2 Relations and

Functions

In computer programming languages like C, JAVA, etc., functions are essential.

Functions are defined and reused while building computer programs, which really
lessens the difficulty of repeatedly writing the complex codes again and again.
 CARTESIAN PRODUCTS OF SETS
AND RELATIONS 1
| TOPIC 1 |
ORDERED PAIRS
The pair that is formed by two elements that are separated by a comma
and written inside the parantheses.
Eg. (a, b) represents a ordered pair, where a is first element (or first
component) and b is second element (or second component).

Important
 Two ordered pairs are equal if their corresponding elements are
equal.
i.e., (a, b) = (c, d) ⇒ a = c and b = d.
Graphically, ordered pair (a, b) represents a point in cartesian plane.
So, ordered pair (1, 2) implies that abcissa x = 1 and ordinate y = 2.

3–

2– (1, 2)

1–

| | |
0 1 2 3
Example 1.1: Find the values of a and b, if
(A) (2a – 4, 3) = (4, b + 6)
(B) (a – 5, b + 9) = (5, 9)
Ans. (A) 2a – 4 = 4 and 3 = b + 6
2a = 8 and b = 3 – 6
a = 4 and b = –3
(B) a – 5 = 5 and b + 9 = 9
a = 10 and b = 0

2 Mathematics Class XI
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 | TOPIC 2 |
CARTESIAN PRODUCTS OF SETS
Introduction
Relations and Functions give us the link between any two parameters. In
our daily lives, we come across many patterns and links that characterise
relations, such as a relation between a father and a son, brother and
sister, etc.
A person owns one dog, and the dog is owned by one person. In
relationships, a person has a partner, who is only partnered with that
person. A person owns a car, and the car is owned by the person.
Cartesian Products of Two Sets
If A and B are two non-empty sets, then we define the Cartesian product
a × b of sets A and B as
A × B = {|(a, b) |a∈A and b∈B}.
If A = f or B = f , then we define the Cartesian product A × B of sets A
and B as A × B = f.
Cartesian Products of Three Sets
If A, B, and C are three non-empty sets, then we define the cartesian
product a×b×c of sets A, B, and C as A × B × C = {(a, b, c) : a∈A, b∈B, and
c∈C}.If A = f or B = f or C = f, then we define cartesian product A × B × C
of sets A, B, and C as, A × B × C = f.
The element (a, b, c) is called an ordered triplet.
Example 1.2: If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}, find G × H and H × G. Are
these products equal? [NCERT]
Ans. Given G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2}.
Then, G × H = {7, 8} × {5, 4, 2}
= {(7, 5), (7, 4), (7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)}
Now, H × G = {5, 4, 2} × {7, 8}
= {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}
Since, G × H and H × G do not have exactly the same ordered pairs.
\ G × H ≠ H × G.
Example 1.3: If A = {–1, 1} then find A × A × A.[NCERT]
Ans. Given, A = {–1, 1}
\ A × A × A = {–1, 1} × {–1, 1} × {–1, 1}

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 A × A × A = {(–1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, 1), (–1, 1, –1),
(–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, –1), (1, –1, 1),
(1, 1, –1), (1, 1, 1)}
Example 1.4: If set A has two elements and set B = {0, –1, –2}, then
find the number of elements in A × B.[NCERT]
Ans. It is given that, set A has 2 elements and the elements of set B are
0, –1 and –2.
No. of elements in A = 2
No. of elements in B = 3
So, no. of elements in A × B
= No. of elements in A × No. of elements in B
= 2 × 3 = 6
Thus, the number of elements in (A × B) is 6.
Example 1.5: Let A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7,
8}. Verify that
(A) A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
(B) A × C is a subset of B × D [NCERT]
Ans. (A) To verify: A × (B ∩ C) = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
We have,
A = {1, 2}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4}, C = {5, 6} and D = {5, 6, 7, 8}
\ L.H.S. = A × (B ∩ C)
B ∩ C = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∩ {5, 6} = f
Thus,
A × (B ∩ C) = {1, 2} × f = f
\ R.H.S. = (A × B) ∩ (A × C)
A × B = {1, 2} × {1, 2, 3, 4}
= {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) (1, 4)
(2, 1) (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4)}
A × C = {1, 2} × {5, 6}
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
(A × B) ∩ (A × C) = f
Therefore, L. H. S. = R. H. S.
Hence, verified.
(B)To verify: A × C is a subset of B × D.
\ A × C = {1, 2} × {5, 6}

