STATE INSTITUTIONS

Political and Leadership Structures

> It is defined as the organized way in which power is allocated and decisions are made within
society. Below is the organizational chart of the Philippine Government.

1.EXECUTIVE
2.LEGISLATIVE
3.JUDICIARY

3 BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT

1. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

> is comprised of the President and the Vice President who are chosen by direct popular vote
and fulfill a term of six years. The Constitution grants the President authority to appoint his
Cabinet. These departments form a large portion of the country's bureaucracy.

2. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

> can make laws, alter, and repeal them through the power bestowed in the Philippine
Congress. This institution is divided into the Senate and the House of Representatives.

3. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH

> maintains the power to resolve disputes concerning rights that are legally demandable and
enforceable. This branch decides whether there has been a serious abuse of judgment
amounting to lack or excess of authority on the part and instrumentality of the government. It is
made up of a Supreme Court and lower courts.

POWER
> It is the ability to influence the behavior of others.

AUTHORITY
> is the right to influence the behavior of others.

TYPES OF AUTHORITY:

1.TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
>respect for a longstanding cultural pattern is used to legitimize power
>a type of leadership in which the authority of the ruling regime is largely tied to tradition or
custom.
>Some people accept the power and rule of others because there is a long standing tradition of
things being like that. The British Royal family could be said to have traditional authority
(although they have little real power.)

2.RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY
> also known as bureaucratic authority; legally created rules and regulations are used to
legitimize power.

3.CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY
> extraordinary personal skills that inspire devotion and obedience are used to legitimize power.
> Examples: Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela, Adolf Hitler, Miriam Defensor, Leni Robredo,
and Corazon Aquino

RECIPROCITY, REDISTRIBUTION AND MARKET EXCHANGE

1.Reciprocity
> transaction between two socially equal parties having the same status with regards to values
of goods or services.

a. Generalized reciprocity
> gestures that expresses personal relationships. something in return although it does
not have to be given instantly. eldest child expresses generalized reciprocity to his or her
family to sustain.

b. Balanced
> Similar to trade or barter. give gifts to each other in equal amounts. business
transaction between Filipino artists and advertisement companies.

c. Negative reciprocity
> Personal gain. haggling, bargaining theft/seizure, cheating, scam

2.Redistribution
> the process by which products produced from the community are sent to a place where they
are stored, counted,and later distributed back to the people. ex: tax (income from people to the
government, and distributed once again to programs/community.)

3.Market Exchange
> the price of the transactions of deliverables and services are supposedly governed by the
rules of supply and demand. ex: selling and buying
 NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

EXAMPLES OF NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

> are establishments which are not owned and controlled by the government.

Examples:
1. BANK -is a financial institution that receives deposits from the public and generates credit.

a. COMMERCIAL BANKS
> commercial banking is another name for corporate banking, which offers banking services to
businesses, governments, and other institutions. Commercial banking offers its services to
institutions for institutional and corporate use.

b. RETAIL BANKS
> retail banking offers deposit, access, and lending services to individuals.

c. INVESTMENT BANKS
> bank that purchases large holdings of newly issued shares and resells them to investors.

2. CORPORATION- a legal unit that is distinct from its owners. Moreover, a corporation has the
right to enter contracts, loan and borrow money, hire employees, own assets, and pay taxes.

3. COOPERATIVES -are jointly owned enterprises engaging in the production or distribution of

goods or services. Cooperatives are usually operated by farmers or consumers for their mutual
benefit.

4. TRADE UNIONS -also known as labor unions consist of workforces who have come together
to attain mutual goals like protecting the integrity of its trade,improving safety standards,
achieving higher pay and benefits like health care, and retirement.

> Among the registered federations, the Philippine Trade and General Workers Organization
(PTGWO), a federation registered since 1967,has the highest recorded membership with
93,720 union members

5. TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS -Organizations that are devoted to manipulating

political,economic, social, and institutional decisions across country borders. human rights

6. DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES - These are independent organizations whose goals are to help
develop and support economic growth especially for the poor and marginal portion of the
society. So, they may have opportunities for income and decent employment.

7. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS- Include both governmental and non-governmental

organizations.
Footprints of Education System in the Philippines
> can be traced from the countries that colonized it, namely Spain, America, and Japan. The
education system was highly influenced by the years the Philippines was under these
occupations.
> The most lasting and powerful change that occur in the area of education was in the period of
American occupation, where English was used as the primary language of instruction and a
system of public education was first established.
> The Thomasites were a group of 600 American teachers who traveled from the United States
to the newly occupied territory of the Philippines on the U.S.Army Transport Thomas.They also
served as the first teachers of the Filipinos.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FORMAL AND NON-FORMAL EDUCATION

FORMAL EDUCATION - The medium of instruction in our school system nowadays is both in
English and in Filipino, and those who are in provinces use their own dialect in teaching or
Mother Tongue, especially in the primary years of K-3. (K-12)

NON-FORMAL EDUCATION - The Bureau of Continuing Education was created from the
Education Act of 1982 Section 24 from the office of Non-Formal Education. Under the Aquino
government, the Bureau of Non-formal Education was created under the Executive Order
No.117, in Article 14 sec 2(4) of 1987 Philippine Constitution. (ALS, TESDA)

TESDA: Technical Education and Skills Development Authority. in charge of the skill orientation,
training, and development of out-of-school youth and unemployed adults.

ALS: Alternative Learning System. RA 9155 offered for those students who were not given a
chance to complete their basic education due to many reasons.

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION

1.Develop a Productive Citizenry A productive citizen is greatly influenced through his/her

education. An individual learns to socialize in the school, once the learner enters the school he
or she would be involved in a community and that involvement would lead to lifelong learning of
values that will shape an individual.

