Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022

Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts

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WEEK 12
Land Use and Different Planning Types
Module Information
Module Overview
The module introduces the students to Land Use and Different Planning types.
Module Coverage
The module will be covered for a duration of 1 weeks with 1 work outputs to be submitted at the end of the module (see course
outline schedule). It is scheduled on the week 12 of the semester.
Module Objective
• The module aims to help the student understand the scope of land and land use
• The module aims to help student to understand and be familiar with different planning types
Module Learning Outcomes
By the end of this module the student should be able to:
• Familiarize with scope of land and land use
• Understand and evaluate different planning types
Module Interdependencies
This module serves as reinforces the community planning techniques discussed in Planning 2..
Module Learning Materials
Under this module the students are provided with the following materials:
• Lecture Note:
Title: Land Use and Different Planning Types
The lecture discusses the land use and different planning types

• PowerPoint Presentation
Title: Land Use and Different Planning Types
The presentation provided in pdf file are the slides used for the presentation of the mentor.

All learning materials can be found inside the Folder of Week 12

Additional Readings and Materials

Students may refer to the given lectures under this module. Nevertheless, should the student like to study beyond the given
materials, they may read the books listed below:

• Meyer, M. (2016) Transportation Planning Handbook 4th edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Department of Tourism (2007) Tourism Guidebook for Local Government Units.

Module Output-base Work

To complete this module the student shall submit Formative Assessment 6. The details of the assessments can be found in the
Work Manual.
 Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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References
Lecture materials are excerpts from the following references:
• Serote, E. (2004) Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. Quezon City:
SURP.
• Steiner, F. and Butler, K. (2007) Planning and Urban Design Standards Student Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons
Inc.
 Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Week 12
LAND USE AND PHYSICAL PLANNING
Essential Concepts related to Land Use Planning
Land (Serote, 2004)

• Common Sense: solid portion of the earth's surface" on which we stand, walk, build our homes, raise our gardens, or
produce our crops
o On the global scale, the solid portion of the earth's surface refers to the 29% comprising 143 million square
kilometers (55.168 million square miles) ofland as distinct from the 71% or 367 million square kilometers
(141.668 million square miles) of water.
• Legal Sense: any ground, soil or earth that is regarded as the subject of ownership, and everything annexed to it
whether by nature (e.g. trees, water) or by man (e.g. buildings, crops) extending indefmitely vertically upwards and
downwards.
• Economic Sense: natural resource but it can also be "man-made", often regarded as a good or a commodity that can
be supplied to meet certain requirements for the satisfaction of human wants.
• Ecological Sense: the natural environment and its attributes ... the surface of the earth and all its attributes
o The natural attributes of land include the macro- and microclimate, hydrology and other climatic conditions;
the geology, topography and soils; and the plant and animal communities that live in it.

Broad Concepts of Land (Serote, 2004)

• Land as a Natural Resource

o Land as a natural resource can be a limited concept in that it is a subset of nature-given resources as
distinguished from other natural resource categories such as water, air, forests, minerals, wildlife and the
like.
• Land as as Economic Good
o Land is regarded variously as a consumption good such as when it is sold and bought either as raw land or
as serviced subdivision lot.
o Land is also seen as a factor of production in either of two senses: as a direct input in the production
process, e.g. when it is embedded with metallic or non-metallic minerals, a growth bed for agricultural crops,
a grazing or pasture land, and the like; or as site or platform for such urban activities as manufacturing,
commercial space, office block, and the like.
• Land as a Property
o When we say we own land it is not the land as physical entity that we possess for land is immovable. Rather
it is a number of interests or rights in land which we hold either separately or together. If held together, such
rights are conceived of as a "bundle of rights" which can come in varying sizes.
o Individual ownership rights are always limited by the over-all interests of society as administered by the
State. In this sense, only the sovereign or the State can claim and exercise absolute rights of property
ownership.
• Land as a Territory
o The territorial jurisdiction of a State covers the land within its boundary limits, over its inland and territorial
waters, and to a reasonable extent, over the airspace above and subsoil below such land and waters, and
over all persons and things within those areas subject to its control (as on its vessels in the high seas or its
aircraft on the air).
 Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Concepts related to Land Use (Serote, 2004)

