Capacity Building for

Indonesia ICT-based Hydrological Observation

Water Resources
Development and Management
in South Korea (K-water)
June 16, 2022

Younghyun Cho
Speaker

Younghyun Cho, Ph.D.

Principal Researcher, Water Resources & Environmental
Research Center, K-water Research Institute
Adjunct Faculty, SKKU
E-mail: [email protected]
Office: +82-42-870-7476 / Mobile: +82-10-3410-4503
Working Experiences (in K-water; ‘03~)
Dam Construction (3 years), Dam Operation (7 years), and Research (10 years)

Research Interests
Watershed modeling, Hydrologic application (Runoff, ET, SM, etc.), Nonpoint source
pollution, GIS, Remote sensed (Radar & satellite-based) data analysis, Python scripting,
Statistics, Water resources management, Dam reservoir operation, etc.
Contents

Introduction

Overview of K-water

Water Resources Development

*Historical Progress of Dam Constructions

Water Resources Management

*IWRM Technology for Dam Operations

Future Applications in Water Resources

Management
Introduction

• Water Conditions

4
Introduction

• Precipitation
✓ Annual precipitation (1973-2017): 1,344mm (variable 895-1908mm)
✓ Summer rainfall (e.g., monsoon, typhoon) determines total annual amounts
✓ Drought occurred every 5-7 years (since 1970s)
*Recent 4-5 years less precipitation → Severe Drought Issues

5
Introduction

• Typhoon
✓ Typhoon occurrences have decreased slightly, but ratio of affecting Korea and the
intensity have increased.

12.1%: 3.07 times 16.1%: 4.09 times

6
Introduction

• Characteristics of Korea Rivers

✓ Vulnerable to Flood and Drought (steep riverbed, short detention time)

7
Introduction

• Characteristics of Korea Rivers (cont’d.)

✓ Dams and reservoirs are essential to overcome unfavorable conditions

8
Introduction

• Water Resources and Use

*Flood season
(56.0, 43%)

9
Introduction

• Water Use

10
Introduction

• Flood and Drought

11
Introduction

• Dams and Reservoirs

12
Introduction

• Dams and Reservoirs (Major Multipurpose Dams)

13
Introduction

• Dams and Reservoirs

14
Overview of K-water

• K-water
Largest Publicly-owned Water Resources Corporation in Korea
with a history of 50 years in water management

16
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: Water Resources

✓ Developing and managing multipurpose dams to prevent floods, provide water, and fuel power plants.
✓ Building eco-friendly dams with minimal impact on surrounding ecology and boosting tourism of the neighboring
areas.

operating 38 dams

Soyanggang Dam

Chungju Dam

Multipurpose
Water supply 60%

17
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: Water Supply and Sewerage

✓ Developing and managing regional water supply networks to provide water for major urban and industrial centers.
✓ Managing, on commission, local water supply and sewerage networks lacking financial or technical assistance.
✓ Processing and customizing water for various industrial purposes using the latest technology.

18
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: Green Energy

✓ Developing and operating the world’s largest tidal plant and leading the future of marine energy
✓ Developing and operating tidal and photovoltaic plants as clean energy alternatives to reduce fossil fuel
dependency

Sihwa Lake Tidal Plant

Capacity : 254MW(servicing 130,000 households/year)

The world’s first offshore 11 photovoltaic power 3 wind turbine plants

photovoltaic power plant plants generating 0.1MW generating 3MW

19
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: River Restoration & Canals

✓ Preparing for climate change and promoting sustainable economic growth by restoring the four major river systems
✓ Preventing floods, reducing logistics costs, and promoting tourism by developing the Gyeongin Waterway

20
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: Industrial & Water Facilities

✓ Enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy by developing latest-technology industrial clusters
and cities
✓ Ensuring sustainable growth by developing water resources and waterfront facilities

Industrial Clusters & New Cities

Servicing 9 new cities and industrial clusters:

- 179 million ㎡, KRW 6.9086 trillion

Constructing 4 new cities and industrial clusters:

- 78 million ㎡, KRW 15.1540 trillion

New City

Industrial Cluster

21
Overview of K-water

• Business Area: Overseas Projects

✓ K-water has completed 20 water resources related development projects in 10 countries
✓ 15 projects of water supply and sewerage development projects have been completed in 12 countries

Uzbekistan

Bangladesh
Afghanistan

Mongolia
Nepal
China
Iraq
Laos
Haiti
India Vietnam
Equat. Guinea
Indonesia
Congo
Peru

