UNIVERSIDADE LICUNGO

FUCULTY OF EDUCATION

ENGLISH PORTFOLIO

VITORIA PEREIRA

Quelimane
2024

VITORIA PEREIRA

ENGLISH PORTFOLIO
 1

Índice

1. Introduction..................................................................................................................................3

2.Presentation...................................................................................................................................4

3.VERBS.........................................................................................................................................5

Verb to be, to have, to do.................................................................................................................5

4.Days of the week..........................................................................................................................6

5.Month of the year..........................................................................................................................6

6.Present simple...............................................................................................................................6

Expressions used with the Present Simple.......................................................................................7

7.Present Continuous.....................................................................................................................11

8.Present Perfect Tense..................................................................................................................13

9.Conditional Sentences................................................................................................................19

10.First Conditional.......................................................................................................................20

11.Second Conditional...................................................................................................................21

12.Present Perfect Simple..............................................................................................................23

1. Introduction
 2

In this portfolio, it has my presentation, conjugated verbs, days of the week, months of
the year, present continuous, future form, present simple, past simple, present perfect simple and
conditional sentences. The present portfolio is the evaluation character, however the same as the
same as the work that we been as well as the matter we had in the classroom starting from the
first day until the last day of the classes. This is a small introduction on what is in this portfolio.

2.Presentation
Licensing in history

Lecturer: Suzana Vali.

 3

Student Vitoria Pereira

Self-introduction in English

Good afternoon everyone

My name is Vitoria Pereira

I am 38 years Old, I Live in Mapiazua.

I am from Quelimane

I am teacher

I have three children

At my free time: I like to sing.

History course here in Universidade Licungo

3.VERBS

Verb to be, to have, to do.

Positive

To be To have To do
 4

I am I have I do

You are You have You do

She| He| It| is She| He| It| has She| He| It| does

We| You| They| are We| You| They| have We| You| They| do

Negative

To be To have To do

I am not I have not I do not

You are not You have not You do not

She| He| It| is not She| He| It| has not She| He| It| does not

We| You| They| are not We| You| They| have not We| You| They| do not.

4.Days of the week

Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; Thursday; Friday; Saturday and; Sunday.

5.Month of the year

January; February; March; April; May; June; July; August; September; October; November and;
December.
 5

6.Present simple
We use the Present Simple:

 For habits and actions that we do regularly:

He visits his friends every Sunday.

She goes to school by bus.

 For general truths:

The sun rises in the East.

 For permanent situations:

He lives in Athens.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I walk I don’t walk Do I walk?

You walk You don’t walk Do you walk?

He walks He doesn’t walk Does he walk?

She walks She doesn’t walk Does she walk?

It walks It doesn’t walk Does it walk?

We walk We don’t walk Do we walk?

You walk You don’t walk Do you walk?

They walk They don’t wallk Do they walk?

Third person singular

We add –s to the verb to form the third person singular (he, she, it).

I drink – he drinks
 6

I run – he runs

BUT

 We add –es to verbs that end in –ss,

-sh, -ch, -x, -o.

I watch – he watches

 With verbs ending in consonant + y, we change the –y to –ies.

I cry – he cries

 But with verbs ending in vowel + y, we just add –s as usual.

I play – he plays

Expressions used with the Present Simple

Frequency adverbs: always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, never

(they are placed before the main verb)

Time expressions: every day / week / Friday…

on Mondays / Sundays…

at the weekend…

in the morning / afternoon…

in winter / spring…once a day / week…

A. Write the third person singular of the following verbs.

play plays___________ go _goes___________ wash __washes__________ teach

____teaches________ drive ____drives________ carry ___carry_________ fly
____flies________ start ___starts_________ help _helps___________ kiss
__kisses__________ watch _watches___________ tidy __tidy’s__________ like
 7

__likes__________ enjoy ____enjoys________ cry __cries__________ mix

__mixes__________

B. Complete the sentences with the Present Simple of the verbs in brackets.

1. Peter and his friends _____go_____ to school by bus. (go)

2. Elephants _______eats___ leaves and grass. (eat)
3. David's father ______work____ in a hospital. (work)
4. The bank opens at 9.30 and ___closes_______ at 4.30. (close)
5. Tom and Jim ______play____ football every day after school. (play)
6. Mr Jones is a teacher. He ___teaches_______ History. (teach)
7. Our lessons _____start_____ at 9.00 and ___finish_______ at 3.30. (start / finish)
8. My pen friend ___lives_______ in Japan. (live)
9. Mary and her brother _watch_________ cartoons every Sunday morning. (watch)
10. John __________ his room every day. (tidy)

C. Complete the blanks with the Present Simple of the verbs in the box.

go, work, ride, deliver, love, jog, rest, fish, walk

Mr Letty is a postman. He doesn't work in the post

office. He always works outside in the streets.

