Dark blue on ight blue NZ Figure 2.16 Section 2.4 Applications 113 . > mE y af a Pat PsP e A B Cc A B C ' f = lights. Ifa three lights are initially off, is it possible to push the switches in some order so that the lights are off, light blue, and dark blue, in that order (as in Figure 2.17)? Solution Whereas Example 2.35 involved Z, this one clearly (is it clear?) involves Z,, Accordingly, the switches correspond to the vectors 0 in Z and the final configuration we are aiming forist = 1 (OffisO light blue is 1, 2 and dark blue is 2.) We wish to find scalars x, x. x5 in Z, such that xa txbt xen t (where x, represents the number of times the ith switch is pushed). This equation gives rise to the augmented matrix [a bc | t}, which reduces over Z, as follows: 1 1 oo 1 0 0/2 11 afi]—s]o 1 oft o 1 al oo alt ence, there isa unique solution: x; = 2,x; = 1.5 = 1. In other words, we must push > switch A twice and the other two switches once each. (Check this.) t { rxercises 2.4 7 rees Table 2.6 1. Suppose that, in Example 2.27, 400 units of food A, Bacteria {600 units of B, and 600 units of C are placed in the test Strain tube each day and the data on daily food consump- tion by the bacteria (in units per day) are as shown, Food A 1 2 ° in Table 2.6. How many bacteria of each strain can Food B 2 1 1 Food C 1 1 2 coexist in the test tube and consume all of the food? 2. Suppose that in Example 2.27, 400 units of food A, 500 units of B, and 600 units of C are placed in consumption by the bacteria (in units per day) are the test tube each day and the data on daily food as shown in Table 2.7. How many bacteria of each. (a) In your pocket you have some nickels dimes, and Chapter Systems of Linear Equations — the special blend produces a profit of $1.50, and one bag Table 2.7 of the gourmet blend produces a profit of $2.00, How Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria ‘many bags ofeach type should the merchant prepare Strain] Strain I Strain 11 ihe wants to use up all of the beans and maximize his cue fit? What isthe maximum profit? Food A 1 2 ° p 7 FoodB 2 1 3 FoodC 1 1 1 Balancing Chemical E In Exercises 7-14, balance the chemical equation for each reaction. strain can coexist in the test tube and consume all 7. FeS; + O, — Fe,0, + SO, of the food? A florist offers three sizes of flower arrangements containing roses, daisies, and chrysanthemums. Each small arrangement contains one rose, three daisies, and three chrysanthemums. Each medium arrange ‘ment contains two roses, four daisies, and six chry- santhemums. Each large arrangement contains four roses, eight daisies, and six chrysanthemums. One day, the florist noted that she used a total of 24 roses, 50 daisies. and 48 chrysanthemums in filling orders for these three types of arrangements. Low many arrangements of each type did she make? 8 10. nL. 2. 1B. ea, quarters. There are 20 coins altogether and exactly tovice as many dimes as nickels ‘The total value ofthe coins is $3.00. Find the number of coins of each type. (b) Find all possible combinations of 20 coins (nickels, dimes, and quarters) that will make exactly $3.00. A coffee merchant sells three blends of coffee. A bag of the house blend contains 300 grams of Colombian beans and 200 grams of French roast beans. A bag of the special blend contains 200 grams of Colombian beans, 200 grams of Kenyan beans, and 100 grams of French, roast beans. A bag of the gourmet blend contains 100 grams of Colombian beans, 200 grams of Kenyan beans, and 200 grams of French roast beans. The mer- chant has on hand 30 kilograms of Colombian beans, 15 kilograms of Kenyan beans, and 25 kilograms of French roast beans. Ife wishes to use up all ofthe beans, how many bags of each type of blend can be made? 1s. >. Redo Exercise 5, assuming that the house blend contains 300 grams of Colombian beans, 50 grams of Kenyan beans, and 150 grams of French roast beans and the gourmet blend contains 100 grams of Colombian beans, 350 grams of Kenyan beans, and 50 grams of French roast beans This time the merchant has on hand 30 kilograms of Colombian beans, 15 kilograms of Kenyan beans, and 15 kilograms of French roast beans. Suppose one bag of the house blend produces. profit of $0.50, one bag of CO; + HzO —> CyH,,Os + O, (This reaction takes place when a green plant converts carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis.) ). CyHyy + O; — CO, + HO (This reaction occurs when butane, Cyl, burns