Kenya
Cambodia

Rwanda

Sri Lanka

22
Water Resources Development

• Historical Progress of Waterworks

23
Water Resources Development

• Historical Progress of Waterworks

24
Water Resources Development

• Historical Progress of Dam Constructions

✓ Dams and Reservoirs

24
Water Resources Development

• Historical Progress of Dam Constructions

✓ Dams and Reservoirs

26
Water Resources Development

• Initial & Take-off Period (1960s to 1980s)

✓ Development of multipurpose dams (large sized) for national economic growth,
water supply, and flood control.
Chungju Dam
(1978-1986)
V: 2.75G m3 H: 97.5 m
P: 412,000 kW
Soyanggang Dam (1967-1973)
V: 2.90G m3 H: 123 m
P: 200,000 kW

Daecheong Dam
(1975-1981)
V: 1.49G m3
Seomjingang Dam
H: 72 m
(1961-1965)
P: 90,800 kW Andong Dam (1971-1977)
V: 0.47G m3
H: 64 m V: 1.25G m3 H: 83 m
P: 34,800 kW P: 91,500 kW

Hapcheon Dam (1982-1989)

27
V: 0.79G m3 H: 96 m
P: 101,200 kW
Seomjingang Dam (0.47G m ) 3

Seomjingang Dam (1961-1965)

V: 0.47G m3 H: 64 m P: 34,800 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
Soyanggang Dam (2.90G㎥)
Soyanggang Dam (1967-1973)
V: 2.90G m3 H: 123 m P:200,000 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Andong Dam (1.25G m ) 3

Andong Dam (1971-1977)

V: 1.25G m3 H: 83 m P: 91,500 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Daecheong Dam (1.49G㎥)
Daecheong Dam (1975-1981)
V: 1.49G m3 H: 72 m P: 90,800 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
+ Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Chungju Dam (2.75G㎥)
Chungju Dam (1978-1986)
V: 2.75G m3 H: 97.5 m P: 412,000 k
Concrete Gravity Dam
Hapcheon Dam (0.79G㎥)
Hapcheon Dam (1982-1989)
V: 0.79G m3 H: 96 m P: 101,200 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
Water Resources Development

• Growth Period (1990s to early 2000s)

✓ Development of water resources (medium & small sized dams) environmentally &
eco-friendly considering sustainable water management.

Boryeong Dam
O
(1990-2000)
V: 0.12G m3
Yongdam Dam H: 50 m
(1990-2006) P: 701 kW
V: 0.82G m3 H: 70 m
P: 26,200 kW

Imha Dam
Juam Dam (1984-1993)
(1984-1992) V: 0.60G m3
V: 0.46G m3 H: 58 m H: 73 m
P: 1,440 kW P: 51,060 kW
Jangheung Dam V: 0.31G m3
(1996-2007) H: 34 m 34
V: 0.19G m3 H: 53 m P: 14,000 kW
P: 800 kW Namgang Dam (1987-2003)
Juam Dam (0.46G㎥)
Juam Dam (1984-1992)
V: 0.46G m3 H: 58 m P: 1,440 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Imha Dam (0.60G㎥)
Imha Dam (1984-1993)
V: 0.60G m3 H: 73 m P: 51,060 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Namgang Dam (0.31G㎥)
Namgang Dam (1987-2003)
V: 0.31G m3 H: 34 m P: 14,000 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Milyang Dam (73.6M㎥)
Milyang Dam (1990-2002)
V: 73.6M m3 H: 89.5 m P: 1,300 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Yongdam Dam (0.82G㎥)
Yongdam Dam (1990-2006)
V: 0.82G m3 H: 70 m P: 26,200 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Buan Dam (50.3M㎥)
Buan Dam (1990-1996)
V: 50.3M m3 H: 50 m P: 193 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Boryeong Dam (0.12G㎥)
Boryeong Dam (1990-2000)
V: 0.12G m3 H: 50 m P: 701 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Hoengseong Dam (86.9M㎥)
Hoengseong Dam (1990-2002)
V: 86.9M m3 H: 48.5 m P: 1,300 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Jangheung Dam (0.19G㎥)
Jangheung Dam (1996-2007)
V: 0.19G m3 H: 53 m P: 800 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Water Resources Development

• Peace Dam Project

✓ Objective: To be prepared for emergency situations expected in case of failure of the Im-Nam Dam
(2.6 Billion ㎥) in North Korea and to secure water right considering decreased inflow in the Han River Basin

