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Sets

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8 views

Sets

sets

Uploaded by

dixy.dom4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SETS AND NOTATION

• Sets
• Representation of sets
• Types of sets
• Universal sets
• Subset
• Venn diagrams
SETS
A set is a well-defined group of objects or symbols. The objects or symbols are called
the elements of the set.
ELEMENT OF A SET

Note: The elements that are written in the set can be in any order but cannot
be repeated.
ORDER OF SETS
The order of a set defines the number of elements a set is having. It
describes the size of a set. The order of set is also known as
the cardinality.
REPRESENTATION OF SETS
The elements in the sets are depicted in either
the Statement form, Roster Form or Set Builder
Form.
STATEMENT FORM
In statement form, the well-defined descriptions of a member of a set are
written and enclosed in the curly brackets.
Example- the set of even numbers less than 15.
ROSTER FORM
All the elements of a set are listed.

Example, the set of natural numbers


less than 5.
SET BUILDER FORM
The general form is, A = { x : property }

Example- A = {x : x is a natural number}


QUES 1- LIST THE MEMBERS OF THE SET C IF: C = {X: X ∈ PRIMES, 10 < X < 20}
QUES 2- EXPRESS THE FOLLOWING SET IN SET BUILDER FORM
A) D = {RIGHT-ANGLED TRIANGLES}.
B) WHOLE NUMBERS BETWEEN 2 AND 10
C) {A, E, I, O, U}
QUES 3- THE SET OF ALL INTEGERS THAT LIES BETWEEN -1 AND 5.
TYPES OF SETS
1. Empty set : A set which does not contain any element is
called an empty set or void set or null set. It is denoted by
{ } or Ø.
2. Singleton set: A set which contains a single element is
called a singleton set.
3. Finite set : A set which consists of a definite number of
elements is called a finite set.
4. Infinite set : A set which is not finite is called an infinite
set.
5. Equivalent set : If the number of elements is the same for two
different sets, then they are called equivalent sets. The order of sets
does not matter here. It is represented as:
n(A) = n(B)
6. Equal sets: The two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have
exactly the same elements, the order of elements do not matter.
7. Disjoint Sets: The two sets A and B are said to be disjoint if the set
does not contain any common element.
UNIVERSAL SET: A SET WHICH CONTAINS ALL THE SETS RELEVANT TO A CERTAIN
CONDITION IS CALLED THE UNIVERSAL SET. IT IS THE SET OF ALL POSS IBLE
VALUES. THE SYMBOL ℰ IS USED TO MEAN THE UNIVERSAL SET.

Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B {2,3,4,5}, then universal set here


will be
SUPERSET: SET A IS SAID TO BE THE SUPERSET OF B IF ALL
THE ELEMENTS OF SET B ARE THE ELEMENTS OF SET A. IT IS
REPRESENTED AS A ⊃ B.

Example: if set A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and set B = {1, 3, 4}, then


set A is the superset of B.
SUBSET
A set ‘A’ is said to be a subset of B if every element of A is also an
element of B, denoted as A ⊆ B. Even the null set is considered to be
the subset of another set. In general, a subset is a part of another
set.
PROPER SUBSET
If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B, then A is called the proper subset of B
and it can be written as A⊂B.
IMPROPER SUBSET
A subset which contains all the elements of the original set
is called an improper subset. It is denoted by ⊆.

Ques : Set P ={2,4,6}, then find all the subsets of set P.

Note: The empty set is an improper subset of itself (since


it is equal to itself) but it is a proper subset of any
other set.
OPERATIONS ON SETS USING VENN DIAGRAM
Properties of complement
of a set

COMPLEMENT OF A SET :
1.P ∪ P′ = U
2.P ∩ P′ = Φ
3.Law of double complement :
(P′ )′ = P
4.Laws of empty/null set(Φ)
A is the set of all things that are in ℰ but NOT in the set A. The and universal set(U), Φ′ = U
symbol A′ is used to denote the complement of set A and U′ = Φ.
INTERSECTION OF SETS
if set A and set B are two sets, then A intersection B is the set
that contains only the common elements between set A and set B. It is
denoted as A ∩ B.
UNION OF SETS
If set A and set B are two sets, then A union B is the set that
contains all the elements of set A and set B. It is denoted as A ∪ B.
DIFFERENCE OF SETS
If set A and set B are two sets, then set A difference set B is a set
which has elements of A but no elements of B. It is denoted as A – B.
Ques -Find A U B and A ⋂ B and A – B.
If A = {a, b, c, d} and B = {c, d}.
Ques-
Ques-
Ques-
CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF SETS
If set A and set B are two sets then the cartesian product of set A and set B is a set of
all ordered pairs (a,b), such that a is an element of A and b is an element of B. It is
denoted by A × B.

A × B = {(a, b) : a ∈ A and b ∈ B}

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