• Land Use VS Land Utilization

o land use pertains to broad categories like forest, agriculture, settlements, etc. whereas land utilization
pertains to specific uses of smaller areas like irrigated rice, coconut intercropped with ramie, tree farm,
protection forest.
o If land serves as soil (in the generic sense), in which case land is a vital element, an input to or a condition
of production, such as forestry, cropping, grazing, etc., land utilization seems to be the appropriate term.
o On the other hand, if land is used as site, a mere base or platform of activities like industrial, residential,
office, etc. the proper term seems to be land use

• Land Use Conversion

o Land use introduced by nature or land cover, if untouched, has the capacity to renew itself. On the other
hand, land use introduced by man usually creates irreversible changes on the original character of the land.
Man-introduced land uses often entail conversion from one use to another.
o Two Types of Land Use Conversion
§ Reversible
o A certain type of conversion is reversible if the soil cover and landforms are not
substantially changed and therefore present a variety of options for future reuse.
o For example, croplands can be converted to improved pasture and reverted to croplands
as the need arises. Timberlands, properly logged-over can be brought back to healthy
forests again. In the urban setting residential areas can give way to commercial uses
§ Irreversible
o Irreversible land use conversion on the other hand, occurs when the original character of
the land is changed to such a degree that reversal to its former use or condition becomes
very difftcuIt if not impossible
o Some common examples of irreversible conversion are an overlogged rainforest,
wetlands that had been drained or reclaimed, river dams and reservoirs inundating entire
villages, and strip and open pit mining and quarrying.
o Most outstanding example of irreversible conversion is of course, the building of towns
and cities and the infrastructures that go with these on what used to be agricultural or
forestlands
• Land Use Capacity
o pertains to the practical limits to which a particular land unit can be put to productive use.
§ Economic Use Capacisty
o pertains to the ability of a given unit of land resource to produce a net return above the
production costs associated with its use
§ Highest and Best Use
o A piece of land is said to be in its highest and best use when it is used in such a manner
that it provides an optimum return to its operator or to society.
o From the point of view of the owner/developer, the optimum return will probably be
assessed in strictly monetary terms. Other stakeholders, for their part, may give a higher
or an equal weight to intangible social values
§ Carrying Capacity
o Usually understood in the ecological sense, carrying capacity pertains to the intensity of a
particular use in which a land unit can be put without causing significant damage to the
land resource
o For development to be sustainable, the highest and best use of a land unit should not
exceed its carrying capacity.
o carrying capacity has been exceeded when the investor begins to realize diminishing
returns on investment, that is, for every unit. of increase in investment the unit of return is
proportionately less than what is normally expected
 Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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• Concepts of Land Use Compatibility (Serote, 2004)

o availability of very good lands is limited both in terms of quantity and location and therefore there is
competition among potential suitable users of the same area
o Compatibility among different land uses may be determined in terms of harmony in ecological function and
effect, in terms of economic linkages, or in terms of their consistency with accepted socio-cultural values of
the affected population.
§ good example of ecological harmony is the "rice-fish" cropping system wherein rice paddies are
seeded with fish fry that feed on insects and pests and help nurture the rice plants. When the rice
is ready for harvest the fish are also mature enough to provide viands on the farmer's table
o Economic linkages as basis for compatibility among combined land uses can come in a number of forms.
§ Backward Linkage
o Relative to a reference industry, say, a coconut oil mill, coconut growing and copra
making which produce inputs to the mill are related to the oil mill in a backward manner.
§ Forward Linkage
o a series of industries that utilize the outputs of the oil mill such as soap making, candy
factories, and the like are linked in a forward manner
§ Two types of zoning practice derive their justification from the concept of compatibility
o Exclusionary zoning
o assigns to discrete exclusive areas activities that are incompatible
o Mixed-use zoning
o allows the combination of compatible activities in the same area.