inthe presence of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.) GH,O, + 0, 1,0 + CO, C.H,,OH + 0, — 1,0 + CO, (This equation rep- resents the combustion of amyl alcohol.) HCIO, + PO —> HPO, + C0, Na,CO, + GH,CI, + Ca(OH, — GHCI, + CaCl, + 1,0 > +N, —> NaCN + CO Network Analysis Figure 2.18 shows a network of water pipes with flows ‘measured in liters per minute. (a) Set up and solve a system of linear equations to find the possible flows. (b) Ifthe flowthrough AB is restricted to 5 L/min, what will the flows through the other two branches be? (© What are the minimam and maximum possible flows through each branch? (4) We have been assuming that flow is always posi- sive, What would negative flow mean, assum ing we allowed it? Give an illustration for this example16. The downtown core of Gotham City consists of ‘one-way streets, and the traffic flow has been ‘measured at each intersection, For the city block shown in Figure 2.19, the numbers represent the average numbers of vehicles per minute entering and leaving intersections A, B, C, and D during business hours. (a) Set up and solve a system of linear equations to find the possible flows f,..- fi. (b) If traffic is regulated on CD so that fy = 10 vehi- cles per minute, what will the average flows on the other streets be? (©) What are the minimum and maximum possible flows on each street? (4) How would the solution change if all of the direc- tions were reversed? Section 2.4 Applications. 115 (a) Setupand solvea system oflinear equations to find the possible flows fi, fs (b) Suppose DC is closed. What range of flow will need to be maintained through DB? (©) From Figure 2.20 it is clear that DB cannot be closed, (Why not?) How does your solution in part (a) show this? (d) From yoursolution in part (a) determine the mini- mum and maximum flows through DB. 18, (a) Set up and solve a system of linear equations to find the possible flows in the network shown in Figure 2.21 (b) Is it possible for f; = 100 and f, = 1502 [Answer this question first with reference to your solution in part (a) and then directly from Figure 2.21.) (©) Iff,= 0, what will the range of flow be on each of the other branches? wet] sol] ost wo. | 17, A network of irrigation ditches is shown in Figure 2.20, ‘with flows measured in thousands of liters per day. Electrical Networks Figure 2.21 For Exercises 19 and 20, determine the currents for the given electrical networks. ». 1 ohm 13 volts16 Chapter 2 Systems of Linear Equations 20, 4ohms 8 volts 21. (a) Find the currents I, h, in Figure 2.22, (b) Find the effective resistance of this networ (©) Can you change the resistance in branch BC (but leave everything else unchanged) so that the cur- rent through branch CE becomes 0? Igin the bridge circuit ohm 2obms Lohm Je Is B D 2 ohms ohm A | T wevons 7 Figure 2.22 22, The networks in parts (a) and (b) of Figure 2.23 show two resistors coupled in series and in parallel, respectively. We wish to find a general formula for the effective resistance of each network—that is, find Ru such that E = Rug (a) Show that the effective resistance R, with two resistors coupled in series (Figure 2.23(a)] is given by of a network Ra =R +R (b) Show that the effective resistance Ryrof a net- ‘work with two resistors coupled in parallel [Figure 2.23(b)] is given by E @ h bl oR q E co) Figure 2.23 Resistors in series and in parallel un 23, Consider a simple economy with just two industries: farming and manufacturing. Farming consumes 1/2 of, the food and 1/3 of the manufactured goods. Manufac- turing consumes 1/2 of the food and 2/3 of the manu- factured goods. Assuming the economy is closed and in equilibrium, find the relative outputs of the farming and manufacturing industries. 24, Suppose the coal and steel industries form a closed economy. Every $1 produced by the coal industry requires $0.30 of coal and $0.70 of steel. Every $1 produced by steel requires $0.80 of coal and $0.20 of steel, Find the annual production (output) of coal and. steel ifthe total annual production is $20 million, 25. A painter, a plumber, and an electrician enter into a cooperative arrangement in which each of them agrees to work for himselffherself and the other two for a total of 10 hours per week according to the schedule shown in Table 2.8. For tax purposes, each person must establish a value for his/her services. They agree to do this so that they each come out even—that is, so that the