WINDOWS 103 they ate assembled. ‘The moulded edges of the stiles will be continuous, those on the rails will be seribed to them (see Figs 49) and those on the muntins will be seribed to the rail mouldings. “If planted mouldings are required, they are formed by planes to the required section shown on the tod." Mouldings are planted in the following 1 he ends of each piece are cut to a 45° mitre—a mitre block (see §1, Fig. 67) being used for this purpose; the two short lengths are placed in position anal he ceo (Ongar (heeds are “sprung” into place; the mouldings are failed to the framing and the nail heal Ponched. | Bach panel is treated in this manner: Eee sake RRIF operation involved in framing the casing will be aoe aming the casing will be understood from the foregoing Cutting lists are prepared which give Rive the reference number of the job, together with the number, lengths and nominal and finished widths OF tHe stiles rai de ec ; Hs the door ‘These-lists are available for the workmen responsible for setting out and preparing the various members. ee aa ner : TIMBER WINDOWS A window includes the frame and one or more sashes which are glazed. ‘The frame may have solid wood members or it may be constructed of com- paratively thin pieces to form what is called a cased or bowed frame. The sashes may be fixed ormade to open. The latter, when associated with a solid frame, maybe attached by hinges to enable the sash to open either outwards or inwards like a door, or it may be hinged at the lower edge to open inwards, or it may be hung at the top edge to open outwards. Another type of sash is pivoted at the centre to open with the upper half swinging inwards, and another form consists of one or more sashes which slide horizontally. Sashes when made to openina cased frame slide vertically. In order to provide sufficient ventilation the Building Regulations stipulate thatthe minimum area of the openable partofa window or windowsshall be one- twentieth ofthefloorareaoftheroom, The Regulationsalso require that some part of the openable area shall be not less than 1750 mm above the floor. The window area is frequently at least equal to one-quarter of the floor area and most, if not all, of the sashes are made to open. 1 As previously mentioned, the extensive use of woodworking machinery has eliminated most of the labours formerly done by hand, and even if standard machine-made doors 2 deseribed inip. 100 are not required, many of the operations detailed on pp. 102-106 would be performed by machines, ‘Thus the stiles, rails and muntins would be cut into lengths and widths by the cireular saw; they would be faced and edged on a surface aad taken to a uniform width and thickness on a thicknessing machine; the tenons Gould be formed by a senoning machine and the mortices by a mortising machines it Peguired, they would be solid moulded on the spindle moulding machine. | Many of thes operations can be done by a combined machine ealled’a general joiner. | “The p 1s would be finished by a panel planer. Planted mouldings could be prepared on the spindle moulder, After being assembled and cramped, the door would be given « smooth finis! by a sand papering machine. i ‘Whilst some of these larger and more expensive machines shops, there are comparatively few firms who have nota civeular saw and tenoning machines, and are thereby enabled to reduce some of the relativel labours. 4 e ‘Various woodworking machines are described in Chap. 1, Vol. 111. notavailable in the smaller mortising and ly costly hand104 WINDOWS ‘Those windows which are to receive extended treatment here are frames with vertically ich with vertical stiffness and makes it more effective in throwing, frames the water clear of the face of eretibed above, is sometimes used in addition ty inal ier deed aloe are (@) Windows opted in cheap work and is not a reliable method (see 0, Fg, lopted in cheay ‘be rounded (see and », Fig: 16). pinned as desea on p. 84, the he mr stone sill (see 1 galvanized w se of the bars are tenoned and h Thesashis rebated orglaving, there rebirer soy by approximately, 6mm deep. The gla: "Ifthe frame is set bac should be secur106 WINDOWS Ficure 55WINDOWS pearance wl exposed. Soul fig. 8. The frame ich as is eS ce eno sodthismaks i 54 itpossible for the sash to be set farther back and the underside head to be throated excepting in heavy storms, this throat is effective hoe te ran to drop clear ofthe top rand ¢, Fig. 56, have been proved to result of the disadvantages of case- ‘indow board after the later have been secure ‘layed grounds which are plugged to the wall (see x, Fig, 58). The internal | sfitsand jambs of the openings are shown plastered. Phese are called plastered | ‘ings, and as plaster is easily damaged at the edges a satisfact ‘Fovided when a comparatively har such as Keene's cement ‘0 form the arrises, A Keene's cement ai dizection, and narrox sh is is at least 50 mm wide in eac! ings may be entirely covered with this cement instead | 107 of plaster (see ¢, » and x, Fig. 54, and p. 32). Wood angle beads (see and st, i: 63) oF gal 1 beads are often used instead of cement arises (ee ‘The brick lintel is shown at » and w, angle. ‘This is not often used for a span is relatively small and the bri of th if. 54 supported on a le or double light window, hhead is usually built directly on the head frame, but such support (or the alternative for shown in Fig. 12) complies with the principles of sound construction and must always be applied towide windows, ‘The height of windows above floor level should be given consideration. That shown in section c, Fig. 54, issatisfactory fora house. Upper-floor win- dows of the cottage fas near to the eaves as possible, and a satis- factory treatment: Fig. 71. ee, ges, fasteners and stays. ing the external face of sbutthinge for hanging crated in Fig. fats. Asshownin the to 125 mmberween slightly splayed to made of steel or ‘metal rust proof pivotedhandle Projecting point hi“ASEMENT / PEG STAY oN three or four panes wide and f Both sashes are usually equal in size, althoug! || to increase the height of the window when the upper and lowe ‘two and three panes high respectively. comprises an inner or insi ‘or outside lining, a pulley stile (30 called because the pulleys are screwed t and a back ee separate the two sashes, and an i guard bead) is fixed to comy ‘The head (see x and 0) soffit lining, an inner bead and a parting bead, although the laSCONINEIGIE OF TECHNOLOGY MANCHESTER BUILDING CONSTRUCTION | E INDOW WITH CASED FRAME[E | WATE, _& SLIDING SASHES =e Sr DETAIL *E* DETAIL “D> 1CAL SECTION N ‘ae OR SCALES 1:10 AND HALF FUL SIRE [Oo Me wOoORK SHE: Tn omnes 1 _wesnbouermmcmornss Ficure 58