44
Water Resources Development

• Peace Dam Project

✓ Im-Nam (Kumgang Mt.) Dam Construction
✓ 1986. 10. : Initial of Kumgang Mt. Power Plant Construction
✓ 1996. 09. : Partial completion of Kumgang Mt. Power Plant (100,000 kW)
✓ 2002. 1. 17. ~ 2. 4 : Discharge from Im-Nam Dam (340M m3)
✓ 2002. 2. 9 : Detection of Damaged Areas of Im-Nam Dam
✓ 2003. 12. : Completion of Im-Nam Dam and Spilway (Height 121.5 m, Storage Capacity 2.6G m3)

Spillway
Damaged Areas
Spill way
Length 20m
Width 10m
Length 10m
Width 5m
Discharge
Tunnel
Outlet Damaged
Areas
Damaged Intended
Areas Height
(105m) (121.5m)

Condition of Im-Nam Dam Construction

→ Serious concern for dam safety due to dam

crest damages and improper construction Satellite Image taken on 2002. 4. 14
45
→ Causing water shortage aggravation, power generation decrease and river ecosystem change
Water Resources Development

• Peace Dam Project

✓ Peace Dam Construction
✓ 1988. 05. : Peace Dam Construction (1st stage)
✓ 2002. 08. : Peace Dam Reinforcement (1st stage)
✓ 2002. 09. : Peace Dam Extension Work (2nd stage) Construction Initiated

● Peace Dam Project (1st stage)

- Type : Concrete Faced Rock-fill Dam
(Height 80m, Length 410m, Capacity 0.59G ㎥)
- Access road : 69.9km
- Drainage Tunnel : D10m×4EA
- Cost : 151 billion won (US$ 12.55million)
- Construction period : ’87. 2~’89.12

● Peace Dam Extension Project (2nd stage)

- Type : Concrete Faced Rock-fill Dam
(Height 125m, Length 601m, Storage Capacity 2.63G㎥)
- Access Road : 2.5km
- Cost : 188.3 billion Won (US$ 15.7million)
- Construction period : ’02. 9~’05.12
46
Water Resources Development

• Peace Dam Project

✓ Counter Measures during 2nd stage of Construction
❑ SC: 1.24B ㎥ 2002 ❑ SC: 2.15B ㎥ 2003 ❑ SC: 2.63B ㎥ 2004
ㅇH Dam: 0.65B㎥ ㅇH Dam: 0.65B㎥ ㅇP Dam: 2.63B㎥
ㅇP Dam: 0.59B㎥ ㅇP Dam: 1.5B㎥
❑ Phase I Reinforcement ❑ 25m Addition (’03. 6) ❑ 45m Addition: (’04. 4)

K Dam
’04 : 2.62B ㎥

P Dam ’03 : 2.1B ㎥

45m (125.0m) ’02 : 1.2B ㎥

25m (105.0m)
Max Inflow 8m 2.63B ㎥
H Dam 0.15M ㎥/s Phase I (80.0m)
1.50B ㎥
0.59B ㎥
81.5m

0.65B ㎥
47.0m
DMZ

SL NL

24km 36km 47
Peace Dam (2.63G㎥)
Peace Dam (1986-2007)
V: 2.63G m3 H: 125 m
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Imnam Dam (2.62G㎥)
Imnam Dam (1986-2003)
V: 2.62G m3 H: 121.5 m
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam
Water Resources Development

• IWRM Period (late 2000s to present)

✓ Development of water resources (small sized dams, weirs, etc.) considering water
quantity & quality, severe water problems (flood & drought) under climate change

50
Gunwi Dam (48.7M㎥)
Gunwi Dam (2000-2012)
V: 48.7M m3 H: 45 m P: 500 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Buhang Dam (54.3M㎥)
Buhang Dam (2002-2014)
V: 54.3M m3 H: 64 m P: 600 kW
Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Sungduck Dam (27.9M㎥)
Sungduck Dam (2002-2015)
V: 27.9M m3 H: 58.5 m P: 200 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
Youngju Dam (0.18G㎥)
Youngju Dam (2009-2015)
V: 0.18G m3 H: 55.5 m P: 5,000 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
+ Concrete Faced Rock Fill Dam
Bohyeonsan Dam (22.1M㎥)
Bohyenonsan Dam (2009-2015)
V: 22.1M m3 H: 58.5 m P: 200 kW
Concrete Gravity Dam
Water Resources Development