• Land Use Classification (Serote, 2004)

o system of logically arranging different categories and sub-categories of land use is land use classification.
The term land use classification refers to both the process and the product of the process.
o any territorial unit, regardless of level or scale, can be seen as consisting of four areas used under any of
the following purposes: 1) as a space for living, 2) as a space for making a living, 3) as a space for the
facilities that support the other two spaces, and 4) as an open space that serves as the life support system
for the hurnan population.

Figure 1: Land Use Classification for Planning (Serote, 2004)

 Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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• Concepts of Land Use Planning (Serote, 2004)

o proper management of land resources
o using land in a manner consistent with its natural qualities so that it does not lose its productivity while it is
continually made to produce for the benefit of man and other life forms that depend on it
o proper management also involves intervening in the decision that man makes about the use of land in
order to promote the public interest
o seeing to it that land is utilized only in a manner that its intrinsic qualities can support to enable it to
continue to yield benefits for many generations of users.
o involves State regulation and control of certain activities that are inimical to the general welfare to ensure
equitable access to land, and optimum enjoyment of the benefits of its use.
DEVELOPMENT TYPE
§ Transit Oriented Development
• Transit-oriented development (TOD) is generally defined as development that is located within a 10- minute walk, or
approximately .5 mile, from a light rail, heavy rail, or commuter rail station. It also includes development along heavily
used bus and bus rapid transit corridors
• TOD also involves development at higher densities than typical, to take advantage of transit proximity and planning
and design elements that encourage walkability and create pedestrian-friendly connections to the surrounding
community.
• Site Programming:
o Build Densely
o Mix Uses
o Mix housing types and prices
o Reduce parking requirement

• Transportation Plans (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

o Effective transportation systems are central to maintaining the productivity, health, and safety of
communities and regions.
o A transportation plan guides the investment in, and timing of, improvements to the transportation network
to meet community mobility, accessibility, safety, economic, and quality-of-life needs.
§ Types of Transportation Plans
o Statewide transportation plans
o Statewide transportation plans, which are prepared by state DOTs, provide the
basis for coordinating data collection and analyses to support planning,
programming, and project development decisions
o State plans are evaluated on a regular basis and updated periodically to reflect
changing statewide priorities and needs.
o Statewide plans are intermodal in nature addressing passenger, goods, and
freight movement for a minimum 20-year planning horizon
o Metropolitan area long-range transportations plans
o focus on evaluating alternative transportation and land-use scenarios to identify
major travel corridors, assess potential problems, and provide a basis for
planning and programming major improvements
o typically cover a 20-year planning horizon
o Local transportation plans
o Local transportation plans are prepared either as stand-alone documents or as
an element of a comprehensive plan
o Local governments or regional transit providers typically prepare these plans,
but they are coordinated closely with MPOs and state DOTs.The plans provide
the basis for the programming and implementation of local transportation
actions.
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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o These plans usually address some short-range early action items (1 to 5

years), some midrange actions (5 to 10 years), and longer term activities in a
20-year time horizon
o Corridor plans
o Corridor plans that focus on transportation are prepared for high-priority areas
showing signs of congestion or predicted for significant future travel volume or
for transportation facilities of historical or natural significance
o Consideration of a wide range of alternative means to solve the identified
transportation problem or resource management objectives should be at the
core of plan development

Figure 2: TRANSPORTATION PLAN DEVELOPMENT CYCLE

§ Plan Components
o Transportation plans should include the following elements:
o An overview of the planning process
o A description of existing conditions (transportation network and land use)
o A forecast of future conditions (transportation network and land use)
o A summary of transportation needs
o Goals and objectives
o An assessment of transportation system capacity
o A series of alternative scenarios for future and proposed improvements
o A description of cost implications and funding sources
o Guidelines for implementation and performance monitoring
o A program for ensuring public involvement
§ Transportation Plan Development
o There are six basic steps in the development of a transportation plan:
1. Evaluate system capacity, deficiencies, and needs.
2. Establish goals and objectives.
3. Define and prioritize future needs.
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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4. Develop, evaluate, and select potential solutions.

5. Prepare and adopt the plan, including public review and comment.
6. Implement, monitor, and evaluate plan performance.

