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Evaluation of the subsurface structural features of the Farafra Oasis, western

desert, Egypt using aeromagnetic data

Article in Modeling Earth Systems and Environment · June 2023

DOI: 10.1007/s40808-023-01806-2

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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-023-01806-2

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Evaluation of the subsurface structural features of the Farafra Oasis,

western desert, Egypt using aeromagnetic data
Mohamed M. Khalifa1 · Waheed H. Mohamed2 · Mahmoud A. El Ammawy3 · Ayman I. Taha1 · Ahmed Awad1 ·
Ahmed Awad Orchid1

Received: 29 November 2022 / Accepted: 28 May 2023

© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Abstract
The Egyptian government has launched enormous national initiatives to reclaim and sustainably developing of 1.5 million
acres. Among the promising areas, the Farafra Oasis which has a ground water usage for drinking and irrigation has chosen
as the focal point of the project initial phase. Qualitatively and quantitively assessment of the subsurface structures that
have an impact on the ground water circulation were taken place using the airborne magnetic data. The airborne magnetic
data was subjected to numerous magnetic processing techniques including the reduction to the northern magnetic pole
(RTP), power spectrum analysis, 3D Euler deconvolution and 3D modelling technique. Also, Tilt derivative techniques
were applied to define the main contact zones, depths and the structural indices of the causal subsurface structural features.
The deduced subsurface shallow structures were found at 2 km, whereas the deep structures were extended to 5 km depth.
Analysis of the 3D magnetic modelling emphasized the outputs of the applied power spectrum technique that the depths
of the basement rocks were ranging from 2 km to more than 4.7 km. Quantitively interpretation of the RTP map revealed
the presence of numerous NE-SW, NNE-SSW, ENE-WSW, and NW-SE faults that dissected the area.

Keywords Aeromagnetic data · Subsurface faults · 3D modeling · Euler deconvolution · Farafra Oasis

Introduction Geological and structural setting

Farafra Oasis is one of the biggest tectonic depressions The Oasis marked by prominent karst features with four
located in the Egyptian Western Desert that formed in the basic geomorphologic units; northern plateau, eastern pla-
limestone plateau of uneven triangle and apexes pointing teau (sand dunes, playas, and sand sheets), western plateau
toward the Dakhla Oasis (Fig. 1). The area has a dry climate, and the bottom of the depression with their associated land-
with an average annual precipitation of 3 mm and tempera- forms (Fig. 2). These features were created by wind activity
tures ranging from 20 °C in the winter to 38 °C in the sum- in a tectonically active environment that alternated between
mer, and daily evaporation rates of 5.6 mm in December and arid and humid climates during the Miocene epoch. Several
19.8 mm in June. However, playa deposits and a hyper arid minor depressions were also created on the main depres-
environment point to a wet paleoclimate in this region (El sion’s floor by chemical weathering and wind deflation pro-
sheikh 2015). cess (Aref et al. 1987). The exposed sedimentary strata of
the Oasis are stratigraphically dated from the Late Creta-
ceous to the Recent age. Numerous authors have been stud-
ied the Oasis’s surface and subsurface geology (Said 1962;
Ahmed Awad El Ramly 1964; Hermina 1967; Barakat and Abdel Hamid
[email protected] 1974; El-Kiki 1972; Zaghloul 1983; and Salem 2002). The
surface sedimentary succession comprises of (Fig. 3): Qua-
1
National Research Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics, ternary aeolian sand and playa deposits that make up the
Helwan, Egypt
surface and the floor of the sedimentary succession. The
2
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar aeolian sand creates scattered sand dunes along the plateau
University, Cairo, Egypt
surface and the floor of the depression. The playa deposits
3
Geology Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt

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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Oasis. Paleocene Esna shale Formation (123 m thick) and

