Unit 3

IOT Concepts

* Internet of things as the name says is the network of physical things.

* These "things" are equipped with sensors and actuators and other components.

* There are four fundamental components of an IOT System:

-> Sensors
# hardware that helps us collect live data.
# The data may be highly simple or complex.

-> Connectivity
# Connectivity in IoT refers to the ability of devices to communicate with
each other, with centralized servers, or with the cloud.
# It enables device to send and receive data, which allows for real-time
monitoring and control.

-> Data Processing

# All the data collected is stored in the cloud.
# Once this data is stored, it is necssary to process this data to get necessary
insights and describe various parameters.

-> User interface

# It is a comoponent with which users interact to view the processed
information.
# It is the gateway between user and IOT.
IOT Enablers

* IoT enablers are technologies and components that facilitate the development,
deployment, and functioning of IoT systems.

* There are multiple IOT enablers:

-> Sensors and Actuators
-> Connectivity and communication protocols
-> Cloud computing
-> AI/ML
-> Standards and protocols
-> Power management technologies
Characterstics of IOT

* There are various characteristics of IOT which make it a powerful and versatile
technology.
-> Secure
# IOT Systems are mostly secure than any other traditional systems

-> Dynamic
# IOT systems involve realtime exchange of data and maintain the dynamic
nature of the whole system

-> Automation
# IOT Systems promote automation with the help of hardware, algorithms
and various data processing and evaluation techniques.

-> Interoperability
# IOT allows different devices to work simultaneously together.
# It ensures compatibility and efficient communication.

-> Self Configuring

# IoT devices are able to upgrade their software in accordance with
requirements with a minimum of user participation.

-> Context Awareness

# IOT systems are always about the context and environment they are
operating in.
Benfits of IOT

* There are various benefits of IOT:

-> Real time asset
-> Reduced project costs
-> Improves operational efficiency
-> Quick decision making
-> Improved customer experience
-> Real time accurate and correct insights
Disadvantages of IOT

* There are various disadvantages of IOT:

-> Requires expertise
-> Flexibility
-> Complexity
-> Security issues
-> High initial costs
-> Data overload
Types of communication in IOT

* H2M Communication
-> It is also known as human to machine communication.
-> In this, human gives input to the machine via sensors and actuators.
-> Machine understands it, processes and gives output back to human.
-> Example: Siri

* M2M Communication
-> It is also known as machine to machine communcation
-> In this, a machine interacts with another machine without human intervention.
-> They operate via networking protocols.
-> Example: smart speakers interacting with TV or mobile phones.

* M2H Communication
-> It is also known as machine to human communcation
-> In this, a machine interacts with a human by detecting their presence, etc.
-> They trigger when they find some human activity
-> Example: Fitness Bands

* H2H Communication
-> It is also known as human to human communcation
-> In this, humans interact with eachother by various means
-> It is very important for M2M communications.
-> Example: Meetings
Applications of IOT Communication
* Automation
-> IOT has been a one of the key component in automated equipment
management.

-> It involves a centralised system to oversee and manage all business operations.

-> There are various features offered by IOT

# Predictive Maintainence
> It is a process of predicting the maintainence need of a machine
before it breaks down and causes whole system shutdown.

> This reduces the overall system downtime.

> Various ssensors are put into the machine and can transmit alerts
incase of danger.

# Faster implementation of improvements

> The data generated by IOT systems helps the manufacturing
engineers to access, evaluate and use it automatically.

> They can remotely carry out all the process adjustments.

> This quickens the pace at which operational intelligence are

implemented.

# Pinpoint Inventories
> IOT systems also help in tracking the inventory automatically.

> It helps in maintaining the accurate inventory size inorder to

maintain proper workflow and reduce inventory costs.

# Resouce savy
> IOT systems help in keeping a check on the resources that are being
consumed.

> In case a resource is no longer needed, it shuts down the supply and
reduces the wastage.

# Improved safety
> IOT systems help in increasing the safety of workers and employees.
> They operate in sensitive and dangerous environments.
Applications of IOT Communication
* Asset Management
-> Managing assets effectively is essential for modern businesses to maximize
productivity, minimize downtime and optimize resource allocation.

-> These assets may be physical — machinery, equipment, or vehicles.

