CIVE1211 Steel Structures 2

Lecture 4 Composite slab design

Dr Rick Chan
Senior lecturer
School of Engineering

[email protected]

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What is composite construction?
• “Composite steel-concrete construction” refers to structural strength is
achieved by steel & concrete acting together.
– Concrete resists compression and steel resists tension
• Most common form used in steel framed structures today.
• Consist of composite slab, beams, columns and joints
• Example: RMIT’s New Academic Street, Melbourne
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0TMqBTYJDs
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPBvdNvuJyY

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Examples in Australia

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Concreting in progress: steel deck is used as permanent formwork

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Example in HK: Extension to MMW Building, CityU

Steel frame being installed on roof level.

Photo: Ricky Chan

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RMIT University©yyyy School/Department/Area 5
RMIT University©yyyy
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School/Department/Area

Steel sheets are being installed on steel frame.

Photo: Ricky Chan

Shear studs welded on top of beams

(through the sheet). Photo: Ricky Chan

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RMIT University©yyyy
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School/Department/Area

Steel sheets installation completes and

rebars are installed.
Photo: Ricky Chan

View under steel deck, showing

temporary support to beams &
slabs (props)
Photo: Ricky Chan

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RMIT University©yyyy
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School/Department/Area

Concreting with concrete pump.

Photo: Ricky Chan

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Composite slabs
• Consists of a profiled steel deck (or sheet), reinforcements and concrete
• Profiled steel decks are “proprietary products” manufactured by steel
companies
• Comp. slabs are supported on steel beams, spanning in the direction of
deck (1-way spanning)

Re-entrant profile

Trapezoidal profile

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 Major steel deck suppliers in Australia
• Lysaght Bondek and Deckform
– http://www.lysaght.com/products/bondek

• Bluescope DeckForm
– http://www.steel.com.au/products/coated-steel/deckform-steel

• Stramit Condeck
– http://www.stramit.com.au/product-range/stramit-condeck-hp%C2%AE-composite-slab-system

• Fielders Kingflor
– http://fielders.com.au/products/flooring-solutions/kingflor-design-data/
• Disclaimer: For learning & teaching purpose we will use Lysaght Bondek

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Lysaght Bondek (Australia) dimensions

Source:
https://professionals.lysaght.com/sites/default/files/LysaghtBondekDesign
andConstructionGuideJuly2016.pdf
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Functions of steel sheet (or deck)
• a working platform for construction.
• formwork (shuttering) for the concrete slab (permanent formwork)
• bottom reinforcement for the slab – resist tension in positive moment
region

Composite construction in Melbourne

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 HK Steel Code requirements
• Material properties (Sec 10.4.1):
– Steel sheet yield strength < 550N/mm2
– Min. bare metal thickness = 0.7mm
– Concrete strength: C25 – C45
• Generally comp slabs are
constructed without props
• Reinforcement provided for
negative bending moment

Composite construction in Melbourne

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HK Steel Code requirements: min slab thickness

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Design for construction
• See Clause 10.4.4.2
• Steel sheets must be able to support
– Self weight, weight of wet concrete and reinforcement
– Construction loads
– Storage loads
• Basic construction load: 1.5kPa
• If span <3m, increase construction load to 4.5/Lp (kPa). Lp is the effective
span of slab.
• Storage load = 3.0kPa (but not co-existing with wet concrete)

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Design for construction
• Load arrangement requirements:

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Design for construction
• Criteria, see Cl. 10.4.4.3 and 10.4.4.4
• Ultimate Limit State
– Bending capacity
– Shear capacity
– Web crushing
– Combination of the above
• Serviceability Limit State
– Deflection limit: D <=Ds/10
• Typically capacities are thoroughly Strength of steel deck under testing
tested by manufacturers in http://www.newsteelconstruction.com
laboratories.

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Composite slabs in composite stage
• This refers to the state when
concrete is hardened on steel sheet.
• Concrete resist compression and
steel (steel sheet) resists tension.
• The above only happens when
tension zone is in the bottom, i.e.
region of positive bending moment.
• In regions of negative (hogging)
moment the steel sheet has no
function and tension must be
resisted by reinforcements.