Tarwan Chalk Formation (73 m thick). Cretaceous Dakhla,
Khoman Chalk, El Hafnaf and Wadi Hennis Formation.
The Khoman Chalk Formation which made of a snow-
white, chalky dolomitic limestone with calcite vein forms
the depression floor and its isolated hills. Strong dolomitic
limestone rocks (El Hafhuf Formation) of 22 m thick are
recognized in the Wadi El Makfi region and in all drilled
wells. It represents the boundary between the underneath
Nubian clastics and the upper Cretaceous non-clastics. El
hafhuf Formation is recognized in the Wadi El Makfi region
of 22 m thick surface section and consists of strong dolo-
mitic limestone rocks that presented in all drilled wells and
regarded as a marker border between the underneath Nubian
clastics and the upper Cretaceous non-clastics. The Wadi
Hennis Formation consists of thinly bedded sandstone shale
strata that outcrop on the escarpments overlooking the Abu
Minqar depression.
The subsurface sedimentary succession contains of
220 m thick of Nubian sequence which consists of alter-
nating layers of sand and shales. The sand units are the
Fig. 1 Location map of the study area, (A) Landsat 8- Egypt-
water-bearing horizons and the shale layers make up the
Mosaic-753- WGS84 and (B) DEM 30 m for the study area
aquiclude that divides them. Moreover, a NE-SW folding
are consisting of fine sand, silt, and dark brown clay mixed system dominates the western desert except its eastern part
with gypsum and halite that gather within the surrounding towards the nile valley and the delta basin (El Ramly 1964).
depressions and east of El Quss Abu Said plateau (Salem As a result, the underneath groundwater and valuable min-
2002). Post-Miocene Minqar et-Tahan Formation which erals are representing the desirable exploration targets for
made of pale continental lacustrine sandstone and siltstone these linear features. The high degree of preferred orienta-
that capped by fossiliferous lacustrine limestone. Eocene tion is particularly apparent in the remaining units, which
Farafra limestone and Dungle Formation which made of a frequently exhibit peaks more than 10%. This is explained
fossiliferous platform limestone and grey limestone of 65 m by the occurrence of distinct sets of faults (Fig. 4A) and the
in thickness are exposed in the north, east and west of the rose diagram (Fig. 4B).

Fig. 2 Elevation map showing the

main geomorphological units of
the study area

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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 3 Geological map of the study area, Modified after Conoco 1987

Data and methodology Data processing and interpretation

The aeromagnetic dataset used in this study are extracted Reduction to the north magnetic pole
from Getech’s compilation study ‘African Magnetic Map-
ping Project’ (AMMP) in the form of unified 1 km grid of A ccording to the earth’s coordinates, there is a changing in
total magnetic intensity (TMI) (Getech 1992; Green et al. the values of the declination and inclination angles of the
1992; Zaher et al. 2018). The airborne magnetic data was geomagnetic field that causes a shifting in the positions of
subjected to numerous magnetic processing techniques the magnetic field data.
including the reduction to the northern magnetic pole Therefore, the reduction to the north magnetic pole
(RTP), power spectrum analysis, 3D Euler deconvolution approach (RTP) helped to identify the precise location of
and 3D modelling technique. Also, Tilt derivative tech- the magnetic anomalies that reflect the subsurface structures
niques were applied to define the main contact zones, depths in the studied area. The total intensity aeromap was reduced
and the structural indices of the causal subsurface structural to the pole using the inclination angle (39°) and declination
features. angle (4°). These variables are used to create the reduced
The primary magnetic anomaly directions in the study north magnetic pole and the RTP magnetic map (Fig. 6).
region are E-W, NW-SE, and NE-SW with overall magnetic Qualitatively, the resulted magnetic sources are showing
strength ranges from − 97.41 to 125 nT. The presence of a non-homogeneous texture with three distinct anomaly
shallower subsurface magnetic sources may be responsible zones: high intensity anomaly zones (> 40 nT), anomalies
for the eastern region’s greatest values, whereas the western zones ranged from more than − 55 and less than 40 nT and
region’s lowest values were caused by a deep, poorly mag- low intensity anomaly zones (<-55 nT).
netized sedimentary layer (Fig. 5).