• 4 Major River Restoration Project

✓ Period: 2009-2012 (200 million US$)

55
Water Resources Development

• 4MRRP Scopes & Effects

56
Water Resources Development

• 4MRRP Weirs

16 Weirs storing 8.0 billion㎥

57
4MRRP Weirs (0.8G㎥)

58
Reservoir Connection btw 2 Dams

Imha
Dam

Capacity: 0.6 billion m3

Water Intake

Eco Zone Transfer Tunnel

(2km)

Capacity: 1.2 billion m3 Eco Zone

Water
Intake

Andong
Dam
Water Resources Development

• Climate Change
✓ Global warming effect in Korea is faster than the global average.

60
 Water Resources Development

• Climate Change
✓ Increase in the frequency of water-related disasters such as floods / drought

Seoul Busan
Seoul
Gangwon Ulsan Drought
Busan 울산, 부산시
Ulsan, Busan Cheongju
Concentration
Concentration Typhoon ‘MAEMI’
Typhoon
Drought Typhoon ‘SANBA’ On a National Scale
Rainfall
태풍“차바＂
Typhoon ‘CHABA’ Concentration Rainfall
Rainfall ‘EWINIAR’

2016 2017

Seoul
Busan Busan Jeju
Seoul
Concentration
Gyeonggi, Gangwon,
Jungbu Regional 충남서부권
West Chungnam Jungbu, Nambu
Concentration Chungcheong
Typhoon ‘RUSA’ Typhoon ‘NABI’ Typhoon ‘NARI’
Rainfall Rainfall Drought
Drought 가뭄
Drought Drought

61
Water Resources Development

• Countermeasures
✓ Structural: Dam Heightening, Watergate Installation, Emergency Spillway, Rubber
Weir, Auxiliary Spillway, Spillway Expansion, etc.
✓ Non-Structural: Restricted Water Level Methods, Pre-release Methods, etc.

62
Water Resources Development

• Flood Control Capacity Enhancement

✓ To prepare frequent heavy rain due to recent climate change, the standard of design
flood has been changed from Frequency Flood(100/200yr) to Probable Maximum
Flood(PMF).
✓ The amount of inflow into dam is much higher than design capacity when dams were
initially constructed. As a result, flood control capacity enhancement is inevitable to
guarantee the permanent safety of dams.

63
Water Resources Development

• Flood Control Capacity Enhancement

✓ 24 Dams at Risk of Overflow according to Re-evaluation

Under Construction
Classification Completed (13) Planning (5)
(5)
Soyanggang, Imha, Daecheong,
Overflow Andong, Seomjingang,
Chungju, Peace Namgang
(14) Gwangdong, Yeongcheon, Sooeo,
Yeoncho, Daeam, Unmoon

Freeboard
Hapcheon, Boryeong, Milyang, Seonam, Angye,
Shortage -
Buan, Juam, Dalbang, Goocheon Sayeon
(10)

64
Soyanggang Dam (2.90G㎥)
Soyanggang Dam (1967-1973)
V: 2.90G m3 H: 123 m P:200,000 kW
Earth Core Rock Fill Dam

- Auxiliary Spillway : 2004 ~ 2010

- Type : low-slope tunnel type spillway
- Tunnel size : D14m x 2ea(L1=1,276m, L2=1,206m)
- Max. Discharge Capacity : 6,700㎥/sec
(Before : 7,500㎥/s → After : 14,200㎥/s)
Andong Dam (1.25G m )
3
Imha Dam (0.60G㎥)
Water Resources Management

• Water Resources Management

68
Water Resources Management

• Water Resources Management Targets

69
Water Resources Management

• Organizations Flood Control Office

A subordinate office of MOLIT
(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure
& Transportation) to implement water use
permits and flood control of the rivers

Environmental Management Office

A subordinate office of Ministry of Environment
to implement water quality
management, conservation of nature,
control water pollution source

K-water Water Resources Management Center

Operates and manages important water
resource facilities (multi-purpose dams, water
supply dams and flood control dams & weirs) by
using integrated operation system.
Water Resources Management

• National Raw Data Sharing System

✓ 84 Types of water information is shared by Water management Information
Networking System (WINS) among 12 governmental organizations.