Figure 3: TRANSPORTATION FRAMEWORK PLAN: STREETS (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

§ Hierarchy of Streets and Roads

o Principal Arterials
o Principal arterials provide long-distance “trunkline” continuous routes within and
between urban areas
o they carry high volumes of traffic at high speeds.
o Freeways, including interstates, are principal arterials.
o Principal arterials should be located every three to four miles (4.83 to 6.44
kilometers) in urban areas.
o Minor Arterials
o The backbone of the urban street network, minor arterials are continuous
routes through urban areas.
o They are frequently designated as touring (i.e., U.S. or state-numbered) routes.
o they carry more than half of all vehicle miles of travel. They may be state,
county, or city streets
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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o Minor arterials should be spaced at around one-mile (1.61-kilometer) intervals

from other arterials (principal or minor)
o Collector Streets
o With continuity over short segments (one-fourth to one-half mile; 0.4 to 0.8
kilometers), collector streets are minor tributaries, gathering traffic from
numerous smaller (local) streets and delivering it to and from minor arterials
o Collector streets should be spaced roughly onehalf mile (0.8 kilometers) from
arterials
o Local Streets
o Local streets include all streets not on a “higher” system. These streets may be
short in length or frequently interrupted by traffic control devices (stop signs or
signals).
o Travel distance on local streets is short, typically to the nearest collector street.
Speeds are low (20 to 30 mph; 32.2 to 48.3 kilometers/hour).
o Local streets complete the network, with a block spacing appropriate to the
land use—typically 300 to 500 feet (91.4 to 152.4 meters) in business districts
and 250 to 600 feet (76.2 to 182.9 meters) in residential neighborhoods.

Figure 4: FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 5: STREET TYPES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

§ Local Street Patterns

o Grid
o Grid and Square
o Web
o Radial
o Curvilinear
o Irregular

Figure 6:TYPICAL STREET NETWORK PATTERNS (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)
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• Pedestrian Friendly Streets

o Pedestrian-friendly streets are designed to be more accommodating to pedestrian traffic than are
conventionally designed streets. Pedestrian traffic here includes bicyclists, the physically handicapped,
transit users, and those of all ages on foot.

Figure 7: LOW ADT YIELD STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

Figure 8: EDGE YIELD STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

Figure 9: AASHTO RECOMMENDED RESIDENTIAL STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 10: MODIFIED AASHTO RESIDENTIAL STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

Figure 11: YIELD STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

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Figure 12: NONYIELD STREET(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

• On-Street Bikeways
o On-street bikeways bring enormous benefits to both the cycling and noncycling public. Bikeways create
opportunities to incorporate exercise into one’s daily routine, and bring air, noise, and water quality
benefits
o Types of Bikeways:
§ Bicycle Lane
o A bicycle lane is that portion of the roadway designated by 6- to 8-inch (15.24- to 20.32-
centimeter) striping and bicycle pavement markings for the exclusive or preferential use
of bicycles. Bicycle lanes are typically provided on collector and arterial streets.
§ Bike Route:
o A bike route, also called a shoulder bikeway, is a street upon which the paved shoulder,
separated by a 4-inch (10.2-centimeter) stripe, is usable by bicycles, although auto
parking may also be allowed on it. These bikeways are typically provided on rural
roadways

Figure 13: BICYCLE AND TRAVEL LANE DIMENSIONS(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 14: BIKE LANE (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

Figure 15: INTEGRATING BICYCLE LANES INTO EXISTING TRAVEL LANES(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

