilities for coveralls of workers
 Immediate cleaning of maintenance equipment and work areas by washing or use of
vacuum cleaners before and during maintenance works.
 Provision of dust collectors, filters or other dust control measures at loading spouts of
vehicles use for bulk loading
 Use of dust suppression hoppers during bulk loading of materials

2.3.2.2 INCREASE IN AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL

2.3.2.2.1 SCOPE

This section deals on the a) characterization of ambient noise levels using DENR standard methods
and procedures for sampling and measurement, and b) environmental performance of the project in
terms of measured or background noise levels and the expected noise levels from the project during
construction and operation.

2.3.2.2.2 METHODOLOGY

Ambient Noise Standards

Table 2-46 shows the ambient noise standards in the Philippines, as provided in the National
Pollution Control Commission (NPCC) in 1978. In 1980, NPCC issued Memorandum Circular No. 2,
Series of 1980 (NPCC 1980), which amended Sections 75 to 78 in Article 1 (Noise Control Regulation)
of the NPCC (1978) rules and regulations, by inclusion of corrector factors on areas directly facing
roads.

TABLE 2-46. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NOISE IN GENERAL AREAS (NPCC 1980)
Maximum Allowable Noise (dBA) by time periods
Morning/Evening
Category Daytime Nighttime
(5:00 A.M. to 9:00 AM/
(9:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M). (10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M).
6:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.
AA 50 45 40
A 55 50 45

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Maximum Allowable Noise (dBA) by time periods

Morning/Evening
Category Daytime Nighttime
(5:00 A.M. to 9:00 AM/
(9:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M). (10:00 P.M. to 5:00 A.M).
6:00 P.M. to 10:00 P.M.
B 65 60 55
C 70 65 60
D 75 70 65
 Class AA- a section of contiguous area which requires quietness, such as areas within 100 meters from school site,
nursery schools, hospitals and special house for the aged
 Class A - a section of contiguous area which is primarily used for residential area
 Class B - a section of contiguous area which is primarily a commercial area
 Class C - a section of contiguous area reserved as light industrial area
 Class D – a section of contiguous area reserved for heavy industrial area

Monitoring of Noise Levels

Background noise level was measured only at the project site in May 2015. A sound level meter
(SLM) was used to measure noise levels at the area.

In October 2017, background noise levels were also measured at the ambient air sampling stations
using a sound level meter. Results of background noise monitoring are presented in the next
section.

Predicted Noise Levels

Noise data used in the EIS for the initial design unit were used to determine the attenuated noise
levels of the project during implementation stage. This study, however, utilized the Roadway Noise
Construction Model (RCNM) developed by U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in predicting
the attenuated noise levels from construction equipment.

The RCNM was used to determine the emanated noise levels at selected residential areas in the
vicinities of the project site. RCNM is intended as a screening tool to predict noise levels during
construction of a proposed project, which enables proponents or contractors to plan on mitigation
measures to lessen noise levels at noise sensitive receptors (NSRs).

In RCNM, the attenuated noise levels from combined operation of construction equipment is
computed using the formula,

𝐷
𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 20𝑙𝑜𝑔 (50)- shielding

where,

 Selected_Lmax = “Spec” or “Actual” maximum A-weighted sound level at 50 ft (in

dBA)
 D = distance between the equipment and the receptor, in feet, and
 Shielding = insertion loss of any barriers or mitigation, in dBA

The equivalent noise level (Leq) is computed as,

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𝑈. 𝐹. %
𝐿10 = 𝐿𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐶𝑎𝑙𝐶 + 10log ( )
100

where,

 U.F.% is the time-averaging equipment usage factor, in %, and

 L10 = Leq + 3 dBA adjustment factor

2.3.2.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE/EXISTING CONDITION

Available ambient noise data are limited only to measured noise levels in May 2015 and October
2015. In May 2015, background noise level of 59 dBA was measured at the project site. Details of
noise monitoring, such as time of sampling and sources of noise at the time of sampling, however,
were not provided.

During daytime on October 23-24, 2017, background noise levels at seven (7) locations ranged from
49 to 70 dBA. At all monitoring stations, sources of noise at the time of monitoring were from
passing vehicles (motorcycles and four-wheels), except at Station ASR7A wherein sounds from
animals and winds were the sources of noise.

In comparison with the daytime noise standards set for residential areas, background noise levels at
all stations monitored appeared to be within noise limit of 55 dBA plus correction factor of 5 dBA (or
total of 60 dBA) for areas directly facing two-lane roads.

TABLE 2-47. ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS FOR NOISE IN GENERAL AREAS (NPCC 1980)
Station Time of Noise Level
Location Date Sources of Noise
ID Sampling (dBA)
Power saw 300 m
Residential area, Brgy. October 23, 12:30 PM -
ASR1 57.0 away and passing
Sacsac, Pinamungajan 2017 1:30 P.M.
vehicles.
Brgy Sacsac,
Pinamungajan October 23, 1:50 P.M –
ASR2A 57.0 Passing motorcycles
(southwest of project 2017 2:50 P.M
site)
Residential area, Brgy. October 23, 10:00 A.M. – Passing motorcycles
ASR3 49.0
Sacsac, Pinamungajan 2017 11:00 A.M. and children playing
Church of the Latter Day Passing vehicles
October 24, 3:10 P.M.-
ASR4 Saint, Brgy. Sacsac, 51.0 (motorcycles and 4-
2017 4:10 P.M.
Pinamungajan wheel vehicles)
Residential area, Brgy.
October 23, 4:30 P.M.- Passing motorcycles
ASR5 Mangoto, 56.0
2017 5:30 P.M. and 4-wheel vehicles
Pinamungajan
Residential area, Brgy.
October 24, 1:05 P.M.-
ASR6 Poblacion, 58.0 Passing motorcycle
2017 2:05 P.M
Pinamungajan
Brgy. Sacsac,
Pinamungajan October 24, 11:15 A.M.- Sounds from winds
ASR7A 49
(northeast of project 2017 12:15 P.M. and animals
site)

2.3.2.2.4 KEY IMPACT ASSESSMENT

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As presented in the EIS for the initial design unit (CPC, 2015), the generic sources of noise from
construction works would include motor operations, exhaust gas emissions from equipment
silencers, pneumatic and mechanical operations of tools, material transfers and structure assembly
works. Constructions works would entail emission of noise of various levels depending on the
equipment in operation and type of activity to which workers and adjacent populated areas are
exposed temporarily.

Suter (2002) compiled and reported various results of studies on construction noise as presented in
Table 16. Bulldozers, pavers, front-end loaders, and jackhammers are sources of high noise levels
during construction. They expose workers at 90-104 dBA noise levels measured as either 8-hour
time weighted average (TWA) levels or median 1-minute levels. Building construction would also
expose workers to 90-100 dBA noise. Short, but very loud noise would come from crane operation,
masonry works, steel works and carpentry works. Tool drive types include pneumatic, gasoline,
mechanical or electric.

As precaution, contractor’s environmental performance shall form part of the basis for evaluating
their period of engagement in the project.

Generic sources of noise during operation would mainly come from the boiler, turbine, condenser
and other plant auxiliaries, including those of the cement plants. The power plant operation noise
emission ranged from 93-113 dBA within the project perimeter.

TABLE 2-48. AVERAGE NOISE EXPOSURE LEVELS (DAILY LEQ) BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
A A
Type of Construction Number of Samples Average (dBA) Range (dBA)
Residential 7 93 87-96
Roads/bridges 16 93 84-100
B
Shop work 26 95 85-104
Maintenance 2 95 91-97
C
ICI 23 96 81-108
Sewer/water 17 99 85-108
D
Plant work 6 101 87-106
Power station 6 108 93-113
Total 103 99 81-113
A B C
Rounded to the nearest integer, Shopwork = work in a contractor’s fabrication shop. ICI = industrial,
D
commercial, or institutional. Plant work = work in a construction contractor’s plant

TABLE 2-49. AVERAGE NOISE EXPOSURE LEVELS (DAILY LEQ) BY TRADE, ACTIVITY, OR EQUIPMENT
Type of Construction Average (dBA) Range (dBA) Number of Samples
Dozer 102 85-108 6
Paver 90 84-92 6
Frond-end loader 90 97-92 2
Scraper 90 88-91 5
Roller 98 93-100 2
Heavy equipment 90 86-94 4
Gravel plant 102 88-106 4
Crane 99 95-102 3
Install rebar 89 88-90 2
Carpenter 90 82-94 3
Mason 91 84-97 14

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TABLE 2-50. AVERAGE DAILY NOISE EXPOSURE LEVELS (8-HOUR TWA) OF HEAVY EQUIPMENT
OPERATORS AND ASSOCIATED LABORERS (IN DBA)
Operator or Task Mean TWA SD Range
Heavy duty bulldozer 99 5 91-107
Crawler crane> 35 tons non-insulated cab 97 2 93-101
Vibrating road roller 97 4 91-104
Light-duty bulldozer 96 2 93-101
Asphalt road roller 95 4 85-103
Wheel loader 84 4 87-100
Crawler crane <35 ton non-insulated cab, insulated cab 94, 84 3,3 90-98,80-89
Asphalt spreader 91 3 87-97
Laborers 90 6 78-107
Light-duty grader 89 1 88-91
Power shovel 88 3 80-93
Rubber tired crane > 35 tone non-insulated, cab insulated 84, 74 5,9 78-90,59-87
Rubber tired crane, < 35 ton, insulated cab 81 4 77-87
Truck-mounted crane 79 2 76-83
Tower crane 74 2 70-76

TABLE 2-51. MEDIAN OF 1-MINUTE SOUND LEVELS IN LEQ BY EQUIPMENT/TOOL

Tool Name Tool Drive Type Minutes Median (dBA) SD (dBA) Range (dBA)
Jackhammer Pneumatic 267 104 11.4 70-112
Chipping gun Pneumatic 1151 93 13.1 70-120
Air compressor Pneumatic 255 96 11.2 70-114
Bulldozer Gasoline 494 89 8.2 70-104
Lejeune gun pneumatic 390 89 8.4 70-120
Backhoe Gasoline 1908 86 6.0 70-108
Forklift Gasoline 3727 85 5.8 62-125
Hand hammer Mechanical 4443 85 8.0 56-110
Welding torch Other 1923 84 8.9 70-118
Chopsaw Electric 631 80 8.6 70-106
Crane Electric 3059 78 7.7 70-110
Truck Gasoline 970 78 8.0 70-103

Noise Levels During Construction

Plate 2-8 shows the list of selected equipment to be used during construction and corresponding
noise levels at 50 ft (or 15.2 m) either as specified maximum (SpecLmax) or actual measured
maximum value, including assumed distances of each equipment to the nearest receptor.

Results of simulation using RCNM assuming no noise control show that predicted L10 and Leq at the
nearest receptor were 68.5 and 65.5 dBA, respectively, as shown in Plate 2-9 and Plate 2-10. These
predicted noise levels are higher than the background noise levels shown in Table 2-47 and daytime
noise standards set for residential areas set at 55 dBA.

At some areas (monitoring stations) with background noise levels ranging from 57 to 58 dBA, the
increased in noise levels could be moderate, however, at Station ASR3 and ASR7A, the increased in
noise levels would be significant to severe. Table 2-52 shows the effect of the increase of noise
levels. In all areas in the vicinities of the project during nighttime, the effect of noise levels could be

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significant to severe assuming the simultaneous operation of selected equipment during this period.
With noise control measures, such as provision of enclosed or semi-enclosures or use of barriers,
reduction of noise levels could be between 5 to 10 Dba (Source: RCNM User’s Manual), which is
significant assuming this will be applied to all or most noise sources.

Hence, mitigation measures to reduce noise at the source and to limit use of high noise emitting
equipment at nighttime should be implemented during construction period. Mitigation measures
should include the following:
a) Designate contractor’s area, spoils disposal area, and other temporary facilities (workers
area) at considerable distance from residential areas;
b) Strictly impose speed limits at access roads, particularly at access roads near residential or
household areas;
c) Require all heavy equipment and other equipment using internal combustion engines (e.g.,
generator sets) to install effective mufflers. Significant noise is emitted due to intake and
exhaust of the internal combustion engine, which could be effectively reduce using mufflers;
d) Limit use of equipment at nighttime at areas close to households, especially those
equipment that emits high noise levels; and
e) If necessary, enclose high noise emitting equipment with temporary barriers and sound
absorbing materials when the need arises

PLATE 2-8. SCREENSHOT OF INPUT DATA IN RCNM

TABLE 2-52. NOISE LEVEL INCREASES AND CORRESPONDING IMPACT CATEGORIES (SOURCE:
WILSON, 1986)
Category Increase (dBA) Effect
I <5 None to Minor
II 5 to 10 Moderate
III > 10 Significant to Severe

Noise Levels During Operation

The commissioning and operation of the project will involve the continuous operation of boilers,
kilns, turbines, preheaters, cooling towers, and other equipment, including operation of haul trucks
for transport of raw materials. Sound power level data at various frequencies (i.e., at frequencies

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500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz) and design elevation of the power plant and noise sources are necessary
to accurately determine the attenuated sound levels. There is no available sound power noise data,
however, as input data to noise models developed in accordance with ISO 9613 (Attenuation of
Sound During Propagation Outdoors), such as the SPM9613 Noise Model.

Cement and coal-fired power projects, however, are not high noise emitters as compared to power
plants using gas turbine generators (GTGs) and diesel engines. To reduce noise levels to within
ambient noise standards set for residential areas, noise control measures shall be included in the
project design. This would include the following,
 Consider locating plant facilities emanating high noise levels (e.g., turbines, crushers, raw
mills) at considerable distances from households;
 Use of noise enclosures around high emanating noise source (e.g., turbine building),
cladding around ducting/exhaust to significantly reduce noise at the source, and use of
baffles/silencers at exhaust ducts/stack;
 Provide noise barrier to reduce noise emanating between the source and the receptors, if
necessary. Noise barriers are usually constructed along project boundaries and between the
power plants and the nearest noise receptors;
 Impose speed limits for haul truck and other vehicles passing along access roads near
residential areas, and
 Conduct extensive noise monitoring during commissioning to check compliance with the
NPCC noise standards, and to implement noise mitigation measures should noise readings
exceeded said noise standards.

PLATE 2-9. PREDICTED NOISE LEVELS (L10) AT THE NEAREST RECEPTOR ARISING FROM
OPERATION OF SELECTED EQUIPMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION

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PLATE 2-10. PREDICTED NOISE LEVELS (LEQ) AT THE NEAREST RECEPTOR ARISING FROM
OPERATION OF SELECTED EQUIPMENT DURING CONSTRUCTION

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2.4 PEOPLE

2.4.1 METHODOLOGY

The following methods were used to identify and assess the socio-economic baseline data as well as
the potential impacts of the Project, particularly on the Socio-economic aspects:

1. Site Visit/Ocular Inspection/Area Reconnaissance/Preliminary Survey

2. Secondary Data Gathering
3. Public Scoping
4. Random Sample Interviews and Perception Survey

A perception survey questionnaire was filled up in behalf of the interviewees by an interviewer

and/or served as a guide questionnaire in the KII, Random Sample Interviews and FGDs.

2.4.1.1 SITE VISIT/OCULAR INSPECTION/ AREA RECONNAISSANCE/PRELIMINARY SURVEY

During the reconnaissance survey, the general condition of the impact areas and communities in the
CPC Project Site were observed and noted. In this method, one can generalize the socio-economic
and demographic conditions of the covered areas and communities. Brief random interviews of the
residents within the area were also conducted to research on the general situation of the area and
the communities and help determine the perception of the respondents towards the project.

2.4.1.2 SECONDARY DATA GATHERING

Data and information were procured from pertinent documents from respective government
institutions such as from the provincial municipal LGU of Pinamungajan, and Barangay LGU of
Barangay Sacsac as well as online sources for background information. All sources of such
information were exhausted in this report. Other than online sources. Due to limited available
document sources, the preparers compensated for the data gaps by presenting in this study the
demographics of the respondents of the perception survey held, as well as first hand observations of
the researchers.

All secondary data from concerned local government units and other relevant agencies were
exhausted to scribe the socio-economic condition of the impact communities. These include the
following:

 Barangay Profile;
 Municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP);
 Municipal Health and Social Welfare Profiles; and
 National Statistics Office and National Statistical Coordination Board Data.

2.4.1.3 PUBLIC SCOPING

The public scoping was conducted at Brgy. Sacsac Covered Court last August 24, 2017. The activity
was attended by the representatives from Brgy. Sacsac Farmers’ Association, Brgy. Sacsac Women’s

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Association, Brgy. Tutay Women’s Association, Sacsac Elementary School, Brgy. Sacsac Health
Workers, Brgy. Sacsac Council Brgy. Tutay Council, Brgy. Sacsac and Brgy. Tutay, and the Municipality
of Pinamungajan.

FIGURE 2-82. CPC PUBLIC SCOPING ACTIVITY

2.4.1.4 RANDOM SAMPLE INTERVIEWS AND PERCEPTION SURVEY

Random Interviews and Perception Survey were held in the direct impact barangay of Sacsac,
ensuring that different sectors in their communities are well-represented. A Perception Survey
Questionnaire served as a guide during the discussion, and with the contents not only focusing on
the issues of the community and with regards to the project, but also the demographic data of the
respondents.

FIGURE 2-83. RANDOM SAMPLE INTERVIEWS WITH RESIDENTS OF BRGY. SACSAC

2.4.2 SECONDARY DATA

2.4.2.1 PROVINCIAL DATA: CEBU

2.4.2.1.1 BRIEF PROFILE OF IMPACT AREAS

The name "Cebu" came from the old Cebuano word sibu or sibo ("trade"), a shortened form
of sinibuayng hingpit ("the place for trading"). It was originally applied to the harbors of the town of
Sugbu, the ancient name for Cebu City.[5] Alternate renditions of the name by traders between the
13th to 16th centuries include Sebu, Sibuy, Zubu, or Zebu, among others. Sugbu, in turn, was derived
from the Old Cebuano term for "scorched earth" or "great fire".

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The Rajahnate of Cebu was a defunct native kingdom which existed in Cebu prior to the arrival of the
Spaniards. It was founded by Sri Lumay otherwise known as Rajamuda Lumaya, a half-Malay, half-
Tamil prince of the Chola dynasty who invaded Sumatra in Indonesia. He was sent by the Maharajah
to establish a base for expeditionary forces to subdue the local kingdoms, but he rebelled and
established his own independent Rajahnate instead.

The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 established a period of Spanish
exploration and colonization.

Losing favor for his plan of reaching the Spice Islands from king Manuel I of Portugal, by sailing west
from Europe, Magellan offered his services to king Charles I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman
Emperor). On 20 September 1519, Magellan led five ships with a crew of 250 people from the
Spanish fort of Sanlúcar de Barrameda en route to southeast Asia via the Americas and Pacific
Ocean. They reached the Philippines on 16 March 1521. Rajah Kolambu the king of Mazaua told
them to sail for Cebu, where they could trade and have provisions.

Arriving in Cebu City, Magellan, with Enrique of Malacca as translator, befriended Rajah
Humabon the Rajah or King of Cebu and persuaded the natives of allegiance to Charles I of Spain.
Humabon and his wife were given Christian names and baptized as Carlos and Juana. The Santo Niño
was presented to the native queen of Cebu, as a symbol of peace and friendship between the
Spaniards and the Cebuanos. On 14 April Magellan erected a large wooden cross on the shores of
Cebu. Afterwards, about 700 islanders were baptized.

Magellan soon heard of datu Lapu-Lapu, a native king in nearby Mactan Island, a rival of the Rajahs
of Cebu. It was thought that Humabon and Lapu–Lapu had been fighting for control of the
flourishing trade in the area. On 27 April the Battle of Mactan occurred where the Spaniards were
defeated and Magellan killed by the natives of Mactan in Mactan Island. According
to Italian historian and chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, Magellan's body was never recovered despite
efforts to trade for it with spice and jewels. Magellan's second-in-command, Juan Sebastián
Elcano took his place as captain of the expedition and sailed their fleet back to Spain,
circumnavigating the world.

Survivors of the Magellan expedition brought tales of a savage island in the East Indies with them
when they returned to Spain. Consequently, several Spanish expeditions were sent to the islands but
all ended in failure. In 1564, Spanish explorers led by Miguel López de Legazpi, sailing from Mexico,
arrived in 1565, and established a colony. The Spaniards fought the King, Rajah Tupas, and occupied
his territories. The Spaniards established settlements, trade flourished and renamed the island to
"Villa del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús" (Town of the Most Holy Name of Jesus). Cebu became the first
European settlement established by the Spanish Cortés in the Philippines. In 1595, the Universidad
de San Carlos was established and in 1860, Cebu opened its ports to foreign trade. The first printing
house (Imprenta de Escondrillas y Cia) was established in 1873 and in 1880, the Colegio de la
Inmaculada Concepcion (College of the Immaculate Conception) was established and the first
periodical The Bulletin of Cebu ("El Boletin de Cebú") began publishing in 1886. In 1898, the island
was ceded to the United States after the Spanish–American War and Philippine–American War. In
1901, Cebu was governed by the United States for a brief period, however it became a charter
province on 24 February 1937 and was governed independently by Filipino politicians.

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Cebu, being one of the most densely populated islands in the Philippines, served as a Japanese base
during their occupation in World War II which began with the landing of Japanese soldiers in April
1942. The 3rd, 8th, 82nd and 85th Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army was re-
established from 3 January 1942 to 30 June 1946 and the 8th Infantry Regiment of the Philippine
Constabulary was reestablished again from 28 October 1944 to 30 June 1946 at the military general
headquarters and the military camps and garrisoned in Cebu city and Cebu province. They started
the Anti-Japanese military operations in Cebu from April 1942 to September 1945 and helped
Cebuano guerrillas and fought against the Japanese Imperial forces. Almost three years later in
March 1945, combined Filipino and American forces landed and reoccupied the island during the
liberation of the Philippines. Cebuano guerrilla groups led by an American, James M. Cushing, is
credited for the establishment of the "Koga Papers", which is said to have changed the American
plans to retake the Philippines from Japanese occupation in 1944, by helping the combined United
States and the Philippine Commonwealth Army forces enter Cebu in 1945. The following year the
island achieved independence from colonial rule in 1946.

In February 2012 Cebu island experienced the effects of magnitude 6.7 earthquake on the
neighboring island of Negros and was the largest quake in the area for 90 years. The tremor shook
buildings but there were no reports of major building damage or loss of life on Cebu Island itself.
This tremor was caused by a previously unrecorded fault.

In October 2013, Cebu and Bohol were hit by record-setting 7.2 magnitude earthquake which left
more than 100 dead, and collapsed some buildings, including 5 historical churches. There were over
700 aftershocks.

2.4.2.1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF IMPACT AREAS

2.4.2.1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION AND LAND AREA

Cebu is located to the east of Negros, to the west of Leyte and Bohol islands. The province consists
of Cebu Island, as well as 167 smaller islands, which include Mactan, Bantayan, Malapascua, Olango
and the Camotes Islands. But the highly urbanized cities of Cebu, Lapu-Lapu
and Mandaue are independent cities not under provincial supervision, yet are often grouped with
the province for geographical and statistical purposes.

The province's land area is 4,944 square kilometres (1,909 sq mi), or when the independent cities are
included for geographical purposes, the total area is 5,342 square kilometres (2,063 sq mi).

Cebu's central location, proximity to unusually exotic tourist destination, ready access to a diversity
of plant, animal and geological wonders within the island, and remoteness from earthquake and
typhoon activity are some of the special attributes of Cebu.

Subdivisions

Cebu is subdivided into 6 component cities and 44 municipalities. The cities of Cebu, Lapu-Lapu and
Mandaue are often grouped with the province for geographical and statistical purposes, but
are independent cities that are not under provincial supervision.

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 Alcantara, Cebu  Compostela, Cebu  Pinamungajan

 Alcoy, Cebu  Consolacion, Cebu  Poro, Cebu
 Alegria, Cebu  Cordova, Cebu  Ronda, Cebu
 Aloguinsan, Cebu  Daanbantayan  Samboan, Cebu
 Argao, Cebu  Dalaguete, Cebu  San Fernando, Cebu
 Asturias, Cebu  Dumanjug, Cebu  San Francisco, Cebu
 Badian, Cebu  Ginatilan, Cebu  San Remigio, Cebu
 Balamban  Liloan, Cebu  Santa Fe, Cebu
 Bantayan, Cebu  Madridejos, Cebu  Santander, Cebu
 Barili, Cebu  Malabuyoc, Cebu  Sibonga, Cebu
 Boljoon, Cebu  Medellin, Cebu  Sogod, Cebu
 Borbon, Cebu  Minglanilla, Cebu  Tabogon, Cebu
 Carmen, Cebu  Moalboal, Cebu  Tabuelan, Cebu
 Catmon, Cebu  Oslob, Cebu  Tuburan, Cebu
 Template:Cebu  Pilar, Cebu  Tudela, Cebu

TABLE 2-53. LAND AREA IN CEBU

Indicators Reference Period Cebu
Land Area (in sq. km.) 2015 4,632,359
Percentage to the Region's Land Area 2015 -
Number of Cities as of Aug 2015 9
Number of Highly Urbanized Cities as of Aug 2015 -
Number of Municipalities as of Aug 2015 44
Number of Barangays as of Aug 2015 1,203
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015

2.4.2.1.2.2 POPULATION PROFILE

The population of Cebu Province in 2015 was 2,938,982 people, with a density of 590 inhabitants per
square kilometre or 1,500 inhabitants per square mile. When the independent cities – Cebu City
(922,611), Lapu-Lapu (408,112), and Mandaue (362,654) – are included for geographical purposes,
the total population is 4,632,359 people, with a population density of 870 inhabitants per square
kilometre (2,300/sq mi).