They could also be digital — software licenses and even domain names.

-> Acquiring, registering, maintaining, tracking and disposing of assets are

all asset management tasks.

-> Key Trends in IOT based asset management

# Remote Asset Tracking
# Asset Health Monitoring
# Asset Lifecycle Management
# Asset Workflow Automation
# Predictive Asset Maintainence

-> Need of IOT based Asset management

# To improve efficiency
# To reduce risk
# To create a centralised, cloud based environment

->
Applications of IOT Communication
* Telemetry
-> Telemetry refers to the automated process of collecting data from
remote or inaccessible locations and transmitting it to a central system
for monitoring, analysis, and decision-making.

-> Introducing advancements in telemetry using IOT has improved the whole
tech to a next level.

-> Example: Alert of traffic while using google maps.

-> Telemetry + IOT are being used in multiple fields like:

# Smart Homes
# Environmental Science
# Smart Cars
# Agriculture
# Industry
# Space
# Medical Telemetry
Applications of IOT Communication
* Transportation
-> From past few years introduction of IOT to transportation has been a great
decision.

-> Faster commute and safety are the main pillers of this.

-> Some applications of IOT in transport are:

# Traffic Management
# Toll Systems
# Internet Cars
# Smart Buses and transportation facilities.
Applications of IOT Communication
* Telematics
-> Telematics is a field that combines telecommunications and informatics to
provide information and services through wireless technologies.

-> Telematics systems are widely used in various industries, particularly in

transportation and logistics, to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and
security.

-> Applications of telematics + IOT

# Fleet Management
# Usage based Insurance : Insurance premiums based on actual driving
behavior and usage patterns.

# Driver Safety and Assistance: Monitoring and improving driver behavior

and providing assistance features.

# Emergency Response: Automatic notification and location tracking in case

of emergencies.
Applications of IOT Communication
* Report Location, Logistics, Tracking and Remote Assistance

-> Report Location

# IOT plays an important role in keeping the track of location of an entity.
# Various advancements like:
> Internet Cars
> AirTag
> Werables, etc.
# This helps in saving time and any sort of mishap that may occur.

-> Logistics
# Logistics are very complicated and multi-staged.
# It requires regular monitoring and ongoing improvement.
# Various components exist in logistics:
> Storage and warehousing
> Planning
> Packaging
> Inventory Management
> Barcode Recording
> Shipping status

-> Tracking
# IOT asset tracking offers various tools and techinuqes to track the
actual location of shipment and other assets.

# It provides various features like:

> Always on connectivity
> Long lasting and accurate
> Safe and secure

-> Remote Assistance

# IOT in remote assistance helps in remotely identify and assess problems
with machines
# Some of the features are:
> Quick setup and instantiation
> Flexible
> Safe data storage and analysis
> Compartively low cost
Next Gen Kiosks & Self Service Technology
* Kiosks are small, standalone structures or devices that provide information,
services, or goods to users in a convenient and self-service manner.

* They can be found at various locations like:

# Malls
# Airports
# Hospitals
# Retail Stores, etc.

* Benefits of using these kiosks include:

# Less human intervention
# No need of full fledged shop
# Less operational cost
# Minimal space

* Challenges in using these kiosks:

# Damage management
# Software Compatibility
# Maintainence
# Remote Access

* To assess these challenges, IOT is included with these kiosks.

* Using IOT provides following benefits:
# Real time monitoring and mantainence
# Improved security
# Enhanced User Experience
# Energy efficient
# Location based quick services
Cellular IOT Connectivity

* Usually to build IOT system, we need to build their own network.

* Instead of doing that IOT systems can use cellular networks to operate.

* These celluarl networks are same as your mobile networks.

* This saves a lot of cost and helps in building faster systems on existing
infrastructure.

* Benefits:
-> Large Coverage
-> Lower costs
-> Flexbility
-> Security
-> Remote management

* Types of cellular IOT

-> Cellular
# 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g
-> Wired
# Fiber, Ethernet, coaxial cables
-> satellite
# c band, l band
-> short range networks
# zigbee, bluetooth, wifi, 6LoWPAN, etc.
-> LP-WAN
# WiMAX, WiSUN, etc.