He ____deliver______ letters to all the people in the

neighbourhood every day. He doesn't ___walk_______

but he ____love______ his motorbike.

At the weekend, Mr Letty doesn't work.

He _jog_________. He ____love______ the countryside,

so he always love_____ to his country house with

 8

his wife. Mr and Mrs Letty ____ride_____ in the river

and they ____go______ in the woods every weekend.

D. Look at the pictures and write questions and answers, as in the example.

1. play / the guitar / in the afternoon

Does he play the guitar in the afternoon?

No he doesn’t play the guitar in the afternoon.

He plays the accordion.

2. walk / after lunch

__No he doesn’t walk after lunch

he rests after lunch.

3. ride / their / bicycles / to work / every day

_To work every day?

No, they don’t

they run after the bus. __

4. listen / to the radio / every Sunday

_Does she listen to the radio every Sunday?__

_No, she doesn’t __

_she goes to cinema every Sunday._____

5. clean / the house / on Mondays

__Does he clean the house on Monday?___

__No, he doesn’t ___

 9

__He sings ____

6. watch / TV / after school

___Do they watch TV after school?___

__No, day don’t _

__they study alfter school.____

E. Complete the blanks with the negative or the interrogative form of the

Present Simple of the verbs in brackets.

Mark: Hi, Tess! What are you doing?

Tess: I'm watching the football team.

Mark: Do you watch (watch) them every day?

Tess: No, I don't. They _do not play_________ (not play)

every day. They play four times a week.

Mark: ____do___ you ___have_______ (have)

a favourite player?

Tess: No, I _do not have___ (not have) a favourite player. Everyone on the team is

good.

Mark: __does________ the attacker ____move______ (move) fast?

Tess: No, he ___does not move_______ (not move) fast, but he's very clever. ___do_______

you ___like_______ (like) football, Mark?

Mark: No, I _do not like__ (not like) it. I like basketball. It's a great sport.
 10

7.Present Continuous

Present Continuous, also known as Present Progressive is an English grammar tense .

Tense is the form that verbs take showing when the action in a sentence or utterance takes place.
This happens in order to highlight wheter actions generally happen, they are currently happening,
they already happened or will happen.

Anthony Huges (2001, p. ) says that the present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts
- the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

The verb to be and ING form

The verb "to be" is essential in the present continuous tense as it not only indicates the tense
but also connects the subject with the main verb and provides information about the subject's
state or existence at the present moment. It serves as the auxiliary verb in forming the present
continuous tense. In present continuous we have the following verb to be ( in present)
conjugatio:

I. I am
II. You are
III. He/She/It is
IV. We are
V. They are

Besides that, we also have the ING form. The "-ing" form of the main verb is formed by adding
"-ing" to the base form of the verb. For example:

I. play = playing
II. study = studying
III. dance = dancing

When combined with the appropriate form of "to be," the "-ing" form of the main verb forms the
present continuous tense, indicating actions that are currently happening or ongoing around the
present moment.
 11

Present continuous structure

Affirmative form
The affirmative form of the present continuous tense follows a simple structure:

Subject + Present form of "to be" (am, is, are) + Verb + "-ing"

For example:

A. I am studying.
B. She is dancing.

- They are playing.

In these examples, "am," "is," and "are" are the present forms of "to be" used according to the
subject (I, she, they), followed by the base form of the main verb (study, dance, play) with the "-
ing" suffix. This structure indicates actions that are currently happening or ongoing around the
present moment.

Negative Form:
Subject + Present form of "to be" (am not, is not/ isn't, are not/ aren't) + Verb + "-ing"

For example:

C. I am not studying.
D. She isn't dancing.
E. They aren't playing.

Interrogative Form:

Present form of "to be" (Am, Is, Are) + Subject + Verb + "-ing"?

For example:

A. Am I studying?
B. Is she dancing?
C. Are they playing?
 12

In both cases, the present form of "to be" (am, is, are) comes before the subject in interrogative
sentences. Additionally, in negative sentences, "not" is added after the present form of "to be" to
form contractions (isn't, aren't).

8.Present Perfect Tense

When talking about tenses, it's important to understand that tense is the form that verbs take
showing when the action in a sentence or utterance takes place. This happens in order to
highlight wheter actions generally happen, they are currently happening, they already happened
or will happen in future.