The population of the Central Visayas is predominantly young with about 37 percent of its population
below 10 years old. This is very evident in the very broad base of the population pyramid in the
region which has prevailed since 1970 but at a declining rate. A decline of 2.29 percentage points in
the proportion of household population below 15 years old was noted from 1980 to 1995.
Conversely, an increase of 3.06 percentage points was observed in the 15–64 age group during the
same period. The population of the region is evenly distributed between male and female. However,
the male population in the region has been increasing at a faster rate compared to the female
population.

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In 2010, the median age of the population of the province was 23.0 years, which means that half of
the population was younger than 23.0 years.[2] This is higher than the median age of 20.8 years that
was recorded in 2000.

TABLE 2-54.DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF CEBU, 2014.

DEMOGRAPHY 2010 2007 2000
Marital status (Household population 10 years old and over)
Total 2,010,281 1,837,196 1,747,562
Single 883,545 819,394 776,702
Married 899,969 833,656 882,968
Widowed 88,580 81,118 74,799
Divorced/Separated 18,814 15,557 13,803
Common-Law/Live-in 117,217 80,223 67,574
Unknown/Not Stated 2,156 7,248 11,716
Elderly population (60 years old and over) 2007 2000 1995
Both sexes 177,709 166,503 177,144
Male 79,573 74,442 80,862
Female 98,136 92,061 96,282
Highest educational attainment (Household 2010 2007 20001/
population by 5 years old and over)
Both sexes 2,310,280 2,132,868 2,059,712
No grade completed 93,499 132,171 141,219
Pre-school 78,683 62,085 44,592
Elementary 1,005,216 954,553 1,049,684
1st-4th Grade - 490,921 574,199
5th-6th Grade - 157,158 475,485
Graduate - 306,474 -
High school 742,465 632,855 510,511
Undergraduate - 309,372 304,842
Graduate - 323,483 205,669
Post-secondary 31,195 28,133 49,739
Undergraduate - 6,496 11,394
Graduate - 21,637 38,345
College undergraduate 171,453 126,204 153,803
Academic degree holder 178,460 132,429 62,928
Post-baccalaureate 5,440 2,534 6,719
Not stated 3,869 61,904 40,517
DEMOGRAPHY 2000 1995 1990
Overseas workers (Highest educational attainment 10 years old and over)
Both sexes 25,714 11,430 9,477
No grade completed 462 147 85
Pre-school 58 11 2
Elementary 7,726 1,612 961
1st-4th Grade 3,469 593 356
5th-7th Grade 4,257 1,019 605
High school 5,624 2,248 1,463
Undergraduate 3,126 916 616
Graduate 2,498 1,332 847

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DEMOGRAPHY 2010 2007 2000

Post-secondary 3,630 994 1,260
Undergraduate 528 60 177
Graduate 3,102 934 1,083
College undergraduate 4,276 1,750 1,414
Academic degree holder 3,056 4,485 4,182
Post-baccalaureate 262 62 -
Not stated 620 121 110
Source: PSA, 2014

FIGURE 2-84. POPULATION GROWTH RATE IN CEBU.

Source: PSA, 2015

2.4.2.1.2.3 HOUSEHOLD PROFILE

TABLE 2-55. HOUSEHOLD POPULATION IN CEBU, PSA 2015

Indicator Dec 2013 Nov 2013 Dec 2012
Number of households 565,583 509,334 429,120
Average household size 4.62 4.77 5.01

2.4.2.1.2.4 AGE AND GENDER PROFILE

TABLE 2-56. AGE AND GENDER PROFILE OF CEBU

Indicator 2010 2007 2000
Sex ratio (number of males for every 100 females) 103.5 103.2 101.6
Proportion by age group
0- 4 11.6 12.2 13.0
0 - 14 34.1 36.3 38.4
15 - 64 60.8 58.7 56.8
18 and over 59.4 56.9 55.2
60 and over 7.6 7.3 7.3
65 and over 5.1 5.0 4.8

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2.4.2.1.2.5 HEALTH

TABLE 2-57. HEALTH INDICATORS IN ANTIQUE, 2005-2010.

Indicator 2010-2015 2005-2010 2005-2010
a
Crude birth (per thousand population) 23.56 25.20 26.53
Crude deatha (per thousand population) 5.20 5.43 5.74
Crude rate of natural increase(per thousand population) 18.36 19.77 20.79
Total fertility ratea(number of children per woman) 2.84 3.05 3.27
Life expectancy at birtha(in years; medium assumption)
Male 70.39 69.19 67.99
Female 75.78 74.58 73.38
Source: Vital Statistics Report, PSA

2.4.2.1.2.6 LITERACY AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT PROFILE

TABLE 2-58. LITERACY RATE, ANTIQUE 2000.

EDUCATION
(Sources: 2000 CPH/1994 Functional Literacy and Mass Media 2000 1994 1990
Survey)
Literate (simple literacy in thousands) 1,598 1,338 1,781
Literacy rate (simple literacy) 91.45 93.14 92.52
Source: NSO, 2014

The most prominent of these universities are:

 University of San Carlos  University of Southern Philippines

 University of the Philippines Cebu Foundation
 University of San Jose–Recoletos  Southwestern University
 Cebu Normal University  University of the Visayas
 University of Cebu

2.4.2.1.3 CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE

2.4.2.1.3.1 RELIGION

The majority of its population are Roman Catholic followed by roughly 95% of Cebuanos. There are
also some followers of Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism.

Cebu is the capital of the Catholic faith by virtue of being the first Christian city, the first capital of
the Spanish East Indies, and the birthplace of Christianity and the Philippine Church. Pope John Paul
II, in his Homily for Families in Cebu (19 February 1981), called the island as the birthplace of
Christianity in the Philippines.

The image of Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child of Cebu), the oldest Christian image in the Philippines,
is enshrined and venerated at the Basilica of Santo Niño. According to Philippine historical

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documents, the statue of the Santo Niño (Holy Child) was given to the wife of the Rajah of Cebu by
the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan. The friendship is depicted in Cebu's cultural event,
the Sinulog where street parades and loud drum beats preceded by a Christian Mass is celebrated
every third Sunday of January. Cebu has a Roman Catholic Archdiocese and has several major
churches, including the Basilica Minor del Santo Niño de Cebu, Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral, Santo
Rosario Parish Church, San José–Recoletos Church, Sacred Heart Church, Archdiocesan Shrine of Our
Lady of Lourdes, National Shrine of Our Lady of the Rule, National Shrine of Saint Joseph,
Archdiocesan Shrine of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Cebu, San Nicolas de Tolentino Church and other
Christian churches, as well as several other non-Catholic churches, mosques and temples.

2.4.2.1.3.2 TOURISM

Cebu City is a significant cultural centre in the Philippines. The imprint of Spanish and Roman
Catholic culture is evident. There are also many historically important sights all over the province.

Sinulog Festival is the largest fiesta (festival) in the Philippines. Held every third Sunday of January, it
commemorates the Child Jesus, the Lord and Protector of Cebu. The Sinulog is a dance ritual of pre-
Hispanic indigenous origin. The dancer moves two steps forward and one step backward to the
rhythmic sound of drums. This movement resembles the current (sulog) of what was then known
Cebu's Pahina River. Thus the name Sinulog.

The Sinulog Festival celebration lasts for nine days, culminating on the final day with the Sinulog
Grand Parade. The day before the parade, the Fluvial Procession is held at dawn with a statue of the
Santo Niño carried on a pump boat from Mandaue City to Cebu City, decked with hundreds of
flowers and candles. The procession ends at the Basilica where a re-enactment of the Catholicizing
(that is, the acceptance of Roman Catholicism) of Cebu is performed. In the afternoon, a more
solemn procession takes place along the major streets of the city, which last for hours due to large
crowd participating in the event.

2.4.2.1.4 SOCIO ECONOMIC DATA

2.4.2.1.4.1 MAIN SOURCE OF INCOME

2.4.2.1.4.1.1 AGRICULTURE

TABLE 2-59. TYPES OF LAND (IN HA) IN CEBU , 2002.

AGRICULTURE 2002 1991 1980
Number of farms by land use 1 156.078 179,358 149,486
Area of farms by land use (in hectares) 146,056 161,983 177,861
Arable lands
Land planted to temporary crops 86,099 116,701 106,486
Lands lying idle 2 1,912 2,306 9,079
Land planted to permanent crops 43,799 38,924 54,265
Land under permanent meadows and pasture 540 491 3,826
Lands covered with forest growth 681 785 2,666

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AGRICULTURE 2002 1991 1980

5/
All other lands 12,482 2,776 1,541
*Note: 1 =A farm was counted once under "ALL CLASSES" but may be counted under each of the reported land
utilization.
2 = Included homelot
3 = Included lands temporarily fallowed and lands under temporary meadows/pastures.
Source: NSO, 2014

TABLE 2-60. AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND LIVESTOCK IN CEBU.

AGRICULTURE 2010 2009 2008
Top five agricultural crops
Palay
Area (hectares) - - -
Production (metric tons) 15,315 15,998 26,141
Corn
Area (hectares) - - -
Production (metric tons) 98,844 104,568 91,624
Coconut
Area (hectares) - - -
Production (metric tons) 87,927 94,005 91,624
Mango
Area (hectares) - - -
Production (metric tons) 43,271 39,375 36,775
Banana
Area (hectares) - - -
Production (metric tons) 52,880 53,990 49,827
Top five livestock
Carabao 48,472 49,775 49,900
Cattle 117,220 113,946 115,320
Chicken 7,090,288 6,876,446 6,928,344
Duck 25,085 27,087 28,890
Goat 238,802 225,275 277,190
Source: PSA, 2014

Livestock and poultry raising in the province is through backyard or commercial system of
production

2.4.2.1.4.1.2 COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND ACTIVITIES

The province of Cebu has a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is
the fastest-growing sector in Cebu. With the strong economic indicators and high investors'
confidence level, more condominium projects and hypermarkets are being developed in the locality.
An additional 100 commercial and residential buildings would be completed by 2015 and another
170 to 200 buildings are expected to be finished by 2017. 64 new hypermarkets will be developed in
Cebu.

In 2013, Cebu ranked 8th worldwide in the "Top 100 BPO Destinations Report" by global advisory
firm, Tholons. The Cebu Chamber of Commerce and Industry, an organization of Cebu's businesses, is
promoting the city's growth and economy on information and communications technology, with the

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aim of making Cebu the premier ICT, software and e-services investment destination in southeast
Asia. Data gathered by the National Economic Development Authority (Neda) 7 showed that of the
98 BPO and IT companies operating in Cebu, 32 offer voice operations while 66 companies offer
non-voice operations. Of the 95,000 employed by the industry, more than half or 50,000 are in the
non-voice sector. In 2012, the growth in IT-BPO revenues in Cebu grew 26.9 percent at $484 million,
while nationally, the industry grew 18.2 percent at $13 billion.

2.4.2.1.4.1.3 INDUSTRY

"Ceboom", a portmanteau of Cebu and Boom, has been used to describe the province's economic
development. With many beautiful islands, white sand beaches, luxury hotel and resorts, diving
locations and heritage sites, high domestic and foreign tourist arrivals have fueled the tourism
industry of Cebu. Cebu consistently gets a big share of tourist arrivals in the Philippines, and has
become the tourist gateway to Central and Southern Philippines due to its central geographic
location, accessibility and natural resources. The province also hosts various national and
international conferences every year.

Cebu's extensive port facilities and its proximity to intra-Asian shipping and air routes are major
factors which led multinational companies to establish offices or factories on the main island, as well
as in the island of Mactan, where they are clustered in special economic zones known as the Mactan
Economic Processing Zone 1 (MEPZ-1) and the Mactan Economic Processing Zone 2 (MEPZ-2). Due to
its burgeoning furniture-making industry, Cebu has been named as the furniture capital of the
Philippines. Cebu's other exports include: fashion accessories, guitars, coconut, coconut oil, dried
mangoes, carrageenan, gifts, toys, watches, cameras, electronic components and housewares.

With a revenue growth rate of 18.8 percent in 2012, the real estate industry is the fastest-growing
sector in Cebu. With the strong economic indicators and high investors' confidence level, more
condominium projects and hypermarkets are being developed in the locality. An additional 100
commercial and residential buildings would be completed by 2015 and another 170 to 200 buildings
are expected to be finished by 2017. 64 new hypermarkets will be developed in Cebu.

Cebu's economy is also driven by the mining and quarrying areas in Toledo, Naga, Alcoy, and Danao.

2.4.2.2 MUNICIPAL DATA: PINAMUNGAJAN

Pinamungajan Municipality is a second class municipality located at the southwest portion of Cebu
Island. The municipality has a total land area of 11,725.27 hectares comprised of twenty-six (26)
barangays.

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FIGURE 2-85: MAP OF PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

2.4.2.2.1 MUNICIPALITY AND BARANGAY DATA

2.4.2.2.1.1 BRIEF PROFILE OF IMPACT AREAS

Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Housing, Pinamungajan has a household population of
57,978. It is 2.22% of the household population of Cebu Province, excluding the cities of Cebu, Lapu-
Lapu and Mandaue. A population growth rate was computed comparing the population of the areas
in 2007. From 2007 to 2010 data of the National Statistical Coordination Board, Municipality of
Pinamungajan has a computed population growth rate of 2.462%, from 54,822 to 57,978 in 2007 and
2010 data, respectively.

2.4.2.2.1.2 DEMOGRAPHIC DATA OF IMPACT AREAS

Population Profile

Barangay Sacsac is the identified direct impact area of the proposed project. It is one of the rural
barangays of Pinamungajan. It has a total household population of 1,415 in 2010 and has a
population share of 2.44%.

2007
2010 Household
Area Household % Share % Share
Population
Population
Cebu Province (excluding 2,440,120 2,613,842
Cebu, Mandaue, and Lapu-

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2007
2010 Household
Area Household % Share % Share
Population
Population
Lapu Cities)
Pinamungajan Municipality 54,822 2.25 57,978 2.22
Barangay Sacsac 1,415 2.44
SOURCE: 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

In-migration

The NSO 2010 CPH presents data on in-migration in the areas between 2005 and 2010. In the
Municipality of Pinamungajan, a total of 556 persons migrated to the area. Majority or 66.55% came
from other municipalities/cities of Cebu.

The record of migration in Barangay Sacsac is presented in the table below. Four (4) persons decided
to transfer in Barangay Sacsac between 2005 to 2010, majority of which is from Cebu City.

TABLE 2-61. RECORDS OF IN-MIGRATION IN BARANGAY SACSAC FROM 2005 TO 2010

Area of origin No. % Share
Within Cebu City Cebu City 3 75.00
Other Province Santa Josefa, Agusan Del Sur 1 25.00
TOTAL 4 100.00
SOURCE: 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

Population Distribution and Sex Composition

The total population of Pinamungajan represents a sex ratio of 105 which means that there are 105
males for every 100 females. Barangay Sacsac is also a predominance of male population wherein
there are 107 males for every 100 females.

Majority of the population of the municipality and barangay is productive. In Pinamungajan, the
total dependency ratio is 69, which means that for every 100 persons of working age have to
support 69 dependents, of which 60 are young dependents and 9 are old dependents.

TABLE 2-62. MUNICIPALITY OF PINAMUNGAJAN POPULATION COMPOSITION BY WORKING-AGE,

DEPENDENT-AGE GROUP AND SEX, 2010
Age Group Both Sexes Male Female Dependency
No. % No. % Ratio
Working Age (15 and over) 37,184 18800 50.56 18384 49.44
Dependent Population 23,758 12134 51.07 11624 48.93 69
Young (0-14) 20,794 10857 52.21 9937 47.79 60
Old (65 – over) 2,964 1277 43.08 1687 56.92 9
SOURCE: COMPUTED BASED ON 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

Almost the same with the situation Barangay Sacsac, the total dependency ratio is 66. This means
that every 100 working age persons in the barangay have to support 66 dependents which
comprised of 12 old population and 54 young population.

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TABLE 2-63. BARANGAY SACSAC POPULATION COMPOSITION WORKING-AGE, DEPENDENT-AGE

GROUP AND SEX, 2010
Male Female Dependency
Age Group Both Sexes
No. % No. % Ratio
Working Age (15 and over) 954 489 51.26 465 48.74
Dependent Population 561 289 51.52 272 48.48 66
Young (0-14) 461 244 52.93 217 47.07 54
Old (65 – over) 100 45 45.00 55 55.00 12

Population Density

The population density of Pinamungajan in 2010 is computed at 4.9 persons per hectare. Based on
the 500 persons per square kilometer UDHA classification, Pinamungajan’s population density is
classified as a rural municipality.

Total number of household in the municipality is estimated at 7,594 with a household size of 5.3.
Based on the number of households, Barangay Poblacion and Barangay Opao has the highest and
lowest number respectively.

Household Profile

As per Barangay Data for 2010 for Brgy. Sacsac , the number of households are 235. Households has
an average size of 5.3 persons/family.

Health Profile

Health services in Pinamungajan are provided mainly through the municipal hospital and barangay
health centers. The Dr. Jose Ma. V. Borromeo Memorial Hospital is located in Barangay
Pandacanwith 10 persons bed capacity. It is classified as Level 1 hospital which provides clinical care
and management of prevalent diseases in the locality.

There is a need to update and upgrade the existing facilities and equipment. The health center and
the barangay health station need repair, renovation and improvement of the buildings and other
facilities. Priority for upgrading is the barangay health stations in Guimbawian and Tajao.

Transportation facilities of the Regional Health Units also need upgrading. The lacks of service
vehicles greatly hamper the monitoring, supervision and transport of medical staff and supplies.

Health programs are adversely affected by the insufficient fund from the local and national
government. The ill-equipped health center and barangay health stations cannot be relied upon all
the time to provide the necessary service to the people. Budget allocation from the Local
Government Unit should be increased corresponding to the RGHU’s needs and requirements.

Regular health training and seminars should be conducted to improve and upgrade the expertise and
know-how of health personnel on basic health care.

Literacy and Educational Attainment Profile

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All 13 host and neighboring barangays have elementary public schools. Magsico and Tubod have
public high schools, while South Poblacion has a private and public high school.

Students generally pursue their tertiary education in the City of Cebu where quality education can be
obtained in the various colleges and universities.

2.4.2.2.1.3 IN-MIGRATION

Most of the housing units in Pinamungajan were built from 1991 to 2000 and majority owns the lots
followed by those who rent the lot for free with concent from the owners.

TABLE 2-64. YEAR BUILDING/HOUSE WAS BUILT BY TENURE STATUS OF THE LOT, PINAMUNGAJAN,
2010
Tenure Status of the Lot
Year
Rent-free Rent-free
Building/
Owned/ With Without Not Not
House was Rented TOTAL
Amortized Consent of Consent of Applicable Reported
Built
Owner Owner
2010 76 2 99 0 0 0 177
2009 203 5 279 2 1 1 491
2008 293 8 360 8 1 4 674
2007 230 10 276 8 0 0 524
2006 386 8 284 22 0 3 703
2001-2005 1,176 29 1,043 49 6 6 2,309
1991-2000 1,858 43 1,466 59 8 5 3,439
1981-1990 1,114 30 853 43 1 1 2,042
1971-1980 519 15 278 16 0 1 829
1970 or 303 6 123 2 1 0 435
Earlier
Not 0 0 0 0 1 19 20
Applicable
Don't Know 260 6 229 5 1 6 507
Not 0 0 0 0 0 508 508
Reported
TOTAL 6,418 162 5,290 214 20 554 12,658
SOURCE: 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

In Barangay Sacsac, more than 50% of the housing units were built from 1981 to 2005 and majority
are owned or being amortized. A quite number of housing units were built on lots that are being
rented for free but with consent of the owner.

TABLE 2-65. YEAR BUILDING/HOUSE WAS BUILT BY TENURE STATUS OF THE LOT, BARANGAY
SACSAC, 2010
Tenure Status of the Lot
Year
Rent-free Rent-free
Building/
With Without Not Not
House was Owned/Amortized Rented TOTAL
Consent of Consent of Applicable Reported
Built
Owner Owner
2010 16 0 1 0 0 0 17
2009 11 0 1 0 0 0 12
2008 23 0 4 1 1 0 29
2007 17 0 3 0 0 0 20

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Tenure Status of the Lot

Year
Rent-free Rent-free
Building/
With Without Not Not
House was Owned/Amortized Rented TOTAL
Consent of Consent of Applicable Reported
Built
Owner Owner
2006 17 0 2 0 0 0 19
2001-2005 47 0 3 0 0 0 50
1991-2000 84 0 5 0 0 0 89
1981-1990 47 0 3 0 0 0 50
1971-1980 15 0 2 0 0 0 17
1970 or
13 0 0 0 0 0 13
Earlier
Not
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Applicable
Don't Know 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Not
0 0 0 0 0 11 11
Reported
TOTAL 290 0 24 1 1 11 327
Source: 2010 Census of Population and Housing, NSO

2.4.2.2.1.4 CULTURE AND LIFESTYLE

Pinamungajan has no known ethnic group.

The municipality was established in the 1815 under the Spanish colonial government in the country.
The municipality got its name from the diligent and hardworking people, working hand in hand
especially during the agricultural harvest season. 'Pinamungajan", which originated from the Visayan
word 'Pinamuhuan', meaning a worker share for his effort during a farm harvest. Overtime the
Pinamuhuan eventually changed to the current name of the municipality. However,
Pinamungalanons’ hard working and Bayanihan attitude in all aspect of life remain in the entire
populace.

2.4.2.2.1.5 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES

There is no available data regarding of physical cultural resources and landscapes that have
archaeologic, paleontologic, historical, religious, aesthetic, or cultural significance found at the
project site. If there is, however, potential physical cultural resources might be already mounded
over by bulk materials during mining operations.

2.4.2.2.1.6 PUBLIC SERVICE

Water Supply

The Municipal Waterworks System of Pinamungajan supplies water to the urban center and
neighboring flatland barangays of the municipality. The municipal’s waterworks has tanks that serve
as reservoir. Water sources in the rural sectors are drawn from deep wells, springs and open wells.

The existing domestic water consumption of the municipality is 1,050,097cubic meters per year.

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The number of households in the area using electricity is 2,241 which is a mere 29.50% of the total
number of households. Predominant type of fuel used is kerosene with 68.80% usage. The table
below the number of households vis-à-vis the type of fuel used.

TABLE 2-66. TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS PER TYPE OF FUEL USED

Households
Lighting Fuel
Number Percent
Electricity 2,241 29.50
Kerosene 5,225 68.80
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 90 1.20
Others 38 0.50
Total 7,594 100.00
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Education Facilities

The literacy rate in whole Province of Cebu presents the percentage of the male and female
population who are able to read and write with a simple message in any language or dialect (Basic)
and those who have the ability to read, write, compute and comprehend (Functional. The table
below shows that a higher literacy rates were observed on females.

TABLE 2-67. CEBU PROVINCE MAY 2010

Description Male Female
Basic Literacy, % 94.5 95.5
Functional Literacy, % 84.4 88.8
SOURCE: NSO, 2010

The statistics on educational attainment in Pinamungajan and Barangay Sacsac, can be related to the
literacy rate of the province. Majority or almost 50% of the population of Pinamungajan only
reached elementary education and 32.37% were able to reach high school education. A small
percentage were able to experience Post Secondary education (0.85%) and college education
(8.63%). The same situation is observed in Barangay Sacsac. However, a quite number of population
in both areas (5.46% in Pinamungajan and 6.83% in Barangay Sacsac) was not able to complete any
level or grade.

Educational facilities in the Municipality of Pinamungajan are composed of nineteen (19)

elementary/primary schools, three (3) private schools for primary to secondary education.
Enrollment has been increasing with an annual growth rate of 9%.

Table below provides the data on student population and the number of teachers and classrooms
per school.

TABLE 2-68. STUDENT POPULATION, NUMBER OF TEACHERS AND CLASSROOMS PER SCHOOL
Number of Number of Number of
Name of School Level
Students Teachers Classrooms
Pina Central Intermediate 723 44 35
Anislag Elementary -do- 193 3 3
Anopog Elementary -do- 435 9 9

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Number of Number of Number of

Name of School Level
Students Teachers Classrooms
Binabag -do- 229 6 6
Busay -do- 250 3 3
Caba-asan Primary 80 2 2
Camugao -do- 136 3 3
Candiis -do- 109 2 2
Guimbawian Intermediate 254 4 4
Lamac -do- 717 14 14
Lut-od -do- 348 8 7
Pandacan -do- 339 2 2
Punod Primary 139 2 2
Rizal Intermediate 793 18 17
Sacsac Primary 119 3 3
Sambagon Intermediate 93 2 2
Sibago Primary 93 2 2
Tajao Intermediate 528 17 15
Tanibag Primary 74 1 2
Tangub Intermediate 170 1 2
Tupas -do- 143 3 4
Tutay -do- 616 17 14
Total 6,585 182 165
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

The teacher-student has a considerable ratio of 1 is to 36. However, the numbers of classrooms are
not sufficient to accommodate the total number of students. Additional classrooms should be
constructed to address the present needs. There is also a need to rehabilitate/repair dilapidated
classrooms. Particularly, schools in Barangays Anislag, Anopog, Busay, Camugao, Lamac, Lut-od, Rizal
and Tajao which are made of light materials need structural rehabilitation.

2.4.2.2.1.7 PUBLIC HEALTH AND SAFETY

Health services in Pinamungajan are provided mainly through the municipal hospital and barangay
health centers. The Dr. Jose Ma. V. Borromeo Memorial Hospital is located in Barangay Pandacan
with 10 persons bed capacity. It is classified as Level 1 hospital which provides clinical care and
management of prevalent diseases in the locality.

There is a need to update and upgrade the existing facilities and equipment. The health center and
the barangay health station need repair, renovation and improvement of the buildings and other
facilities. Priority for upgrading is the barangay health stations in Guimbawian and Tajao.

Transportation facilities of the Regional Health Units also need upgrading. The lacks of service
vehicles greatly hamper the monitoring, supervision and transport of medical staff and supplies.

Health programs are adversely affected by the insufficient fund from the local and national
government. The ill-equipped health center and barangay health stations cannot be relied upon all
the time to provide the necessary service to the people. Budget allocation from the Local
Government Unit should be increased corresponding to the RGHU’s needs and requirements.

