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Cells & Tissue

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23 views3 pages

Cells & Tissue

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sharmanekita04
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Cells and Tissues

Levels of Organization in the Human Body

 Cells: Basic unit of life capable of performing all life functions.


 Tissues: Clusters of cells performing similar functions.
 Organs: Made of tissues that perform specific functions.
 Organ Systems: Groups of organs working together to perform specific purposes,
maintaining homeostasis in the body.

Cell Theory

 All living things are made up of cells.


 Cells are the smallest working units of all living things.
 All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.

Structures Surrounding the Cell

 Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane):


o Controls movement in and out of the cell.
o Composed of a double layer of phospholipids with proteins and sugars
embedded.
 Cell Wall:
o Found in plant cells and bacteria.
o Supports and protects cells.

Structures Within the Cell (Organelles)

 Nucleus:
o Largest organelle, directs cell activities.
o Surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
o Contains genetic material (DNA).
 Nuclear Membrane:
o Surrounds the nucleus, made of two layers.
o Openings allow materials to enter and leave the nucleus.
 Chromosomes:
o Located in the nucleus, made of DNA.
o Contain instructions for traits and characteristics.
 Nucleolus:
o Inside the nucleus, contains RNA to build proteins.
 Cytoplasm:
o Gel-like mixture surrounded by the cell membrane.
o Contains hereditary material.
 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
o Moves materials around the cell.
o Smooth ER: Lacks ribosomes.
o Rough ER: Has ribosomes embedded on the surface.
 Ribosomes:
o Make proteins, found on the rough ER and floating in the cytoplasm.
o
 Mitochondria:
o Produces energy by breaking down fats and carbohydrates.
o Known as the powerhouse of the cell.
 Golgi Bodies:
o Protein 'packaging plant'.
o Moves materials within the cell and out of the cell.
 Lysosomes:
o Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
o Transports undigested material to the cell membrane for removal.

Tissues

 Definition: A group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are
similar in structure.
 Types of Tissues:
o Epithelial Tissue:
 Covers organs and the body, lines body cavities and hollow organs.
 Avascular, cells readily divide and are tightly packed.
 Functions in protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion.
 Classified by cell shape and number of cell layers:
 Simple: One cell layer.
 Stratified: More than one layer.
 Shapes: Squamous (wider than tall), Cuboidal (as tall as wide),
Columnar (taller than wide).
o Connective Tissue:
 Most abundant tissue type with varying degrees of vascularity.
 Functions: Binds structures, supports, protects, fills spaces, stores fat,
produces blood cells, protects against infections, helps repair tissue
damage.
 Types: Loose connective tissue, Dense connective tissue, Adipose,
Blood, Cartilage, Bone.
o Muscle Tissue:
 Types: Cardiac (heart), Skeletal (attached to bones), Smooth (internal
organs and blood vessels).
o Nervous Tissue:
 Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
 Functional cells are neurons, with neuroglial cells supporting and
binding nervous tissue components.
 Functions in sensory reception and conduction of nerve impulses.

Major Organs of the Human Body

 Brain: Control center of the body.


 Lungs: Essential for breathing and gas exchange.
 Liver: Processes nutrients and detoxifies substances.
 Stomach: Breaks down food for digestion.
 Bladder: Stores urine.
Organ Systems

 Skeletal System: Supports and protects the body.


 Muscular System: Enables movement.
 Circulatory System: Transports blood and nutrients.
 Lymphatic System: Defends against infection.
 Respiratory System: Facilitates breathing.
 Nervous System: Controls body functions.
 Digestive System: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
 Urinary System: Eliminates waste.
 Reproductive System: Produces offspring.
 Endocrine System: Regulates body processes with hormones.
 Integumentary System: Protects the body (skin, hair, nails).

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