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 = {(1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 5), (2, 6)}
\ B × D = {1, 2, 3, 4} × {5, 6, 7, 8}
= {(1, 5), (1, 6), (1, 7), (1, 8), (2, 5),
(2, 6), (2, 7), (2, 8), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(3, 7), (3, 8), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(4, 7), (4, 8)}
Since, all the elements of set A × C are the elements of set B × D.
∴ A × C is a subset of B × D.
Example 1.6: Let A and B be two sets such that n(A) = 3 and n(B) =
2. If (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B, find A and B, where x, y and z are
distinct elements. [NCERT]
Ans. Given, n (A) = 3 and n (B) = 2; and (x, 1), (y, 2), (z, 1) are in A × B.
We know that,
A = Set of first elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B.
B = Set of second elements of the ordered pair elements of A × B.
So, clearly x, y, and z are the elements of A; and 1 and 2 are the
elements of B.
As, n(A) = 3 and n(B) = 2, it is clear that set A = {x, y, z} and set B = {1, 2}.
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Relations and Functions 5

 OBJECTIVE Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

[ 1 mark each ]
1. If A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5} and C = {2, 5}, then (A – B) × (B – C) is:
(a) {(1, 2), (1, 5), (2, 5)} (b) {(1, 4)}
(c) (1, 4) (d) none of these
Ans. (b) {(1, 4)}
Explanation: Given,
A = {1, 2, 4}, B = {2, 4, 5} and C = {2, 5}
\ A – B = {1, 2, 4} – {2, 4, 5} = {1}
\ B – C = {2, 4, 5} – {2, 5} = {4}
So, (A – B) × (B – C) = {(1, 4)}
2. Let S = {x | x is a positive multiple of 3 less than 100}, P = {x | x is a
prime number less than 20}. Then n(S) + n(P) is:
(a) 34 (b) 41
(c) 33 (d) 30 [Delhi Gov. SQP 2022]
Ans. (b) 41
Explanation: Given, S = {x | x is a positive multiple of 3 less than
100}
So, S = {3, 6, 9, 12 .........., 99}
We can see that it is an A.P. with a = 3, an = 99, d = 3.
Nth term of an A.P. is given by:
an = a + (n – 1)d
⇒ 99 = 3 + (n – 1)3
96
⇒ =n–1
3
⇒ n = 33
Therefore, n(S) = 33
Given: P = {x | x is a prime number less than 20}

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 So, P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
n(P) = 8
Now, n(S) + n(P) = 33 + 8
⇒ n(S) + n(P) = 41

Assertion-Reason
[A-R] [ 1 mark each ]
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion
(A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation
of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
3. Assertion (A): The domain of the relation R = {x + 2, x + 4 : x∈N,
x < 8} is {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}.
Reason (R): The range of the relation R = {(x + 2, x + 4 : x∈N,
x < 8} is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
Ans. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation: The given relation is
R = {(3, 5) (4, 6) (5, 7) (6, 8) (7, 9) (8, 10) (9, 11)}.
Domain = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
Range of R = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}.

CASE BASED Questions (CBQs)

[ 5 marks each ]

Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow:
4. A class XI teacher, after teaching the topic of ‘Relations’; tries to
assess the performance of her students over this topic. The figure
shows a relation between the sets P and Q.

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 P Q

9 5
3
2
4 1
–2
–3
25
–5

(A) This relation in set builder form is:

(a) R = {(x, y) : x is square root of y, x∈P, y∈Q}
(b) R = {(x, y) : y is square of x, x∈P, y∈Q}
(c) R = {(x ,y) : x is square of y, x∈P, y∈Q}
(d) none of these
(B) The domain of relation is:
(a) (1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (b) {4, 9, 25, 5}
(c) {4, 9} (d) {4, 9, 25}
(C) The range of relation is:
(a) {4, 9, 25} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(c) {–2, 2, –3, 3, –5, 5} (d) {–5, –3, –2, 1, 2, 3, 5}
(D) This relation in roster form is:
(a) {(9, 3), (4, 2), (25, 5)}
(b) {(9, 3), (9, –3), (4, 2), (4, –2), (25, 5), (25, –5)}
(c) {(9, –3), (4, –2), (25, –5)}
(d) none of the above
(E) The total number of relation from set P are:
(a) 32 (b) 64
(c) 128 (d) none of these
Ans. (A) (c) R = {(x ,y) : x is square of y, x∈P, y∈Q}
Explanation: Relation R is “x is the square of y”.
∴ In set builder form, R = {(x, y) : x is the square of y, x∈P, y∈Q}.
(B) (d) {4, 9, 25}
Explanation: The domain of relation is an element of set P i.e.
{4, 9, 25}.