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Regular health training and seminars should be conducted to improve and upgrade the expertise and
know-how of health personnel on basic health care.

2.4.2.2.1.8 SOCIO ECONOMIC DATA

Main Source of Income

The latest CLUP of the Municipality discussed that the municipality of Pinamungajan is
predominantly agricultural. Presented in the table below is the area allocated for Agriculture, 8,091
hectares or 69% of the total land area is considered arable land. The remaining areas is categorized
as non-agricultural areas, erodible lands and built-up areas. Arable lands include irrigated lands,
irrigable and efficient diversified lands, agro-industrial lands and expansion areas for agriculture.

TABLE 2 - 2: AGRICULTURAL AREA CATEGORIES AND AREA COVERED

CATEGORIES AREAS (HAS) % TO TOTAL AREA
Irrigated Lands 352.00 3.00
Irrigable and Efficient 1,293.00 11.03
Agro Industrial Lands
Present Agro-Industrial 3,063.50 26.13
Potential Agro-Industrial 1,135.00 26.13
Expansion Areas 514 4.38
Erodible Lands 587 5.01
Fishpond/ Saltbeds 565 4.82
Non-Agricultural Areas 3,950.77 33.69
Built-Up Areas 265.00 2.26
TOTAL 11,725.27 100.00
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Agriculture

The table below shows the crop production in the Municipality of Pinamungajan. It shows that there
is crop deficit which may be attributed to limited farm area for cultivation, soil erosion and siltation,
use of outdated farming practices, underutilized or over utilized farmlands, security of tenure of
farmers.

TABLE 2-69. CROP PRODUCTION, PINAMUNGAJAN

Crop Production Requirement Deficit
Cereals 2,636.10 7,177.93 (4,541.83)
Rootcrop 660.00 3,982.70 (3,322.70)
Fruits 217.50 5,038.36 (4,820.86)
Vegetables 160.50 3,598.83 (3,483.33)
Total 3,764.10 19,797.82 (16,123.72)
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Livestock (existing livestock and poultry farms)

Municipality of Pinamungajan is not generally known in producing livestock and poultry products.
This is evident in the table below which shows the total meat production within the municipality.

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TABLE 2-70. MEAT PRODUCTION, PINAMUNGAJAN

Animal Number of Heads Meat Production(MT)
Cattle 1,297 58,365
Carabao 1,005 45,225
Swine/Pig 4,995 179,820
Goat 5,805 162,540
Chicken 28,198 25,378
Duck 411 370
Total 41,711 471,698
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

This is a major source of income for people living in the coastal barangays. The average daily volume
of catch per fisherman is 0.25 kg which is equivalent to P 2,250 monthly income. There are 215
subsistence fishermen in Pinamungajan. The annual fish catch is 3.37 metric tons which is not
sufficient to supply the needs of Pinamungajan residents of 2,015.94 metric tons per year.

The low fishing production is attributed to the dwindling marine resources in the area brought about
by the destruction marine habitat and illegal fishing.

The Local Government Unit has proposed the establishment of a fish sanctuary to improve fish
catch. Mangrove reforestation has also been proposed and coral reef protection and coastal
management is to be undertaken by strictly enforcing fishery laws.

Employment Rate

The Public Employment Services Office (PESO) of the Municipality is yet to be established. The
closest and most updated data on employment is on the Regional Level. The employment
rate/profile for the Central Visayas Region which is typical for a Municipality such as
Pinamungajanare as follows:

TABLE 2-71. EMPLOYMENT RATE/PROFILE, CENTRAL VISAYAS, JULY 2014

Total Population 15 years old and over %
Labor Force Participation Rate 66.4%
Employment Rate 94.1%
Unemployment Rate 5.9%
Underemployment Rate 15.3%
SOURCE: NSCB, 2014

Employment opportunities abroad were also considered by the Cebuanos and specifically by the
working population in the Municipality of Pinamungajan and Barangay Sacsac.

Based on the 2010 Census of Population and Household of NSO, a total of 329 persons are working
abroad in Pinamungajan. Majority are within the working population age range from 21 to 65 years
old. Most of the Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) are males (232).

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TABLE 2-72. WORKING AGE GROUP BY OVERSEAS WORKER AND SEX, PINAMUNGAJAN, 2010
OVERSEAS WORKER
AGE
MALE FEMALE TOTAL
10 to 14 2 4 6
15 to 20 2 1 3
21 to 65 224 91 315
65 & over 4 1 5
TOTAL 232 97 329
SOURCE: 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

A few number of population in Barangay Sacsac were recorded as OFW. Only 8 persons are working
abroad, majority of which are also within the age range of 21 to 64 years old. The number of male
overseas workers are a little bit higher than females.

TABLE 2-73. WORKING AGE GROUP BY OVERSEAS WORKER AND SEX, BARANGAY SACSAC, 2010
Overseas Worker
Age
Male Female Total
10 to 14 0 0 0
15 to 20 0 0 0
21 to 65 4 3 7
65 & over 1 0 1
TOTAL 5 3 8
SOURCE: 2010 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, NSO

Commercial Establishments and Activities

The table below present the number of commercial establishments, banks and financial institutions:

TABLE 2-74. COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS AND ACTIVITIES, PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

Establishments Number
Sari-sari Store 222
Gas Station 1
Furniture Shop 1
Construction Supply 4
Pharmacy 1
General Merchandise 1
Cockpits 1
Restaurants 14
Bakery 2
Refreshment Parlors 2
Beauty Parlors 3
Barbershops 1
Steelworks 5
Vulcanizing 3
Tailoring 2
Public Market 2
Total 265
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

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TABLE 2-75. BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS PINAMUNGAJAN, CEBU

Financial Institutions Number
Rural Banks 1
Credit and Lending Firm 2
Total 3
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

2.4.2.2.1.9 TRANSPORTATION

The Municipality of Pinamungajan is located in southwestern Cebu. It shares its boundaries with
Toledo City, Naga City, Aloguinsan, and in some portions, by the Municipality of San Fernando and
Carcar City. At present, access to and from Pinamungajan is via the concrete national highway that
leads from and to Cebu City and adjoining other cities and municipalities via the Naga-Toledo road.

Accessibility within the town is via surplus vehicles and motorcycles (habal-habal) service that serves
up to the coastal and interior barangays of the municipality. A total of 92.19 kilometers of road
length services the transportation requirement of Pinamungajan which are classified as national,
provincial and barangay roads.

The road network within the Municipality is mostly earth-filled or gravel-paved particularly in the
rural areas. The barangay roads comprise 64.4% of the total length of road networks within the
Municipality. The municipal road which serves the Poblacion is only 0.88% while the provincial road
which services the Pinamungajan-San Fernando route is 21.70%. The national road which traverses
the coastal highway comprises 13.02%. The table below the total road distance vis-à-vis their
classification.

TABLE 2-76. TOTAL ROAD KILOMETERS PER TYPE AND CLASSIFICATION

Type of Pavement
Total Length
Classification Earth % to Total
Concrete Asphalt (km)
Material
National 12.00 12.00 13.02
Provincial 2.00 18.00 20.00 21.70
Municipal 0.66 0.15 0.81 0.88
Barangay 1.20 58.13 59.38 64.42
Total 13.86 2.00 76.33 92.18 100.00
% to Total of pavement type 15.04 2.17 82.89 100.00
SOURCE: LATEST CLUP OF PINAMUNGAJAN

Based on the standard of 1-kilometer road for every 100 hectares of land, Pinamungajan is deficient
in roads. The existing road length to area ratio is only 0.786 kilometers per 100 hectares. To
overcome this deficit, construction of additional 25 kilometers of roads is to be constructed. Priority
should be given to farm-to-market roads which are very important for the economic growth of the
Barangays and the Municipality.

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2.4.3 PUBLIC SCOPING

The issues and concerns raised during the public scoping are summarized below:

TABLE 2-77. ISSUES AND CONCERNS DURING THE PUBLIC SCOPING ACTIVITY
Issues, Concerns,
Participant/s Proponent's Response Respondent
Suggestions
What can your Rodulfo Banguiran- PO The company cannot Atty.Unalee Monares-
company do regarding President, Farmers cut trees without the EMB
the cutting of trees Association tree cutting permit and
and the destruction of there is a seedling Engr.Gerald Cabizares
the environment? requirement, in which – CPCMC Project
the company is obliged Manager
to plant 100 trees for
every tree that is cut.
What happens if air Rodulfo Banguiran- PO The company cannot Engr. Ranzel Dioko-
pollution results in President, Farmers operate if it fails to EMB
your operations? Association comply with the
emission standards. It
is presumed that
operations will not
result to air pollution if
the measures of the
EMB are maintained by
the company.
If violations so happen,
EMB can suspend
operations until the
company complies
with the standards set
forth.
What about the health Merlina Domangan – The company will see Engr.Gerald Cabizares
and wellness of the Resident, Brgy Tutay to it that they will –CPCMC Project
people around? Will comply with the Manager
you be liable if standards provided by
something happens to the EMB so as not to Engr. Ranzel Dioko-
the people like give harm to the EMB1-EMBII
sickness because of the people around the
pollution from the area. If the company
project? fails to do so,
operations could be
stopped until they can
comply with the
standards.
What are your plans Perfekta Dehito – Among the agreed Engr.Gerald Cabizares
about the relocation? Resident, Brgy.Sacsac terms of the CPCMC – CPCMC Project
and the people about Manager
the relocation: CPCMC
will haul the residents’
things to the relocation
site, the residents will

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Issues, Concerns,
Participant/s Proponent's Response Respondent
Suggestions
be given 50 square
meters and ₱10, 000
as compensation, and
the company will
provide for the
connection of line for
electricity.
The owner of the lot Cristina Banguikan – The negotiation is still Engr.Gerald Cabizares
also wants to sell the Councilor, Brgy.Sacsac on going about this – CPCMC Project
house for a price. matter. Manager

The house, according Lucia Dejito – Resident, A request will be filed Engr.Gerald Cabizares
to the owner should be Brgy. Sacsac for the approval of the – CPCMC Project
₱ 200,000, which the CPCMC regarding the Manager
company thinks to be price.
an inequitable price

2.4.4 PERCEPTION SURVEY

2.4.4.1 SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS

The perception survey was conducted with a total of 100 respondents from the impact barangays.

Sex: Respondents are composed of 53% female and 47% male.

47% MALE

53% FEMALE

FIGURE 2-86. SEX OF THE RESPONDENTS

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Age: Sixty-three percent of the respondents are 20-40 years old.

0%
3%

20-40
34%
41-60

61-70
63% 71 & above

FIGURE 2-87. AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

Religious affiliation: Ninety-three percent of the respondents are Roman Catholic. The rest are
Baptist and other religious affiliation.

2%
5%

CATHOLIC
BAPTIST
OTHERS

93%

FIGURE 2-88. RELIGION OF THE RESPONDENTS

Residence: Seventy-one percent of the respondents were born in Visayas. 28% of the respondents
have resided their respective barangays for 11-20% years only. On the other hand, 43%% of the
respondents own their land they live in.

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Pinamungajan Luzon Visayas Mindanao

4%
4% 7% 1-10 YRS
13% 14% 2%
12% 11-20 YRS
21-30 YRS
28%
31-40 YRS

23% 41-50 YRS

51-60 YRS
22% 61 & ABOVE
71%

FIGURE 2-89. PLACE OF BIRTH OF THE FIGURE 2-90. RESPONDENTS’ NUMBER OF

RESPONDENTS YEARS RESIDING IN THE BARANGAY

30% OWNER
43% TENANT
RENTING

12% OTHERS

15%

FIGURE 2-91. LANDHOLDING STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Educational Attainment: Sixty-three percent of the respondents attained only secondary education.
0%
4%
9%
ELEMENTARY
24%
HIGHSCHOOL
VOCATIONAL
COLLEGE

63% NONE

FIGURE 2-92. EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF THE RESPONDENTS

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Civil Status: Seventy percent of the respondents are married.

3% 3%

24%

SINGLE
MARRIED
WINDOWER
SEPARATED

70%

FIGURE 2-93. CIVIL STATUS OF THE RESPONDENTS

Income: Salary and selling are the main sources of income of 27% and 22% of respondents,
respectively. 51% of the total respondents have a monthly income of 1000-5000 pesos. Accordingly,
60% of the respondents reported that the husband in the household is the primary earner.

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20 27
19 22 19
10 13
0
FARMING SALARY CONTRACTUAL JOB SELLING OTHERS

FIGURE 2-94. SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD OF THE RESPONDENTS

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0% 1%

4% 7%

less than P1,000

P1,000 - P4,999
37% P5,000 - P9,999
P10,000 - P14,999
P15,000 - P20,000
51%
P20,000 & ABOVE

FIGURE 2-95. MONTHLY INCOME OF THE RESPONDENTS’ HOUSEHOLD.

0%

20%
HUSBAND
WIFE
2%
1% SON
DAUGTHER
9%
MALE RELATIVE
60%
OTHERS
8%

FIGURE 2-96. RESPONDENT’S BREADWINNER IN THE HOUSEHOLD

Health: For the previous year, 45% of the respondents have at least one of their household members
who got ill. Fever is the most prevalent in the barangays. Thirty-eight percent of the respondents
stated that illnesses in the household were treated in their respective health centers.

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Household Member Got Sick Did Not Have A Household Member That Got Sick

45%

55%

FIGURE 2-97. NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS WHO HAVE A HOUSEHOLD MEMBER THAT GOT ILL

100
90
80
70
60
50
40 32
30 23
19
20 12 9
10
0
HIGH BLOOD DIARRHEA UPPER FEVER OTHERS
RESPIRATORY

FIGURE 2-98. COMMON ILLNESS OF RESPONDENTS’ HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS

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2% HOUSE
9%
26% HEALTH CENTER

17%
BARANGAY HEALTH
WORKER
8% PRIVATE CLINIC

38% HERBALIST

FIGURE 2-99. SOURCE OF TREATMENT OF RESPONDENTS DURING ILLNESS

Water and sanitation: Fifty-five percent of the respondents have flush toilets in their households.
Moreover, 72% of the respondents depend on the water system as water source.

2% 2% 0%
NONE

FLUSH TOILET
41%
WATER SEALED
55% TOILET
ANTIPULO

FIGURE 2-100. RESPONDENTS’ TYPE OF TOILET FACILITIES.

6% 10%
SPRING
12%
DEEP WELL
WATER SYSTEM
OTHERS
72%

FIGURE 2-101. WATER SOURCES OF THE RESPONDENTS

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Major crops: In terms of the crops planted by the respondents, 46% of the answers are vegetables
while 4% is rice.

4%

12%
RICE
38%
CORN
VEGESTABLES
OTHERS
46%

FIGURE 2-102. MAJOR CROPS PLANTED BY THE RESPONDENTS

2.4.4.2 DISASTER RESPONSE

Eighty-seven percent of the respondents experienced typhoon/storm and earthquakes (October

2013). The most destructive typhoon the community encountered is the typhoon Yolanda in 2013
where properties and the surrounding of the respondents were severely affected. In October 2013, a
7.2 magnitude earthquake has been recorded in Cebu and Bohol, damaging infrastructures and
taking an approximate of 100 lives.

The graphs below show the perception of the respondents in regards to disaster response.

LEVEL OF RESPONSE
30
25
20
NONE
15
INADEQUATE
10
ADEQUATE
5
0
TYPHOON FLOOD EARTHQUAKE

FIGURE 2-103. LEVEL OF RESPONSE BY THE LOCAL UNIT ACCORDING TO THE RESPONDENTS

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LEVEL OF COMMUNITY
PARTICIPATION RESPONSE
30
25
20
NONE
15
INADEQUATE
10
ADEQUATE
5
0
TYPHOON FLOOD EARTHQUAKE

FIGURE 2-104. LEVEL OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION RESPONSE FOR DISASTER ACCORDING TO

THE RESPONDENTS

2.4.4.3 PERCEPTION

Project Awareness

Sixty-four percent of the respondents were aware of the proposed expansion project. Most of them
knew about the project from the barangay officials and their neighbors.

Respondents’ Perceived Present Problems of their Community

Table 2-78 presents the respondents’ perceived issues and concerns on different social aspects of
their community.

TABLE 2-78. ISSUES AND CONCERNS EXPERIENCED BY THE RESPONDENTS IN THEIR COMMUNITY.
Social Aspect Issues/Concern
Livelihood  Loss of livelihood for small-scale mining, farming, etc
 Water resource might be affected
Environment
 Damage on agricultural lands

Perceived Positive Impacts of the Project

1. Improvement of roads
2. Increase in land tax
3. Possible employment opportunities/livelihood
4. Prevent destruction of properties/self-domain
5. Improvement of government services (through community projects)

2.4.5 SOCIAL ISSUES AND CONCERNS ABOUT THE PROJECT

Based on the output of the research and the methodologies used, particularly from methods 3 to 6,
the following is the enumeration of the documented community's issues and concerns with regards
to the project:

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1. Loss or depletion of water supply

2. Damage/destruction or loss of farm/agricultural lands
3. Safety of employees during landslide
4. Threat to health due to generation/dispersion of dust
5. Provision of documents and updates to the municipal office regarding the status of the
project
6. IEC and consultation on community

2.4.6 IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES (PEOPLE)

2.4.6.1 LAND CONVERSION AND DISPLACEMENT OF EXISTING SETTLEMENT

The proposed site for development is currently agricultural. Due to the proposed project, the area
will be converted to industrial. This is estimated at 18.7 hectares, specifically situated in Purok Sta.
Cruz of Barangay Sacsac. No conflict was observed with all the landowners since the needed area for
development was already acquired by the proponent. However, the area has existing land tenants
who will be displaced before the onset of the proposed project. Based on initial survey, there are 21-
24 tenants/households that will be affected. The proponent plans to relocate the affected
tenants/households within the Municipality of Pinamungajan and proper compensation on identified
assets will be ensured. Proper relocation and compensation process will be based on the
Resettlement Action Plan to be prepared by the proponent in consultation with the affected
tenants/households and the Municipal and Barangay Local Government Units.

The proponent intends to implement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) to address the issue on
displacement of land tenants during Pre-Construction stage. The framework for the formulation of
RAP is presented below:

RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN FRAMEWORK

LEGAL FRAMEWORK

All pertinent laws and directives of the national and local government units will be reviewed to
determine policies related to assets valuation, compensation scheme and procedures, provision of
compensatory assistance to tenants and informal settlers (i.e., food assistance, socialized housing,
income restoration, etc.) and legal and administrative remedies (i.e., exercise of eminent domain,
land acquisition options). Specifically, the RAP will be guided by the following laws and policies:

 Republic Act No. 7279: Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992;
 Memorandum Circular No. 1070: Settlement and Institutional Framework for local
Government units; and
 Republic Act No. 3844: Agricultural Land Reform Code

POLICY/PROGRAM

Entitlements

An entitlement matrix will be developed taking into account the likely permanent and temporary
effects of relocation. In the preparation of such matrix, the Consultants will:

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a. Establish eligibility criteria for affected families;

b. Establish standards for compensation and restoration for all types of losses based on
company’s policy; and
c. Develop formula for computing the replacement value of lost assets including

Socio-economic Survey

Establish baseline information on the demography, income and expenditures, occupation and
livelihood, resource use patterns including use of common property, social organization. and
leadership, other cultural and ethnic parameters by conducting socio-economic survey or other
appropriate methodology among PAPs. The sample size for the survey shall not be less than 20% of
any significantly affected PAPs. The survey will be dis-aggregated by gender and income in order to
determine whether PAPs that are significantly affected are poor or otherwise vulnerable and require
additional measures to ensure they are left with at least same standard of living as their pre-project
status. Provide a local basis through appraisal of market prices and recommend just compensation
procedures and entitlement for all PAPs that will provide replacement cost at current market value.

Relocation and Income Restoration Program

To be integrated in the program are gender responsive socio-economic, cultural and environmental
parameters derived from the survey. The targets of the programs are the affected people and the
host community with special consideration to PWDs and informal settlers. It should include
provisions for relocation cost, lost income and income support and other assistance during
transition.

The relocation program will contain plans especially on the selection and preparation of relocation
site and scheme for granting land tenure to relocatees.

The income restoration program will be prepared after conducting a thorough needs assessment
and will spell-out specific income restoration intervention. Where change in relocatees’ occupation
is inevitable, a program for training and/or vocational education will be incorporated.

Public Consultations

The Consultants will prepare a framework that would ensure functional public participation,
especially the affected persons in the finalization of project design, determination of entitlements
and implementation of relocation and resettlement. Where necessary, a special measure will be
provided for consultation with vulnerable groups. Mechanism for participatory conflict resolution
will also be provided.

Institutional Framework

The Institutional framework will specify the roles and responsibilities of all participating agencies
relative to assets inventory, provision of compensation, implementing the relocation, income
restoration, the management of relocation and resettlement. It will also include monitoring of
resettlement process. To be included in the framework is a program to enhance the capability of the
implementers.

Monitoring and Evaluation Plan

A Monitoring and Evaluation Plan will be prepared. The plan will contain the responsibilities, time
frame and key indicators that will measure the efficiency, effectiveness of relocation process and the
benefits it has provided to the relocatees. It will also determine the extent of monitoring activities

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by the implementing agency/ies and provide for the phasing-in of an external evaluator. The
monitoring and evaluation period as well as submission of necessary reports and documentations
must also be specified.

Implementation Schedule

A time frame and implementation schedule will be prepared for the implementation of resettlement
operations. The plan will jive with the approved implementation schedule of the project. It will
reflect the timing with which the affected families will be provided with necessary compensation
and assistance prior to their moving-out of the project alignment and the subsequent clearing of
their dwelling structures.

Budget

A Relocation Budget will be prepared. The budget will include indicative cost for land acquisition for
the relocation site, resettlement operation and income restoration and its corresponding fund
source.

2.4.6.2 IN-MIGRATION

One possible impact in every development in an area is in-migration. Presence the opportunities for
jobs and livelihood brought by the development activity will invite workers from other areas to
migrate in Barangay Sacsac. Influx of workers from other areas is expected during the development
and construction phase as well as during the operation phase with the introduction of other
economic activities related to the cement and power plant operations.

In-migrants will add to the continuously increasing population of the Barangay and the Municipality.
As observed, the population pyramid of both the Municipality and Barangay is expansive, wherein an
increasing very young population is manifested.The natural increase in population in the areas will
already cause competition in accessing the basic services and available economic opportunities in
the areas. With the entry of in-migrants, further competition in terms of local employment, public
utilities, and access to basic services will be experienced. Also, in-migration may also lead to
proliferation of informal settlers in the project impact barangay. In-migration may also introduce
lifestyles and behaviors different from the locals which may lead to social tensions.

To mitigate potential impacts due to in-migration, the following management measures shall be
implemented:

 Implement priority local hiring policy for qualified local workers;

 Provide skills training for the local residents of project impact barangays to give them a
chance to qualify and compete for available employment opportunities;
 Coordinate with barangay or/and municipal LGU as to relevant ordinance on providing
opportunities for local employment;
 Conduct consultation with barangay LGUs on requirements and process of hiring to
maximize employment of local residents;
 Require and monitor contractor commitments on providing local employment;
 Coordination with the municipal and barangay peace and order councils to ensure peace and
order;

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Coordination meetings shall also be undertaken regularly with the LGUs to identify threats and
vulnerabilities in the society as well as to develop programs to prevent foreseen social problems.

2.4.6.3 CHANGE IN LIVELIHOOD AND INCOME SOURCES

Land use conversions will also impact on the livelihood and job opportunities of the residents in the
area. The once farming area will be transformed into an industrialized community. The talents and
skills of the existing residents may not be suitable or limited to supply to the needed manpower of
the operations. The proponent in coordination with the Public Employment Service Office of the
Municipality will implement a training and skills development program for the residents of the
impact Barangay. This will ensure the employability of theimpact barangay residents in the proposed
project. Also, in order to avoid increasing the number of poor families in the area, the proponent
will also provide training and opportunities for livelihood development.

2.4.6.4 COMPETITION ON EXISTING RESOURCES AND BASIC SERVICES

The existing resources and basic services in the areas are considered limited due to the current
financial capacity of the LGUs to develop its natural resources to improve public utilities and the
enhancement its basic services to constituents. The entry of the proposed project may cause further
competition in the access of these resources and services. On the other hand, the proposed project
may also provide opportunities for the development and enhancement of these services to ensure.

Currently, the residents have limited access to water and power supply. Although there are
identified water source in the area, the waterworks system has limited capacity to reach other areas
in the Municipality. The same with the power supply, a number of residents do not have access to
electricity. In terms of basic services, the health sector needs improvement in order to ensure better
health services to the residents. In terms of education, the existing classroom-student ration is very
lowdespite the fact that not all children of school age are enrolled in any educational institutions.
Also, based on the level of education attained by the residents in the municipality and the barangay,
opportunities to access and complete college education are very limited.

The proposed project has already identified measures on how not to compete with the existing
resources and services in the community. In terms of power supply, the proponent will put up a
power plant to ensure its own supply of power needed for the operations. In terms of water use,
additional demand from the proposed project on the existing demand of the communities will be for
domestic use only because the proposed project will operate on a closed circuit design, which will
allow the plant to recycle approximately 90% of its water supply.

The existence of the project will somehow provide opportunities for the improvement of services on
education and health. Enhancement the education, health, as well as the social welfare services and
public infrastructures will be enhanced due to the additional income opportunities of the LGUs from
the taxes and fees to be collected from the proposed projects as well as the mandatory assistance of
the proponent through the Social Development and Management Program and Corporate Social
Responsibility Program.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 2
Assessment of Environmental Impacts

2.4.6.5 TRAFFIC CONGESTION

The project will cause an increase in traffic given the number of workers to be employed and
delivery of some construction materials. This has the potential to add traffic congestion and affect
sensitive receptors such as schools and community centers that may potentially cause road
accidents. Heavy loads traversing infrastructure may also be over or near load bearing limits.