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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 4 (A) Structural lineaments map (After Conoco 1987) and (B) Azimuth frequency diagram (Rose diagram) generated from the lineaments of
the study area

Fig. 5 Total aeromagnetic inten-

sity map along the Farafra Oasis

Regional–residual separation differentiate between the regional anomalies (deep-seated

structures) and the local anomalies (shallow structures).
To obtain the best regional and residual anomaly maps, Using the Geosoft Oasis Montaj program, one positive
the RTP map was filtered at several cut-off wavelengths. anomaly trending ENE-WSW can be seen on the low-pass
These cut-off values were derived from the aeromagnetic filter map (Fig. 7A) whereas a large number of negative
data power spectrum (0.0585 (1/k-unit)). The low and high anomalies are appeared in the center of the area. The high
pass filters were then applied to the RTP ma in order to pass filter map (Fig. 7B) shows a number of small and local

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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 6 Reduced to Pole (RTP)

magnetic anomaly map

Fig. 7 (A) low-pass filtered (regional RTP map) and (B) High-pass filtered (residual RTP map)

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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

anomalies that could be shallow local structures or geologic of the edges of anomalous sources when using a vertical
features. These local anomalies are primarily found in the contact model. Specifically, at the high gradient, zero con-
E-W, NE-SW, and NW-SE directions. tours (the black line) approximate the horizontal locations
of rapid lateral shifts in magnetic susceptibilities (MS)
Tilt derivative (TDR) filter between positive and negative anomalies.

The tilt derivative filter was proposed by Miller and Singh Depth estimation techniques
(1994) and Verduzco et al. (2004) and later developed by
Salem et al. (2007a, b), Salem et al. (2008) and Fairhead The depth estimation techniques are one of the most signifi-
et al. (2010). According to its fundamental and functional cant steps in the quantitative interpretation of magnetic data
nature, it showed considerable interest (Hinze et al. 2013). that provides useful information about the source body. The
It defined as: Euler deconvolution technique and the 3D magnetic mod-
    elling methodology were both utilized to assess the depth
T A = tan−1 ∂BT
/ ∂B T
, of the subsurface anomalies. They depends primarily on a
  ∂h
∂Z
2 (1) particular algorithm which derived based on distinct con-
2
where ∂B
∂h
T
= ∂BT
∂x
+ ∂BT
∂y straint factors and mostly controls the predicted results. For
instance, the structural index of the source body serves as
the main constraint for the Euler Deconvolution method, the
Where (∂BT/∂h), (∂BT/∂x), (∂BT/∂y), and (∂BT/∂z) are the spectral window of the FFT and the fitting method serve as
derivatives of the total magnetic field BT in the (h, x, y, z) constraints for the power spectrum, and the magnetic sus-
directions with h being any horizontal direction in the (x, ceptibility of the subsurface layers serve as constraints for
y) plane. three-dimensional modelling.
Regardless of the amplitude of the vertical derivative or
the overall horizontal gradient’s absolute value, the TDR 3D Euler deconvolution, power spectrum techniques and
ranges are from − 2/2 to + 2/2, or -90o to 90o (Salem et al., magnetic source identification
2008). The TDR yields a zero value over the source edges,
allowing one to trace the contour of the edges (Miller and The Euler deconvolution technique developed by Thomp-
Singh 1994). Hinze et al. (2013) discovered that the half son (1982) was primary used for profile data analysis and
lengths between − 45o (-0.78 rad) and + 45o (0.78 rad), or later expanded to comprises the analysis of the grid data
the horizontal distance from − 45 to the 0 point of the tilt (Reid et al. 1990). Numerous authors have also studied the
angle, are identical to the depth to the top of the contact technique (Stravrev and Reid 1997; Gerovska and Araúzo-
(Salem et al., 2007). Figure 8 shows how the TDR map Bravo (2003; Gobashy and Al-Garni (2008; Abdelazeem
makes it easier to pinpoint the horizontal location and size and Gobashy (2016; Abdelazeem et al. (2019).

