ADVAITH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY

Nallur, Hosur
CBSE Affiliation No: 1930740 School Code: 55695

Physics
Sub Code: 042

PROJECT REPORT FILE Academic Year: 2023 -

2024

Name of the student :

Class : XII

Roll Number :

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 ADVAITH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY
Nallur, Hosur
CBSE Affiliation No: 1930740 School Code: 55695

Bonafide Certificate

Certificate to be the bonafide record of Physics project work done on ---------------------

by -------------------- of class XII at Advaith International Academy, during the

academic year 2023-2024.

Teacher In-charge

Submitted for AISSCE – Practical held at Advaith International Academy

Name of the student :

Roll Number :

Examination Centre & Code : ADVAITH INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY & 55695

Date of Examination :

Internal Examiner Principal External Examiner

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have

been instrumental in the successful completion of the project. I
express my heartful gratitude to my parents for constant
encouragement while carrying out this project. I gratefully
acknowledge the contribution of the individuals who contributed in
bringing this project up to this level, who continues to look after me
despite my flaws.

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to our

Principal Dr.Sangeetha Govind Ballal for her encouragement and for
providing facilities to complete this school project. I sincerely
appreciate her generosity by taking me into this fold which I shall
remain indebted to her.

My sincere thanks to Mrs.Abirami ma’am and Mrs. Karthika S ma’am

, a guide and mentor who critically reviewed my project and helped in
solving each and every problem occurred during the implementation
of the project.

I offer my sincere thanks to my classmates who allowed me to carry

out this project successfully. I would like to thank CBSE board for
providing this golden opportunity to investigate on this topic and to
know many things.

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 SR NO. TOPICS PAGE NO
1. AIM 5

2. INTRODUCTION 6

3. ABOUT THE DISCOVERER 8

4. HISTORY 9

5. THEORY 11

6. EXPERIMENT 15

7. APPLICATIONS 17

8. BIBLIOGRAPHY 20

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AIM
To produce electric current using magnet in virtue of phenomenon of
electromagnetic induction.

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 INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic Induction is a current produced because of voltage production
(electromotive force) due to a changing magnetic field. It was discovered by
Michael Faraday in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described
it as Faraday’s law of induction.

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In Faraday's first experimental demonstration (August 29, 1831), he wrapped
two wires around opposite sides of an iron ring or "torus" (an arrangement
similar to a modern toroidal transformer.
Based on his understanding of electromagnets, he expected that, when current
started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would travel through the ring and
cause some electrical effect on the opposite side. He plugged one wire into
a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected the other wire to a battery. He
saw a transient current, which he called a "wave of electricity”. This induction
was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected.
Within two months, Faraday found several other manifestations of
electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw transient currents when he
quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of wires, and he generated a steady
(DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the bar magnet with a sliding
electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").

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ABOUT THE
DISCOVERER
 Michael Faraday was an English
scientist who contributed to the study
of electromagnetism and electrochem
istry.
 His main discoveries include the
principles
underlying electromagnetic
induction, diamagnetism and electrol
ysis. Although Faraday received little

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 formal education, he was one of the most influential scientists in
history. It was by his research on the magnetic field around
a conductor carrying a direct current that Faraday established the concept
of the electromagnetic field in physics.
 Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and
that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He
similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction,
diamagnetism, and the laws of electrolysis.
 His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation
of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts
that electricity became practical for use in technology.

HISTORY
In 1831 he finally succeeded by using two coils of wire wound around opposite
sides of a ring of soft iron. Henry had discovered electric induction quite
independently in 1830, but his results were not published until after he had
received news of Faraday’s 1831 work, nor did he develop the discovery as
fully as Faraday. In his paper of July 1832, Henry reported and correctly
interpreted self-induction. He had produced large electric arcs from a long
helical conductor when it was disconnected from a battery. When he had
opened the circuit, the rapid decrease in the current had caused a
large voltage between the battery terminal and the wire. As the wire lead was
pulled away from the battery, the current continued to flow for a short time in
the form of a bright arc between the battery terminal and the wire.

Faraday’s thinking was permeated by the concept of electric and magnetic lines
of force. He visualized that magnets, electric charges, and electric currents
produce lines of force. When he placed a thin card covered with iron filings on a
magnet, he could see the filings form chains from one end of the magnet to the
other. He believed that these lines showed the directions of the forces and that
electric current would have the same lines of force. The tension they build
explains the attraction and repulsion of magnets and electric charges. Faraday
had visualized magnetic curves as early as 1831 while working on his induction
experiments; he wrote in his notes, “By magnetic curves I mean lines of
magnetic forces which would be depicted by iron filings.” Faraday opposed the
prevailing idea that induction occurred “at a distance”; instead, he held that
induction occurs along curved lines of force because of the action
of contiguous particles. Later he explained that electricity and magnetism are

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transmitted through a medium that is the site of electric or magnetic “fields,”
which make all substances magnetic to some extent.

Contribution of other scientists:

Faraday was not the only researcher laying the groundwork for a synthesis
between electricity, magnetism, and other areas of physics. On the continent
of Europe, primarily in Germany, scientists were making mathematical
connections between electricity, magnetism, and optics. The work of the
physicists Franz Ernst Neumann, Wilhelm Eduard Weber, and H.F.E. Lenz
belongs to this period. At the same time, Helmholtz and the English
physicists William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and James Prescott
Joule were clarifying the relationship between electricity and other forms
of energy. Joule investigated the quantitative relationship between electric
currents and heat during the 1840s and formulated the theory of the heating
effects that accompany the flow of electricity in conductors. Helmholtz,
Thomson, Henry, Gustav Kirchhoff, and Sir George Gabriel Stokes also
extended the theory of the conduction and propagation of electric effects in
conductors. In 1856 Weber and his German colleague, Rudolf Kohlrausch,
determined the ratio of electric and magnetic units and found that it has the
same dimensions as light and that it is almost exactly equal to its velocity. In
1857 Kirchhoff used this finding to demonstrate that electric
disturbances propagate on a highly conductive wire with the speed of light.