To mitigate traffic congestion and road safety concerns, a traffic management plan, in coordination
with concerned LGUs and DPWH, will be prepared and implemented. IEC will also be conducted to
communicate traffic impact and management plan to the community especially the host and
neighboring barangays. Proper scheduling of delivery of construction materials will also be
implemented to avoid peak hours/ traffic congestion and minimize the occurrence of accidents.
Safety warnings and signage shall be installed.

Phase Occurrence
Pre-Construction

Abandonment
Construction

Operation

Discussion/Options for Prevention,

List of Key Impacts
Mitigation or Enhancement

Negative perception IEC and community level consultations on the

about the Project (Social Project to properly inform the
Acceptability) stakeholders
Loss of livelihood from Provision and development of alternative
fishing and farming livelihood projects/programs especially for youth,
women, and senior citizens
Loss of access to fishing
areas due to project Provide alternative source of livelihood; introduce
security and physical new and applicable programs and projects per
restrictions sector in the community

Limited Employment Feasibility studies prior to start of livelihood

opportunities only to programs/projects
males with specific skill
sets and expertise and Development of sustainable and efficient
who can afford to secure livelihood projects targeting Youth and Out-of-
all the application school youths, women, senior citizens, etc.
documents
requirements Generation/Provision of scholarships to
vocational schools

Provide alternative routes to livelihood sources

Loss or depletion of Support to watershed management programs
water supply
Provision of pipes for direct sourcing by
community; separate source for SMPC
Fear of landslides and Disaster Risk Management Plan

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 2
Assessment of Environmental Impacts

Phase Occurrence

Pre-Construction

Abandonment
Construction

Operation
Discussion/Options for Prevention,
List of Key Impacts
Mitigation or Enhancement

other hazards
IEC on Disaster Risk Management

Seminars/training for communities and mining

workers on Disaster Risk Preparedness and
Mitigation

Provision of equipment and aid in response and

recovery of affected communities

Provision of larger evacuation center

Threat to health due to Provision of Health clinic with a Doctor, Nurse and
generation/ dispersion Health workers
of coal dust
Provision of free/affordable medical equipment,
medicines and supplements

Develop and implement health programs/services

for the host communities

Setting-up of community health program at

project affected areas; regular monitoring and
consultation on medical services
Mine plant closure/ Psycho-social services to Project-affected families
abandonment
Re-training and enhancement of alternative
livelihood programs for workers in the affected
areas
Provision of documents and updates to the
Information regarding municipal office regarding the status of the
the project project
Blasting/ Seismic Survey IEC and consultation on community before
blasting takes place
Utilization of existing
MMT to monitor the
project
Non-compliance to IEC on process of monitoring plans; procedures
Required, Lawful, and regulations/processes
Agreed Upon and
Programmed Establishment/Development of community-
environmental driven programs/measures and actions/activities
protection, risk and to enforce compliance (petitions, revocation of
damage mitigation and endorsement, citizen’s arrest, etc.)

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 2
Assessment of Environmental Impacts

Phase Occurrence

Pre-Construction

Abandonment
Construction

Operation
Discussion/Options for Prevention,
List of Key Impacts
Mitigation or Enhancement

compensation
Communicate with LGUs, POs, and NGOs to aid in
more regular and continuous monitoring
Delay of necessary and
requisite enhancement,
preventive, mitigating,
and compensatory
measures, as well as
compensatory payments Implementation SDP in coordination with the
and penalty payments LGUs

Lack and delay of access

of the communities to
the mining project’s
tax/es and requisite and
programmed social
development projects

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3 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Impact Management Plan (IMP) sets out the action plan for implementing the recommended
mitigating and enhancement measures to address the potential environmental impacts of the
project. The IMP includes programs necessary to implement the mitigating measures and monitoring
plans.

Century Peak Corporation is committed to operate its proposed project in a manner that will
prioritize protection of the existing environment, safety and health of the people and in full
compliance with the environmental laws, rules and regulations and other applicable legislations,
consistent with the principles of sustainable development.

The identified environmental impacts and corresponding proposed preventive, mitigation or

enhancement measures for each environmental component are summarized in the Impacts
Management Plan (IMP) presented in Table 3-1. Further, the IMP outlines the Company’s
prevention, mitigation or enhancement measures on addressing the potential impacts of its Pre-
construction, Construction, Operation, and Abandonment Phases.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

TABLE 3-1. IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/
Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
I. Pre-construction Phase
Geotechnical Land Contamination of soil, groundwater,  Require the drilling contractor to use Proponent / Php200,000.00 Part of the
investigation Water and surface water. appropriate drilling fluid that is not toxic. Contractor project cost
 Implement proper bunding to avoid
(-) Drilling fluid may potentially leak spillage into receiving environment.
into receiving environment if not  Prepare emergency spill kits in case of
managed properly potential leaks.
People Threat to people and properties IEC and consultation on community before Proponent, IEC Plan
during blasting/seismic survey blasting takes place LGU
Increased Air Generation of dust  Implement dust suppression techniques. Proponent / Php50,000.00 / Cost will be part
movement of  Cover trucks with tarpaulin loaded with Contractor quarter. of the EPEP
heavy equipment (-) Increased particulate matter due spoils/filling materials when in transit. budget to be
on site and delivery to movement of vehicles  Pre-wetting of road surface to minimise submitted to
of materials dust. MGB.
Increased (-) Health effects due to inhalation of
movement of dust by residents living in areas
heavy equipment adjacent to project site
on site and delivery People Threat to public safety  Prepare and implement a traffic impact Proponent / Php50,000/year on Cost will be part
of materials assessment and management plan. Contractor safety signages and of the Safety
(-) Possible injury or fatality as a  Implement speed limits especially along Php50,000.00 on and Health
result of heavy equipment and community built-up areas and safety trainings/seminars Program budget
delivery trucks movement in the devices / signs. to be submitted
project site  Ensure competency of drivers to drive to MGB.
safely.
 Engage local communities and inform
them of site activities through IECs,
posting construction “off limits” and
safety signages.
 Designate traffic marshals/enforcers to
ensure implementation of traffic
management plan.
Traffic congestion  Coordinate with DPWH and Municipal Proponent / Part of the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
Engineering Department in road Contractor regular
(-) Rapid deterioration of existing maintenance and necessary coordination of
national/ municipal/ barangay road improvements to accommodate the Proponent
condition as a result of heavy increased vehicle movement. (through its
equipment movement ComRel Office)
with the LGU.
People Negative Perception about the  IEC and community level consultations on Proponent, IEC Plan
project the Project to properly inform the LGU
stakeholders
 Provision of documents and updates to
the municipal office regarding the status
of the project
Increased People Opportunities for local employment  Implement priority local hiring policy for Proponent / No cost will be Employment
manpower qualified local workers. Contractor incurred. generated
requirements (+) Employment opportunities and  Provide skills training for local residents together with
benefits of employees and potential  Coordinate with barangay or/and the origins of
livelihood/business opportunities municipal LGU as to relevant ordinance workers will be
on providing opportunities for local validated by the
(-) Employing outside workers may employment. MMT.
antagonize local communities  Require and monitor contractor
commitments on providing local
employment.
II. Construction Phase
Site preparation, Land Change in geomorphology  Implement flood management plan which Proponent / Php100,000.00/year – Cost will be part
ground levelling, include, among others, the construction Contractor maintenance of the of the EPEP
and drainage (-) The Project site’s elevation will be of proper and adequate drainage drainage facility budget to be
improvements altered. The elevation change will systems. submitted to
result in subsequent change in the MGB.
hydrology surrounding the Project
site.
Site preparation, Land Inducement of subsidence or collapse  Implement best engineering practices Proponent / Php10M – Part of project
excavation, and such as suitable backfilling material, Contractor implementation of site cost
filling (-) Minor subsidence may occur proper slope, grading and contouring to preparation adhering

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
within the project site when the minimise possibility of subsidence or to best engineering
subsurface is disturbed during differential settling. practices.
excavation activities for preparation  Proper detailed foundation design and
of foundation construction with utmost consideration
on structural integrity.
(-) Minor settling may also occur as a
result of additional loads from heavy
machinery and structures
Site preparation, Land Inducement of natural hazards and  Implement best engineering practices Proponent / Php100,000.00/year – Cost will be part
ground levelling People potential threat to public safety such as suitable backfilling material, Contractor maintenance of the of the EPEP
and drainage proper slope, grading and contouring to drainage facility budget to be
improvements (-) Occurrence, frequency and minimise possibility of subsidence or submitted to
magnitude of flooding may be differential settling. MGB.
affected due to the changes in  Proper detailed foundation design and
ground elevation in the project site. construction with utmost consideration
on structural integrity
(-) Flooding may cause damage to  Conduct of detailed hydrological
property, assets, and may pose threat assessment to design appropriate
to public safety drainage system to address flooding
problem.
Site preparation, Land Soil erosion from onsite activities  Implement best engineering practices Proponent / Php100,000.00/year – Cost will be part
excavation, and such as suitable backfilling material, Contractor reforestation activities of the EPEP
filling (-) Improper storage of construction proper slope, grading and contouring to and ground budget to be
materials and indiscriminate disposal minimise possibility of subsidence or stabilization and submitted to
of fill materials and excavated soils differential settling. maintenance MGB.
may affect erosion patterns.  Proper detailed foundation design and
construction with utmost consideration
on structural integrity.
 Vegetation (3-4 meters) will be
maintained along the project’s periphery
where applicable and practicable to
prevent erosion and act as buffer
between the project site and the adjacent
properties

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
 Progressive ground preparation and
clearing will be conducted to minimize
total area of land that will be disturbed at
any one time, where practical.
Contamination of soil / disposal site  Implement best engineering practices Proponent / Php2,000,000.00 – Cost will be part
such as proper stockpiling and handling of Contractor establishment of TSD of the EPEP
(-) Excavated soil materials may excavated materials. facility and provision budget to be
contain contaminants that may pose  Develop proper filling and disposal plan of proper waste submitted to
potential threat to soil and ground to avoid contamination of soil, disposal. MGB.
and surface water quality at groundwater, and surface water.
identified spoil disposal area.
Site preparation, Land Vegetation removal and loss of  All statutory requirements relating to tree Proponent / Php150,000.00 – Cost will be part
land clearing habitat cutting permits shall be secured from the Contractor establishment of of the EPEP
DENR prior to any clearing operations. buffer zone budget to be
(-) The construction of the proposed  Establish a 3-4-meter buffer zonearound submitted to
Project will require clearing and within the perimeter of the project Php50,000.00/ year – MGB.
approximately the whole 18.7- site maintenance of
hectare site.  Progressive clearing of land will be done. bufferzone

Land (-) Displacement of fauna species due  Establish and maintain corridor or buffer Proponent / To be determined Part of project
to loss of habitat zones (3-4 meters) within the project Contractor cost
area for species’ refuge and food source.
People (-) Loss of livelihood from fishing and  Provision and development of  CPC, DTI, Part of construction DOLE report,
farming alternative livelihood projects / DA, CRO, cost SDP
programs especially for youth, women, LGU
(-) Loss of access to fishing areas due and senior citizens
to project security and physical  Provide alternative routes to livelihood  CPC, LGU, DOLE report,
restrictions sources DTI, DA, SDP
 Feasibility studies prior to start of CRO, LGU
(-) Limited Employment opportunities livelihood programs/ projects  CPC, LGU Feasibility
only to males with specific skill sets  Development of sustainable and studies
and expertise and who can afford to efficient livelihood projects targeting  CPC, DTI,
secure all the application documents Youth and Out-of-school youths, DA, CRO, SDP
requirements women, senior citizens, etc. LGU, TESDA

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
 Generation/Provision of scholarships to
vocational schools  CPC, CRO,
 Local hiring priority for qualified LGU
Barangay residents  CPC, CRO, SDP
DOLE
Hiring plan and
documentation
DOLE report,
SDP
 Support to watershed management  CPC, Brgy.
(-) Loss or depletion of water supply Part of construction EPEP
programs Committee cost
 Provision of pipes for direct sourcing by for
community; separate source for CPC Environmen
t, DENR,
PENR/
CENR
(-) Fear of landslides and other  Formulate a Disaster Risk Management  CPC, Brgy. Part of construction Disaster Risk
hazards Plan LGU, CRO cost Reduction and
 IEC on Disaster Risk Management Management
 Seminars/training for communities and Framework,
mining workers on Disaster Risk SDP, IEC Plan
Preparedness and Mitigation
 Provision of equipment and aid in
response and recovery of affected
communities
 Provision of additional evacuation
centers
(-) Negative Perception about the  IEC and community level consultations on Proponent, Part of construction IEC Plan
project the Project to properly inform the LGU cost
stakeholders
 Provision of documents and updates to
the municipal office regarding the status
of the project
(-) Non-compliance to Required,  IEC on process of monitoring plans; CPC, Part of construction EMoP, ECC, IEC,

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
Lawful, Agreed Upon and procedures and regulations/processes Contractors, cost SDP
Programmed environmental  Communicate with LGUs, POs, and NGOs Brgy. plans/studies
protection, risk and damage to aid in more regular and continuous Councils, indicated in the
mitigation and compensation monitoring LGU, POs, MOA, Terms of
 Establishment/Development of NGOs Contract
community-driven programs/measures
and actions/activities to enforce
compliance (petitions, revocation of
endorsement, citizen’s arrest, etc.)
(-) Delay of necessary and requisite  Clarification on communities, contractor, CPC, IEC Plan, SDP,
enhancement, preventive, mitigating, proponent, regulatory, and LGUs on Contractors, MOA, Terms of
and compensatory measures, as well whom shall be held Brgy. contract,
as compensatory payments and responsible/accountable when Councils, Accomplishment
penalty payments environmental problems and violations LGU, POs, report
occur NGOs
(-) Passing of accountability on  Implementation SDP in coordination with
environmental issues and violations the LGUs
between the proponent and their
contractor
(-) Delay of due tax payments to  On time payment of taxes CPC SDP
respective agencies
Piling of Water Lowering of groundwater level  Best engineering management and Proponent / Part of project
foundation, laying People practices strategy will be employed to Contractor cost
of underground (-) Construction activities such as minimise impacts to the nearby
utilities dewatering may lead to short-term superficial aquifer groundwater, and to
lowering of the near surface protect nearby surface water features.
groundwater levels at the project site
and its immediate vicinity.
Earthworks Water (-) Degradation of surface water  Implementation of the approved Proponent / Cost will be part
quality due to siltation brought about Environmental Protection and Contractor of the EPEP
by earthmoving activities Enhancement Program (EPEP) which budget to be
provides best environmental submitted to
management practices such as, but shall MGB.
not be limited to, removal of debris along

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
the waterways, proper disposal of
construction wastes, installation of silt
traps at strategic locations, and spoils to
be properly contoured to prevent
erosion.
Generation of (-) Degradation of water quality due  Removal of debris along the waterways Proponent / Php50,000 / Year – Cost will be part
wastes to runoff from sanitary sewage, will be conducted, all construction Contractor provision for proper of the EPEP
waste water, solid wastes, and other wastes will be properly disposed, silt solid waste disposal budget to be
construction materials traps at strategic locations and spoils submitted to
will be properly contoured to prevent MGB.
erosion.
 Portalets will be provided for use of the
workers and its corresponding
wastewater will be properly dispose.
 Implementation of Solid waste
management program and Hazardous
waste management program.
 Use of DENR accredited haulers/TSD
companies.
Delivery of Air Generation of dust  Implement dust suppression measures Proponent / Php50,000/ year – Cost will be part
construction People in active construction areas. Contractor operational expenses of the EPEP
materials and (-) Air pollution from fugitive dust  Pre-wetting of road surface to minimise budget to be
equipment, resulting from ground clearing dust. submitted to
construction works operations, site preparation,  Provision of tarpaulin cover on trucks MGB.
structure erection, and vehicle loaded with construction materials
movement.  Immediate hauling of spoils
 Impose speed restrictions/limits and
(-) Health effects due to inhalation of proper signages
dust by residents living in areas
adjacent to project site
Air Generation of air emissions  Regular maintenance of heavy Proponent / Php2,000,000 / year – Part of the
equipment, motor vehicles and all Contractor cost of maintenance construction
(-) Air pollution from SO2 and NO2 emission generating equipment of heavy equipment cost
emissions from heavy equipment

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
used in site preparation.
Construction works Air (-) Generation of noise from  Regular maintenance of motor vehicle Proponent / Php100,000.00 Cost will be part
construction activities mufflers Contractor of the EPEP
 Provision of noise cancelling ear budget to be
protection to workers submitted to
 Proper scheduling of noisy activities MGB.
during day time
 Establishment of buffer zones along the
perimeter of the construction site
Site preparation People Community protests or complaints  Conduct of IECs to host and neighboring Proponent Php150,000.00 / year Cost will be part
activities communities. of the Annual
(-) Potential adverse community  Properly implement the plan, programs, SDMP budget to
response resulting from access activities (PPA) in the approved Social be submitted to
restrictions in working areas. Development and Management MGB.
Program (SDMP).
Increased People Opportunities for local employment  Implement priority local hiring policy for Proponent / Php20,000 / year Employment
manpower qualified local workers. Contractor generated
requirements (+) Employment opportunities and  Provide skills training for local residents together with
benefits of employees and its  Coordinate with barangay or/and the origins of
multiplier effect or potential municipal LGU as to relevant ordinance workers will be
livelihood/business opportunities on providing opportunities for local validated by the
employment. MMT.
(-) Bringing in of outside workers may  Require and monitor contractor
antagonise local communities commitments on providing local
employment.
Increased People In-migration  Livelihood opportunities will be Proponent / Php1M / year – SDMP Cost will be part
manpower provided to local communities especially Contractor budget that will be of the Annual
requirements (+) Approximately 1000 workers will to host barangays utilized for the SDMP budget to
be required during construction  Provide skills training for local residents implementation of be submitted to
 Conduct consultation with barangay SDMP credited MGB.
(-) In-migrants may compete with LGUs on requirements and process of activities such as,
locals for employment, project hiring to maximize employment of local livelihood programs,
benefits, natural resources (i.e. water residents. education assistance,
competition), local health, welfare  Partnership planning workshops will be medical assistance,

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
services and infrastructure conducted with host communities to IEC, among others.
In-migration may also lead to understand the needs and provide
proliferation of informal settlers in benefits to the community based on
the project impact barangays their CSR thrust.
 Regular IEC and consultations with
stakeholders (e.g. barangay LGU, local
communities) will be conducted to
ensure a sustainable community
development plan.
 Coordination with the municipal and
barangay peace and order councils to
ensure peace and order.
 Coordination meetings shall also be
undertaken regularly with the LGUs to
identify threats and vulnerabilities in the
society as well as to develop programs
to prevent foreseen social problems.
Increased People Cultural and lifestyle change  The proponent will implement a code of Proponent / Php1M / year – SDMP Cost will be part
manpower conduct for employees, contractors, and Contractor budget that will be of the Annual
requirements (-) Potential social tensions due to subcontractors to prevent potential utilized for the SDMP budget to
income and wealth disparity between impacts on lifestyle and behaviour. implementation of be submitted to
those who will be benefited  IEC activities, open dialogue and SDMP credited MGB.
economically from the project and communication with the stakeholders activities such as,
those who will not be benefited. will be undertaken regularly by the cultural activities, IEC,
proponent to address concerns of the among others.
(-) Workers and other in-migrants people on the proposed project and
may introduce different lifestyles and promote transparency
patterns of behaviour leading to
social tensions.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
Threat to delivery of basic services  The proponent shall develop and Proponent /
and resource competition implement the SDMP as required under Contractor
the Philippine Mining Act. Among the
(-) Unplanned population increase area of focus of the SDMP activities is
due to in-migration puts pressure on the improvement of basic services such
basic services (education, health and as health and welfare, livelihood,
social welfare) and utilities (water, infrastructure, education, among others.
electricity and waste management). The preparation of the SDMP activities
involves the participation and
(-) Population influx may create engagement of the stakeholders.
unmet demands for affordable
housing leading to an increase in
informal settlers and illegal
structures.
Increased People Traffic congestion  Traffic management plan, in Proponent / Php100,000/ year – Cost will be part
movement of coordination with concerned LGUs and Contractor Safety and health of the Safety
heavy equipment (-) Possible increase in traffic given DPWH, will be prepared and program will cover this and Health
on site and delivery the number of workers to be implemented to prevent road accidents, activities. Program budget
of materials, employed and delivery of some which include speed limits, vehicle load to be submitted
Increased construction materials. limits, vehicle maintenance to MGB.
manpower requirements, and limiting driving hours.
requirements  IEC will also be conducted to
communicate traffic impact and
management plan to the community
 Signs for ongoing construction activities
(i.e. speed limit, safety signages) shall be
installed at strategic places to notify and
warn the general public as necessary.
III. Operational Phase
Storage of diesel Land (-) Soil contamination due to  Compliance with RA No. 6969 as to the Proponent Php200,000 – Cost will be part
fuel, chemicals and accidental leaks or spills proper handling, transport, management installation of bund of the EPEP
other hazardous and disposal of toxic and hazardous walls and other budget to be
materials wastes. equivalent submitted to
 Construction of bund walls and impermeable material. MGB.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
installation impermeable
materials/membranes.
 Regular ocular inspections of chemical
storage areas including their
containment.
Project Operations Land Potential liquefaction or ground  Facility will be designed in accordance to Proponent Php20,000 / year – Part of project
(General) People subsidence due to earthquakes the National Structural Code of the cost incurred for cost
Philippines and relevant international regular inspection of
(-) Liquefaction and ground standards and best engineering practices building’s structural
subsidence may occur due to  Soil compaction and more competent integrity
earthquakes, which may cause backfill materials will be utilised to
damage to property, assets, and may minimise possibility of subsidence or
pose threat to public safety differential settling
Land Potential flooding due to extreme  Conduct a more detailed hydrological Proponent Php50,000 – cost of Part of the
People weather events and potential threat assessment to inform the design of study project cost
to public safety appropriate drainage system to address
ongoing flooding problem.
(-) Flooding brought about by
extreme weather events may cause
damage to property, assets, and may
pose threat to public safety
People (-) Loss of livelihood from fishing and  Provision and development of  CPC, DTI, Part of operation cost DOLE report,
farming alternative livelihood projects / DA, CRO, SDP
programs especially for youth, women, LGU
(-) Loss of access to fishing areas due and senior citizens
to project security and physical  Provide alternative routes to livelihood  CPC, LGU, DOLE report,
restrictions sources DTI, DA, SDP
 Feasibility studies prior to start of CRO, LGU
(-) Limited Employment opportunities livelihood programs/ projects  CPC, LGU Feasibility
only to males with specific skill sets  Development of sustainable and studies
and expertise and who can afford to efficient livelihood projects targeting  CPC, DTI,
secure all the application documents Youth and Out-of-school youths, DA, CRO, SDP
requirements women, senior citizens, etc. LGU, TESDA
 Generation/Provision of scholarships to

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 3
Environmental Management Plan

Project phase/ Environmental Guarantee/

Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
vocational schools  CPC, CRO,
 Local hiring priority for qualified LGU SDP
Barangay residents  CPC, CRO,
DOLE Hiring plan and
documentation
DOLE report,
SDP
(-) Loss or depletion of water supply  Support to watershed management CPC, Brgy. Part of operation cost EPEP
programs Committee
 Provision of pipes for direct sourcing by for
community; separate source for CPC Environment,
DENR, PENR/
CENR
(-) Fear of landslides and other  Formulate a Disaster Risk Management CPC, Brgy. Part of operation cost Disaster Risk
hazards Plan LGU, CRO Reduction and
 IEC on Disaster Risk Management Management
 Seminars/training for communities and Framework,
mining workers on Disaster Risk SDP, IEC Plan
Preparedness and Mitigation
 Provision of equipment and aid in
response and recovery of affected
communities
 Provision of additional evacuation
centers
Threat to health due to generation/  Provision of Health clinic with a Doctor, CPC, CRO, Part of operation cost SDP and IEC
dispersion of dust Nurse and Health workers DOH, Plan
 Provision of free/ affordable medical Barangay
equipment, medicines and supplements Committee
 Develop and implement health on Health
programs/services for the host
communities
 Setting-up of community health
program at project affected areas;
regular monitoring and consultation on

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medical services
(-) Negative Perception about the  IEC and community level consultations on Proponent, Part of operation cost IEC Plan
project the Project to properly inform the LGU
stakeholders
 Provision of documents and updates to
the municipal office regarding the status
of the project
(-) Non-compliance to Required,  IEC on process of monitoring plans; CPC, Part of operation cost EMoP, ECC, IEC,
Lawful, Agreed Upon and procedures and regulations/processes Contractors, SDP
Programmed environmental  Communicate with LGUs, POs, and NGOs Brgy. plans/studies
protection, risk and damage to aid in more regular and continuous Councils, indicated in the
mitigation and compensation monitoring LGU, POs, MOA, Terms of
 Establishment/Development of NGOs Contract
community-driven programs/measures
and actions/activities to enforce
compliance (petitions, revocation of
endorsement, citizen’s arrest, etc.)
(-) Delay of necessary and requisite  Clarification on communities, contractor, CPC, IEC Plan, SDP,
enhancement, preventive, mitigating, proponent, regulatory, and LGUs on Contractors, MOA, Terms of
and compensatory measures, as well whom shall be held Brgy. contract,
as compensatory payments and responsible/accountable when Councils, Accomplishment
penalty payments environmental problems and violations LGU, POs, report
occur NGOs
(-) Passing of accountability on  Implementation SDP in coordination
environmental issues and violations with the LGUs
between the proponent and their
contractor
(-) Delay of due tax payments to  On time payment of taxes CPC SDP
respective agencies
Increased water Water Possible water use competition  Monitor water quality of established Proponent Php150,000/ quarter – Cost will be part
demand for project water quality monitoring stations cost to be incurred of the EPEP
activities (-) Water use competition / reduction regularly. during quarterly budget to be
in water availability due to the  Comply with the requirements and monitoring of MMT, submitted to
project’s use of water from the mandates of the Pinamungajan water laboratory analysis, MGB.