Fig. 8 Tilt derivative (TDR) of RTP map

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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Table 1 Results of 3D-Euler deconvolution analysis for the study area

Cluster No. of Xavg Xcon Yavg Ycon Zavg Zcon SIavg SIcon
points
1 21 41,500 2810 72,800 11,900 2590 2660 0.576 0.763
2 12 20,000 11,100 96,300 9940 1710 1390 0.094 0.159
3 107 30,600 7940 166,000 24,400 3500 3810 0.76 0.881
4 55 16,200 6310 235,000 10,600 3720 3890 1.03 1.13
5 5 45,600 3020 271,000 1290 2060 2830 0.131 0.351
Explanation:
No. of points: Number of points, Xave: Average x value, Xcon: Confidence interval for variable X, Yave: Average Y value, Ycon: Confidence
interval for variable Y, Zave: Average z value, Zcon: Confidence interval for variable Z, SIave: Average estimated structural indices for each
cluster, SIcon: Confidence interval for estimated structural indices N.

Table 2 Average depths (Zavr) in meters and structural indices (SIavr) the explained depths, structure indices and the predicted
for different groups
structure types for the five solution clusters. The G3 cluster
Cluster Zavg SIavg Predicted
causative index represents the most prevalent structural component
structure (107 solution points). It has an average depth of 3,500 m
1 2590 0.576 Contact and an average structural index of 0.7 that attributed to fault
2 1710 0.094 Contact or contact structure. The main deduced structural patterns
3 3500 0.76 Contact/ for this method was NW-SE and E-W tendencies.
thin sheet
The application of the power spectrum technique to the
4 3720 1.03 Sill/dike
potential field data was first introduced by Bhattacharyya
5 2060 0.131 Contact
(1966) that followed by Spector and Grant (1970) whose
developed the method to permit the determination the depths
The Euler homogeneity equation, when accounting for a of the anomalous bodies. The method was extensively uti-
base level for the background field, can be written as: lized by numerous authors Mishra and Naidu (1974) and
Ofoegbu and Onuoha (1991). Following the concept that
df df df the magnetic field measured at the surface is the summa-
(x − x0 ) + (y − y0) + (z − z0) = NF (2)
dx dy dz tion of the magnetic signatures from all depths. The average
depths of these source ensembles can be ascertained using
Where the homogeneous function (f) is the observed field the Fourier transform-obtained power spectrum of the mea-
at location (x, y, z) that caused by a source at location (x0, sured surface magnetic field. Using the radially averaged
y0, z0). N physically, is a measure of the rate of decay of the 2D power spectrum the depth of shallow and deep-seated
field with the distance and geophysically, is the structural magnetic components for the study area was calculated. The
index (SI) that is related directly to the shape of the caus- obtained shallow sources have a depth of up to 2 km, while
ative source. the deep sources has a depths up to 5 km (Fig. 10).
The Euler technique was applied to the RTP map to esti-
mate the depths and structural indices associated with the 3D magnetic modeling
distinct clusters arising from the various stages, in order to
evaluate the relationship between the resultant lineation and Construction of the magnetic modeling of the magnetic
the geological units in the research area. Table 1 presents the data was done using the GMSYS-3D of the Geosoft Oasis
3D-Euler deconvolution results for the study area with the Montaj (2007) software. The model was designed by a col-
approved five solution clusters and their confident, average lection of stacked grid surfaces with density, susceptibility
locations and the structure indices. Table 2 and Fig. 9 shows and magnetization distributions described for the layers