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 (C) (c) {–2, 2, –3, 3, –5, 5}
Explanation: The range of relation is {–2, 2, –3, 3, –5, 5}.
(D) (b) {(9, 3), (9, –3), (4, 2), (4, –2), (25, 5), (25, –5)}
Explanation: In roster form R = {(9, 3), (9, –3), (4, 2), (4, –2), (25,
5), (25, –5)}.
(E) (b) 64
Explanation: Total number of ordered pair in R = 6 ( note that
total no. of ordered pairs possible are 3 x7 = 21)
∴ Total number of relation = 26 = 64

VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA)

[ 1 mark each ]
5. Is R = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)} a relation from set A to
set B, where A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}? Justify
your answer.
Ans. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 5, 9, 11, 15, 16}
∴ A × B = {(1, 1), (1, 5), (1, 9), (1, 11), (1, 15), (1, 16),
(2, 1), (2, 5), (2, 9), (2, 11), (2, 15), (2, 16), (3, 1),
(3, 5), (3, 9), (3, 11), (3, 15), (3, 16), (4, 1),
(4, 5), (4, 9), (4, 11), (4, 15), (4, 16)}
It is given that R = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3, 1), (4, 5), (2, 11)}
A relation from a non-empty set A to a non-empty set B is a subset
of the Cartesian product A × B.
It is observed that R is a subset of A × B
Thus R, is a relation from A to B.

SHORT ANSWER Type-I Questions (SA-I)

[ 2 marks each ]
6. Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a
relation from A to B defined by the phrase “(x, y) ∈R ⇔ x > y”.
Ans. Under this relation R, we obtain 3R2, 5R2, 5R4, 7R4 and 7R6.
i.e. R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 6)}.
∴ Domain (R) = {3, 5, 7} and range (R) = {2, 4, 6}.

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 SHORT ANSWER Type-II Questions (SA-II)
[ 3 marks each ]

7. Let R be a relation N to N defined by R = {(a, b) : a, b∈N and a

= b3}. Are the following true? Justify your answer in each case.
(A) (a, a) ∈R, for all a∈N
(B) (a, b) ∈R implies that (b, a) ∈R
(C) (a, b) ∈R and (b, c) ∈R implies (a, c) ∈R
Ans. Given, R = {(a, b) : a, b∈N and a = b3 }.
(A) Since a = a3, which is not true, for some a∈N
For a = 2, we have (a, a)∉R
Therefore, (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ N is not true.
(B) Let (a, b)∈R, where a, b∈N
We know, (8, 2) ∈ R since 8 = 23
⇒ a = b3.
⇒ b ≠ a3, for some a, b∈N
For a = 8, b = 2, we have (a, b) ∈R but (b, a) ∈R.
(C) Let (a, b) ∈R and (b, c) ∈R, where a, b, c∈N.
⇒ a = b3 and b = 3
⇒ a ≠ c3, for some a, c∈N
For a = 64, b = 4, we have (a, b) ∈R and (b, c) ∈R
but (a, c) ∉R.

10 Mathematics Class XI
 FUNCTIONS AND IT’S TYPES 2
| TOPIC 1 |
FUNCTIONS
A function f from set A to B defines as a mapping between two sets that
satisfy the following two conditions f : A → B
1. Each every element of set A must be mapped with some elements of
set B.
2. No elements of set A must be mapped with more than one element
of set B.
A B

1 a

b
2
c
3 d
e
4

Important
 Function is a special type of relation.
 Every function is a relation, but every relation is not a function.
 If A has m elements and B has n elements, then the number of functions from
A to B is nm. and B to A is mn.
Domain and Co-Domain
Let f : A → B, then set A is known as the domain of f, and set B is known
as the Co-domain of f.
If f : N → R so, here N is the domain and R is the co-domain.
Range
The set of elements in set B that are mapped with elements of set A, is
called the range of the function.
Range of f ⊆ Co-domain of f.
Illustration: Let A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Consider
a rule f (x) = x2. Under this rule, we obtain f (–2) = (–2)2 = 4, f (–1) = (–1)2