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Pinamungajan Water Distruct (PWD). district as to the usage of water supply among others
Local communities rely in PWD for
their water supply.

Storage of diesel Water (-) Degradation of ground, surface, or  Compliance with RA No. 6969 as to the Proponent Php100,000/ year – Cost will be part
fuel, chemicals and marine water quality due to proper handling, transport, management annual maintenance of the EPEP
other hazardous accidental spillage of chemicals and disposal of toxic and hazardous budget. budget to be
materials wastes. submitted to
 Construction of bund walls and MGB.
installation impermeable
materials/membranes.
 Regular ocular inspections of chemical
storage areas including their
containment.
 An emergency spill prevention and
response plan shall be developed to
address significant spill scenarios and
magnitude of releases.
 Proper drainage shall be provided for fuel
storage areas, and bunds.
 Workers shall be trained in proper
handling of equipment and
implementation of good housekeeping
practices.
 Use of DENR accredited haulers/TSD
companies
Emission of fugitive Air (-) Air pollution from cement and  Regular maintenance of pollution control Proponent Php1M / year Part of the
particles power plant stacks as a result of equipment (i.e. baghouses, electrostatic operational cost
operation, and generation due to precipitator) to ensure efficiency of
mobile sources (i.e. heavy equipment
equipment)  Regular maintenance of all vehicles
Increased People Opportunities for local employment  Implement priority local hiring policy for Proponent Insignificant Monitoring and
manpower qualified local workers. validation
requirements (+) Employment opportunities and  Coordinate with barangay or/and activity of MMT,

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benefits of employees and its municipal LGU as to relevant ordinance MRFC, LGU
multiplier effect or potential on providing opportunities for local Officials, and
livelihood/business opportunities employment. other concerned
 Require and monitor contractor agencies
(-) Bringing in of outside workers may commitments on providing local
antagonise local communities employment.
Increased People In-migration  Livelihood opportunities and skills Proponent Php1M / year – SDMP Cost will be part
manpower training will be provided to local budget that will be of the Annual
requirements (+) Approximately 350 plant communities especially to host barangays utilized for the SDMP budget to
personnel will be required during  Conduct consultation with barangay LGUs implementation of be submitted to
operation on requirements and process of hiring to SDMP credited MGB.
maximize employment of local residents. activities such as,
(-) In-migrants may compete with  Partnership planning workshops will be livelihood programs,
locals for employment, project conducted with host communities to cultural activities, IEC,
benefits, natural resources (i.e. water understand the needs and provide among others.
competition), local health, welfare benefits to the community based on their
services and infrastructure CSR thrust.
In-migration may also lead to  Regular IEC and consultations with
proliferation of informal settlers in stakeholders (e.g. barangay LGU, local
the project impact barangays communities) will be conducted to
ensure a sustainable community
development plan.
 Coordination with the municipal and
barangay peace and order councils to
ensure peace and order.
 Coordination meetings shall also be
undertaken regularly with the LGUs to
identify threats and vulnerabilities in the
society as well as to develop programs to
prevent foreseen social problems.
Increased People Cultural and lifestyle change  The proponent will implement a code of Proponent Php1M / year – SDMP Cost will be part
manpower conduct for employees, contractors, and budget that will be of the Annual
requirements (-) Potential social tensions due to subcontractors to prevent potential utilized for the SDMP budget to
income and wealth disparity between impacts on lifestyle and behaviour. implementation of be submitted to

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aspect to be affected arrangement
those who will be benefited  IEC activities, open dialogue and SDMP credited MGB.
economically from the project and communication with the stakeholders will activities such as,
those who will not be benefited be undertaken regularly by the cultural activities, IEC,
proponent to address concerns of the among others.
(-) Workers and other in-migrants people on the proposed project and
may introduce different lifestyles and promote transparency
patterns of behaviour leading to
social tensions
Increased People Threat to delivery of basic services  The proponent shall develop and Proponent Cost is Cost will be part
manpower and resource competition implement the SDMP as required under determined/computed of the Annual
requirements the Philippine Mining Act. Among the as 1.5% of the SDMP budget to
(-) Unplanned population increase, area of focus of the SDMP activities is the operating cost of the be submitted to
due to in-migration puts pressure on improvement of basic services such as cement plant. MGB.
basic services (education, health and health and welfare, livelihood,
social welfare) and utilities (water, infrastructure, education, among others.
electricity and waste management) The preparation of the SDMP activities
involves the participation and
(-) Population influx may create engagement of the stakeholders.
unmet demands for affordable
housing leading to an increase in
informal settlers and illegal structures
Increased People Generation of local benefits from the To further enhance the benefits from the Proponent Cost will be part
manpower project project: of the Annual
requirements, CSR SDMP budget to
activities (+) Employment opportunities and  The proponent shall develop and be submitted to
benefits of employees and its implement the SDMP as required under MGB.
multiplier effect or potential the Philippine Mining Act. Among the
livelihood/business opportunities (i.e. area of focus of the SDMP activities is the
canteen, sari-sari store, boarding improvement of basic services such as
house, etc) are perceived as positive health and welfare, livelihood,
impacts of the project. infrastructure, education, among others.
The preparation of the SDMP activities
(+) Improvement of basic services (i.e. involves the participation and
electricity, water, health and engagement of the stakeholders.

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education) and infrastructure (i.e.
road, recreation and health facility) is
expected as a result of the project

(+) Increase in barangay income and

IRA will also be a positive impact that
may subsequently provide more
funding for programs and projects of
the barangay.
Increased People Traffic congestion  Traffic management plan, in coordination Proponent Php100,000 / year – Cost will be part
movement of with concerned LGUs and DPWH, will be for the of the Annual
heavy equipment (-) Possible increase in traffic given prepared and implemented implementation of the SHP budget to
on site and delivery the number of workers to be  IEC will also be conducted to Safety programs / be submitted to
of materials, employed and delivery of some communicate traffic impact and policies, IEC MGB.
Increased construction materials. This has the management plan to the community campaigns, safety
manpower potential to add traffic congestion especially the host and neighboring materials, etc.
requirements and affect sensitive receptors such as barangays
schools and community centers that  Proper scheduling of delivery of
may potentially cause road accidents. construction materials to avoid peak
hours/ traffic congestion and minimize
(-) Heavy loads traversing the occurrence of accidents.
infrastructure over or near load  Installation of safety warnings and
bearing limits signages
IV. Decommissioning Phase
Clearing and Land Ground and water contamination  Proper implementation of the approved Proponent / Php2M – for the Cost will be part
removal of Water Final Mine Rehabilitation and Contractor handling, transport, of the FMRDP
structures People (-) Clearing and removal of structures Decommissioning Plan (FMRDP) that and disposal of all Fund to be
and facilities that may result to details the decommissioning, hazardous waste and submitted to
improper disposal of contaminated rehabilitation, and social activities which chemicals. MGB.
materials or release of toxic and shall include the methodology, timing,
hazardous wastes / compounds and techniques.
 Use of DENR accredited haulers/TSD
companies for wastes classified under RA
No. 6969.

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People (-) Loss of livelihood from fishing and  Provision and development of  CPC, DTI, Part of abandonment DOLE report,
farming alternative livelihood projects / DA, CRO, cost SDP
programs especially for youth, women, LGU
(-) Loss of access to fishing areas due and senior citizens
to project security and physical  Provide alternative routes to livelihood  CPC, LGU, DOLE report,
restrictions sources DTI, DA, SDP
 Feasibility studies prior to start of CRO, LGU
(-) Limited Employment opportunities livelihood programs/ projects  CPC, LGU Feasibility
only to males with specific skill sets  Development of sustainable and studies
and expertise and who can afford to efficient livelihood projects targeting  CPC, DTI,
secure all the application documents Youth and Out-of-school youths, DA, CRO, SDP
requirements women, senior citizens, etc. LGU, TESDA
 Generation/Provision of scholarships to
vocational schools  CPC, CRO,
 Local hiring priority for qualified LGU SDP
Barangay residents  CPC, CRO,
DOLE Hiring plan and
documentation
DOLE report,
SDP
(-) Loss or depletion of water supply  Support to watershed management CPC, Brgy. Part of abandonment EPEP
programs Committee cost
 Provision of pipes for direct sourcing by for
community; separate source for CPC Environment,
DENR, PENR/
CENR
(-) Fear of landslides and other  Formulate a Disaster Risk Management CPC, Brgy. Part of abandonment Disaster Risk
hazards Plan LGU, CRO cost Reduction and
 IEC on Disaster Risk Management Management
 Seminars/training for communities and Framework,
mining workers on Disaster Risk SDP, IEC Plan
Preparedness and Mitigation
 Provision of equipment and aid in
response and recovery of affected

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aspect to be affected arrangement
communities
 Provision of additional evacuation
centers
Threat to health due to generation/  Provision of Health clinic with a Doctor, CPC, CRO, Part of abandonment SDP and IEC
dispersion of dust Nurse and Health workers DOH, cost Plan
 Provision of free/ affordable medical Barangay
equipment, medicines and supplements Committee
 Develop and implement health on Health
programs/services for the host
communities
 Setting-up of community health
program at project affected areas;
regular monitoring and consultation on
medical services
(-) Negative Perception about the  IEC and community level consultations on Proponent, Part of abandonment IEC Plan
project the Project to properly inform the LGU cost
stakeholders
 Provision of documents and updates to
the municipal office regarding the status
of the project
(-) Non-compliance to Required,  IEC on process of monitoring plans; CPC, Part of abandonment EMoP, ECC, IEC,
Lawful, Agreed Upon and procedures and regulations/processes Contractors, cost SDP
Programmed environmental  Communicate with LGUs, POs, and NGOs Brgy. plans/studies
protection, risk and damage to aid in more regular and continuous Councils, indicated in the
mitigation and compensation monitoring LGU, POs, MOA, Terms of
 Establishment/Development of NGOs Contract
community-driven programs/ measures
and actions/ activities to enforce
compliance (petitions, revocation of
endorsement, citizen’s arrest, etc.)
(-) Delay of necessary and requisite  Clarification on communities, contractor, CPC, IEC Plan, SDP,
enhancement, preventive, mitigating, proponent, regulatory, and LGUs on Contractors, MOA, Terms of
and compensatory measures, as well whom shall be held Brgy. contract,
as compensatory payments and responsible/accountable when Councils, Accomplishment

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Options for prevention, mitigation or Responsible
Environmental component likely Potential impact Cost financial
enhancement entity
aspect to be affected arrangement
penalty payments environmental problems and violations LGU, POs, report
occur NGOs
(-) Passing of accountability on  Implementation SDP in coordination
environmental issues and violations with the LGUs
between the proponent and their
contractor
(-) Delay of due tax payments to  On time payment of taxes CPC SDP
respective agencies
Plant closure People (-) Loss of livelihood of local  Provideand develop sustainable Proponent Php1M – Cost will be part
workforce livelihood programs and alternative implementation of of the FMRDP
livelihood training programs. livelihood programs Fund and/or
DSMP budget to
be submitted to
MGB.
Disposal of scrap People Threat to public safety  Proper implementation of the FMRDP. Proponent Php2M – Cost will be part
materials Implementation and of the FMRDP
(-) Injury or fatality of local maintenance of all Fund to be
community due to unauthorized identified activities in submitted to
access to site the FMRDP MGB.

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4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT & EMERGENCY RESPONSE

POLICY AND GUIDELINES

4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT

4.1.1 GENERAL RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS

The Revised Procedural Manual (RPM) of DENR Administrative Order (DAO) 2003–30 defines the
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA) as a process of analyzing and describing the risks associated
with a project or activity to the ecosystems, human health and welfare.

An ERA is generally required if a proposed project will use, handle, transport, and store substances
that are explosive, flammable, oxidizing, or toxic. The RPM provides the following categories to
determine whether or not an ERA is required:

a. Facilities for the production or processing of organic or inorganic chemicals using:

 Alkylation, amination by ammonolysis, carbonylation, condensation, dehydrogenation,
esterification
 Halogenation and manufacture of halogens, hydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation,
polymerisation
 Sulphonation, desulphurisation, manufacture and transformation of sulphur-containing
compounds
 Nitration and manufacture of nitrogen-containing compounds
 Manufacture of phosphorus-containing compounds
 Formulation of pesticides and of pharmaceutical products.
 Distillation, extraction, or solvation
b. Installations for distillation, refining, or processing of petroleum products
c. Installations for the total or partial disposal of solid or liquid substances by incineration or
chemical decomposition
d. Installations for the production or processing of energy gases (i.e. LPG, NG, SNG)
e. Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite
f. Installations for the production of metals or non-metals by wet process or by means of
electrical energy
g. Installation’s for the loading/unloading of hazardous materials as defined by RA 6969 (or
DAO 29)

An ERA is required for the proposed project as part of its EIA since it will handle, transport, and use
coal and diesel fuel. Due to the limited information about the proposed project at this time, a Risk
Screening will be done as a component of the EIA report. The RS will provide an initial assessment of
the hazards in handling and storing coal and diesel fuel based on available information. An
assessment of physical risks throughout the project phases will also be included.

The general risk assessment process is shown in in the figure below:

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FIGURE 4-1. RISK ASSESSMENT PROCESS

4.1.1.1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION

Hazard identification involves the identification of all possible events or processes that may lead to
disastrous or fatal incidents. It also involves defining the inherent and potential hazards of the
substances or materials used, as well as process hazards with the potential to adversely affect
project personnel, the public, and the environment.

4.1.1.2 CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS

Consequence analysis involves the estimation and/or assessment of the results of an incident. This
involves assessing release rates, dispersion and physical effects.

4.1.1.3 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS

Frequency analysis involves the estimation of the likelihood or occurrence of the identified hazards.

4.1.1.4 RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk assessment involves the examination, analysis, evaluation, and estimation of the adverse or
undesirable events, which may cause unacceptable impacts (i.e. fatalities).

4.1.1.5 RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk management is the term applied to a logical and systematic method of identifying, analyzing,
assessing, treating, monitoring and communicating risks associated with any activity, function or
process in a manner that would enable one to minimize losses and maximize opportunities.

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Risk is defined as a measure of potential human injury/ death, economic loss, or environmental
damage in terms of the probability of the loss, injury/ death or damage occurring and the magnitude
of the loss, injury/death or damage if it occurs. It is the product of the calculated consequence of an
accident scenario, and the probability or the frequency of occurrence of such event.

Due to the limited information about the project at this time, a descriptive assessment will be
provided in the following sections.

4.1.2 MATERIALS REQUIREMENT

The Cebu Cement and Power Plant Project will use coal as its main fuel for both its cement
manufacturing process and power plant. It will also use diesel fuel as either a start-up or backup
generator fuel.

4.1.3 RISK SCREENING AND THRESHOLD INVENTORY

The threshold inventory based on Annex 2-7e of the RPM of DAO 2003—30 determines the level of
risk of a project based on the quantity of explosive, flammable, reactive, and/or toxic substances.
The degree of ERA preparation is provided by the following level of coverage:

 Level 1: Preparation of an Emergency/Contingency Plan

 Level 2: Conduct a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) and preparation of an
Emergency/Contingency Plan based on the QRA results

The category definitions in Annex 2-7e applied to coal and diesel fuel are shown in the table below.
Based on the Project’s maximum storage capacity of coal and diesel fuel that the facility will store at
any given time, the quantities of the said substances fall under the Level 1 threshold inventory.
Hence, the Project is required to have an Emergency Response Plan (ERP).

TABLE 4-1. HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCE CATEGORIZATION

Category Applicable Criteria Evaluation Assessment
Listed substance: CoalSubstance/Mixture: Natural Gas
A. Risk of an explosion by shock, friction, fire, or Susceptible to combustion No
Explosives other sources of ignition. and/or explostion only when
(Reactivity) in dust or powder form
B. Flash point range is 21°C to 55°C and capable Flash point: When exposed No
Flammable of supporting combustion. to flame of temperatures in
Substances excess of 126ºC
C. Results in highly exothermic reaction when in Stable No
Oxidising contact with other substances, particularly
substances flammable substances.
D. Toxic Low, medium, high, very high and extreme Coal may liberate various No
Substances toxicity of substances or preparation. polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH’s) upon
thermal
decomposition.
E. Substances or preparations that react violently Stable if properly stored to No
Unclassifie with water (Type A), and substances or inhibit oxidation
d preparations which release or liberate toxic

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Category Applicable Criteria Evaluation Assessment

Substances gas in contact with water (Type B).
Listed substance: Diesel Fuel Oil
A. Risk of an explosion by shock, friction, fire, or Not explosive in normal No
Explosives other sources of ignition. form (liquid)
(Reactivity)
B. Flash point range is 21oC to 55oC and capable Flash point = 52oC (NIOSH Yes
Flammable of supporting combustion. International Chemical
Substances Safety Cards,
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/i
pcsneng/neng1561.html)
C. Results in highly exothermic reaction when in Stable No
Oxidising contact with other substances, particularly
substances flammable substances.
D. Toxic Low, medium, high, very high and extreme Vapor pressure at 20oC = Yes
Substances toxicity of substances or preparation. 2.17 mm Hg and rat LC50
4hr = 5.3 ppm. (medium
toxicity).
E. Substances or preparations that react violently Immiscible with water. Do No
Unclassifie with water (Type A), and substances or not react violently with
d preparations which release or liberate toxic water.
Substances gas in contact with water (Type B).

4.1.4 RISK ANALYSIS

4.1.4.1 HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES

4.1.4.1.1 COAL

All coal naturally contains inorganic matter derived from the rocks and minerals associated with the
coal seam. During the process of burning coal, the incombustible inorganic matter is collected as
coal ash, which consists of two major fractions: fly ash and bottom ash.

4.1.4.1.1.1 CHEMICAL HAZARDS OF COAL

4.1.4.1.1.1.1 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE TO COAL

Route Effect
Inhalation The principal health hazard associated with coal occurs during its mining and
transport. Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) can occur in as little as 15 years of
excessive inhalation of respirable coal dust. Respirable quartz particles and free
silica may be co-implicated. Coal dust is deposited in the lungs where its site of
action is the lung parenchyma, lymph nodes and hila. The severity of the disease is
directly related to the amount of coal dust in the lungs. In the simple stages, the
disease is detectable by x-ray as round, irregular "macules" of 1-5mm. This stage
typically does not change lung function or shorten life.

The chronic stage of CWP, however, involves massive pulmonary fibrosis that does
impair pulmonary function and shorten life.

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Route Effect
Chronic Bronchitis (lung inflammation, coughing attacks, difficult breathing, etc.)
and emphysema can result from excessive coal dust inhalation.

Rheumatoid arthritis can be exacerbated by pneumonias leading to rapidly

developing lung damage (Caplan’s Syndrome).
Ingestion Ingestion of this product may cause diarrhea or irritation of the mucous
membranes of the mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach
Dermal Dermal contact may cause skin irritation with prolonged or repeated contact.
contact
Carcinogenicity Coal may liberate various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH’s) upon thermal
Statement decomposition. There is no clear evidence that coal is carcinogenic to man or
experimental animals because of their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content.
However, there is evidence that these PAH’s may play an active role in the
generation of lung cancer seen in cigarette smokers or tar-roofing workers.

4.1.4.1.1.2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF COAL

Failure of or a defective coal handling system may result in the spillage of coal during unloading
operations. Mechanical failure involving the bucket and/or conveyor may cause some coal to be tip
out and get dispersed in the water or on land.

The quality of coal to be used is also a major factor that will affect the plant emissions. Hence, fuel
quality control is needed to ensure that coal to be used will not have a high percentage of S.

4.1.4.1.1.2.1 PATHWAY OF HAZARD

Pathway evaluation considers various routes by which a person could be exposed to the hazard
identified. Associated with this is the degree to which the hazards can be directly related to human
safety. The following figure presents the hazard pathway for the transport, handling and use of coal.

FIGURE 4-2. HAZARD PATHWAY FOR THE TRANSPORT, HANDLING, AND USE OF COAL

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4.1.4.1.2 DIESEL FUEL

Diesel is stable at ambient temperatures but conditions to avoid include high temperatures, open
flames, sparks, welding, smoking and other ignition sources. The fuel is also reactive to strong
oxidizers. Hazardous decomposition products include CO, CO2 and non-combusted hydrocarbons
(smoke).

4.1.4.1.2.1 CHEMICAL HAZARDS OF DIESEL FUEL

Inhalation of diesel vapors may cause irritations to the nose, throat, lungs and respiratory tract.
Central nervous system (brain) effects may include headache, dizziness, loss of balance and
coordination, unconsciousness, coma, respiratory failure, and death.

The major health threat of ingestion occurs from the danger of aspiration (breathing) of liquid drops
into the lungs, particularly from vomiting. Aspiration may result in chemical pneumonia (fluid in the
lungs), severe lung damage, respiratory failure and even death. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal
disturbances, including irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and central nervous system (brain)
effects similar to alcohol intoxication. In severe cases, tremors, convulsions, loss of consciousness,
coma, respiratory arrest, and death may occur.

Skin irritation occurs with prolonged or repeated contact. Practically non-toxic if absorbed following
acute (single) exposure. The exposure limits of diesel fuel are the following:

 ACGIH TLV: TWA 100 mg/m3, skin

 OSHA PEL: TWA 5 mg/m3 as mineral oil mist

4.1.4.1.2.1.1 ROUTES OF EXPOSURE OF DIESEL FUEL

Route Effect
Inhalation Inhalation of diesel vapours may cause irritations to the nose, throat, lungs and
respiratory tract. Central nervous system (brain) effects may include headache,
dizziness, loss of balance and coordination, unconsciousness, coma, respiratory
failure, and death.
Ingestion The major health threat of ingestion occurs from the danger of aspiration (breathing)
of liquid drops into the lungs, particularly from vomiting. Aspiration may result in
chemical pneumonia (fluid in the lungs), severe lung damage, respiratory failure and
even death. Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal disturbances, including irritation,
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and central nervous system (brain) effects similar to
alcohol intoxication. In severe cases, tremors, convulsions, loss of consciousness,
coma, respiratory arrest, and death may occur.
Dermal contact Dermal contact may cause skin irritation with prolonged or repeated contact.
Practically non-toxic if absorbed following acute (single) exposure. Liquid may be
absorbed through the skin in toxic amounts if large areas of skin are repeatedly
exposed.
Carcinogenicity Studies have shown that similar products produce skin tumors in laboratory animals
Statement following repeated applications without washing or removal. The significance of this
finding to human exposure has not been determined. Other studies with active skin
carcinogens have shown that washing the animal’s skin with soap and water between
applications reduced tumor formation.

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4.1.4.1.2.2 PHYSICAL HAZARDS OF DIESEL FUEL

Diesel fuel is flammable and may explode if the following conditions are met:

 In vapor point, diesel fuel may be ignited rapidly when exposed to heat, spark, open flame or
other source of ignition.
 When mixed with air and exposed to an ignition source, flammable vapors can burn in the
open or explode in confined spaces.

The physical hazards associated with the storage, handling and use of diesel fuel are:

 Evaporating pools resulting to toxic vapor clouds

 Pool fire thermal radiation and generation of gases
 Tank fire resulting to thermal radiation and generation of gases

Leaking or spilled diesel fuel will form a pool and if ignition sources are present, this will cause a pool
fire. The measure for the endpoint of a pool fire is known as the distance to heat radiation. An
incident flux level of 10,000 W/m2 quickly causes third-degree burns that are likely to lead to fatality.
These two levels are typically used in determining injury and fatality hazard zones (US FEMA).

The endpoint for pool fires as specified by the USEPA is a radiant heat dose of 5 kilowatts per square
meter (kW/m2) for 40 seconds; a 40-second exposure to this heat level could cause second degree
burns.

4.1.4.1.2.2.1 PATHWAY OF HAZARD

Pathway evaluation considers various routes by which a person could be exposed to the hazard
identified. Associated with this is the degree to which the hazards can be directly related to human
safety. The following figure presents the hazard pathway for the transport, handling and use of
diesel fuel.

FIGURE 4-3. HAZARD PATHWAY FOR THE TRANSPORT, HANDLING, AND USE OF DIESEL FUEL

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4.1.4.2 AIR POLLUTANTS

These include emissions of particulates, SOx, NOx, CO2, and particulate matter, and other toxic
pollutants like mercury, which are released from the burning of coal. These pollutants like mercury,
which are released from the burning of coal. These pollutants are released into the atmosphere
through the smokestack if they are not completely captured by the air pollution devices.

Although these pollutants are of normal operations, the extent of air pollutant emission can be
worsened by poor fuel quality and poor operating practices including inefficiency of air pollution
devices.

4.1.4.2.1 SULFUR OXIDES (SO X )

Sulfur oxides (SOx) are compounds of sulfur and oxygen molecules. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is the major
form found in the lower atmosphere. It is a heavy colorless gas with a characteristic suffocating
odor.

When SOx is combined with ultraviolet light from the sun, reactive hydrocarbons, atmospheric
oxygen, and water vapor, produces sulfuric acid (H2SO4) vapor, odd-hydrogen radicals (OH), and
strong oxidants (H2O2 and O). At the same time, slow oxidation of sulfur dioxide, initiated by a
reaction with the hydroxide (OH) radical, leads to the gradual buildup of sulfate aerosol, which is
visible as haze. These pollutants attach themselves to individual cloud particles through a number of
microphysical processes. The solubility of sulfate particles makes them good starting points for the
formation of rain drops, which may also form acid rain.

SO2 emissions cause respiratory problems. It is toxic by inhalation with an Immediately Dangerous to
Life and Health (IDLH) value of 100ppm or 261 mg/m3. Health impacts appear to be linked especially
to brief exposures to ambient concentrations above 1,000 μg/m3 (exposures measured over 10
minutes). SO2 is also a strong irritant to the eyes, nose and throat. Groups at risk are children, the
elderly, and those already suffering from respiratory ailments such as asthmatics.