THEORY
Electromagnetic induction uses the relationship between electricity and
magnetism whereby an electric current flowing through a single wire will
produce a magnetic field around it. If the wire is wound into a coil, the magnetic
field is greatly intensified producing a static magnetic field around itself
forming the shape of a bar magnet giving a distinct North and South pole.

Air-core Hollow Coil

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The magnetic flux developed around the coil is proportional to the amount of
current flowing in the coil’s windings as shown. If additional layers of wire are
wound upon the same coil with the same current flowing through them, the
static magnetic field strength would be increased.
Therefore, the magnetic field strength of a coil is determined by the ampere-
turns of the coil. With more turns of wire within the coil, the strength of the
static magnetic field around it increases.

There are certain factors that influence this voltage production. They are:

1. Number of Coils: The induced voltage is directly proportional to the

number of turns/coils of the wire. Greater the number of turns, greater is
voltage produced
2. Changing Magnetic Field: Changing magnetic field affects the induced
voltage. This can be done by either moving the magnetic field around the
conductor or moving the conductor in the magnetic field.

Faraday’s Law of Induction

From the above description we can say that a relationship exists between an
electrical voltage and a changing magnetic field to which Michael Faraday’s
famous law of electromagnetic induction states: “that a voltage is induced in a
circuit whenever relative motion exists between a conductor and a magnetic
field and that the magnitude of this voltage is proportional to the rate of change
of the flux”.
In other words, Electromagnetic Induction is the process of using magnetic
fields to produce voltage, and in a closed circuit, a current.
So how much voltage (emf) can be induced into the coil using just magnetism.
Well this is determined by the following 3 different factors.
1) Increasing the number of turns of wire in the coil – By increasing the
amount of individual conductors cutting through the magnetic field,
the amount of induced emf produced will be the sum of all the
individual loops of the coil, so if there are 20 turns in the coil there
will be 20 times more induced emf than in one piece of wire.
2) Increasing the speed of the relative motion between the coil and the
magnet – If the same coil of wire passed through the same magnetic
field but its speed or velocity is increased, the wire will cut the lines
of flux at a faster rate so more induced emf would be produced.

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 3) Increasing the strength of the magnetic field – If the same coil of wire
is moved at the same speed through a stronger magnetic field, there
will be more emf produced because there are more lines of force to
cut.

Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic Induction

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 First law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field,
EMF induces and this emf is called an induced emf and if the conductor is a
closed circuit than the induced current flows through it.
 Second law: The magnitude of the induced EMF is equal to the rate of
change of flux linkages.
Based on his experiments we now have Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction according to which the amount of voltage induced in a coil is
proportional to the number of turns and the changing magnetic field of the coil.

So now, the induced voltage is as follows:

έ= −N ×dΦ /dt

Where,

E is the induced voltage

N is the number of turns in the coil
Φ is the magnetic flux
t is the time

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 EXPERIMENT
AIM:

To produce electric current using magnet in virtue of phenomenon of

electromagnetic induction.

APPARATUS:

Magnetic bar, a galvanometer, coil and connecting wires.

THEORY:

The phenomenon of generation of electric current by causing a variation in the

magnetic field is electromagnetic induction. Faraday conducted an experiment
in which a coil connected to a galvanometer is placed near a bar magnet. The
movement of the bar magnet towards or away from the coil causes the
generation and flow of electric current in the coil.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:

 Take a coil of wire having a large number of turns

 Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.

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  Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into the coil and

observe the changes in the galvanometer needle.

 Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar magnet.

 Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different number of turns

and the variation in the deflection of the galvanometer needle.

OBSERVATION:

1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the needle of

galvanometer gets deflected in different directions.

2. When we insert the North Pole (N) of bar magnet into the coil, the needle

gets deflected in negative direction.

3. When we insert the South Pole (S) of bar magnet into the coil, the needle

gets deflected in positive direction.

4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with varying speed,

the speed of deflection changes accordingly.

5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the deflection increases.

CONCLUSION:

1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the presence of current in

the coil.

2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of current.

3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the current is induced.

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 APPLICATIONS
 Electromagnetic induction in AC generator
 Electrical Transformers
 Magnetic Flow Meter
 Current clamp.
 Electric generators.
 Electromagnetic forming.
 Graphics tablet.
 Hall effect sensors.
 Induction cooking.

Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday’s law of induction due to relative movement of
a circuit and a magnetic field is the phenomenon underlying electrical
generators. When a permanent
magnet is moved relative to a
conductor, or vice versa, an
electromotive force is created.
If the wire is connected through
an electrical load, current will
flow, and thus electrical energy
is generated, converting the
mechanical energy of motion to
electrical energy.

The EMF predicted by

Faraday’s law is also
responsible for electrical
transformers. When the
electric current in a loop of
wire changes, the changing
current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire

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in reach of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a
change in its coupled magnetic flux, dΦB/dt. Therefore, an electromotive force
is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or transformer EMF. If the
two ends of this loop are connected through an electrical load, current will flow.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://www.britannica.com/science/electromagnetism/Faradays-discovery-of-

electric-induction

https://byjus.com/physics/electromagnetic-induction/#:~:text=Electromagnetic

%20Induction%20was%20discovered%20by,to%20a%20changing

%20magnetic%20field.

https://cdac.olabs.edu.in/?sub=74&brch=9&sim=242&cnt=2

https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/electromagnet/

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction

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