According to Ansell (2000, p.52) “the English Present Perfect tense is used to express actions
which have already been completed or perfected at the time of speaking or writing.”

Structures

Affirmative/Positive

Subject + have/has + mv (past participle): I have finished the task.

Interrogative

Have/Has + Subject + mv (past participle): Have I finished the task?

Negative

Subject + have/has + NOT mv (past participle): I have not finished the task.

The present perfect tense is formed using the auxiliary verb "have" or "has" followed by the past
participle of the main verb. Subject + have/has + mv (past participle): I have finished the task.
Affirmative/PositiveHave/Has + Subject + mv (past participle): Have I finished the task?
Interrogative Subject + have/has + NOT mv (past participle): I have not finished the task.
 13

Uses

Besides the use presented above, PHILPOT (1996) highlights that, the Present Perfect tense is
also used to show...

a) An action that started in the past and continues in the present.

Example: I have lived in Quelimane since 2013. (= I still do live there)

b) An action performed during a period that has not yet finished.

Example: He has been to Zalala twice this month. (= the month is still the same)

c) A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now.

Adverbial expressions

There are adverbials that are usually used in the present perfect sentences, such as just, recently,
already, once/twice, ever/never, for and since.

1. Just: This adverb indicates an action that happened a short time before the present
moment. For example, "She has just finished her work," implies that she finished her
work only a moment ago.

Future Form

Future with will

When we are talking about future simple when refer to something that will happen in the future,
no matter when. In English language we have different ways for the future, such as future with
will, be going to and present continuous. Although they are also used for the future, they are used
in different ways.

This is also referred to as the future simple or simple future tense.

Will (‘ll) + bare infinitive: I will (‘ll) go

 14

Short form of will not: won’t

According to St. Martin We use the future form with will to make a statement of fact or a
prediction about the future:

Eg. Rui will be here tomorrow

Eg. Tonight’s programme will be very interesting.

To make formal announcements of future plans and to present weather forecasts. It is

therefore often used in newspapers and on the television and radio.

Eg. The new president will move into the new house tomorrow.

Eg2. The rain will continue throughout the day.

To express hopes, expectations, thoughts about the future. Used after verbs like: assume,

believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think and be sure/afraid and with adverbs like

perhaps, possibly, probably, definitely:

Eg. I expect they’ll be here soon.

Eg2. Do you think she’ll bring her boyfriend?

In sentences containing clauses of condition or time:

Eg. If I get that job, I’ll go out and celebrate.

Eg2. I’ll phone you when I get there.

To express an intention when the decision is made at the time of speaking:

Eg. A: there isn’t any milk left.

B: oh, isn’t there? I’ll get some in town. I’m going there later on.

To express the idea of willingness:

 15

Eg. I’ll do it for you, I promise (promise).

Eg2. Will you open the window, please? (request)

Eg3. I’ll look after the children for you (offer)

To make offers or suggestions or to ask for suggestions, advice, instructions. Use shall

I/we… in the question form:

Eg. Shall I help you with that? (offer)

Eg2. Shall we invite them round for dinner? (suggestion)

What shall I do?

Shall we come round after dinner?

Note: in spoken English, shall is most often used in the question form with I or we to make

offers or suggestions or to ask for suggestions, advice, instructions:

Eg. Shall I come with you?

Eg2. What shall we do tomorrow?

Shall is occasionally used to express strong determination about oneself or someone else:

Eg. I shall go anyway. I don’t care what you think.

Shall can be used in the same way as will in the first person but will is more common.

In spoken English, the contractions ‘ll is the most common.

Eg. We shall make every effort to answer your enquiry as soon as possible.

Eg2. I shall be at the market to meet you in person.

The be going to future and the present continuous as future

 16

When we use be going to for the future to refer for something that we planned to do earlier. So,
to use the be going to, the first thing is to know the verb to be in the present tense, after that put
the verbs in infinitive form then the time. Let’s see the structure of be going to for the future.

Form

Verb to be + going + to-infinitive: I’m going to stay…

We use be going to to express intention. The speaker had the intention before the time of

speaking.

Eg. I am going to visit my friend tomorrow.

To make a prediction based on present evidence:

Eg. The sun’s going down. It’s going to be dark in half an hour.

Present continuous as future

According to John Brosnan, We can use the present continuous to refer to the future.

A future time reference must be stated or be clear from the context.

That’s to say that, when we use the present continuous as future, we make the future

arrangement, something that you have decided to do. However, we must use the time for the

future, such as tomorrow, next week, in two hours, after two days, etc.