TABLE 4-2. EFFECTS OF SO2 EXPOSURE

Concentration (ppm) Physiological effect
0.3 to 1 Detectable by taste rather than by odor
3 to 5 Detectable odor
10 Maximum concentration allowable for prolonged exposure
20 Least amount causing coughing and irritation of eyes
50 Irritation to eyes, lungs, throat
50 to 100 Maximum concentration for short exposure (30 to 60 minutes)
150 Maybe endured for several minutes. Extremely disagreeable.
400 to 500 Life threatening
SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.DEP.STATE.PA.US

4.1.4.2.2 NITROGEN OXIDES (NO X )

Nitrogen oxides are a mixture of gases made up of nitrogen and oxygen. Nitric oxide and nitrogen
dioxide are the most toxicologically significant forms. Both are nonflammable; at room

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temperature, nitric oxide is a sharp sweet-smelling gas while nitrogen dioxide is a liquid with strong,
harsh odor.

Nitrogen oxide in combination with ultraviolet light from the sun, reactive hydrocarbons,
atmospheric oxygen, and water vapor, produces nitric acid (HNO3), which is a major constituent of
acid rain. NO2 also reacts with sunlight, which leads to the formation ozone and smog conditions in
the air.

Nitrogen oxide emissions come from the exhaust of motor vehicles, the burning of coal, oil, or
natural gas, and during processes such as arc welding, electroplating, engraving, and dynamite
blasting and nitration reactions such as in the production of nitro-explosives, including gun-cotton,
dynamite and TNT.

The IDLH value for NO2 is 50 ppm or 94 mg/m3. NO, on the other hand, can bind to hemoglobin and
reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. Its IDLH is 100 ppm or 122 mg/m. NO oxidizes to
NO2 in the presence of oxidants such as hydrocarbons and ozone. Low levels of ambient NOx can
cause respiratory disorders, irritate eyes, nose and throat and possibly cause cough and shortness of
breath, tiredness and nausea. Acute exposure to NOx can cause rapid burning, spasms, and swelling
of tissues in the throat and upper respiratory tract, reduced oxygenation of body tissues, build-up of
fluids in the lungs, and death. Children exposed to the same levels of nitrogen oxides as adults may
receive larger doses because they have greater lung surface area:body weight ratios and increased
minute volumes:weight ratios.

TABLE 4-3. EFFECTS OF NO2 EXPOSURE

Concentration (ppm) Physiological effect
1 to 13 Irritation of nose and throat
10 to 20 Mild irritation of eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract
80 Tightness in chest after 3 to 5 minutes
90 Pulmonary edema after 30 minutes
SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.DEP.STATE.PA.US

4.1.4.2.3 PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)

Particle matter (PM) is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air.
Airborne particulate matter varies in size and may be in different chemical constituents. Airborne
particles can range in size from a few nanometers (nm) to around 100 micrometers (um) in
diameter. PM10 is the concentration of particles that are less than or equal to 10 um in diameter;
similarly PM2.5 describes the concentration of particles that are less than or equal to 2.5 um in
diameter.

Particulate matter comes from a variety of sources and contains primary components, which are
emitted directly into the atmosphere, and secondary components, which are formed within the
atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions. Primary sources include combustion sources (road
vehicles and power stations), mechanical processes (e.g. quarrying and agricultural harvesting),
natural processes (e.g. entrainment of soil by the wind and generation of marine aerosol particles).
Secondary particles form in the atmosphere as a result of chemical reactions that lead to the
formation of substances of low volatility, which consequently condense into the solid or liquid

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phase, thereby becoming particles. The formation of secondary particulate matter takes hours or
days and the air containing the pollution can travel long distances.

Primary components of particulate matter include elemental carbon from black carbon (soot) that is
formed during high temperature combustion of fossil fuels and biomass fuels and trace metals from
metallurgical processes, impurities in fuel additives and mechanical abrasion processes.

The coarse particles (such as those found near roadways and dusty industries), with diameters
between 2.5 and 10 micrometers; and “fine particles” (such as those found in smoke and haze), that
are 2.5 micrometers in diameter or less are of concern due to their effect on human health. Both
short and long term exposure to these can cause increased respiratory symptoms (e.g., irritation of
the airways, coughing, or difficulty breathing); decreased lung function; aggravated asthma;
development of chronic bronchitis; irregular heartbeat; nonfatal heart attacks; and premature death
in people with heart or lung disease.

The most serious health problems occur among susceptible groups with pre-existing lung or heart
disease and the elderly and children. However, even healthy individuals may experience temporary
symptoms from exposure to elevated levels of particle pollution.

Current Philippine standards for PM10 are 150 µg/Ncm and 60 µg/Ncm for short-term and long term
measurements, respectively. There are no local standards for PM2.5 at present. The U.S. EPA
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) standards for both PM10 and PM2.5 are indicated
in the table below. Primary standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of
"sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards set limits
to protect public welfare, including protection against visibility impairment, damage to animals,
crops, vegetation, and buildings.

TABLE 4-4. NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR PARTICLE POLLUTION
Pollutant Primary standards Averaging times Secondary standards
PM10 50 µg/m3 Annual2 (Arith. Mean) Same as primary
3 1
150 µg/m 24-hour
PM2.5 15 µg/m3 Annual3 (Arith. Mean) Same as primary
3 4
65 µg/m 24-hour
SOURCE: HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/AIR/CRITERIA.HTML
1 – NOT TO BE EXCEEDED MORE THAN ONCE PER YEAR
2 – TO ATTAIN THIS STANDARD, THE 3-YEAR AVERAGE OF THE WEIGHTED ANNUAL MEAN PM10 CONCENTRATION AT EACH MONITOR
WITHIN AN AREA MUST NOT EXCEED 50 µG/M3
3 – TO ATTAIN THIS STANDARD, THE 3-YEAR AVERAGE OF THE WEIGHTED ANNUAL MEAN PM2.5 CONCENTRATIONS FROM SINGLE OR
MULTIPLE COMMUNITY-ORIENTED MONITORS MUST NOT EXCEED 15.0µG/M3
4 – TO ATTAIN THIS STANDARD, THE 3-YEAR AVERAGE OF THE 98TH PERCENTILE OF 24-HOUR CONCENTRATIONS AT EACH POPULATION-
ORIENTED MONITOR WITH AN AREA MUST NOT EXCEED 65 µG/M3

4.1.4.2.4 MERCURY (HG)

Mercury is a silver-white, heavy, odorless liquid metal. Mercury as discussed here refers to
elemental mercury (Hgº) and other mercury compounds including all inorganic and aryl Hg
compounds except (organo) alkyls.

Coal-fired power plants emit three chemical species of mercury: elemental (Hgº), oxidized (Hg+2) and
particulate-bound. The physical and chemical properties of mercury play an important role in its

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deposition in the local environment (and its subsequent effect on human health and the
environment).

Humans can get exposed to mercury through inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye
contact. The revised IDLH for mercury compounds (except mercury (organo) alkyls) is 10 mg Hg/m3.

The symptoms of acute mercury poisoning include cough, chest tightness, trouble with breathing,
and an upset stomach. Pneumonia can develop, which can be fatal. If inorganic mercury compounds
are swallowed, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and severe kidney damage may occur.

Health effects of chronic exposure to mercury include nervous system effects, kidney damage and
birth defects. There are several symptoms including gingivitis, mood and mental changes(i.e., people
with chronic mercury poisoning often also have wide mood swings, becoming irritable, frightened,
depressed, or excited very quickly for no apparent reason), nerve damage such as fine tremor
(shaking) of the hand, loss of sensitivity in hands and feet, difficulty in walking, or slurred speech,
among others.

Mercury can cause kidney damage, which includes increased protein in the urine and may result in
kidney failure at high dose exposure. It has also been known to affect the development of prenatal
life and infants. Exposure to mercury vapor can cause the lens of the eye to discolor and may cause
skin allergies (repeated exposure causes rash and itching). Some of the inorganic mercury
compounds (Hg+2) can cause burns or severe irritation of the skin and eyes on contact.

4.1.4.2.5 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO 2 )

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a natural component of the atmosphere at a concentration of about 0.03%. It
is a colorless, odorless, faintly acidic-tasting, and non-flammable gas at room temperature. Solid
carbon dioxide, also known by the trade name “dry ice”, sublimes (converts directly from a solid to a
gas) at -78ºC or above.

CO2 is used commercially as a refrigerant, in beverage carbonation and fire extinguishers.

Mostcommercial CO2 is a by-product of other processes, such as the production of ethanol
byfermentation and the manufacture of ammonia. Some CO2is obtained from the combustion
ofcoke or other carbon-containing fuels. Carbon dioxide is released in the atmosphere through
thecombustion of carbon-containing fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal.

The IDLH value for CO2 is 50,000 parts per million (ppm). Excessive exposure to carbon dioxide can
cause asphyxiation. 5% CO2 results in stimulated respiration and at 7% to 10%, it can cause
unconsciousness after few minutes of exposure.

Inadequate ventilation can lead to carbon dioxide build-up, which can induce an increase in CO2
levels in the blood causing shortness of breath and sedation, resulting in carbon dioxide toxicity. The
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, rapid breathing, and flushing. Severe
cases of carbon dioxide toxicity progress to confusion, convulsions, and loss of consciousness.

Furthermore, it is important to note that carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Although naturally
present in the atmosphere, anthropogenic activities like the burning of fossil fuels have drastically

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increased the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased over the past century and contributed
to global warming.

4.1.4.3 MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL HAZARDS

This group of hazards is inherent in a power plant environment. It includes mechanical hazards,
unsafe structures in the working areas and use of potentially dangerous tools. Physical factors in the
power plant operations also include noise that can adversely affect the workers’ health.

Other work-related hazards may come from the following activities:

 Working around electric current;

 Operation of power and hand tools;
 Moving along ladders, walkways, and platforms;
 Lifting of heavy objects;
 Test-running a machine;
 Working with batteries;
 Working with any machine; and
 Welding and cutting.

4.1.4.4 RISK OF FAILURE OF THE CONVEYING SYSTEM

4.1.4.4.1 CEMENT PLANT CONVEYING SYSTEM

Cement plant operation involves generally of activities such as raw material crushing, storing and
homogenizing, grinding, filtering, clinker burning, clinker grinding, and product storing. All these
activities utilize conveying system in transporting raw materials and other bulk materials from one
point to another. Conveyor system with high efficiency may provide a major reduction in air
pollution emissions.

In a cement plant operation, conveyor system should be properly attended for roller condition and
for discharge of static charge accumulation. With these critical conditions, jammed rollers can cause
friction resulting in ignition of conveyor belts and spread of fire.

The hot clinker will be transported by chain conveyors to the top of the silo. During this operation,
there is a possibility of spill out of hot clinker. Proper care of the conveyor system and the bund wall
for the clinker stockpile should be provided.

4.1.4.4.2 POWERPLANT CONVEYING SYSTEM

Coal handling is an important part of a powerplant operation and requires technique which can
handle large quantity of coal. Coal is to be handled from the unloading site to the site where is to be
stored and then to the place where it is to be burned. An effective handling system which can work
coordinating with project is conveyor system and for a limited distance transfer, belt conveyor is
best as it is the cheapest handling system which works with higher efficiency, low maintenance cost
and can handle bulk quantity at a time.

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Major caused of failure of conveying system during powerplant operation is the deviation of the
centerline of the belt from the centerline of the roller, which causes the shift of the load from its
central axis causing the failure in the belt. The general causes of deviation are:

 Manufacturing defect;
 Installation defect;
 Maintenance defect; and
 Defects generated during runs

4.1.4.4.2.1 FIRE CAUSE BY CONVEYOR SYSTEM

For a fire to occur, the fire triangle needs to be present - oxygen, fuel, and heat. An explosion
happens when two other elements are added to the equation - dispersion of dust and confinement
of dust, as shown in Figure 4-4. Oxygen and fuel cannot be avoided in a coal-fired power plant, but
the heat source can originate from several different sources. A common cause is the conveyor belt.
As the coal is being transported from storage to use, the coal-dust begins to fall off the belt and
accumulate. Once the dust accumulates to 1/32 of an inch, or about the breadth to leave a footprint,
it becomes a fire hazard. Combustible dusts are finely divided solid material that is 420 microns or
smaller in diameter and presents a fire or explosion hazard when dispersed and ignited in the air. If a
conveyor belt is not in impeccable condition, and one moving part stops, the friction can create a
heat source for combustion. Other causes of heat are friction through mixing operation, electrical
shortage, tool usage, or storage bin transfer. The fire triangle is difficult to avoid.

FIGURE 4-4. COAL FIRED POWER PLANT EXPLOSION PENTAGON

The dispersion of dust happens naturally as the coal is being moved. The sub-bituminous coal is high
in oxygen and moisture, making it more susceptible to deteriorate into powder than standard
bituminous coal. It easily creates a dust and disperses over pipes, conveyor belts, floors, ceilings, and
machinery.

Belt conveyors transport bulk materials such as coal, grain, cement, and ores between stages of
processing. Belt conveyors are the only efficient way to move such materials, conveyor failures can

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cause lengthy business interruptions, particularly if belt drive mechanisms or housings are damaged.
The primary causes of conveyors belt fires are:

 Frictional heat resulting from belts slipping or jamming, uneven loading of long belts, or
bearings failing;
 Electrical equipment arcing, malfunction or overload;
 Accumulation of hot clinkers, coke or pellets; and
 Sparks from cutting and welding operations.

Synthetic belts are combustible even those passing conveyor fire tests. Once ignited, these belts
produce intensely hot, smoky fires. Therefore, belt conveyors require some form of fire protection,
regardless of the materials conveyed. Conveyors drives and gears also require protection against
electrical and mechanical breakdown.

4.1.4.5 ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR MALFUNCTION

Electrostatic Precipitator (EP) will be utilized for the operation of the Cement Plant. EP device will
remove fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced
electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit. EP applies energy only to
the particulate matter being collected and therefore is very efficient in its consumption of energy (in
the form of electricity).

Possible malfunction of the EP is a broken electrode/s which is primarily caused by:

 Poor flow area, distribution through unit is uneven;

 Excess free carbon due to excess air above combustion requirements or fan capacity
insufficient for demand required;
 Wires not properly centered;
 Ash buildup resulting in bent frame
 Clinker bridges the plates and wire shorts out
 Ash buildup, pushes bottle weight up causing sag in the wire;
 Ash buildup on bottle weight to the frame forms a clinker and burns off the wire

4.1.4.6 FIRE AND EXPLOSION

4.1.4.6.1 DUST EXPLOSION

Cement Plant operation uses coal, lignite and coke for the process which are materials that are
susceptible to spontaneous combustion. Proper ventilation should be provided for the material so
that heat does not accumulate inside the material causing spontaneous combustion. Heap of
coal/coke/lignite should be overturned regularly to cool the materials.

Lignite/Coal Crushing is done prior to using the material in the process. This generates considerable
amount of dust which in combination with air can cause explosive mixtures causing dust explosion.
There is also possibility of dust explosion in EP's and cyclones used in the various mills. Some of the
properties that need close and detailed study include, dust composition, dust particle size, moisture

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content, dust concentration, oxygen content, temperature, pressure, dust turbulence, among
others.

4.1.4.6.2 KILN EXPLOSION

There is also probability of kiln fire and explosion where fuels like lignite and coke are used. One of
the main reasons for kiln explosion is the accumulation of dangerous fuel air mixtures inside the kiln
and air ducting. To reduce the chances of explosion in furnaces and such other heating devices,
safety aspects of the furnace operation are thoroughly analysed and suitable action taken. Entry of
moisture content in the kiln should be prevented. There should be constant monitoring of kiln
parameters like fuel, feed, kiln speed and gas flow.

4.1.4.6.3 DIESEL FUEL EXPLOSION

Diesel fuel will be store and utilize as auxiliary fuel during boiler start-up of the power plant and
operation of the emergency diesel generator set. Some of the important properties indicating the
hazardous nature of the diesel fuel are shown below:

Flammability
Chemical Flash point °C Boiling Point °C
LFL %* UFL%*
Diesel 32 1.1 5.9 366
*NOTE: LFL – LOWER FLAMMABLE LIMIT; UFL – UPPER FLAMMABLE LIMIT

Possible situations of accidental ignition of the flammable materials such as the diesel fuel can cause
damages to life and property. Fire and/or explosion are a result of accident ignition of fuel leaks.
Flashfire, explosion, and thermal radiation will result to damage to life and property and release of
combustion gases.

4.1.4.6.4 OIL FIRE HAZARDS

Coal dust is not the only cause of fires in a Coal-Fired Power Plant. Both the turbine and transformer
are insulated by oil, making them flammable. There are three different types of oil fires that can take
place in or near the turbine or transformer: spray, pool, and three-dimensional. Spray fires happen
when highly pressurized oil is released; 50% of the time, this fire happens because of malfunctioning
bearings. If there is an unpressurized leak, plants could see a pool fire when the oil catches fire after
it has accumulated on the floor or a three-dimensional fire if it catches fire while flowing downhill.

4.1.4.6.5 HYDROGEN FIRE HAZARDS

Hydrogen cools generators in coal-fired power plants. Hydrogen is an invisible threat with the
capability to catch fire and/or explode. The gas is odorless, colorless, tasteless, and the flames are
invisible. It will not be detected without the use of hydrogen sensors. Fire fighting should not
commence until after the hydrogen source has been shut off. If hydrogen is still present, it is likely to
re-ignite or explode.

4.1.4.7 NATURAL HAZARDS THAT COULD BRING ABOUT STRUCTURAL FAILURE

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Natural hazards can be grouped into geological hazards such as earthquake, landslide,and flooding.

4.1.4.7.1 EARTHQUAKES

There are four (4) fault lines in Cebu Island, where the Project is located, that could trigger an
earthquake. These may cause four (4) types of mass movements in the project site and the adjacent
quarry area such as landslides, slumps, creep or mudflow. The triggering mechanism for these mass
movements to occur is earthquakes and heavy rainfall. At present, there are no signs of an
impending movement that could affect the proposed project site and nearby communities.

Portions of the mountain barangays of Pinamungajan Municipality is identified as landslide prone by

the Mines and Geosciences Bureau Regional Office No. 7 as a result of their geologic study.

4.1.4.7.2 FLOODING

The Project site is located in Brgy. Sacsac, which topography is generally flat to partially and highly
rolling. Runoff water from the eastern portion of the project site traverses along the project site’s
barangay going westward to the coastal area. Based on the landslide and flood susceptibility map of
the Mines and Geosciences Bureau, the project location/site is within an area that is moderately
susceoptible to landslide and a small portion of the southmost area of the project site is within high
susceptibility to flooding.

4.1.5 RISK MANAGEMENT

The proponent is committed to ensure the safe and hazard-free operation of its proposed Cebu
Cement and Power Plant through the minimization, if not complete elimination, of possible events
that may lead to accidents.

To ensure that the identified risks are addressed or mitigated, the company will formulate prior to
and implement the following protocols during operational phase:

 Emergency Response Procedures Manual

 Plant Security and Management Manual
 Crises Management Manual
 Health Risk Assessment Manual
 Road Transport Safety Management System Manual
 Material Safety Data Sheet Database
 Coal handling, transport, and use safety protocols

4.2 EMERGENCY RESPONSE POLICY AND GENERIC GUIDELINES

To address the immediate actions required by emergency situations involving the loss of life,
damage to property and other resources, a comprehensive system of identifying potential for
occurrence of these emergencies and the appropriate response procedures shall be documented,
communicated and all personnel trained on the procedures.

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The procedures shall include an emergency plan that shall outline the actions to be taken when
specific emergency situation arises. The involvement of external parties in emergency planning and
response shall be clearly identified and communicated.

Emergency equipment needed shall be identified, acquired and provided in the right quantities.
These are alarm systems, emergency lighting and power, means of escape, safe refuge, critical
isolation valves, switches and cut-outs, firefighting equipment, first aid equipment (including
emergency shower and eye wash stations, etc.) and communication facilities.

Periodic emergency drills shall be conducted to test the procedures and measure the readiness of
emergency response teams.

4.2.1 CRISIS MANAGEMENT PLAN

The organization of a Crisis Management Team and supporting units is a top priority item as soon as
activities for the Project are in full swing. The team shall be activated immediately when an
emergency is reported.

A Crisis Manager shall be designated to spearhead the orderly response to any declared emergency
situation.

The following teams shall be created:

 First Aid Team;

 Rescue and Recovery;
 Logistics;
 Security and Crowd Control;
 Fire Brigade;
 Internal and External Communications; and
 Hazardous Materials Control

Specific procedures to be undertaken by each team shall be formulated to effectively implement the
general emergency procedures.

4.2.2 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

For each type of emergency, a documented and updated procedure shall automatically govern the
response in the shortest possible response time. All procedures are to be subject of intensive
training and drill to be conducted regularly.

4.2.2.1 FIRE

Fuel handling and storage facilities must be covered with fire emergency procedures to meet these
occurrences. All necessary fire prevention, warning, suppression and control equipment shall be
provided.

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Fire prevention and firefighting programs shall be established and manned on a constant basis to
handle fire emergencies that may occur at fire risk areas in the mining areas, mine camps and nearby
communities.

4.2.2.2 LANDSLIDES AND LAND SUBSIDENCE

Continuous geotechnical assessments of the project area and affected sites (haul and access roads,
other facilities) shall provide inputs to contingency plans for these types of emergencies. Critical
localities near inhabited areas shall be prioritized when responding to these incidents.

During the construction/development and operational phases, sources of landslides and subsidence
should be identified. Early detection of landslides and subsidence occurrences could prevent loss of
lives, damage to property and others.

Training of workers on this is very important for them to be responsive and attentive in the
application of controls to avoid or minimize the degree of danger.

Aside from attending training, information on landslides and subsidence can be disseminated to
workers through posters, leaflets, meetings and other media advertisements.

4.2.2.3 KIDNAPPINGS & UNRESTS

Handling this type of emergency requires the participation of external authorities. It has to be
clearly established that there are specific legal and criminal aspects for this events hence, emergency
procedures should take this into account.

In general, the Project shall have the policy of not entertaining conditions where ransom payments
are imposed.

4.2.2.4 OIL/FUEL SPILLS

Procedures for handling, transport, storage and use of oil and fuels should incorporate specific steps
in controlling the potential and actual occurrences of spillages and leakages. The necessary control
and clean up equipment, supplies and personal protective equipment for emergency personnel shall
at all times be available in the right quantities.

Good housekeeping practices must be observed in the workplaces. Spills of oil/fuel are to be
collected and contained in plastic containers and stored in the designated area.

4.2.2.5 FLOODING, STORM AND HEAVY RAINS

Adequate early warning notification and information dissemination shall be ensured for these
emergency procedures. Readiness to implement evacuation procedures shall also be ensured.
Constant open channels of communication with government agencies on weather conditions
announcements and disaster response procedures shall be maintained.

The workers should be attentive on this situation to prevent loss of lives, damage to properties and
others.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 4
Environmental Risk Management & Emergency Response Policy and Guidelines

4.2.2.6 VEHICULAR ACCIDENTS

The proper first aid and medical evacuation procedures in handling injured persons involved in
vehicular accidents shall form part of these emergency procedures.

Included in the SOPs and WIs are the company policies and guidelines to prevent vehicular accidents
within and outside the Project area. The Project contractors and workers are bound to comply with
this and necessary penalties are to be applied.

4.2.2.7 ANIMAL BITES

Medical first aid procedures shall be applied immediately. The availability of medicines and specific
treatment drugs (i.e. anti-venin serum) must be ensured including properly trained medical
personnel.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 5
Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

5 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK AND IEC FRAMEWORK

5.1 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM

Indicative social development planning is necessary in formulating programs and strategies that
would mitigate the major impacts of the project. This would guide the proponent in
preventing/mitigating and/or enhancing a project’s adverse and positive impacts on people’s
livelihood, health and environment.

Social Development Plan (SDP) aims to assess and identify the basic needs of the communities which
will be affected by the project. SDP should be patterned in the Municipal and Barangay Development
Plans of the host communities and in accordance with the mandated Corporate Social Responsibility.
It aims to establish a strong relationship between the Project Proponent, community institutions,
and stakeholders towards the goal of achieving an improved quality of life of the residents of the
host localities.

The issues garnered from the perception survey conducted from October 12-16, 2017 and public
scoping (August 24, 2017) were considered and addressed in the formulation of the SDP. These are
the following:

Livelihood
1. Loss of livelihood for small-scale mining and farming activities
Environment
2. Damage/destruction or loss of farm/agricultural lands
3. Cutting of trees
4. Water resource might be affected
Social
5. Relocation of the affected communities
Health
6. Health and wellness of the community

The Indicative Social Development Plan (SDP) presenting the major programs and activities is shown
in Table 5-1.

As mandated under DENR Administrative Order No. 200-99, a Comprehensive Social Development
and Management Program (SDMP) will be formulated and implemented in partnership and
discussion with various stakeholders. While the SDMP and SDP may be similar in efforts for the
company to realize its corporate social responsibility, it has to be emphasized that the SDP impact-
based as a result of the EIA. This SDP therefore is rationalized within the purview of the PEISS
addressing all the possible socio -economic impacts that may arise during and after the operation of
the mine as a result of significantly technical impacts. The company through its experienced
Community Development or Social Work Officer in coordination will implement the SDP with all
stakeholders. A periodic monitoring and evaluation of SDP projects and activities will be carried out
in partnership with other stakeholders.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 5
Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Moreover, coordination with the Project-affected barangays and the Municipal LGU of
Pinamungajan will also be carried out to ensure conformity of activities and projects to the
development thrust of the local government.