71
Water Resources Management

• Governance

72
Water Resources Management

• Water Resources Management Center (K-water)

Dams – 37 (Multi-purpose 20, Water 14, Flood 3)

Weirs – 16 , estuary bank – 1
Hydroelectric power plants – 36
Hydrometric & Alarm Stations – 407 & 230

Weather analysis and forecasting

Hydrological observation and system mgmt.
Flood control and water supply
Hydropower, water quality improvement
Technology development and export
Water Resources Management

• Water Resources Management Center (K-water)

74
Water Resources Management

75
Water Resources Management

• History of Water Resources Management Systems

✓ Stages of IWRM technology in K-water to efficiently control unfavorable water
characteristics

76
Water Resources Management

77
Water Resources Management

78
Water Resources Management

• Decision Support System (K-HIT, K-water Hydro Intelligent Toolkit)

79
Water Resources Management

• Precipitation Forecast System (PFS)

✓ Provide precipitation forecast for dam/weir operation

80
Water Resources Management

• Use Meteorological Data

81
Water Resources Management

• Typhoon Forecast Information

✓ Various typhoon forecast information during 5-days
✓ JTWC: Good predictability on generation & growth stage
✓ KMA&JMA: Good predictability on extinction stage (Landfall case)

82
Water Resources Management

• K-PPM (K-water Precipitation Prediction Model)

✓ HPC based Numerical Weather Prediction model
✓ 10 Ensemble members for probabilistic rainfall forecast
✓ 5 days (120 hours) OPF, nationwide 57 sites, 4 times a day

✓ Approximately 85-90% accuracy (depends on the season, location, events, etc.)

83
Water Resources Management

• T-PPM (Thailand Precipitation Prediction Model)

Obs. vs T-PPM Precipitation Forecast

Observation (TMD) T-PPM Forecast

84
Water Resources Management

• P-PPM (Philipine Precipitation Prediction Model)

Obs. vs T-PPM Precipitation Forecast

Observation (NASA) P-PPM Forecast

85
Water Resources Management

• Real time Hydrological Data Acquisition &

Processing System (RHDAPS)
✓ 466 Stations, 1 minute intervals in real-time
✓ Satellite + CDMA

86
Water Resources Management

87
Water Resources Management

• Flood Analysis System (FAS)

88
Water Resources Management

• Reservoir Water Supply System (RWSS)

89
Water Resources Management

• Generation Integrated Operation System (GIOS)

90
Water Resources Management

• Drought Monitoring & Forecasting System

*drought.kwater.or.kr

91
Water Resources Management

• Water Disaster Warning and Monitoring System

92
Water Resources Management

• Dam Earthquake Monitoring System

93
Water Resources Management

• Water Quality Monitoring and Forecasting System

94
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Hydrometeorological Cooperation Center

95
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Hydrometeorological Cooperation Center (cont’d.)

96
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Numerical Weather Prediction Model Data

97
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• K-water Distributed RUoff Model

✓ Physically-based rainfall-runoff model

98
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• K-water Distributed RUoff Model (cont’d.)

✓ Case study for sedimentation analysis

99
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• One-stop Water Resources Operation System

✓ Operation process

100
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• One-stop Water Resources Operation System (cont’d.)

✓ Web system

101
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar

Conventional
(Single Pol)
Radar

Dual-Polarized
Radar

102
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Polarimetric Doppler Weather Radar

✓ Radar bands

103
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Radar Network in Korea

104
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Radar Network in Korea

✓ Inter-agency radar collaboration

105
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Radar Network in Korea

✓ International radar collaboration

+ China

+ Japan
106
+ China +
Japan
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

107
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Precipitation

✓ TRMM & GPM core satellites are used to calibrate microwave

observations from a constellation of national and international
satellites

✓ Allow improve spatial and temporal coverage of precipitation data,

widely used for applications

✓ Data Product
- TRMM Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA)
*TMPA will be extended to match IMERG
- Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG)

108
 Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)

GPM Core satellite was launched on February 27th, 2014 (Altitude – 407 km) 109
GPM Core satellite in a non-polar orbit, but along with the constellation satellites has revisit time of 3 hours over land There
are 16 orbits per day covering region between 65⁰S to 65⁰N latitudes
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement)

Multi-Sensors: an active and a passive rain sensor 110

DPR: Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (KaPR + KuPR), GMI : GPM Microwave Imager
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• IMERG (Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM)

Multi-Satellite Precipitation Data (30 min, 10km by 10km) – 2015/06/01-08

Liquid Precipitation Rate Frozen Precipitation Rate

111
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Evapotranspiration

✓ Evapotranspiration depends on many variables:

- solar radiation at the surface, land and air temperatures, humidity,
surface winds, soil conditions, and vegetation cover and types

✓ Also highly variable in space and time

✓ There are multiple ET product based on the MODIS vegetation index,

thermal infrared bands from MODIS, Landsat-8, and global
geostationary satellites

112
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Evapotranspiration
✓ MODIS Evapotranspiration
- MODIS global evapotranspiration (ET), latent heat flux (LE), potential ET
(PET), potential LE (PLE) datasets are available from Terra(MOD16A) and Aqua
(MYD16A)

- 8-Day L4 Global 500m (MOD16A2 & MYD16A2)

Terra MODIS MOD16A2: 2001.1.1 to present
Aqua MODIS MYD16A2: 2002.7.4 to present

- Yearly L4 Global 500m (MOD16A3 & MYD16A3)

Terra MODIS MOD16A3: 2001.1.1 to present
Aqua MODIS MYD16A3: 2002.7.4 to present

113
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Soil Moisture

✓ Soil moisture is the major limiting factor on agricultural productivity

in large parts of the world

✓ Soil moisture has an impact on evaporation, and the partition of heat

between sensible and latent heat, and impacts weather prediction

✓ SMAP provides a capability for global observations of soil moisture

and its frozen or thawed state with high spatial resolution and
frequent temporal revisits

114
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive)

SMAP satellite was launched on January 31th, 2015 (Altitude – 685 km) 115
Spatial coverage is global, two sensors (microwave radiometer and microwave radar) are loaded.
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Soil Moisture
✓ SM from SMAP
- Measures moisture in the top 5 cm of soil, soil moisture derived from L-
band radiometer

- Radar (SAR) stopped operating after July 7, 2015. Currently SAR data from
Sentinel-1 are used together with the passive radiometer on board SMAP

- Spatial resolution
: 36 km, 9 km

- Temporal resolution: 3 days

- Temporal coverage
: March 2015 – present
116
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Soil Moisture
✓ SMAP L3 Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Salinity

117
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Soil Moisture

118
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Groundwater

✓ Fundamental of physics are used to translate GRACE measurements

(distance between the satellites) to gravity or mass concentration.

✓ Subtle shifts in Earth’s gravity occur, primarily dominated by water

movements from one place to another on and under land, in the
ocean, and in the atmosphere.

✓ Variations in gravity observed by GRACE are interpreted as terrestrial

water storage (TWS) changes.

✓ To get groundwater data from GRACE TWS data, soil moisture,

surface water, and snow-water equivalent data from Global Land
Data Assimilation (GLDAS) are used. 119
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• GRACE & GRACE-Follow On (FO)

Designed to measure gravity anomaly of the earth. Two satellites, 220 km apart, one leading, one trailing.120
Distance between them measured by microwave to 2µm High gravity force pulls satellites together Lower gravity force,
let them fly apart more.
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Groundwater
✓ For 15 Years, GRACE Tracked World Freshwater Movement

121
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Discharge

✓ SWOT will provide the very first comprehensive view of Earth's

freshwater bodies from space and will allow scientists to determine
changing volumes of fresh water across the globe at an
unprecedented resolution.

✓ Hydrologists will use the data to calculate the rate of water gained or
lost in lakes, reservoirs, and wetlands as well as discharge variations
in rivers, globally.

✓ These measurements are key to understanding surface water

availability and in preparing for important water-related hazards such
as floods and droughts.
122
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.

• Discharge

123
Future Application in Water Resources Mgmt.
• SWOT (Surface Water and Ocean Topography)

Launch is targeted for September 2021 on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Space Launch Complex 4E 124
at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California.
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Satellite Applications

*△S (water storage) = P (precipitation) – Q (runoff) – E (evapotranspiration)

126 / 36

Satellite Applications
Water Resources Management
Satellites Data Applications Services

Satellite (existing)
Drought K-SIMS, K-PPM, HDAPS, etc.

Flood K-water

Water Quality
WINS, etc.
Governmental
organizations
Water Resources/
Hazard Satellite (2025)
W.R. Survey WAMIS, MyWater,
(e.g. N. Korea)
Drought portal. etc.
Global Corporation
Project /Public

Climate, etc.
127 / 36

Satellite Applications
Drought, Flood, and Water Quality
• Drought
✓ Evapotranspiration & soil moisture monitoring
→ drought index estimation
✓ Drought area & dry stream phenomenon analysis

• Flood
✓ Flood mapping and monitoring
✓ Hydrological simulation (rainfall-runoff)
*model (e.g. K-DRUM) inputs

• Water Quality
✓ Algae (e.g. Chl-a) monitoring in dam reservoir and river
✓ Water quality accident surveillance
128 / 36

Satellite Applications
Water Resources Survey
• Hydro & Hydrometeorological Variables Estimation
✓ Precipitation/snow depth, evapotranspiration, soil moisture,
streamflow, etc.