To describe arrangements: we use it to talk about the future when the plans have been made.

It is quite informal and is used to describe personal arrangements such as social activities rather
than official plans. As it refers to personal arrangements, the subject of the verb should be a
person or people and not a thing:

Eg. I’m meeting my brother for lunch tomorrow.

Contrast: be going to future versus present continuous as future

 17

a) I’m going to visit someone in hospital tomorrow.

b) I’m visiting someone in hospital tomorrow.

Both the sentences above are and the difference between them is slight. Sentence a) places more
emphasis on the intention and sentence b) places more emphasis on the arrangement.

We do not generally use the present continuous with activities that do not involve the making

of an arrangement or plan. We can say: I’m going to write a letter to my parents tonight. (the

intention is important) but we do not say: I+3’m writing a letter to my parents tonight. (no

arrangement is required).

We tend to avoid using verbs of motion. Eg. To go and to come in the be going to future and

prefer instead to use the present continuous with these verbs:

Eg. We’re going to the theatre tonight.

a) Look at that helicopter coming down. It’s going to land in a minute.

b) Look at that helicopter coming down. It’s landing in a minute.

Sentence a) is correct but sentence b) is not possible. We do not use the present continuous to

make a prediction based on present evidence.

We can only use the present continuous as future with a future time reference or where

the future time reference is clear from the context. Where this is not the case, we use the

be going to future:

Eg. He’s having a swim (=now, if there is no time reference)

Eg2. He’s going to have a swim (in the future)

Verbs not normally used in the continuous are not used in the present continuous as
 18

future. We cannot say: I’m needing some help next week.

We can sometimes use verbs not normally used in the continuous with be going to

future. This does not happen very often as these verbs do not describe events that we

normally predict or intend. We can say: I’m going to need some help next week.

9.Conditional Sentences

According to the English Grammar, the conditional sentences are used to express
hypothetical

situations and their consequences. There are four main types of conditional sentences, such as:

Zero conditional, First conditional, Second conditional and Third conditional.

Zero Conditional

This type is used to talk about general truths and facts. It uses the present simple in both
clauses.

For Dancygier (2005), He says that the zero conditional is used to make statements about the

real world, and often refers to general truths, such as scientific facts. In these sentences, the

time is now or always and the situation is real and possible.

Structure

In zero conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present.

If + simple present, simple present

If clause (condition) Main clause (result)

Example:
 19

If you heat ice, it melts

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. We may have to rearrange
the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning
is identical.

More Examples:

a) If it rains, the grass gets wet.

b) The grass gets wet if it rains.
c) If we heat water in 100 degree it boils.

10.First Conditional
Dancygier (2005), tells us that the first conditional is used to talk about real or possible
situations in the future. It uses the present simple in the if-clause and the future simple (will +
base form) in the main clause. There are certain characteristics and rules that define First
Conditional sentences. Recognizing these features is crucial for correctly using this grammar rule
in your communication.

Structure

If-clause (simple present) + main clause (simple future with 'will')

Main clause (simple future with 'will') + if-clause (simple present)

Example: If it rains tomorrow, I will stay at home.

Both clauses can be ordered in different ways, with the if-clause coming first or the main clause
coming first.

Example: I will stay at home, if it rains tomorrow.

 20

It's important to note that other modal verbs, such as 'can', 'could', 'may', or 'might', can
also be used in place of 'will' to express different degrees of possibility or ability in the result
clause. A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express the speaker's attitude, such as
possibility, obligation, permission, or ability.

More Examples:

a) She will pass the exam if she studies.

b) If she studies, she will pass the exam.
c) If it rains tomorrow, the cricket match will be cancelled.

11.Second Conditional

This type is used to talk about unreal or unlikely situations in the present or future. We
only use the second conditional to talk about something in the present or future that is either
impossible or highly improbable. According to English Grammar It’s a hypothetical way of
speaking,

Wondering about how our lives would look if circumstances were different.

Structure

There is a very specific second conditional structure in English grammar. We form a

second conditional sentence like this:

If + past simple, + would / wouldn’t + infinitive verb

Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world.

We can also invert the second conditional structure so it looks like this:

Would / wouldn’t + infinitive verb + if + past simple

 21

Example: I would travel around the world, if I won the lottery.

The second conditional is one of the four types of conditional sentences we use in
English. Each type of conditional sentence has its own specific purposes and usage rules.

More Examples:

a) Would you mind if I borrowed your coat?

b) If I had much money, I could travel to all countries.
c) If I learnt to drive, I could go on a road trip around Europe.