The SDP as a framework plan shall be an indicative set of programs that will:
• identify the key concerns to be addressed (including those of the second level scoping
issues and concerns);
• recommend and design measures in response to these concerns;
• indicate the responsible agency or organization with respect to these measures; and
• plan broad timelines to make these measures happen

5.2 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION

A comprehensive and intensive Information Education and Communication (IEC) Campaign is

designed for the better information and education of the communities and the general public
pertaining the objectives, necessity and benefits of the project, and the processes involved with the
construction and operation of the proposed project. These shall be done through the distribution
and posting of written materials such as brochures, newsletters, media statements and articles,
bulletins and posters, comics, and online presence. Moreover, non-written types such as fora,
symposia, conferences, workshops, community discussions and hearings, interpersonal focus
discussions, house-to-house and purok-to-purok information drives, information desk/center,
community seminars, mine visits audio visual presentations, radio and TV programs and/or
guestings, etc., can also be used for the campaign. The IEC materials and activities will also serve as a
venue for continuous dialogue, feedback and check and balance mechanism for the parties involved.

Table 5-2 presents the proposed IEC Plan for the CPC project.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 5
Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

TABLE 5-1. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK

Responsible Community Indicative Source of
Concern Program Actions Lead Organization
Member/Beneficiary Timeline Fund
Economic Set-up barangay public CPC, DA, TESDA, Barangay Committees Pre-construction CPC
empowerment employment/ business CSWD
services offices Communities within Construction
impact barangay
Seminar and educational tour on sustainable Operation
agriculture, agroforestry, and organic farming: POs and NGOs of impact
- Pro-poor Livelihood programs barangays
- Program for the Elderly
- Technical skills for women

Livelihood project and enterprise development

projects for women, elderly and out of school
youth
- Piggery and poultry*
- Handicraft training/seminar*

Awarding/provision of capital for business*

Livelihood for dependents in housing: backyard

gardening*
Health Set-up community health program at project CPC, DOH, DepEd, Barangay Committee on Pre-construction CPC
affected areas; regular monitoring and Municipal Health Health, Barangay Health
consultation on medical Officer Workers Construction
services
Residents affected by the Operation
IEC on sanitation and distribution of toilet project
construction materials to residents without toilets
POs and NGOs of impact
Quarterly Health Education and Sanitation Program barangay

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Responsible Community Indicative Source of

Concern Program Actions Lead Organization
Member/Beneficiary Timeline Fund
Health & Safety Training Employees of the project
for employees
Barangay Nutrition
Maternal Care and Child Health Care: Prenatal, scholars and Health
Intranatal, Postnatal, Child birth in health centers Workers; Women and
or hospitals children of the
affected barangays
Nutrition Program:
Supplemental feeding and In-school Supplemental
Feeding Program

Health Care prioritizing non-employees of the

company in health centers or hospitals
Hazards and Disaster Risk Management Plan CPC in partnership Communities of impact Pre-construction
disaster with local authorities barangays
preparedness IEC on Disaster Risk and community Construction
Management organizations CPC Employees
Operation
Seminars/training for communities and mining
workers on Disaster Risk Preparedness and Abandonment
Mitigation

Provision of equipment and aid in response and

recovery of affected communities

Provision of larger evacuation center

IEC and consultation on community before blasting

takes place
Education School supplies donation for underprivileged Barangay Officials Project Affected Families Pre-construction
children (specifically the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 5
Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Responsible Community Indicative Source of

Concern Program Actions Lead Organization
Member/Beneficiary Timeline Fund
Council Member for Construction
Assistance for development/ improvement of Education
school facilities (day care centers, existing schools) Department of Operation
Educaiton (DepEd)
Provision of scholarship to qualified students
Host Barangays
Capacity building of teachers

Non-formal education for adults

Transportation Improvement of roads CPC in partnership Barangay Committees Pre-construction
with local authorities
Constant and frequent water sprinkling along and community Communities within Construction
unpaved roads organizations impact barangay
Operation
POs and NGOs of impact
barangay
Environment, Participation in the National Greening Program Barangay Officials Project Affected Pre-construction
Health and (specifically the Community
Sanitation Implementation of Solid Waste Management in Council Member for Construction
compliance to Republic Act 9003 Environment)
Environment and Operation
Good Housekeeping and Sanitation Natrual Resources
Office (ENRO)
Assistance to Community-Based Forest MHO
management Programs (CBFMP) Host Barangays
Resettlement Implementation of Resettlement Action Plan for LGU Municipal Purok Sta. Cruz, Baragay Pre-construction
affected tenants/households (Municipal Planning Sacsac
and Development
Office)

Inter-agency

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Responsible Community Indicative Source of

Concern Program Actions Lead Organization
Member/Beneficiary Timeline Fund
Committee for
Resettlement
(MSWD, MHO, MAO,
MENRO,ME, PNP,
DepEd
Water supply Provision of pipes for direct sourcing by CPC in partnership Barangay Committees Pre-construction
community; separate source for CPC with local authorities
and community Communities within Construction
organizations impact barangay
Operation
POs and NGOs of impact
barangay
Peace and Provision of seminars and workshops CPC, PNP, Barangay Barangay Committees Pre-construction CPC
Order LGU - Tanod
Provision of equipment and facilities as aid in Communities within Construction
keeping order in the community impact barangay
Operation
POs and NGOs of impact
barangay
Mining plant Psycho-social services to Project-affected families CPC, DTI Employees of the Abandonment
closure company
Re-training and enhancement of alternative
livelihood programs for workers in the affected
areas

TABLE 5-2. IEC PLAN/FRAMEWORK

Target Sector
Major Topic/s of Concern IEC Scheme/ Strategy/ Indicative timelines
identified as Needing Information Medium Indicative Cost
in relation to Project Methods and Frequency
Project IEC

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Target Sector
Major Topic/s of Concern IEC Scheme/ Strategy/ Indicative timelines
identified as Needing Information Medium Indicative Cost
in relation to Project Methods and Frequency
Project IEC
Communities of impact Project Conduct of Seminars, Print Media, Posters, Pre-construction 15% of the SDMP
barangay; CPC details/background; brochures, Comics Fund as mandated
employees, LGUs, POs, - Proponent Mine tours/visits, under the DAO
NGOs - Scope of the project conference, forum and Multi-media press 2010-13
- Schedule of activities workshops, meetings releases, broadcast, TV
- Project development with LGUs, Local spots and social media
- Benefits from the newspaper, press
Project releases, Leaflets,
Billboards;

Distribution of info
materials

Maintenance of
Information desk and
center
Communities of impact EIA Results Public Meetings Print Media, Posters, Pre-construction 15% of the SDMP
barangay; LGUs, POs, - Compliance with the brochures, Comics Fund as mandated
NGOs, Contractors DENR requirements Purok-to-purok Construction under the DAO
- Environmental information drive Multi-media press 2010-13
Management Plan releases, broadcast, TV Operation
- Environmental Distribution of info spots and social media
Compliance and materials Abandonment
Monitoring
- Environmental laws and Maintenance of
related regulations on Information desk and
EPEP, FMRDP, MMT, center
MRFC, ECC, etc
- Clean-Air Act, Clean
Water Act, Ecological

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Social Development Framework and IEC Framework

Target Sector
Major Topic/s of Concern IEC Scheme/ Strategy/ Indicative timelines
identified as Needing Information Medium Indicative Cost
in relation to Project Methods and Frequency
Project IEC
Solid Waste
Management Act and
other laws and
regulations.
Communities of impact The program of Information Print Media, Posters, Pre-construction 15% of the SDMP
barangay; LGUs, POs, implementing the Social dissemination brochures, Comics Fund as mandated
NGOs; Employees of Development and during meetings of Construction under the DAO
CPC, school children Management Program organized and assisted
Multi-media press 2010-13
such as: POs and sector; releases, broadcast, TV Operation
- Environmental Health spots and social media
and Sanitation House-to-house and Abandonment
- Environmental schools information
Conservation, Dissemination;
Protection and
Management School workshops
- Disaster Risk
Preparedness Community seminar/
- Solid Waste trainings
Management on
Schools and Purok-to-purok
Households information drive.

Distribution of info
materials

Maintenance of
Information desk and
center

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

6 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING

Presented in this section is the proposed framework for compliance monitoring of the project
including environmental performance indicators and standards of environmental parameters
necessary to monitor the identified key environmental impacts of the proposed Cement Plant and
Power Plant Project.

As required under DENR Memorandum Circular 2010-14 and the Revised Procedural Manual for
DAO 2003-30, and as a pro-active tool in minimizing/eliminating adverse project consequences to
the environment, an “Environmental Quality Performance Level” (EQPL) has been identified for each
critical parameter associated with identified significant project impacts. The limit level shall be the
regulated threshold of pollutant (standard that must not be exceeded) while the action level is set
lower than the limit level wherein management measures must be implemented so as not to reach
the regulated threshold.

Also discussed are the following mechanisms and monitoring schemes:

 Self Monitoring Plan;

 Multi-sectoral Monitoring Framework; and
 Environmental Guarantee and Monitoring Fund/ Contingent Liability and Rehabilitation Fund
Commitments

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

6.1 SELF MONITORING PLAN

TABLE 6-1. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR THE PROPOSED CEBU CEMENT AND POWER PLANT PROJECT – CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme
Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
Land
Geology and Geohazards Liquefaction and Periodic 5 years or Vital plant CPC PhP 50,000 Noticeable Continuous Significant Increase in Check impact of Temporary
Geomorpholog ground monitoring immediatel components Engineerin per ground occurrence ground monitoring ground cessation of
y subsidence of ground y after a g assessment subsidence of ground subsidence frequency and subsidence to construction;
monitoring stability major Departmen by a and surface subsidence and surface measurement of integrity of Retrofitting of
geologic t consultant/ creep and creep; creep; magnitude of infrastructures. damaged
event has no additional Formation of Formation of movement for Implement structures;
taken place cost if small cracks in cracks and necessary Implement
conducted persistent columns, surface creep engineering necessary
by in-house cracks in beams, measures. engineering
expert walls and pavement; measures.
floors Misalignmen Consider
t of abandonment
structures; or relocation if
Impoundmen necessary
t
of water due
to
liquefaction
Terrestrial Terrestrial Naturally Quadrat Annual Brgy. Sacsac CPC To be 30% 50% 60% Management measures to be established but will
Ecology Flora growing/planted Method MEPEO included in reduction in reduction in reduction in follow the general protocol of:
species outside the Projects the the the  Conduct inspection at said station
of the direct Mine abundance abundance abundance  Determine possible source (coordinate with
impact area: Rehabilitatio of total plant of the total of the total relevant office)
n Fund species plant species plant species  If source is not CPC, inform barangay and
 Abundance recorded recorded recorded MMT regarding possible source of
and from the from the from the disturbance/destruction for the group’s
Frequency baseline baseline baseline data investigation and coordination with LGU
 Diversity data data  If source is CPC, inform CPC management to
Indices intensify mitigating measures based on
identified impacts

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
Coordination Coordination Coordination
with Barangay with Municipal and assessment
Officials ENRO with MMT
Terrestrial Abundance and Line Semi- Brgy. Sacsac CPC- To be Noticeable An observed, An observed, Management measures to be established but will
Fauna (Avian) Frequency Intercept annually MEPEO included in decrease estimated, estimated, follow the general protocol of:
Diversity indices method the Projects’ (~25%) from inferred or inferred or  Conduct inspection at said station
Mine baseline suspected suspected  Determine possible source (coordinate with
Annual Rehabilitatio levels abundance abundance relevant office)
Reporting n Fund and and  If source is not CPC, inform barangay and
frequency frequency MMT regarding possible source of
reduction of reduction of disturbance/destruction for the group’s
~30% over ~50% over investigation and coordination with LGU
the last 5 the last 5  If source is CPC, inform CPC management to
years from years from intensify mitigating measures based on
date of date of identified impacts*
baseline baseline  Coordination  Coordinatio  Coordinatio
study. study. with n with n and
Barangay Municipal assessment
Officials ENRO with MMT
 Enrichment  Enrichment  Enrichment
planting of at planting of planting of
least 3 ha of at least 5 ha at least 10
existing of existing ha of
vegetation. vegetation. existing
 Monitoravia  Monitor vegetation.
n fauna on a avian fauna  Monitor
quarterly every other avian fauna
basis. month. on a
 Conduct  Conduct monthly
Information, Information, basis.
Education Education  Conduct
and and Information,
Communicati Communicat Education
on programs ion and
on programs on Communicat
significance significance ion

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
of of programs on
biodiversity biodiversity significance
tokey to key of
stakeholders. stakeholders biodiversity
. to key
stakeholders
.
 Coordinatio
n withLGUs
to establish
areas as
protected
bird habitats
Water
Water Quality Ambient  pH In-situ Monthly 5 stations: CPC- To be  pH below  pH below  pH below  Re-conduct  Re-conduct  Re-conduct
Water Quality  Temperature measuremen sampling, MEPEO included in 6.9 and 6.7 and 6.5 and testing to testing to testing to
 Total t and Quarterly Mangoto the Projects’ above 8.1 above 8.3 above 8.5 verify verify verify
Dissolved laboratory Reporting River Mine  Temp:  Temp:  Temp:  Investigate  Investigate  Temporarily
Solids analyses through (updtream Rehabilitatio 2.6°C rise 2.8°C rise 3°C rise in the source the source stop
 Conductivity the SMR and n Fund in the in the the  If the  If the construction
 Total downstream receiving receiving receiving problem is problem is works:
Suspended ) water water water within the within the investigate
Solids body body body construction construction source
 Dissolved Kadlom  DO: 6  DO: 5  DO: 5 area, area,  If the
Oxygen (for River  TSS: not  TSS: not  TSS: not conduct conduct problem is
surface water (upstream more more more adjustments/ adjustments within the
only) and than 27 than 28.5 than 30 appropriate / construction
 Oil and Grease downstream mg/L mg/L mg/L corrective appropriate area,
) increase increase increase action at corrective conduct
from from from identified action at adjustments
Sacsac baseline baseline baseline pollutant identified /
Spring  As:0.01 source. pollutant appropriate
(along  Cd: 0.006 source. corrective
Kadlom  Cr+6:  As:0.03  As:0.05  If source is action at
River) 0.01  Cd: 0.008  Cd: 0.01 not project identified
 Cu:0.01  Cr+6:  Cr+6: construction pollutantsou

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
 Pb:0.01 0.03 0.05 , inform rce.
 Hg:0.08  Cu: 0.03  Cu:0.05 MMT  If source is
 Pb:0.03  Pb:0.05 regarding not project
 Hg:0.09  Hg:0.002 possible construction
source for , inform
the group’s MMT
investigation regarding
and possible
coordination source for
with LGU the group’s
investigation
and
coordination
with LGU
Air
Air Quality Ambient Air TSP Hi-volume/ Monthly Established CPC- Included in Noticeable Complaint Ambient air  Check  Check  Check
Quality Gravimetric air MEPEO the dust and/or lodged by concentratio weather weather weather
1-hour monitoring Monitoring presence of community n exceeds condition condition condition
averaging stations (4 Trust Fund haze or or TSP NAAQSSSP- during during during
period stations) Ambient air Ambient air ISO: sampling and sampling sampling
(daytime concentratio concentratio 300µg/Ncm if location is and if and if
only) n reaches n reaches for downwind of location is location is
200 µg/Ncm 250 µg/Ncm TSP construction downwind downwind
for TSP for site of of
TSP  Check construction construction
possible site site
source  Conduct visit  Conduct visit
 If source is at said at said
project sampling sampling
construction, station and station and
inform conduct conduct
contractor retesting retesting
for their using a 3rd using a 3rd
corrective party DENR party DENR
action (i.e. accredited accredited
dust sampling sampling

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
suppression) firm to firm to
 If source is confirm confirm
not project  If source is  If source is
construction, project project
inform MMT construction construction
regarding , inform ,
possible contractor immediately
source for for their stop all
the group’s corrective works
investigation action, and involving soil
and conduct excavation
coordination retesting to and
with LGU confirm movement,
results of increase the
the frequency of
mitigation the
measures contractor’s
 If source is dust
not project mitigation,
construction resume
, inform work only
MMT upon visual
regarding clearing of
possible the sampling
source for station, and
the group’s conduct
investigation retesting at
and the said
coordination sampling
with LGU station
 If source is
not project
construction
, inform
MMT
regarding

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
possible
source for
the group’s
investigation
and
coordination
with LGU
People
Worker Noise level (dBA) Direct Monthly Established CPC- Included in Equipment Complaint Noise level Immediately fix Investigate Conduct plant-
Community (morning,daytim reading air MEPEO the or lodged by exceeds the broken cause of wide noise
e, monitoring Monitoring machineries employees/ NPCC noise equipment or complaint, audit of
evening,nighttim stations (4 Trust Fund failure or community standards machineries determine and equipment and
e) stations) complaints Complaint address the machineries
by lodged by root cause
Within the employees employees/
plant site community
Community Perception Community Quarterly Study area Communit Part of the Negative Formal Multiple  Proponent to  Investigate  Conduct
survey of the coordination barangays y Relations construction verbal complaint complaints investigate/ cause of regular
community on Officer / cost feedback to lodged by by the inspect complaint, consultation
theCPC Engineerin the the community subject of determine with relevant
construction g Proponent community captured by negative and address and
activities Departmen local media feedback the root concerned
t organizations  Coordinate cause stakeholders
with Barangay  Coordinate of the
and MMT with the community.
municipal  Release an
government, official
MMT, and statement for
MGB Regional general
Office consumption
and
employees.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
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Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
Office.
Social Projects initiated Community Quarterly Host Communit Part of the Negative Formal Multiple  Proponent to  Investigate  Conduct
Development by the Proponent Coordination barangay y Relations SDMP Cost verbal complaint complaints investigate/ cause of regular
and under the , social Officer feedback to lodged by by the inspect complaint, consultation
Management approved SDMP engagement the the community subject of determine with relevant
Plan s Proponent community captured by negative and address and
local media feedback the root concerned
organizations  Coordinate cause stakeholders
with Barangay  Coordinate of the
and MMT with the community.
municipal  Release an
government, official
MMT, and statement for
MGB Regional general
Office consumption
and
employees.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central
Office.
Information, Implementation Community Quarterly Host and Communit Part of the Negative Formal Multiple  Proponent to  Investigate  Conduct
Education, and of Coordination neighboring y Relations SDMP Cost verbal feed complaint complaints investigate/ cause of regular
Communicatio IEC activities , social barangay Officer back to the lodged by by the inspect complaint, consultation
n engagement Proponent the community subject of determine with
s community captured by negative and address relevant and
local media feedback the root concerned
organizations  Coordinate cause stakeholders
with  Coordinate of the
Barangay with the community.
and MMT municipal  Release an
government, official
MMT, and statement
MGB for general
Regional consumptio

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Environmenta Sampling and Measurement Lead Annual EQPL Management Scheme

Parameters to be
Module l Person / Estimated EQPL Range Management Measure
Monitored
Sector Methods Frequency Location Office Cost Alert Action Limit Alert Action Limit
Office n and
employees.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central
Office.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

TABLE 6-2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR THE PROPOSED CEBU CEMENT AND POWER PLANT PROJECT – OPERATION PHASE
Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme
Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
Land
Geology and Geohazards Liquefaction and Periodic 5 years or Vital plant CPC PhP 50,000 Noticeable Continuous Significant Increase in Check impact Temporary
Geomorpholo ground monitoring immediate component Engineerin per ground occurrence of ground monitoring of ground cessation of
gy subsidence of ground ly after a s g assessment subsidence and ground subsidence and frequency and subsidence to construction;
monitoring stability major Departme by a surface creep subsidence and surface creep; measurement integrity of Retrofitting of
geologic nt consultant/ creep; Formation of of magnitude infrastructures. damaged
event has no Formation of cracks in of movement Implement structures;
taken additional small persistent columns, for cracks and necessary Implement
place cost if cracks in walls beams, surface creep engineering necessary
conducted and floors pavement; measures. engineering
by in-house Misalignment of measures.
expert structures; Consider
Impoundment abandonment
of water due to or relocation if
liquefaction necessary

Terrestrial Terrestrial Naturally Quadrat Annual Brgy. CPC To be 30% reduction 50% reduction 60% reduction Management measures to be established but
Ecology Flora growing/planted Method Sacsac MEPEO included in in the in the in the will follow the general protocol of:
species outside the Projects abundance of abundance of abundance of  Conduct inspection at said station
of the direct Mine total plant the total plant the total plant  Determine possible source (coordinate
impact area: Rehabilitati species species species with relevant office)
on Fund recorded from recorded from recorded from  If source is not CPC, inform barangay and
 Abundance the baseline the baseline the baseline MMT regarding possible source of
and data data data disturbance/ destruction for the group’s
Frequency investigation and coordination with LGU
 Diversity  If source is CPC, inform CPC management
Indices to intensify mitigating measures based on
identified impacts
Coordination Coordination Coordination
with Barangay with Municipal and
Officials ENRO assessment
with MMT

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
Terrestrial Abundance and Line Semi- Brgy. CPC- To be Noticeable An observed, An observed, Management measures to be established but
Fauna (Avian) Frequency Intercept annually Sacsac MEPEO included in decrease (~25%) estimated, estimated, will follow the general protocol of:
Diversity indices method the from baseline inferred or inferred or  Conduct inspection at said location
Projects’ levels suspected suspected  Determine possible source (coordinate
Annual Mine abundance and abundance and with relevant office)
Reporting Rehabilitati frequency frequency  If source is not CPC, inform barangay and
on Fund reduction of reduction of MMT regarding possible source of
~30% over the ~50% over the disturbance/ destruction for the group’s
last 5 years from last 5 years from investigation and coordination with LGU
date of baseline date of baseline  If source is CPC, inform CPC management
study. study. to intensify mitigating measures based on
identified impacts*
 Coordinatio  Coordinatio  Coordinatio
n with n with n and
Barangay Municipal assessment
Officials ENRO with MMT
 Enrichment  Enrichment  Enrichment
planting of planting of planting of
at least 3 ha at least 5 ha at least10
of existing of existing ha of
vegetation. vegetation. existing
 Monitor  Monitor vegetation.
avian fauna avian fauna  Monitor
on a every other avian fauna
quarterly month. on a
basis.  Conduct monthly
 Conduct Information basis.
Information , Education  Conduct
, Education and Information
and Communica , Education
Communica tion and
tion programs Communica
programs on tion
on significance programs

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
significance of on
of biodiversity significance
biodiversity to key of
to key stakeholder biodiversity
stakeholder s. to key
s. stakeholder
s.
 Coordinatio
n with LGUs
to establish
areas as
protected
bird
habitats
Water
Water Quality Ambient  pH In-situ Monthly 4 stations: CPC- To be  pH below  pH below  pH below  Re-conduct  Re-conduct  Re-conduct
Water Quality  Temperature measureme sampling, MEPEO included in 6.9 and 6.7 and 6.5 and testing to testing to testing to
 Total nt and Quarterly Mangoto the above 8.1 above 8.3 above8.5 verify verify verify
Dissolved laboratory Reporting River Projects’  Temp: 2.6°C  Temp: 2.8°C  Temp: 3°C  Check  Investigate  Temporaril
Solids analyses through (updtream Mine rise in the rise in the rise in the operation the source y stop
 Conductivity the SMR and Rehabilitati receiving receiving receiving of  Check operation:
 Total downstrea on Fund water body water body water body treatment operation check WTP
Suspended m)  DO: 6  DO: 5  DO: 5 facility of and
Solids  TSS: not  TSS: not  TSS: not  If the treatment investigate
 Dissolved Kadlom more than more than more than problem is facility and source
Oxygen (for River 27 mg/L 28.5 mg/L 30 mg/L within the possible  If the
surface water (upstream increase increase increase treatment sources up- problem is
only) and from from from facility, stream within the
 Arsenic downstrea baseline baseline baseline conduct  If the treatment
 Cadmium m)  Total  Total  Total adjustment problem is facility,
 Chromium coliform: coliform: coliform: s/ within the conduct
hexavalent 4,000 4,500 5,000 appropriate treatment adjustment
(Cr+6) corrective facility, s/
 Copper  As: 0.01  As: 0.03  As: 0.05 action conduct appropriate

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
(dissolved)  Cd: 0.006  Cd: 0.008  Cd: 0.01 atidentified adjustment corrective
 Lead  Cr+6: 0.01  Cr+6: 0.03  Cr+6: 0.05 pollutantso s/ action
 Mercury  Cu: 0.01  Cu: 0.03  Cu: 0.05 urce. appropriate atidentified
 Oil and  Pb: 0.01  Pb: 0.03  Pb: 0.05 corrective pollutantso
Grease  Hg: 0.0009  Hg: 0.001  Hg: 0.002 action urce,
atidentified conduct
pollutantso retesting in
urce. said
 If source is sampling
not project station and
operations, resume
inform operation
MMT only after
regarding parameter
possible is within
source for the
the group’s prescribed
investigatio standard
n and  If source is
coordinatio not project
n with LGU operations,
inform
MMT
regarding
possible
source for
the group’s
investigatio
n and
coordinatio
n with LGU
Groundwater  pH In-situ Monthly Sacsac CPC- To be  pH below  pH below  pH below  Re-  Re-  Re-
Quality  Temperature measureme sampling, Spring MEPEO included in 6.9 and 6.7 and 6.5 and conduct conduct conduct
 Total nt and Quarterly along the above 8.1 above 8.3 above 8.5 testing to testing to testing to