• Transit Systems
o Bus Rapid Transit
§ Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a flexible, rubber-tired rapid transit mode that combines stations,
vehicles, service, running-ways, and intelligent transportation system (ITS) elements into an
integrated system with a positive identity and a unique image.
§ In many respects, BRT is “rubber-tired” light-rail transit, but it has greater operating flexibility and
potentially lower capital and operating costs than light rail.
o Rail Transit
§ Commuter Rail
o Also called regional rail, suburban rail, or metropolitan rail, commuter rail typically
provides service between a central city and the surrounding suburban areas for short-
distance travel
§ Heavy Rail
o These systems use high-speed and rapid-acceleration passenger rail cars that operate
singly or in multicar trains on fixed rails.
§ Light Rail
o Light rail transit (LRT) is an electric railway system characterized by its capability to
operate single cars or short trains along exclusive rights-of-way at ground level, on
aerial structures, in subways, or, occasionally, in streets. LRT systems board and
discharge passengers at low-level platforms located either at track or car-floor level.
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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§ Street Car/ Tram

o Streetcars are metropolitan electric railway vehicles designed to fit the scale and traffic
patterns of the neighborhoods through which they travel. Streetcar vehicles are narrower
and shorter than other rail cars typically seen in service in the United States.
§ The transit planning process can be condensed into four primary elements of a continuous
feedback and review cycle: systems planning, service planning, service implementation, and
performance measurement.

Figure 16: TRANSIT PLANNING PROCESS(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

• Intermodal and Multimodal Transit Facilities

o Intermodal facilities allow for transfer between transportation modes. Multimodal facilities also provide
transfer opportunities but, in addition, serve each mode independently, often functioning as a
transportation hub for major components of the system.
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 17: REGIONAL INTERMODAL AND MULTIMODAL FACILITY: UNION STATION, (Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

§ Conservation Development
• Communities protect open space for numerous reasons, such as to protect streams and water quality, provide habitat
for plants and animals, preserve rural “atmosphere,” provide access to nature and recreational areas, protect home
values, and reduce costs of municipal services.
• Conservation development process involves three steps:
1. Assess current community development trends.
2. Identify primary and secondary conservation areas.
3. Employ conservation subdivision design steps.
• Open-Space Conservation Areas
o Many communities have adopted comprehensive plans or open-space plans that contain detailed inventories
of natural and historic resources. In order to create an interconnected network of open space, communities
should draw a map of potential conservation lands.
§ Primary Conservation Areas
• Primary conservation areas comprise only the most severely constrained lands, where
development is typically restricted under current codes and laws, such as wetlands,
floodplains, and slopes exceeding 25 percent.
Far Eastern University JANUARY 2022
Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 18: Primary Conservation Area(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

§ Secondary Conservation Areas

• Secondary conservation areas include all other locally noteworthy or significant features of
the natural or cultural landscape:
o Mature woodlands
o Hedgerows and freestanding trees or tree groups
o Wildlife habitats and travel corridors
o Prime farmland
o Groundwater recharge areas
o Greenways and trails
o River and stream corridors
o Historic sites and buildings
o Scenic viewsheds
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 19: Secondary Conservation Area(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

§ Infill Development
• Infill development occurs on vacant or underused lots in otherwise built-up sites or areas. Infill projects can take several
forms, such as a small addition in a residential backyard, a single-lot development, a brownfield development, or
multiparcel projects in urban downtowns.
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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Figure 20: EXAMPLES OF INFILL(Steiner, F. and Butler, K., 2007)

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• Strategies for Infill Development

• Diversity
• Density
• Transit
• Scale
• Massing and Articulation

• Protected Areas in the Philippines

• Protected areas which embraces the following three categories: (a) areas declared as belonging to the National
Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) being established under R.A. 7586; (b) areas outside the NIPAS areas
requiring equivalent amount of protection; and (c) areas prone to natural hazards otherwise known as
environmentally-constrained areas.

• NIPAS areas encompass outstandingly remarkable and biologically important public lands that are habitats of rare
and endangered species of plants and animals.
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Institute of Architecture and Fine Arts
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• Pursuant to RA 7586 which provides for the establishment and management of NIPAS, eight categories of
protected areas are recognized:
1. Strict nature reserve;
2. Natural park;
3. Natural monument;
4. Wildlife sanctuary;
5. Protected landscapes and seascapes;
6. Resource reserve;
7. Natural biotic areas; and
8. Other categories established by law, conventions or international agreements to which the Philippine
government is a signatory.

Figure 21: Conservation Objectives of NIPAS Protected Area Categories