Fig. 9 Final cluster indices of the

accepted solutions with window
selected as 4 × 12 grid data points

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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 10 Depths to deep and

shallow structures as estimated
from 2D radially average power
spectrum

beneath the surface. The calculations were achieved through

the wavenumber domain Parker’s algorithm (1972). In this
study, the used values for the magnetic susceptibility of the
basement rocks were about (0.0006024 SI), while it was
considered zero for the sedimentary basin. In addition to the
magnetic susceptibility values, the values of the magnetic
field strength, field inclination and field declination were
also required for the construction of the 3D magnetic model.
The used value of the magnetic field strength was 41,476
nT and the inclination and declination values was 38.5° and
2.8° respectively. Figure 11 show a conformable relation-
ship between the resulted observed and calculated depth
maps with a very small percentage error. The depth contours
for the study area reflects a number of basement depressions
of different deep sites. The basement relief maps and 3D
view map (Fig. 12A and B) reveals that the depth ranges
from 2050 m in the eastern part of the study area to more
than 4740 m in the western part.

Structural features

The interpretations of the RTP magnetic map revealed the

presence of some structural features, i.e. magnetic body
edges. These structural elements was incorporated as
magnetic high and low belts separated by magnetic gra-
Fig. 11 (A) Observed magnetic anomaly, (B) calculated magnetic and dient faults (Fig. 13A). The high magnetic belts shows as
(C) error percentage
swells in the deep-seated region and as anticlines in the
shallow-seated section. The low magnetic belts appears in

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Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 12 (A) Basement relief map and (B) 3-D view map

the deep-seated as troughs, and as synclines in the shallow- mineralization zones that can be located at the study area.
seated portion. In addition, the intense magnetic gradients According to Afflek (1963), there is a coreelation between
was portrayed as faults and lineation. The lengthy zones of the magnetic anomaly trends and the forces and intensities
high slopes without well-defined closures may have been of the Earths crust. He also claimed that the tectonic history
caused by subsurface faulting that shifted the magnetic rocks of the rocks is documented partially by the amount and pat-
(Dobrin 1990). In the present study, the structural interpre- tern of magnetic anomalies. The investigation of the Rose
tation of the aeromagnetic survey data was performed by diagram revealed that the area is influenced by numerous
constructing a basement tectonic map (Fig. 13A). This map faults taking the following tendencies NE–SW, NNE–SSW,
was primarily based on RTP magnetic anomaly and depicts ENE–WSW, and NW–SE. Some important subsurface fault
the region’s overall structural framework and major tectonic trends such as NE-SW (Aualitic) and NW-SE (Gulf of Suez-
features. The primary tectonic deformations of the studied Red Sea, Clysmic) are also extended upward in the sedi-
region was directed NE–SW, NNE–SSW, NNW–SSE, and mentary layers.
NW–SE.
The Trend analysis technique is used here to identify
the structural trends and intensity of forces as well as the

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 Modeling Earth Systems and Environment

Fig. 13 (A) Structural Features of the Study Area as deduced from RTP magnetic map and (B) Rose Diagrams Showing rose diagram of the Main
Structural Lineaments

surface. The results indicated that the depth to the basement

Conclusion rocks ranges from 2 km in the eastern portion of the research
region to more than 4.7 km in the western portion.
This study utilized the airborne magnetic data to define the
underlying structural features in the Farafra Oasis region. Acknowledgements Deep gratitude for the National Research Insti-
tute of Astronomy and Geophysics and his president for supporting
The data was analyzed using the most modern and appli- and funding this research. Many thanks to Professor Mohamed Abd
cable methodologies available. Application of particular elzaher and NRIAG researchers and technical team for their support
algorithms (RTP, Regional, Residual, Tilt derivative, and in completing this study.
3-D Euler Deconvolution) to the magnetic data reveals the
underlying structural element in the study area. The struc- Declarations
tural map (magnetic lineaments) showed the presence of a
numerous discontinuity zones with different trends that indi- Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of
interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publishing of this
cating a complicated tectonic history and multiple deforma- article.
tional episodes for the study area. The magnetic lineaments
indicate that the region has been subjected to substantial
regional field stress. According to the results of tectonic References
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