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ABE31 Lec05a Streamflow-and-Runoff

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Yvonne Faurillo
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15 views16 pages

ABE31 Lec05a Streamflow-and-Runoff

Uploaded by

Yvonne Faurillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STREAMFLOW and

RUNOFF
SURFACE
RUNOFF
• precipitation that falls on the
saturated or impervious
ground and flows downhill
over land
• WATERSHED
• area containing natural waterways
bounded by arbitrarily selected outlets
and by ridges, summits, and hydraulic
boundaries such that precipitation falling
onto this area is trapped within and
consequently discharged through the
area.
• river basin; catchment area; drainage
area; drainage basin
STREAMFLOW
- amount of surface water
flowing downhill through
creeks, streams, and rivers
toward the oceans

• SOURCES OF STREAMFLOW:

• Channel precipitation
• Groundwater runoff (baseflow)
• - enters the streambed where
the channel intersects the water
table, providing a steady supply of
water during both dry and rainy
periods.
SOURCESOF
STREAMFLOW
• 3. Interflow
• - water that infiltrates the soil and then
moves laterally to the stream channel in the
zone above the water table.
• 4. Surface runoff
• - water that which travels
over the ground surface and
through the channels to reach
the basin outlet

• Overland flow – that part of surface runoff


that flows over the surface towards the
stream channel
• Direct runoff – surface runoff plus interflow
• Peak Flow (𝒒𝒑)
• used to determine the magnitude of floods
and valuable consideration in the design of
structures
• Time to Peak (𝒕𝒑)
• used for flood forecasting and water quality
IMPORTANT •
studies; watershed response time
Runoff Volume (V)
• total water yield from a storm for a given
PROPERTIES •
watershed
Recession Time (𝒕𝒓)
OFRUNOFF • time for surface and interflow to recede;
duration of flooding
• Base time (𝒕𝒃)
• total of time to peak and recession time; (𝒕𝒃 =
𝒕𝒑 + 𝒕𝒓)
• Base flow
• low flow, dependable flow, groundwater
discharge
RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH
• graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a
specific point in a river, or other channel or conduit carrying
flow; area under the hydrograph gives runoff volume.
• Two types of contributions to a streamflow hydrograph:
• base flow - a result of releases of water from subsurface
storage; the fairly regular lower portion that changes
slowly throughout the year
• direct runoff - determined using a unit hydrograph; a rapidly
fluctuating component that represents the immediate response
to rainfall
DIRECT RUNOFF HYDROGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

• Basic Hydrograph
• assumes that all hydrographs from all small watersheds (in the
US) have similar forms
• it is plotted over 100 arbitrary units of flow and 100
arbitrary units of time
• Triangular Hydrograph
• approximation of the basic hydrograph
• developed mainly to simplify flood routing procedures
• Unit Hydrograph (Leroy K. Sherman, 1932)
• a hydrograph with a unit volume (e.g. 1cm) of direct
runoff for a given storm duration (e.g. 1 hour)
• represent the response of the basin on a given storm
duration and characteristics
• Synthetic Hydrograph
• prepared using data from a number of watershed to develop
dimensionless unit hydrographs which are applicable to
ungaged watersheds
To obtain Unit Hydrograph:

1. From the natural hydrograph, subtract baseflow from


runoff data
2. Determine equivalent depth (d) of DRO
𝐷𝑅𝑂
𝑑= 𝑡 where: A = watershed area
𝐴 t = time interval

3.Obtain a Unit Hydrograph by normalizing the DRH.


(Normalizing implies dividing the ordinates of the DRH by
the 𝑉𝐷𝑅𝐻 in equivalent units of depth.)
Time (hr) Discharge (cms)
0 200
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1 200
2 400
3 800
• Obtain a Unit 4 1100
Hydrograph for a 5 900
6 700
basin of 350 sq.
7 500
km of area using 8 400
the stream flow 9 300
tabulated data. 10 200
11 200
WATER STAGE MEASUREMENT

• - height of the water surface at a location along a stream or river

1. Staff Gage
2. Crest Stage Gage
• - provide record of the highest stage observed at a stream
3. Bubbler Gage
• - record the pressure required to maintain a small flow of gas from an orifice
submerged in the stream
4. Float-type Water-Stage Recorder
• - motion of a float is recorded on a graph
DISCHARGE MEASUREMENT
1. Estimation method
2. Float method
Q = 𝟐𝟑AV
Where: Q = discharge (m³/sec);
V = velocity (m/sec);
A = cross sectional area(m²)
Generally, actual velocity is about 80 - 85% of surface velocity.

V = a + bN
3. Current Meters
V – water velocity
a) Price (Cup-type) Meter a – starting velocity or velocity required to overcome
b) Propeller-type Meter mechanical friction
b – constant of proportionality
N – revolution per seconds of the meter cups / propeller
4. Weirs and Flumes
Weirs
- structures built into the stream that force the water to flow through an
opening of a known size and shape.
Flumes
-artificial open channels built to contain flow within a designed cross section
and length.
5. Use of Manning’s Equation and similar empirical formula
Where:
n = a roughness coefficient
Rh = the hydraulic radius = A/WP (WP = wetted perimeter);
s = energy slope as approximated by the water surface slope

6. Stage-discharge Relation (Rating Curve)


- developed by stream gauging multiple times, at different flows, seasons etc.
ESTIMATING VOLUME OF RUNOFF
Rational Method
𝑸 = 𝑪𝑰𝑨
Where: Q = peak runoff rate (cms or cfs)
I = rainfall intensity (mm/h or in/h) for a duration equal to the time of concentration and
for the given return period
A = catchment area (ha or acres)
C = runoff coefficient (ratio of the peak runoff rate to the rainfall intensity)

Time of concentration,
tc = 0.02 L 0.77 S-0.385 (Metric)
= 0.0078 L 0.77 S-0.385 (English)

L = maximum length of flow (m or ft)


S = watershed gradient (ft/ft or m/m) or the difference in elevation between the outlet and the most
remote point of the watershed
• SAMPLE PROBLEM

• For a watershed of 360 hectares,


the peak run-off rate for a 0.5 cm/hr
rain intensity (at the time of
concentration) was observed as
• 2.5 m3/s. What is the run-off
coefficient?

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