• Watershed Analysis
✓ Terrain analysis – DEM (Digital Elevation Model) → river network
and watershed delineation using GIS applications
✓ Hydrological simulation – meteorological (i.e. precipitation) and
land surface data (DEM, land use, soil, etc.)
✓ Water budgets – water uses, hydro & hydrometeorological
variables

• Land Surface Deformation

✓ Potential area detection, hydro-structure management
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Satellite Applications
Water R. S. (cont’d.), etc.
• N. Korea Issues
✓ Water resources characteristics and damage areas survey
✓ Trans-boundary rivers & dams monitoring (e.g. precipitation,
water level, etc.)

• Global Project
✓ Data (hydrometeorological, hydrological, topographical, etc.)
preparation
✓ Watershed analysis

• Energy, Climate Changes

✓ Renewable energy site & effect analysis
✓ Support climate change adaptation strategy
130 / 36

Satellite Applications
Drought
• Drought Index (drought portal – drought.kwater.or.kr)

NDVI LST EVI

* Aqua/Terra

*9 types of meteorological, agricultural,

and hydrological drought indexes are
WBDI
developed (2014)
: SPI, EDI, TCI, VCI, VHI, ADCI, WBDI,
EWDI, and DDI

* TRMM/GPM, MODIS
131 / 36

Satellite Applications
Drought
• Drought Area Analysis (Boryeong reservoir)

* Sentinel-2

‘13.9.16

‘14.9.19

‘15.9.22
△1,351,300 ㎢
132 / 36

Satellite Applications
Flood
• Flood Forecast Mapping (Typhoon KONG-REY, 2018.10. – 237.7 mm)
* Sentinel-1 & 2

* COMS/GPM

Youngcheon

80yr
50yr
30yr
(design flood)

Radar
Possible flood areas
133 / 36

Satellite Applications
Flood
• Flooded Area Mapping (Laos Dam Collapse, 2018.7.)
* Sentinel-1
‘18.7.13 ‘18.7.25

△19.6 ㎢

Sentinel-1
backscattering
image △20.1 ㎢

Change detection (before & after)

134 / 36

Satellite Applications
Water Quality
• River & Reservoir WQ Monitoring (Chl-a, SS, Temp.)

Han-River ‘17.11.27

Geum-River

*Frequency: 5-15 days

Resolution: 10 m by 10 m,
30m by 30 m
* Sentinel-2, Landsat-8
Youngsan-River Nakdong-River
135 / 36

Satellite Applications
Hydrometeorological Variables
• Evapotranspiration
* Aqua/Terra
(MODIS)

MOD16
136 / 36

Satellite Applications
Hydrometeorological Variables
• Soil Moisture
* Aqua/Terra
(MODIS)

ASCAT

AMSR2
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Satellite Applications
Watershed Analysis
• Hydrological Simulation (Lower Mekong SWAT)
* ASTER, TRMM/GPM

Basins Land use Soil

*Prototypes; SWAT data

has not yet been validated
Streamflow
138 / 36

Satellite Applications
N. Korea Issues
• Water Resources Characteristics

*Water resources changes analysis

based on precipitation,
evapotranspiration, and terrestrial water
storage
σ 𝑄 = σ 𝑃 - σ 𝐸 - ∆𝑇𝑊𝑆

* TRMM/GPM, Aqua/Terra (MODIS), GRACE

139 / 36

Satellite Applications
N. Korea Issues
• Trans-boundary Rivers & Dams Monitoring (water level estimation)
* Sentinel-1
(SAR + DEM)

