CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Economic development with

Source of energy electricity

Rural electrification
Renewable source
Exporting hydropower
Solar energy * Nuclear energy*
Wind energy * Hydro energy * Major institutions related to
Geothermal energy * Tidal energy hydropower production
Nonrenewable energy Ministry of Energy
Firewood * Fossils fuel* Animal (MOE): Oversees policy and
waste development.
Conventional and non- Water and Energy Commission
conventional source of energy Secretariat (WECS): Develops
policies and strategies.
Conventional: (that harms
Electricity Tariff Fixation
environment)
Commission (ETFC): Regulates
Fossil fuels like coal and oil are
electricity tariffs.
conventional sources of energy that
Department of Electricity
power about 50% of the world.
Development (DoED): Implements
Thermal power* Nuclear power *
policies and assists the private
Hydropower
sector.
Unconventional* source of energy
Nepal Electricity Authority
Tidal energy * Solar energy
(NEA): Generates, transmits, and
Geothermal energy *Wind energy
distributes electricity.
Hydropower potential in Nepal Independent Power Producers
Theoretical Gross Potential:
Association, Nepal
83000 MW based on average flow
(IPPAN): Promotes private sector
available in rivers.
involvement.
Technical Potential: 44000 MW.
Nepal Micro Hydropower
Economic Potential: 42000MW
Development Association (NMHDA
Hydropower development Hydropower development
policy 2058 cycle
Objective Project planning (3-4 years)→
Low cost electricity production project implementation (4-6
utilizing existing water resources years)→ project operation (40-60
Reliable, dependable and quality years)
electricity services
CHAPTER 2 Estimation cost and development
cost of project
Risks in hydropower project
Detail design of project
Hydrological risk* Geological risk*
Roles of EIA in hydropower
Financial risk* Environmental risk*
Sedimentation risk * Political/ planning
policy risk * Social risk Identify potential environmental
Different stages of planning impacts
Identify social impacts
Main objective
Develop migration plans
Obtaining maximum benefit form
Ensures public participation
available water with least possible
risk IEE
For small scale project
Reconnaissance
Scoping not required
Identify suitable project
To recover scree, rank the projects Analytical studies
Steps Deals with generally known and
Data collection (hydrological, easily predictable impacts
topographical, geology, material) Can be approved by concerned
Desk study (lay out of project) body in 21 days
Field work and design EIA
Estimate and schedule (preliminary Large scale >50MW
cost estimation) Scoping required
Environmental and social studies
Detail and compressive studies
Economic feasibility
Works on issue of uncertainty
Report
Can be approved by concerned
Pre-feasibility study
body in 90 days
Establish need and justification of
project Hydrological data processing
Formulate plan for developing Mass curve
project Used to determine storage capacity
Determine technical, of reservoir
environmental and economical Graph is plotted between
feasibility cumulative runoff vs time
Feasibility study Mass curve never fall down
Detail study of a project Flow duration curve
Confirm the final project Discharge vs % times curve
Always decreasing
CHAPTER 3 Post construction measures
Power grid system Removal of post flood water,*
deposited of sediments * Soil
Power grid is a network pf
conservation and erosion control
delivering electricity to the
Afforestation
costumers
Components Middle third rule
Generation plants/ stations * 𝜎 = 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 + 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
Transmission line * Sub station* ∑𝑉 𝑀
𝜎= ± ×𝑦
Transformers * Switch gears * 𝐵×1 𝐼
∑𝑉 ∑𝑉 × 𝑒 𝐵
Distribution network 𝜎= ± ×
𝐵 × 1 1 × 𝐵3 2
Converting potential energy 12
into kinetic energy (impulse ∑𝑉 6𝑒
𝜎= (1 ± )
𝐵×1 𝐵
turbine) 𝑡𝑜𝑒 → +𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 − 𝑣𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟(𝑚) Tension of dams
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐻 ∑𝑉 6𝑒
𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 = 𝑚𝑔𝐻 (1 + ) = 0
𝐵×1 𝐵
Potential energy can be converted 𝑒
→ (𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒)
into KE by flowing water through 6
conduit Failure mode of embankment
1 dam
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2 Hydraulic failure (Over topping*
1 2
𝐾𝐸 = 𝜌 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 × (√2𝑔𝐻) wave erosion* toe erosion*
2
𝐾𝐸 gullying* seepage failure*)
ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 (𝑃) = structural failure
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑄𝐻 Loads on a dam
CHAPTER 4: Primary loads
Sediment control in reservoir Water loads* self weight of dam*
Pre construction measure seepage and uplift load*
Proper site selection* Construction Secondary load
dams and check dams * Vegetation Self load/ wind load/ wave load/
screening * Construction of under thermal load
