PHYSICS REVIEWER FOR 1ST QUARTER EXAMINATION o Studies and understands the behavior of electrons in the shells

around the nucleus.

INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
o Recognition that all matter is comprised of atoms.
 PHYSICS came from Greek, meaning nature.
 The study of nature came to be called “natural physics”  MECHANICAL PHYSICS
 Study of the fundamental laws of nature o Understanding the motion of material objects and how they
 Deals with the behavior and structure of nature are influenced by forces.
 Can predict how nature will behave in a situation on the basis of o Simply called mechanics
experimental data obtained in another situation.
2 main branches:

 CLASSICAL MECHANICS- studies the laws of motion of

BRANCHES OF PHYSICS physical objects and deals w/ the forces that cause the
motion.
 CLASSICAL PHYSICS  QUANTUM MECHANICS- concerned w/ the behavior of
o Deals with different law of motion and gravitation the smallest particles, like electrons
o Conceptualized by Sir Isaac Newton and James Clark  ACOUSTICS
o Concerned with matter and energy o Studies sounds
o Can be simply termed as Physics. Everything that comes under  OPTICS
the discipline of physics after 1900, is considered to be modern o Studies light and its properties
physics
Branches
 MODERN PHYSICS
 PHYSICAL OPTICS- Concerned w/ the nature of light
o Centered around two theories of relativity and quantum
and other attributes
mechanics
 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS-focuses on the light interactions
o Pioneers: Albert Einstein and Max Plank
w/ lenses mirrors, and other devices.
o Do not consider energy and matter as different entities. Here,
they are only called the two different forms of each other.  THERMODYNAMICS
o Concerned w/ heat and other forms of energy
 NUCLEAR PHYSICS  ASTROPHYSICS
o Concerned with the constituents, structure, behavior, and o Space science is a subset that primarily studies celestial objects
interactions of atomic nuclei and their composition
o Used in power generation, nuclear weapons, magnetic o Sister sciences with: cosmology and planetary science
resonance and etc.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
 ATOMIC PHYSICS
SI CGS BE/USC
LENGHT METER (m) CENTIMETER (cm) FOOT (ft)
 MASS KILOGRAM (kg) GRAM (g) SLUG (sl) o Nonzero digits are always significant. Ex. 58, 5 and 8 are
TIME SECONDS (s) SECONDS (s) SECONDS (s) significant 2 sf
SI-French phrase “Le Systeme International of Unitus” o Final or ending zeroes written to the right of the decimal point
CGS- Cm, g, s are significant. Ex. 58.00, 5 8 0 0 are significant 4 sf
BE/USC- British Engineering/ US Customary o Zeroes written on either side of the decimal point for the
purpose of spacing the decimal point are not significant. Ex.
0.058, 5 and 8 are significant 2 sf
BASE QUANTITIES AND UNITS o Zeros written between significant figures are significant. Ex.
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES NAME SYMBOL 30.058, 3 5 8 and zeros are significant 5 sf
Time second s
Length meter m SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
 described very large numbers and very small numbers
Mass kilogram kg
Electric Current ampere A
Temperature Kelvin K TERMINOLOGIES
Amount of Substance mole mol
Luminous Intensity candela cd CONVERSION- process of changing between commonly used units
NOTE: units named after people are capitalized
SCALAR QUANTITY- any quantity in physics that has magnitude only/
SOME SI DERIVED QUANTITIES AND UNITS number w/ units.

AREA- m2 ACCELERATION- m/s2  Length, area, volume, speed, density, pressure, energy, entropy,
VOLUME- m3 VELOCITY- m/s work, power
DENSITY- kg/m3
VECTOR- quantity in physics that has BOTH magnitude and direction
ACCURACY AND PRECISION  Displacement, velocity, acceleration, momentum, force, lift, drag,
 ACCURACY- how close the measurement is to the correct value for that thrust
measurement.
 PRECISION- of a measurement system refers to how close the NON-COLLINEAR VECTORS- When 2 vectors are perpendicular to each
agreement is between repeated measurements. other, you must use Pythagorean theorem (c2=a2+b2)

SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
 IN CALCULATIONS
o For + and - the answer can contain no more decimal places
than the least precise measurement
o For x and ÷ the result should have the same number of
significant figures as the quantity having the least significant
figures entering into the calculation
 RULES FOR IDENTIFYING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
KINEMATICS
  came from the Greek word ‘’kinesis” meaning motion. Related to
words, “cinema” (movies), and “kinesiology” (the study of human
POSITIVE ACCELERATION
motion). The process of measuring the kinematic quantities used
to describe motion  acceleration is in the same direction as the velocity. Object is
speeding up
MOTION
NEGATIVE ACCELERATION
 change with time of the position or orientation of a body
 acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity. Object is
MECHANICS
slowing down
 general study of the relationships between motion, forces, and
VARIABLE ACCELERATION
energy.
 a situation where there is a difference in the average acceleration
DISTANCE
within different points along the path of an object in motion.
 refers to how much ground an object has covered during its
FREE FALL
motion.
 Starting point to his current position  it will have low speed and until the end, it gains speed and before
 Magnitude w/ units and number value the collision, it reaches its maximum speed.
DISPLACEMENT PROJECTILE MOTION

 refers to how far out of place an object is; it is the object’s overall  is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle (a projectile)
change in position. that is projected in a gravitational field, such as from Earth's surface,
 w/ magnitude and direction and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only.

SPEED

 refers to ‘’how fast an object is moving”

 rate at which an object covers distance

VELOCITY

 refers to “the rate at which an object changes its position” and is

direction aware

ACCELERATION

 the rate at which an object changes its velocity.

CONSTANT ACCELERATION

 the change in an object’s velocity by the same amount each second

 UNBALANCED FORCE- If the forces on an object are equal and opposite,
they are said to be balanced, and the object experiences no change in
motion. If they are not equal and opposite, then the forces are unbalanced
and the motion of the object changes.

NEWTON’S SECOND LAW (LAW OF FORCE)

 Force equals mass times acceleration. F = ma

FORCE- an interaction that causes acceleration. More generally, a force is

an interaction that causes a change.

NET FORCE- The combination of all the forces that act on an object

MOMENTUM- (of a body in motion) the product of its mass and velocity.

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

NEWTON’S THIRD LAW (LAW OF ACTION REACTION)
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727) an English scientist and mathematician
famous for his discovery of the law of gravity also discovered the three laws  For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
of motion. He published them in his book Philosophiae Naturalis Principia  every force acting on an object, there is an equal force acting in the
Mathematica (mathematic principles of natural philosophy) in 1687. opposite direction.
NEWTON’S FIRST LAW (LAW OF INERTIA)

 an object will “keep doing what it was doing” unless acted on by an

unbalanced force.
 It takes force to change the motion of an object.
 The first law states that a body at rest will stay at rest until a net
external force acts upon it and that a body in motion will remain in
motion at a constant velocity until acted on by a net external force.

FRICTION- is the force between an object in motion and the surface on

which it moves. Friction is the external force that acts on objects and causes
them to slow down when no other external force acts upon them.

INERTIA- the tendency of a body in motion to remain in motion. Inertia is

dependent on mass