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= 1, f (0) = 02 = 0, f (1) = 12 = 1 and f (2) = 22 = 4. We observe that each
element of A is associated to a unique element of B. So, f : A → B given by
f (x) = x2 is a function. Clearly, domain (f ) = A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and range
(f ) = {0, 1, 4}.
Equal Functions
The two functions f and g are said to be equal iff
1. domain of f = domain of g.
2. domain of f = co-domain of g.
3. f (x) = g (x) for all x belonging to their common domain.
Illustration: Let A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 6} and f : A → B given by f (x) = x2 + 2
and g : A → B given by g (x) = 3 x. Then, we observe that f and g have the
same domain and co-domain. Also, we have, f (1) = 3 = g (1) and f (2) = 6
= g (2). Hence, f = g.
Example 2.1: Which of the following relations are functions? Give
reasons. Also, determine its domain and range.
(A) {(2, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17, 1)}
(B) {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
(C) {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}.[NCERT]
Ans. (A) Let R = {(2, 1), (5, 1), (8, 1), (11, 1), (14, 1), (17, 1)}
Then, domain of R = {2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17} and range of R = {1}.
Since, every element in the domain has only one image.
Hence, R is a function.
(B) Let R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4), (10, 5), (12, 6), (14, 7)}
Then, domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14} and range of R = {1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}.
Since, every element in the domain has only one image.
Hence, R is a function.
(C) Let R = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 5)}
Then, domain of R = {1, 2} and range of
R = {3, 5}.
Since, element 1 in the domain does not have only one image.
(1 has two images, 3 and 5).
Hence, R is not a function.
Example 2.2: Write total number of functions from set A to set B.
(A) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}
(B) A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c, d} [NCERT]

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Ans. (A) In set A no. of elements m = 3
In set B no. of elements n = 3
So, total no. of function from A to B is = nm
= 33 = 27
(B) In set A, m = 3
In set B, n = 4
So total no. of function from A to B is = nm
= 43= 64
Example 2.3: Find the domain for which the function f (x) = 2 x2 – 1
and g (x) = 1 – 3 x are equal.  [NCERT]
Ans. The values of x for which f (x) and g (x) are equal, are given by
f (x) = g (x)
2
⇒ 2x – 1 = 1 – 3 x
⇒ 2x2 + 3x – 2 = 0
⇒ (x + 2)(2x – 1) = 0
1
⇒ x = –2,
2
 1
Thus, f (x) and g (x) are equal on the set  −2,  ⋅
 2
Real-Valued Functions
A function f :A → B is called a real-valued function if B is a subset of R.
Real Function
A function f : A → B is called a real function if both A and B are subsets
of R.
Domain of Real Function
The domain of f (x) is the set of all those real numbers for which f (x) is
defined.
Range of Real Function
The range of a real function is the set of all real values taken by f (x) at
the points in its domain.
8. Steps to find Range
(i) Put y = f (x ) ⇒ x = g(y).
(ii) Find the value of x by solving the equation.

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(iii) Find the values of y for which the values of x, obtain from x = g(y),
values of x are real, and in the domain of f.
(iv) The set of values of y obtained is the range of f.
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14 Mathematics Class XI
 OBJECTIVE Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

[ 1 mark each ]
1. Let A = {a, b, c}, B = {2, 3, 4}, then which of the following is a
function from A to B ?
(a) {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 3), (c,3)}
(b) {(a, 3), (b, 4)}
(c) {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
(d) {(a, 2), (b, 3), (c, 2), (c, 4)}
Ans. (c) {(a, 3), (b, 2), (c, 3)}
Explanation: Given,
A = {a, b, c}, B = {2, 3, 4}
So, function from A to B is
{(a, 3) (b, 2) (c, 3)}
9
2. f(x) = x + 32, the value of f(–10) is:
5
(a) 15 (b) 14
(c) –15 (d) –14
Ans. (b) 14
Explanation: Given,
9
f(x) = x + 32
5
9
\ f(–10) = ( -10 ) + 32
5
= 9 × (–2) + 32
= –18 + 32
= 14

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Assertion-Reason
[A-R] [ 1 mark each ]
Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is
followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
3. Assertion (A): 
The following arrow diagram represents a
function.
P Q

p 1

q 2

r 3

s 4

x2 − 4
Reason (R): Let f : R – {2} → R be defined byf (x) = and
x −2
g : R → R be define by g (x) = x + 2. Then f = g.
Ans. (c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
Explanation: In the arrow diagram, each element of P has its
unique image in Q.
Hence, the following arrow diagram represent a function.