Imnam dam

*Frequency: 5-7 days Hwanggang dam

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K-water Systems: K-SIMS

K-water Satellite Image Management System
141 / 36

K-water Systems: K-SIMS

K-water Satellite Image Management System
• Collect 2 types – 89 images from 8 satellites
Satellite Institution Type Acquisition Frequency Outputs Coverage Application areas
ACU Meteorological,
Aqua/Terra NASA Optical (Antenna 3-4/day 42 East Asia Hydrological,
Control Unit) Environmental, Ocean
ACU
NPP NASA Optical (Antenna 2-3/day 9 East Asia Environmental, Ocean
Control Unit)
Web Meteorological,
GCOM-W1 JAXA Optical 3-4/day 9 East Asia
download Hydrological
Web Meteorological,
GPM NASA/JAXA Optical 3-4/day 26 East Asia
download Hydrological
Korea
SAR Web
Sentinel-1 ESA 5-7days 1 Trans- Water level
(Radar) download
boundary
Web
Sentinel-2 ESA Optical 5days 1 S. Korea Water quality
download
Web
Landsat-8 NASA/USGS Optical 15days 1 S. Korea Water temperature
download
142 / 36

K-water Systems: K-SIMS

K-water Satellite Image Management System

* Aqua/Terra, Sentinel-1 & 2, GPM - CORE

2 types – 89 images
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K-water Systems: K-SIMS

Applications
• Water level monitoring – 2 trans-boundary dams in N. Korea
144 / 36

K-water Systems: K-SIMS

Applications
• Hydrometeorological factor monitoring – ET, Soil moisture
145 / 36

K-water Systems: K-SIMS

Applications
• Water quality monitoring – Chl-a, SS, Temp.
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K-water Systems: K-SIMS

Enhancement
• .

1st stage 2nd stage 3rd stage

: System Development : System Expansion & : Data Validation &
Improvement Publication
147 / 36

K-water Systems: KLIS

LDAS (Land Data Assimilation System)

KLIS

*LIS (Land Information system): a software framework for high performance

terrestrial hydrology modeling and data assimilation
148 / 36

K-water Systems: KLIS

KLDAS/ALDAS
Total 63 hydrological factors (Energy, Water, etc.)
#Energy balance Net shortwave radiation (W/m2)
components Net longwave radiation (W/m2)
Latent heat flux (W/m2)
Sensible heat flux (W/m2)
#Water balance Total precipitation rate (kg/m2s)
components Total evapotranspiration (kg/m2s)
Surface runoff (kg/m2s)
Subsurface runoff (kg/m2s)
#Surface state Average surface temperature (K)
variables Surface water storage (kg/m2)
Surface albedo
Snow surface temperature (K)
#Subsurface state Average layer soil moisture (kg/m2)
variables Average layer soil temperature (K)
Total soil wetness
#Evaporation Potential evapotranspiration (kg/m2s)
components Interception evaporation (kg/m2s)
Vegetation transpiration (kg/m2s)
Soil evaporation
#Routing Streamflow
Flooded area
River water storage
149 / 36

K-water Systems: KLIS

Korea Land Information System
150 / 36

K-water Systems: KLIS

Application – Mekong Region Project
• Water Data Utilization Platform Prototype and Capacity Building

Water resources/hazard satellite

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Water Resources/Hazard Satellite

152 / 36

Water Resources/Hazard Satellite

Space
Development
Roadmap
• Mid- and Long-term
National Space
Development Plan
153 / 36

Water Resources/Hazard Satellite

Overview
• Payload Specifications
✓ Sensor type: C-band SAR (radar)
✓ Channel: 5.4 GHz
✓ Observation width: over 120 km
✓ Spatial resolution: 10 m or more detailed
✓ Weight: under 150 kg
✓ Volume: Ant. Φ: 3 m X 1.2 m
✓ Power: 5.2 kWpk (RF)
✓ Operation height: 562 km
✓ Frequency: ½ -day repeat cycle
✓ Duration: over 4 years
154 / 36

Water Resources/Hazard Satellite

Medium-sized Satellite Diagram and Parts Localization

+Z Reflector
+Z

X-band Antenna
High Brightness
Structure
Star Trackers
3-axis Magnetic
Field Sensor

Optical Focus Plane

X-band Transmitter
Image Processing Device Electronics

Camera Chiller
Camera Control Unit
Optoelectronic Power Supply

GPS Receiver Payload Power

Main Power Control Distribution Device
Distribution Device
Struct
Computer Multilayer Thin
Film Insulation
Thruster/Propulsion System
Magnetic Torquer
+X +Y
+Y +X
RF Distribution
Device
155 / 36

Water Resources/Hazard Satellite

Mission Objectives
• Secure public safety
✓ Identify disaster information in Northeast Asia
✓ Development of spatial flood forecast system
✓ Disaster surveillance – flood, drought, water quality (algal bloom,
etc.), earthquake, ocean, etc.
✓ Accumulation of regional land surface information