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Simply supported slab (1 span)
• Consider a simple situation where
the composite slab is simply
supported and loaded with UDL as
shown
• Entire span is under positive
bending (or sagging) moment
Shear Force Diagram
• Concrete is stressed in
compression and steel sheet is
stressed in tension

Bending Moment Diagram

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Composite slab in bending
• Shear connection between concrete and
steel is observed to be a crucial factor
• When a simply supported comp slab is
loaded, it may fail in 3 modes.
• Mode 1 – Bending (flexural) failure
• Mode 2 – Shear bond failure
• Mode 3 – Vertical shear failure
• Design criterion and capacity may be
determined by testing
• Standard testing procedure is described
in AS2327

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Standard composite slab tests
• Described in 16.4 in HK code
• Longitudinal shear behavior (mr and kr) is determined experimentally.

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Composite slab tests

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 Moment capacity by calculations:
Positive Moment
• Design flexural resistance
Described in 10.4.5.3.
• This calculation assumes full shear-
bond capacity below:

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 Continuous slab (>1 span)
• Composite slabs typical span over more than 2
supports, creating “continuous slabs”.
• Negative (hogging) moment over interior supports

Spanning over 2 interior

support is very common
~3x4=12m
(photo: Rick Chan)

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Moment capacity by calculations:
Negative Moment
• Under hogging moment the steel deck is ineffective to take up tension
(because tension in on the top side)
• Tension is resisted by reinforcement bars
• The HK Steel Code does not provide design equations, users are refered to
HKCC.

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Serviceability requirements
• See 10.4.5.4
• Deflection of composite slabs due to imposed load is Ls/360 or 20mm
whichever is less.
• Calculation is made using service load Wserv, which self-weight of slab is
excluded.

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Detailing according to HK code
• The code has specific requirements on (1) Slab thickness, (2) arrangement of
reinforcement, (3) size of aggregates in concrete and (4) concrete cover.
• See 10.4.6
• Curtailment and lapping of reinforcement must conform to HK Concrete Code
• Construction details requirements in 10.4.7, particularly it ensure sufficient
bearing widths.

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Manufacturers’ capacity tables
• Manufacturer’s catalogue provide capacity tables which engineers may choose
appropriate deck and concrete thickness according to project needs.
• Step 1: Estimate imposed (live) loads
• Step 2: Structural arrangement – simple, continuous?
– Top reinforcements are required to resist hogging (negative) moment above
supports. When bending moment is negative, the steel deck is in compression
zone, it has no structural strength.
– Additional reinforcement is required for fire resistance period: 60, 90, 120, 180,
240min.
– Span = spacing between supporting beams
• Step 3: Base on thicknesses in Step 2, determine requirements of temporary props
during construction.

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Example on using span tables
Requirements
• Spacing between secondary
beams is 2.766m
• 6 span continuous
• Imposed load = 2.5kPa
• Superimposed dead load = 0.1kPa
• Fire resistance = 120min

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Example on using span tables
• Assume we use Lysaght Bondek
https://professionals.lysaght.com/sites/default/files/LysaghtBondekDes
ignandConstructionGuideJuly2016.pdf

• Assume slab thickness = 120mm

conforming to 10.4.6(1)
• Concrete grade = C35
• Assume no props during
construction, and 0.75mm BMT
• Yield strength = 550N/mm2
• Note max. yield strength is
550N/mm2 and max sheet thickness
in HK is 0.70mm (Cl. 10.1.5)

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• (Cl. 10.4.4.4) Deflection limit in construction stage: D <=Ds/10
• D <= 120/10=12mm
• Converts to Span/230.5
• Now, check formwork deflection: max. span for L/240 is only 2550mm.
• We must increase thickness of sheet to 1.0BMT

p.13 of Bondek Design Manual

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• Next, for composite stage, check Interior Span Table
• Requires 210mm2/m reinforcement over support

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• Next, for composite stage, check End Span Table
• Also requires 210mm2/m reinforcement over support

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Converting 210mm2/m reinforcement = T10 and 300mmc/c (area is
260N/mm2)

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• Detail as per manufacturer’s recommendation
• In addition, wire mesh for anti-crack purpose (shrinkage causes crack).
Requirement is 0.1% of cross sectional area of concrete (10.4.5.6)

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