Third conditional

“Third Conditional is used to talk about unreal or hypothetical situations in the past. Just
to say that the third conditional refers to an impossible condition in the past and its probable
result in the past”, (Dancygier: 2005).

From this definition given, we can say that these sentences are truly hypothetical and
unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always some
implication of regret with third conditional sentences. The reality is the opposite of, or contrary
to, what the sentence expresses.

It is important to say that the third conditional refers to an impossible condition in the
past and its probable result in the past. These sentences are truly hypothetical and unreal, because
it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist.

Structure

If-clause and would have + past participle in the main clause.

In the third conditional sentence, the tense in the "if" clause is the past perfect, and the tense in
the main clause is the perfect conditional or the perfect continuous conditional.

Example, if she had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
 22

As in all conditional sentences, the order of the clauses is not fixed. We may have to rearrange
the pronouns and adjust punctuation when you change the order of the clauses, but the meaning
identical.

More Examples:

a) If it had rained, you would have gotten wet.

b) You would have gotten wet if it had rained.

12.Present Perfect Simple

The present perfect simple tense is a verb tense used to express an action that occurred at
an unspecified time in the past or that began in the past and continues into the present. It's
formed by using the auxiliary verb "have" (or "has" for third person singular) followed by the
past participle of the main verb.

For example:

1) I have seen that movie before.

2) She has travelled to many countries.

3) We have lived in this city for five years.

In each of these examples, the action has a connection to the present moment, whether

it's a past experience, a continuing action, or a result of a past action that's still relevant.

Affirmative Form

The affirmative form of the Present Perfect Simple is used to express actions that
occurred at an unspecified time in the past but have relevance or impact in the present.

It is formed by using the auxiliary "have" (or "has" in the third person singular) followed by the
past participle of the main verb.
 23

Structure:

1) I/You/We/They + have + past participle

2) He/She/It + has + past participle

Examples:

1) - I have completed my assignment.

2) - You have visited Paris.

3) - We have lived in this house for five years.

4) - She has finished her work.

Negative Form

The negative form of the Present Perfect Simple is used to indicate that an action has not
occurred up to the present moment. It is formed by using the auxiliary "have not" (or "has not" in
the third person singular) followed by the past participle of the main verb.

Structure:

1) I/You/We/They + have not + past participle (haven't)

2) He/She/It + has not + past participle (hasn't)

Examples:

1) - I have not seen that movie before. (I haven't seen that movie before.)

2) - You have not finished your homework. (You haven't finished your homework.)

3) - We have not travelled to Asia. (We haven't travelled to Asia.)

 24

Interrogative form

The interrogative form of the Present Perfect Simple tense is used to ask questions about
past actions or experiences that have relevance to the present. It is formed by inverting the
subject and the auxiliary verb "have" (or "has" for third person singular) and placing them at the
beginning of the sentence. Here's the basic structure:

Structure:

Have/Has + subject + past participle + ?

Examples:

a. Have you finished your homework?

b. Has she traveled to Europe?

c. Have they seen that movie before?

d. Have we visited Paris?

In each of these examples, the auxiliary verb "have" or "has" is placed before the subject
to form a question, followed by the past participle of the main verb. This interrogative form is
commonly used to inquire about past actions or experiences that have some connection to the
present.

Confusion with Simple Past Tense

When learning about the Present Perfect Simple, that students may encounter some
common confusions.

Students often confuse the Present Perfect Simple with the Simple Past Tense.

While both tenses refer to actions that happened in the past, the Present Perfect Simple
emphasizes the connection between past actions and the present moment, while the

Simple Past Tense refers to actions that occurred at a specific point in the past with no
connection to the present. For example:
 25

Present Perfect Simple:

"I have eaten lunch." (Emphasizes the relevance of the action to the present moment.)

Simple Past Tense:

"I ate lunch." (Refers to a specific point in the past.)

Misuse of "Since" and "For"

Students often struggle with when to use "since" and "for" when expressing duration in the
Present Perfect Simple. "Since" is used to specify the starting point of an action, while "for" is
used to indicate the duration of the action.

Example:

1) - "I have lived in this city since 2010." (Starting point)

2) - "I have lived in this city for ten years." (Duration)

2.2.Incorrect Placement of Time Expressions

Students may place time expressions incorrectly within the sentence when using the

Present Perfect Simple. Time expressions should typically come after the auxiliary verb

and before the main verb.

Example:

1) - Correct: "I have never been to Japan."

2) - Incorrect: "I never have been to Japan."