2.Promote self-actualization – In Maslow’s

hierarchy of needs, the last to be achieved must
be self-actualization. where a person must
realize the sense of self-sacrifice,where the
person no longer thinks of himself/herself but
what he /she can contribute to the community. Education has the way to help this person
achieve this.
Concept, Characteristics and Forms of Stratification Systems Using Sociological
Perspectives

Stratification System

Social stratification
> Stratification comes with the Medieval Latin "stratificationem" which refers to the arrangement
of things in layers.

> Social Stratification is the classification of people into socioeconomic class, based upon their
occupation and income, wealth and social status.

> Stratification is the relative social position of people within a social group, category,
geographic region, or social unit.

> Social stratification is distinguished as three social classes: the upper class, the middle
class, and the lower class:

> Each class can be subdivided into strata: the upper- stratum, the middle-stratum, and the
lower stratum. Social stratum can be formed upon the bases of kinship or caste, or both.

Social desirables
> are resources considered valuable by societies. These resources may be tangible or
intangible. Sociologist may focus on any of these resources as the basis of their theoretical
perspective on social inequality. Generally, prestige, power, and wealth are three important
social desirables.

a. Wealth
b. Power
1.Personal
2.Social
c. Prestige

Social standing
> Social desirables describe the social standing of individuals relative to others. Social standing
reflects persons' worth and access to social, political, and symbolic capital.

Sociologists have different views as to what constitute social class.

Karl Marx
> He was a German philosopher and economist who co- authored the Communist Manifesto
and wrote Capital, a critique of capitalism. Karl Marx looked at Social Class in terms of wealth.
produced in relation to the ownership of the means of production. Wealth may refer to money,
properties, and similar tangible resources.

Max Weber
> a German sociologist and one of the founders of modern sociology. He wrote "The Protestant
Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism' in 1905. He differentiates Social Class Into three: wealth,
power, and prestige, Individual's social standing can be measured, all at once, based on their
relative access to these three.

Social Mobility
> It refers to changes of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or
between social class in a change in social status relative to one's current social to a given
society.

Types of Mobility

1. Horizontal Mobility (pahiga): This happen when a person changes their occupation but
their overall social standing remains unchanged. Examples: a teacher in a school
becoming a teacher in another school, or a manager moving to another branch.

2. Vertical mobility: It is a change in the occupational, political, or religious status of a

person that causes a change in their societal position. A person or social object moves
from one social class to another. Ex: Changing organizations: A student working
part-time at Burger King is starting to work full-time at Mcdonalds. Despite an increase in
working hours, this is vertical mobility since the position is relative.

3. Upward mobility: It is when a person moves from a lower position in society to a higher
one. It can also include people occupying higher positions in the same societal group.
However, upward mobility, while seen as a good thing, can also come at a cost for
individuals. Ex: (1) Getting a good job: A freelance writer becomes a full-time professor
after obtaining their doctoral degree. (2) Benefitting from upskilling A server working as a
tutor after successfully passing multiple challenging courses in their undergraduate
program. (3) Winning a lottery.

4. Downward mobility: It takes place when a person moves from a higher position in
society to a lower one. It happen when someone is caught performing a wrongful act that
can result in the loss of the position they currently hold. A striking example of downward
vertical mobility is doctors and healthcare professionals starting to do manual jobs such
as driving cabs. This phenomenon is particularly common in Canada among immigrants.
This is because Canada does not recognize foreign credentials, education, and work
experience of immigrant doctors and nurses
 5. Inter-generational mobility: This happen when the social position changes from one
generation to another. The change can be upward or downward.

Inheritance - an unexpected inheritance can help you move up the social ladder by, for
example, giving you the funds to go to university or the ability to live a more comfortable upper
middle- class life.

Ex:
> upward intergenerational mobility: a person whose mother and father owned a little market
stall becoming a doctor.
> downward intergenerational mobility: a doctor's son or daughter ends up as a factory worker.

6. Intra-generational mobilty: Change in societal position occurs during the lifespan of a

single generation. It can also refer to a change in position between siblings. One way is
when a person climbs up the corporate ladder in their career. In intragenerational
mobility, a person may start working as a shop floor assistant then be promoted to store
manager. Through the years, this person may acquire further education and end up
managing several stores from a central office. This upward mobility affects the individual,
not the whole family.

Some Issues Relative to Social Stratification

> Wealth and Income
> Ethnicity
> Gender and Sexual Orientation
> People with Disabilities (PWD)

1. Wealth and Income

In the Philippines, there are 92.3 million Filipinos lives below poverty line because of the
country's economic and social inequality. According to the ASEAN Trade Union Council, the
Philippines has the highest rate of economic and social inequality in Southeast Asia, and unless
action is taken, the gap will continue to widen.

The 4 major causes of income inequality in our country are:

1. the rising proportion of urban households

2. age distribution changes
3. increasing number of highly educated household
4. wage rate inequality.

2. Ethnicity
Ethnic groups are also facing discrimination. Aside from cultural marginalization that they suffer
from the dominant cultural majorities, where their cultural practices are subjects of ridicule and
their physical appearances and demeanor ear for them over forms of discrimination through
stereotypes and end up as victims of development aggression.
3. Gender and Sexual Orientation
Men, women and LGBT people are often subjected to discrimination and ridicule by a society
that considers them aberrations or forms of deviancy.

4. People with Disabilities (PWD)

These people are also discriminated and their physical impairments become basis of denial and
equal opportunity in employment. They do not enjoy the benefits that abled persons receive.