We have, x2 − 4
f (x) = , x ≠2
x −2
( x − 2)( x + 2)
⇒ f(x) = , x ≠2
x −2
⇒ f(x) = x + 2, x ≠ 2

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 But, g(x) = x + 2 for all x ∈ R
Then, f(x) and g(x) have different domains.
Domain of f = R – {2} and domain of g = R
∴ f≠g

VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA)

[ 1 mark each ]

4. Find the domain and range of the real function f (x) = x −2.

Ans. Given, f (x) = x −2 .

Since, f (x) is defined for every x∈R Such that
x – 2 ≥ 0, i.e., x ≥ 2.
The domain of the function is the value at which the function has
a possible real value of range.
Hence, the domain of f = [2, ∞).
Let y = f (x)
⇒ y= x −2
⇒ y2 = x – 2
⇒ x = 2 + y2,
which is defined for every y ∈ R.
Also, y= x −2 ≥ 0
Range = [0, ∞).

SHORT ANSWER Type-I Questions (SA-I)

[ 2 marks each ]
5. Let f and g be real functions defined by
f (x) = 2 x + 1 and g (x) = 4 x – 7
(A) For what real numbers x, f (x) = g (x) ?
(B) For what real numbers x, f (x) < g (x) ? [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Given that:
f (x) = 2 x + 1 and g (x) = 4 x –7
(A) For f (x) = g (x), we get

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 2x + 1 = 4 x –7
⇒ 2x – 4x = –7 –1
⇒ –2x = –8
⇒ x=4
Hence, the required real number is 4.
(B) For f (x) < g (x), we get
2x + 1 < 4 x –7
⇒ 2x – 4x < –1 –7
⇒ –2x < –8
⇒ 2x > 8
∴ x>4
Hence, the required real number is x > 4.

SHORT ANSWER Type-II Questions (SA-II)

[ 3 marks each ]
x2 + 2 x + 7
6. Find the domain of .
x2 − x − 6

x2 + 2x + 7
Ans. We have, f (x) =
x2 − x − 6

x2 + 2 x + 7
Clearly, f (x) is a rational function of x as is a rational
2
x − x −6
expression in x. We observe that f (x) assumes real values for all x
except for all those values of x for which x2 – x – 6 = 0 i.e. x = 3, –2.
Hence, Domain (f) = R –{3, –2}.

LONG ANSWER Type Questions (LA)

[ 4 & 5 marks each ]
7. Find the range of each of the following functions:
1
(A) f (x) =
x −3

18 Mathematics Class XI
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 (B) f (x) = 36 − x 2

1
Ans. (A) We have, f (x) =
x −3
Clearly, f (x) takes real values for all x satisfying x – 3 > 0
⇒ x>3
⇒ x ∈(3, ∞).
∴ Domain (f) = (3, ∞)
For any x > 3 we have
x–3>0
⇒ x −3 > 0

1
⇒ >0
x −3
⇒ f (x) > 0
Thus, f (x) takes all real values greater than zero. Hence, Range (f)
= (0, ∞).

(B) We have, f (x) = 36 − x 2

We observe that f (x) is defined for all x satisfying
36 – x2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 – 36 ≤ 0
⇒ (x – 6) (x + 6 ) ≤ 0
⇒ –6≤x≤6
⇒ x ∈[–6, 6].
∴ Domain (f) = [-6, 6].
Let y = f (x). Then,

y= 36 − x 2
⇒ y2 = 36 – x2
⇒ x2 = 36 – y2

⇒ x= 36 − y2
Clearly, x will take real values, if

Relations and Functions 19

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 36 – y2 ≥ 0
⇒ y2 – 36 ≤ 0
⇒ (y – 6) (y + 6) ≤ 0
⇒ –6 ≤ y ≤ 6
⇒ y ∈[–6, 6]
Also,
y= 36 − x 2 ≥ 0 for all x∈0 [–6, 6].
Therefore, y∈ [0, 6] for all x∈ [–6, 6].
Hence, Range (f) = [0, 6

20 Mathematics Class XI