slice
CHAPTER 5: Sediment flushing
Intake Provided in Himalaya intake and
Intake is a hydraulic structure that hydropower to remove particles
is used to withdraw required like sand, boulder and other
amount of water form a river or material carried by water bodies
reservoir for various engineering Types of sediment flushing
purpose such. Continuous flushing basin
Classification of intakes Discontinuous flushing
basin(Perodic flushing
According to function
*Intermittent flushing)
Surface and sub surface
Based on types of power plants Chapter 9: power house
Run of river intake (Side * Frontal * Power house
Drop) Canal intake * Dam intake* Power house is a multistory
Tower intake (Wet intake*Dry intake ) building were al the components
Shaft intake need to generate electricity are
Trash racks placed
Trash racks are used to remover Classification of power house
derbies (floating logs) Surface* Subsurface
It is a component of Himalaya General arrangement of
intake and hydropower power house
Himalaya intake (Jharna) Super structure * Intermediate
It is designed for hydropower structure * Sub structure
plants which contain steep rivers Geneal dimension of power
It is generally constructed in
house
mountains
Mechanical hall or unit bay
Its main aim is to tackle with high
(L=4.5D to 5D)* B=dia of
volume of sediments and derbies
generator+2x width of cooling
It is designed for ROR rivers
system
It has complex design
Electrical bay ( heavy vehicle are
Advantage
loaded and unloaded)
Sediment management * Derbies
Control bay( control all operation)
management
Chapter 6: Types of surge tanks
Tunnel Simple surge tanks
Tunnel is a water conduit path Restricted orifice
formed by excavating mountain or Differential surge tank
hills without removing overlaying Economic diameter of
rocks penstock’s (analytical method
Method of tunneling Economical diameter is given by
Convectional method/ drilling blast following condition
method 𝑑(𝑇𝐶 )
=0
Tunnel boring machine methods 𝑑𝐷
(TBM methods) 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 (𝑇𝐶 )
How tunnel is constructed / = 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
+ 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚
steps for constructing tunnels For fixed cost
Site investigation and survey 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Excavation = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 × 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
Tunnel supports 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝑎 × 𝜋𝐷𝑡𝐿
Drainage and ventilation 𝑃𝐷
Finishing = 𝑎 × 𝜋𝐷 ( ) 𝐿
2𝜎
Types of tunnel 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝐷2
Based on purpose Revenue lost
Interconnection tunnel* Spillway 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = 2 5
tunnel * Power tunnel * Navigation 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
tunnel * Tailraces tunnel * 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝛾𝜂𝑄 × ℎ𝑓
Drainage tunnel 8𝑓𝐿𝑄2
= 𝛾𝜂𝑄 × 2 5
Based on flow 𝜋 𝑔𝐷
Pressure tunnels * Non pressure 𝐵
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 5
tunnel 𝐷
2
𝐵
Surge tanks 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐴𝐷 + 2
𝐷
Tank used for pressure Condition
management or decrease 𝐵
𝑑 (𝐴𝐷2 + 2 )
pressures 𝐷 =0
Generally used for long penstocks 𝑑𝐷
1
pipe 5𝐵 7
𝐷=( )
𝐴
CHAPTER 7: SPILLWAY End sills (inclined wall constructed
Spill way at end of downstream)
Roller bucket types
Structure constructed on a dams to
Ski jump types
transfer surplus water form
reservoir to the channel down CHAPTER 8
stream is called spill way Draft tubes draft tubes
Types of spill way Draft tubes are gradually increasing
Based on purpose area tube tat transfer water from
Main spillway * Auxiliary spill way * turbine to tailrace
Emergency spillway Derivation
Based on control Using Bernoulli’s equation
Controlled spillway* Uncontrolled 𝑃1 𝑣12
+ + (𝐻𝑠 + 𝑦)
spillway 𝛾 2𝑔
Based on prominent features 𝑃2 𝑣22
Free overfall / straight fall spillway* = + + 𝑧2 … … . (1)
𝛾 2𝑔
Overflow/ ogee spillway* Side 𝑃2 𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: = + 𝑦
channel spillway * Chut spillway* 𝛾 𝛾
Shaft spillway * Siphoned spillway So equation 1 becomes
2
*Tunnel spillway 𝑃1 𝑣1
+ + (𝐻𝑠 + 𝑦)
Cavitation in spillway 𝛾 2𝑔
Formation of bubble during flow of 𝑃𝑎 𝑣22
= +𝑦+
water in a spillway is called 𝛾 2𝑔
cavitation 𝑃1 𝑃𝑎 𝑣12 𝑣22
= − 𝐻𝑠 − −
Energy dissipater 𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
Velocity of water is too high in a 𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: >
spill way so to reduce energy level 𝛾 𝛾
energy dissipater is constructed Efficiency of draft tubes
Types of energy dissipater Draft tube efficiency
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐
Hydraulic jump types
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
Chute blocks (concrete block 𝜂=
𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡
placed in inclined section of
𝑣12 𝑣22
spillway) 2𝑔 − 2𝑔 − ℎ𝑓
Baffal blocks (concrete block placed 𝜂=
𝑣12
over basin floor 2𝑔