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
Dissolved laboratory Reporting Kadlom Projects’  As: 0.008  As: 0.009  As: 0.01 verify verify verify
Solids analyses through River Mine  Cd: 0.0008  Cd: 0.001  Cd: 0.003  Investigate  Investigate  Temporaril
 Conductivity the SMR Rehabilitati  Cr+6: 0.01  Cr+6: 0.03  Cr+6: 0.05 source the source y stop
 Total on Fund  Cu:0.01  Cu:0.03  Cu: 0.05  If the  If the operation:
Suspended  Pb: 0.006  Pb: 0.008  Pb: 0.01 problem is problem is and
Solids  Hg: 0.0006  Hg: 0.0008  Hg: 0.001 within the within the investigate
 Arsenic plant plant source
 Cadmium facility, facility,  If the
 Chromium conduct conduct problem is
hexavalent adjustmen adjustmen within the
(Cr+6) ts/ ts/ plant
 Copper appropriat appropriat facility,
(dissolved) e e conduct
 Lead corrective corrective adjustmen
 Mercury action action at ts/
 Oil and atidentifie identified appropriat
Grease d pollutant e
pollutants source. corrective
ource.  If source is action at
not project identified
operations pollutant
, inform source.
MMT Conduct
regarding retesting
possible in said
source for sampling
the station
group’s and
investigati resume
on and operation
coordinati only after
on with parameter
LGU is within
the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
prescribed
standard
 If source is
not project
operations
, inform
MMT
regarding
possible
source for
the
group’s
investigati
on and
coordinati
on with
LGU
Effluent Effluent  pH In-situ Monthly All Project CPC- To be  Temperatur  Temperatur  Temperatur  Re-  Re-  Re-
Quality  Temperatur measureme sampling, outfall MEPEO included in e: 2.6°C rise e: 2.8°C rise e: 3°C rise conduct conduct conduct
e nt and Quarterly the in the in the in the testing to testing to testing to
 Conductivity laboratory Reporting Projects’ receiving receiving receiving verify verify verify
 TDS analyses through Mine water body water body water body  Investigate  Investigate  Temporaril
 Oil and the SMR Rehabilitati  pH below  pH below  pH below source and check y stop
Grease on Fund 6.9 and 6.7 and 6.5 and  If the for operation,
 BOD5 and will be above 8.6 above 8.8 above 9.0 problem is malfunctio investigate
 TSS part of the  TSS: not  TSS: not  TSS: not within the ns/ source,
 Arsenic Operating more than more than more than plant problems and check
 Cadmium Cost 27 mg/L 28.5 mg/L 30 mg/L facility, in for the
 Chromium increase increase increase conduct pollution efficiency
hexavalent from from from adjustmen abatement of the
(Cr+6) baseline baseline baseline ts/  If the WTP
 Copper  O&G: 3  O&G: 4  O&G:5 appropriat problem is  If the
(dissolved)  BOD: 5  BOD: 6  BOD: 7 e within the problem is
 Lead  Total  Total  Total corrective plant within the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
 Mercury coliform: coliform: coliform: action facility, plant
4,000 4,500 5,000 atidentifie conduct facility,
 As: 0.08  As:0.09  As:0.2 d adjustmen conduct
 Cd: 0.01  Cd: 0.03  Cd: 0.05 pollutants ts/ adjustmen
 Cr+6: 0.06  Cr+6: 0.08  Cr+6: 0.1 ource. appropriat ts/
 Pb: 0.08  Pb: 0.1  Pb: 0.3 e appropriat
 Hg: 0.001  Hg: 0.003  Hg: 0.005 corrective e
action at corrective
identified action at
pollutant identified
source. pollutant
Conduct source.
retesting Conduct
in said retesting
sampling in said
station sampling
and station
resume and
operation resume
only after operation
parameter only after
is within parameter
the is within
prescribed the
standard prescribed
 If source is standard
not project  If source is
operations not project
, inform operations
MMT , inform
regarding MMT
possible regarding
source for possible
the source for

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
group’s the
investigati group’s
on and investigati
coordinati on and
on with coordinati
LGU on with
LGU
Air
Air Quality Air Emission  Particulate Hi-volume/ Quarterly All point MEPEO / Part of the  PM: 120  PM: 135  PM: 150  Inform  ID source of  ID source of
(Point Source s Gravimetric sources PCO Annual µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm Operations/ pollutant pollutant
– Cement  SO2 EPEP  SO2: 500  SO2: 600  SO2: 700 Utilities to  Evaluate  Conduct
plant)  NO2 Budget µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm check plant detailed
 CO  NO2: 800  NO2: 900  NO2: 1,000 operation process that evaluation
µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm of the unit emits the of
 CO: 400  CO: 450  CO: 500 and adjust pollutant exceedance
µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm accordingly  Implement  Conduct
 ID source of corrective process
pollutant action on adjustment
 Evaluate plant s and/or
plant process that check fuel
process that emits the quality
emits the pollutant,  Implement
pollutant  Conduct corrective
 Monitor monitoring action on
ambient after plant
levels at corrective process that
stations action emits the
pollutant,
 Conduct
monitoring
after
corrective
action
Air Emission  Particulate Hi-volume/ Quarterly All point MEPEO / Part of the  PM: 170  PM: 185  PM: 200  Inform  ID source of  ID source of

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and MeasurementLead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
(Point Source s Gravimetric sources PCO Annual µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm Operations/ pollutant pollutant
– Coal plant)  SO2 EPEP  SO2: 500  SO2: 600  SO2: 700 Utilities to  Evaluate  Conduct
 NO2 Budget µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm check plant detailed
 CO  NO2: 800  NO2: 900  NO2: 1,000 operation process that evaluation
µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm of the unit emits the of
 CO: 400  CO: 450  CO: 500 and adjust pollutant exceedance
µg/Ncm µg/Ncm µg/Ncm accordingly  Implement  Check air
 ID source of corrective pollution
pollutant action or facility
 Evaluate adjustment  Conduct
plant s on plant process
process that process that adjustment
emits the emits the s and/or
pollutant pollutant check fuel
 Monitor  Upon quality
ambient completion  Implement
levels at of corrective
stations adjustment action on
s, conduct plant
retesting of process that
stack using emits the
rd
a 3 party pollutant
DENR  Upon
accredited completion
firm to of
confirm the adjustment
results of s, conduct
the retesting of
adjustment stack using
rd
s made a 3 party
DENR
accredited
firm to
confirm the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
results of
the
adjustment
s made
AmbientAir  TSP Hi-volume/ Quarterly Baseline air MEPEO / Part of the Noticeable dust Complaint Concentration  Inform  ID source of  ID source of
Quality  NO2 Gravimetric quality PCO Annual and/or presence lodged by at Operations/ pollutant pollutant
 SO2 1-hour monitoring EPEP of haze or community or Utilities to  Evaluate  Conduct
averaging stations (4) Budget 1-hr (µg /Ncm) check plant detailed
period 1-hr (µg /Ncm) 1-hr (µg /Ncm)  TSP:300 operation of process that evaluation
(daytime  TSP: 225  TSP: 270  PM:200 the unit and emits the of
only)  PM: 140  PM: 170  NO2: 260 adjust pollutant exceedance
 NO2: 210  NO2: 235  SO2: 340 accordingly  Implement  Conduct
 SO2: 270  SO2: 305  ID source of corrective process
pollutant action on adjustments
 Evaluate plant and/or
plant process that check fuel
process that emits the quality
emits the pollutant,  Implement
pollutant  Conduct corrective
 Monitor monitoring action on
ambient after plant
levels at corrective process that
stations action emits the
pollutant,
 Conduct
monitoring
after
corrective
action

People
Worker Noiselevel (dBA) Directreadi Monthly Established CPC- Part of the Equipment or Complaint Noise level Immediately Investigate Conduct plant-

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
Community (morning,daytim ng noise MEPEO SDMP machineries lodged by exceeds NPCC fixed the cause of wide noise
e, monitoring cost/budget failure or employees/ noise broken complaint, audit of
evening,nightti stations complaints by community standards equipment or determine and equipment
me) employees Complaint machineries address the And
Within the lodged by root cause machineries
Plant site employees/
community
Community Perception Community Quarterly Study area Communit Part of the Negative verbal Formal Multiple  Proponent  Investigate  Conduct
survey of the coordinatio barangays y SDMP feedback to complaint complaints by to cause of regular
community on n Relations cost/budget theProponent lodged by the the community investigate complaint, consultatio
the CPC Officer community captured by / inspect determine n with
operation local media subject of and relevant
activities organizations negative address and
feedback the root concerned
 Coordinate cause stakeholde
with  Coordinate rs of the
Barangay with the community
and MMT municipal .
governme  Release an
nt, MMT, official
and MGB statement
Regional for general
Office consumpti
on and
employees
.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central
Office.
Social Projects Community Quarterly Host Communit Part of the Negative verbal Formal Multiple  Proponent  Investigate  Conduct
Development initiated by the Coordinatio barangay y SDMP feedback to the complaint complaints by to cause of regular
and Proponent n, social Relations cost/budget Proponent lodged by the the community investigate complaint, consultatio

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
Management under the engagemen Officer community captured by / inspect determine n with
Plan approved SDMP ts local media subject of and relevant
organizations negative address and
feedback the root concerned
 Coordinate cause stakeholde
with  Coordinate rs of the
Barangay with the community
and MMT municipal .
governme  Release an
nt, MMT, official
and MGB statement
Regional for general
Office consumpti
on and
employees
.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central
Office.

Information, Implementation Community Quarterly Host and Communit Part of the Negative verbal Formal Multiple  Proponent  Investigate  Conduct
Education, of Coordinatio neighborin y SDMP Cost feedback to the complaint complaints by to cause of regular
and IEC activities n, social g barangay Relations Proponent lodged by the the community investigate/ complaint, consultation
Communicati engagemen Officer community captured by inspect determine with
on ts local media subject of and address relevant
organizations negative the root and
feedback cause concerned
 Coordinate  Coordinate stakeholder
with with the s of the
Barangay municipal community.
and MMT government  Release an
, MMT, and official

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Sampling and Measurement Lead EQPL Management Scheme

Annual
Environment Person / EQPL range EQPL range
Parameters to Estimated
Module al Methods Methods Methods Office Alert Action Action Alert Action Limit
be monitored Cost
Sector EQPL
EQPL range
range
MGB statement
Regional for general
Office consumptio
n and
employees.
 Coordinate
with MMT
and MGB
Central
Office.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

6.2 MULTI-SECTORAL MONITORING FRAMEWORK

As provided in DAO 2003-30, a Multipartite Monitoring Team (MMT) will be organized to regularly
monitor the activities stipulated in the approved EMP, and conditions set in the ECC. The MMT for
this project shall be composed of the different stakeholders to include but not limited to the
following:

 Representative from the MGB Regional Office No. VII

 Representative from the EMB Regional Office No. VII
 Representative from the DENR Regional Office No. VII
 Representative from the Proponent
 Representative from the affected communities (Barangay LGU)
 Representative from the concerned NGOs operating in the area

MMT Member MMT Role Responsibilities / Activities

MGB Regional Chairman  Team leadership to ensure that the Proponent’s compliance
Office No. VII with the EPEP is monitored.
 Strengthening of monitoring, analytical, and reporting
capabilities of the Team.
 Resolution of any conflicts and issues within the Team.
 Management of the Monitoring Trust Fund.
 Reporting of MMT activities and accomplishments to the MRF
Committee
EMB Regional Co-  Team co-leadership to ensure compliance of the proponent
Office No. VII Chairman with conditions of the ECC and the Environmental Management
Plan
 Strengthening of monitoring, analytical, and reporting
capabilities of the Team
 Resolution of any conflicts and issues within the Team
 Reporting of ECC accomplishment through the MMT
Compliance and Validation Report
DENR Regional Member  Ensure compliances to environmental laws, rules, and
Office No. VII regulations
 Provides information necessary for compliances with
environmental requirements and commitments
 Preparation and review of MMT reports
CPC Member  Provision of monitoring budget to the MMT
Representative  Provides information necessary for compliances with
environmental requirements and commitments
 Coordination with MMT members
 Preparation and review of MMT reports
Barangay Local Member  Participation in actual monitoring activities
Government  Provision of information to the MMT about the environmental
and socio-economic conditions as well as issues, problems, and
suggestions of the stakeholders
 Preparation and review of MMT reports
Representative Member  Participation in actual monitoring activities
of People’s  Provision of information on policies, plans, and programs of the

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

MMT Member MMT Role Responsibilities / Activities

Organization POs particularly to affected areas of the Project
(POs)  Advice to MMT of any complaints, issues, and
recommendations concerning the project
 Preparation and review of MMT reports

6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GUARANTEE AND MONITORING FUND / CONTINGENT

LIABILITY AND REHABILITATION FUND COMMITMENTS

The Philippine Mining Act (1995 and its IRR) requires for the establishment of the Contingent
Liability and Rehabilitation Fund (CLRF) which is the financial mechanism for the multi-partite
monitoring, progressive mine rehabilitation and compensation for claims and damages. The CLRF
ensures just and timely compensation for damages and progressive and sustainable rehabilitation
for any adverse effect a mining operation or related-activity may cause.The CLRF is broken-down in
three (3) forms such as the Mine Rehabilitation Fund (MRF), Mine Wastes and Tailings Fund (MWTF),
and Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan (FMRDP).

The MRF is established and maintained by each operating mine as sufficient environmental deposit
to ensure the availability of funds for the satisfactory compliance and implementation of its
Environmental Protection and Enhancement Program (EPEP). The MRF is utilized for the regular
monitoring of mining operations, physical rehabilitation of mining affected areas and research on
the technical and preventive aspects of rehabilitation. The MRF is further broken down into:

 Monitoring Trust Fund (MTF) - This fund covers the expenses incurred by the Multi-partite
Monitoring Team (MMT) and Mine Rehabilitation Fund Committee (MRFC) for the
monitoring activities. The expenses include costs for travel, accommodation ,laboratory
expenses, among others;
 Rehabilitation Cash Fund - This fund covers the actual expenses/budget for the
implementation of the EPEP activities amounting to 10%of the total EPEP amount or Php 5
million, whichever is lower; and
 Environmental Trust Fund (ETF) - Allocated as compensation for damages other than those
caused by mine wastes and tailings.

MWTF is a fund collected semi-annually from each operating mining company as fees based on the
amount of mine waste and tailings generated for the said period. The fund is reserved for payment
of compensation for damages caused by mine wastes and tailings.

The FMRDF is established by each operating mining company to ensure the implementation of the
approved Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan. The FMRDF is accrued before the
end of the operating life of the mine and is deposited in a Government depository bank for the sole
purpose of FMR/DP implementation.

Figure 6-1 shows the structure of the CLRF.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 6
Environmental Compliance Monitoring

FIGURE 6-1. STRUCTURE OF THE CONTINGENT LIABILITY REHABILITATION FUND (CLRF)

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 7
Abandonment, Decommissioning, Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines

7 ABANDONMENT, DECOMMISSIONING, REHABILITATION AND

GENERIC GUIDELINES

The Abandonment Phase / mine closure of mining and mineral processing projects requires the
implementation of a Final Mine Rehabilitation and Decommissioning Plan (FMRDP) pursuant to DAO
No. 2010-21 “the consolidated DAO for the implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act
7942”.

The FMRDP is prepared using risk-based methodologies/ approaches, considers all mine closure
scenarios and contain cost estimates for the implementation, taking in consideration expected
inflation, technological advances, the unique circumstances faced by the mining operation, among
others. Further, the FMRDP will be composed of three (3) major components such as the
decommissioning, rehabilitation, and social plans. These plans focus on the mitigation of
environmental impacts and minimize the socio-economic impacts to the employees and affected
community. The FMRDP will be reviewed and approved by the Contingent Liability Rehabilitation
Fund Steering Committee (CLRF-SC) which is composed of representatives from various government
agencies namely: Mines and Geosciences Bureau, Environmental Management Bureau, Forest
Management Bureau, Land Management Bureau, Bureau of Plant Industry, Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources, among others.

In line with the guidelines of preparing the FMRDP and relevant government regulations and
policies, the decommissioning/ abandonment plan of CPC will consider the following major
components:

 Decommissioning. Dismantling of plant structures, equipment, and all support facilities.

Decommissioning strategy, timing, and the techniques chosen to remove and dispose of
equipment and infrastructure will be described to ensure safety and efficiency;

 Rehabilitation. Earthworks and revegetation will be done in all affected areas. Earthworks
will involve grading and slope re-contouring, backfilling and levelling/grading of settling
ponds and non-usable drainage canals, respectively. Vegetation will be done by planting
endemic and/or suitable species as priority. Further, remaining used oils, hazardous and
ecological wastes, as a result of the mining operation, will be properly managed and
disposed of. Handling and disposal of hazardous wastes will be done in full compliance with
Republic Act No. 6969;

 Retrenchment package and support programs. These will comprise of benefits and
programs for the company’s employees during mine closure. Labor programs will include
assistance to job search and entrepreneurial and livelihood skills development; and

 Maintenance and monitoring. This will ensure that the activities and commitments in the
FMRDP are properly maintained and monitored. A maintenance and monitoring plan will be
developed and designed to demonstrate that the agreed completion criteria are met and
should identify key aspects of the closure process that should be monitored.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 7
Abandonment, Decommissioning, Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines

7.1 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN

Dismantling and decommissioning activities shall be contracted to local contractor as part of the
company’s social commitment regarding employment generation. However, the activities shall be
supervised by CPC engineers to ensure that the perceived risk will be properly addressed and
avoided and that the criteria for rehabilitation shall be achieved.

The decommissioning strategy of CPC is as follows:

 Formation of CPC management organization whose duties and responsibilities are to plan
and supervise the activities of the rehabilitation and decommissioning program;
 Selection of qualified personnel required in the implementation of rehabilitation /
decommissioning;
 Inventory and assessment of equipment / machineries;
 Assessment of the suitability of the equipment, buildings and other facilities for further
rehabilitation/restoration, reuse elsewhere or turnover to the community.
 Removal of reusable equipment, building parts, and/or facilities from the site and demolition
of condemned structures.
 Turnover of reusable buildings and other facilities not used to the community upon its
request or concurrence.
 Implementation of decommissioning activities with close supervision from the management
team;
 Physical assessment of the team on the accomplishment of the decommissioning of facilities
and equipment;
 Recommend for rehabilitation of the areas affected by the decommissioning activities.
 Description of any special procedures or precautions to be used to ensure safety during
decommissioning;
 All facilities within the Cement and Power Plant area shall be decommissioned with
precautionary measures in handling remaining stocks of chemical reagents and delicate
laboratory instruments.
 Safety procedures in handling and storing chemical reagents are indicated in the material
data sheet (MDS) and therefore shall serve as guide during decommissioning of the plant
facilities and the stored chemicals. The company’s chemist shall take the responsibility in the
supervision of the activity. After collecting the remaining chemical reagents and transported
the same to a safe location and final destination, dismantling of the building structures will
follow.

7.2 REHABILITATION

As applicable, the type of rehabilitation/restoration of a particular area shall depend on the intended
use of the area to be abandoned, stipulations contained in the permits, and/or the mutual
agreements between the proponents and the DENR and local government unit (LGU).

CPC will design and implement an in-house rehabilitation monitoring program. Likewise, the Mines
Rehabilitation Fund Committee through its monitoring arm, the Multi-Partite Monitoring Team shall

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 7
Abandonment, Decommissioning, Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines

regularly conduct monitoring activities of the rehabilitation areas. Additionally, MGB shall also
conduct periodic audit of the activities and progress of the FMRDP.

Typically, monitoring of rehabilitation will include the following:

 An assessment of surface and slope stability

 Properties of the soil or root zone media
 Plant community composition (such as presence of desired species, weeds)
 Vegetation species richness
 Faunal migration and activity (if necessary).

7.3 SOCIAL PLAN FOR THE ABANDONMENT PHASE

Social impact due to closure will be mitigated by the company by adopting or implementing the
following strategies:

 Provision for redundancy package – workers will be paid an equivalent of 1 month salary for
every year of continuous and un-interrupted service to the company. In addition, to avoid
abrupt displacement of the workforce, gradual retrenchment will be implemented which
shall be implemented within three (3) years before project abandonment;
 Food security – Implement agricultural training and other support such as establishment of
lending cooperative, store cooperative, etc to ensure that they can re-establish the ability to
again grow all they need;
 Continue to implement the Social Development Program particularly on poverty alleviation
program for the most vulnerable sector of the society – older people, single mothers who
may be least able to find ways to cope when the community income drops; and
 Promote revenue stability initiatives needed to help local government maintain the level of
income or living standards of the community well above the non-mining community level of
income.
 Labor Support Initiatives – this includes assistance to employees on job search and training
to improve the skills of the employees for their future career.

7.4 MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING PLAN

The main objective of the rehabilitation program is to develop a stable landform with self-sustaining
and vigorously growing vegetative cover within the project area and other disturbed areas. Hence,
maintenance and monitoring plays a vital role in the attainment of the objective.

Appropriate maintenance activities for the planted vegetation shall be done regularly particularly
during dry season and after occurrence of typhoon or bad weather condition which normally pass
the northern part of the country from July to October. Maintenance activities include watering of
seedlings, application of organic fertilizer and mulching, de-weeding and grass cutting, etc.

Other areas shall be maintained and monitored as follows:

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 7
Abandonment, Decommissioning, Rehabilitation and Generic Guidelines

 Maintain good housekeeping at all working place and records all activities conducted;
 Monitor siltation control measures particularly the stability of the siltation ponds and
drainage system;
 Monitor air, water and noise quality in the project area;
 Monitor compliance of workers on wearing of PPE;
 Maintenance and monitor hazardous wastes (used oil, used batteries and mercury bulb,
chemical reagents) storage area; and
 Monitor collection, segregation and disposal of solid wastes.

Monitoring of the rehabilitated areas shall continue for a total of 5-year period covering the closure
period and during post closure period to determine efficacy of the program based on the agreed
rehabilitation criteria, i. e, that the site is non-polluting and the landform and vegetation is stable.

Monitoring shall focus on the following:

 Surface and ground water quality determination during dry and wet season;
 Annual assessment of vegetation to check growth rate, mortality and other natural
vegetation specie/s that may have colonize the area;
 Stability of the siltation control facilities such as catch basin and drainage canal system; and
 Effectiveness of social package plan.

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 8
Institutional Plan for EMP Implementation

8 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION

In compliance with Section 173 of DAO 2010-14 the implementing rules and regulations of RA No.
7942, a Mine Environmental Protection and Enhancement Office (MEPEO) shall be incorporated in
every mine organization structures. The MEPEO shall be responsible for addressing the
environmental concerns of the company through adequate and sustainable programs, and shall set
the level of priorities and marshal the resources needed to implement the environmental
management programs.

The MEPEO Officer shall also function as the company’s Pollution Control Officer (PCO) responsible
for compliances in the ECC and other environmental laws such as RA 9275 “the Clean Water Act of
2004; RA 8749 “The Clean Air Act of 1999”, RA 6969 “Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear
Wastes Control Act of 1990”, RA 9003 “Ecological Solid Wastes Management Act of 2000”, among
others.

The MEPEO Officer / PCO shall be responsible for, but not limited to, the:

 Planning, maintenance and monitoring of the Project’s approved EPEP, Annual EPEP,
FMRDP, and environmental management and monitoring programs/plans;
 Environmental permitting and regulatory compliances;
 Actual implementation of all programmed/planned environmental protection, rehabilitation
and enhancement activities; and
 Interaction with government and public/stakeholders including the MMT and MRFC on
environmental monitoring and other relevant concerns, among others.

The organizational chart of CPC is shown in Figure 8-1.

CPC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project | 8-1

 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 8
Institutional Plan for EMP Implementation

FIGURE 8-1. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART OF CENTURY PEAK CORPORATION

CPC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project | 8-2

 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 9
References

9 REFERENCES

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Inc., Makati City, Philippines

Brooks, T. M., Magsalay, P., Dutson, G. and Allen, R. (1995) Forest loss, extinction and last hope for
birds of Cebu. Oriental Bird Club Bull. 21: 24–27.

CITES. 2013. CITES. http://www.cites.org/

Collar, N. J., Mallari, N. A. D. and Tabaranza Jr., B. R. (1999) Threatened birds of the Philippines
Makati City, Philippines: Bookmark.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) – Forest Management Bureau (FMB).
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DENR, 2007. Establishing the National List of Threatened Philippine Plants and their Categories, and
the List of other Wildlife Species (DENR Administrative Order #2007-01)

Fernando, E.S., et al (2004). Flowering Plants and Ferns of Mt. Makiling. ASEAN-Korea Environmental
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Florido, H (2004). Research Information Series on Ecosystems, Vol 16 Jan-Apr 2004. Retrieved June
16, 2017 from erdb.denr.gov.ph/files/publications/rise/r_v16n1.pdf

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H. Robinson. Candollea 47 (2), 645–662.

Hammer, Ø., Harper, D.A.T., and P. D. Ryan, 2001. PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package
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Heaney, L.R., D.S. Balete, M.L. Dolar, A.C. Alcala, A.T.L. Dans, P.C. Gonzales, N.R. Ingle, M.V. Lepiten,
W.L.R. Oliver, P.S. Ong, E.A. Rickart, B.R. Tabaranza and R.C.B. Utzurumm. 1998. A synopsis
of the mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands. Fieldiana. No. 88 (1493). 61p

Heaney, L.R., , B.R. Tabaranza, E.A. Rickart, D.S. Balete, and N.R. Ingle. 2006. The Mammals of Mt
Kitanglad Nature Park, Mindanao Philippines. Fieldiana. No. 112.

IUCN 2014. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. <www.iucnredlist.org>.
Downloaded on 14 June 2017.

IUCN Glossary (no date). Retrieved June 25, 2017 from

https://www.iucn.org/downloads/en_iucn__glossary_definitions.pdf

Kennedy, R. S., P.C. Gonzales, E.C. Dickenson, H.C. Miranda, and T. H. Fisher. 2000. A Guide to the
Birds of the Philippines. United States: Oxford University Press

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 Environmental Performance Report and Management Plan
CHAPTER 9
References

Mallari, N. A. D., Tabaranza Jr., B. R. and Crosby, M. (2001) Key conservation sites in the Philippines:
a Haribon Foundation and BirdLife International directory of Important Bird Areas. Makati
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CPC Cement Plant and Power Plant Project | 9-4

ANNEXES
 Annex A –
Copy of ECC-CO-1503-0011 approved on April 15, 2015
 Annex B –
Copy of the Land Titles covering the Project Site
 Annex C –
Accountability Statement of the Proponent
 Annex D –
Accountability Statement of the Preparers
 Annex E –
Duly Accomplished PEMAPS
 Annex F –
Copy of the latest submissions of CMVR and CMR