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IntroductIon to Structural analySIS

Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel

Adani Institute of Infrastructural Engineering
B.E. (Civil), M.E. (Structure – Gold Medal), Ph.D.
ISTE, GICEA, ISES, AMIE, IGS(A), FIV

From Where You May Start The Project

What are other

stages?

Prof. (Dr) V M Patel 2

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Introduction
Structural Analysis is a process by which the structural engineer determines the
response of a structure to the specified loads or actions.
Response :
 Magnitude of force development (collapse)
 Magnitude of deformation (serviceability)

Structural engineering projects can be divided

into 5 stages.

1. Planning phase
• Material
• Structural form
• Loads
2. Analysis
3. Design
4. Construction
5. Maintenance

Prof. (Dr) V M Patel 3

Prerequisites of ASA

• Maths I & II

• Mechanics of Solids

• Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

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Structural Analysis
• Main aim of structural analysis is to determine forces developed
in various members of structure for given loading.

• Structural analysis, often requires several independent studies

of different solutions before final judgment can be made as to
which structural form is most appropriate.

• The analysis process is both creative and technical and requires

a fundamental knowledge of material properties and the laws of
mechanics which govern material response.

• Once a preliminary design of a structure is proposed, the

structure must then be analysed to ensure that it has its required
strength and rigidity. Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 5

Structural Analysis
• To analyse a structure properly, certain idealizations must be
made as to how the members are supported and connected
together.

• The loadings are determined from codes and local specifications,

and the forces in the members and their displacements are found
using the theory of structural analysis.

• The results of this analysis then can be used to redesign the

structure, accounting for a more accurate determination of the
weight of the members and their size. Structural design,
therefore, follows a series of successive approximations in which
every cycle requires a structural analysis.
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Introduction to Structural Analysis

https://forms.gle/TGMwrxr6WoLpbQGP7

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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Review of Mechanics of Solids

Force & Force
Systems
Principal
Analysis of
Stresses Beams

Mechanics
Bending &
of Solids
Shearing
Stresses SF & BM

Stresses &
Strains CG & MI

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Review of Force System

Moment = Force x Arm of force

M =Fxd

Moment of couple = Force x Arm of forces

Px = P * Cos ϴ
Py = P * Sin ϴ

Px = P * Cos ϴx = P * dx / d
Py = P * Cos ϴy = P * dy / d

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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium

(2D System)

The sum of all vertical forces acting on a

body must equal zero.

The sum of all horizontal forces acting on

a body must equal zero.

The sum of all moments (about any point)

∑Mz = 0 acting on a body must equal zero.

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Fundamental Principles of Equilibrium

(3D System)

∑FX = 0 ∑Mx = 0

∑FY = 0 ∑MY = 0

∑ =0 ∑Mz = 0

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Reactions offered by Supports (2D)

Type of Symbol Reaction Movement /
Support Offered Rotations

Simple Support

Roller Support

Hinge Support

Guided Roller

Fixed Support

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Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 13

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

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Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 15

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

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Review of Beams
• Beams are members that are slender and support loads applied
perpendicular to their longitudinal axis.

• Shear Force: is the algebraic sum of the vertical forces acting to the left or
right of a cut section along the span of the beam

• Bending Moment: is the algebraic sum of the moment of the forces to the
left or to the right of the section taken about the section

Type of load Between point loads Uniformly Uniformly varying

OR for no load distributed load load
SFD/BMD region
Shear Force Horizontal line Inclined line Two-degree curve
Diagram (Parabola)
Bending Moment Inclined line Two-degree curve Three-degree curve
Diagram (Parabola) (Cubic-parabola)

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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Source: NPTEL Series

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Review of Center of Gravity & M.I.

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Review of Stresses & Strains

Suitability ???

Lateral strain = Poisson’s ratio x

Longitudinal strain

dv = ( + + )v

δl δl =  T L so δl /L =  T

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Review of Bending Stresses


= =

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Review of Shearing Stresses

t=

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Review of Principal Stresses

Principal
stresses

Maximum
shear stress

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Learn Structural Engineering from Nature

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How Redwood Can Sustain all Disasters ?

Red Wood Trees:

• 250-350 feet tall, 2000-2500 years life, around 20 feet

diameter, 5000-6000 ton weight.

• Depth of root around 6 feet

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• All materials and structures

deflect, to greatly varying
extents, when they are
loaded.
• The science of elasticity is
about the interactions
between forces and
deflections. The material of
the bough is stretched near
its upper surface and
compressed or contracted
near its lower surface by the
weight of the monkey

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Learn Structural Engineering from Nature

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Learn Structural Engineering from Nature

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Learn From Failures

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What are our learnings?

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Various
components
carry different
types of loads

The human skeleton is a structure which maintains the

shape of the body, keeps the various organs and
muscles in the right place and transmits loads down to
the ground
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The spider’s web is a good example of a tension structure.

The weight of the spider and its prey is supported by tensile
strength of the web Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 32

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Load Path in Framed Structure

10 kN
10 m

4m 3m

12 m

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SF & BM Diagrams P = 10 kN

5 kN 5 kN
1.5 m
3.0 m

5 kN
SF
(kN) x

5 kN

b 7.5 kN.m

BM a c
(kN.m) Prof (Dr.) V M Patel x 34

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SF & BM Diagrams P = 5 kN

2.5 kN 2.5 kN
2.0 m
4.0 m

2.5 kN
SF
(kN) x

2.5 kN

b 5 kN.m

BM a c
(kN.m) Prof (Dr.) V M Patel x 35

SF & BM Diagrams P = 2.5 kN P = 2.5 kN

2.5 kN 5 kN
3.5 m
10.0
m
2.5 kN
SF
(kN) x

2.5 kN

5.687 kN.m

BM a c
(kN.m) Prof (Dr.) V M Patel x 36

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Review of Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Indeterminacy
of Structures
Analysis of Displacement

Trusses of Determinate
Beams

Fundamentals
Arches,
of Structural
Cables and Analysis Direct and
Suspension
Bending
Bridges
stresses
Slope
Deflection
Fixed Beams
Method

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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

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Classification of Structures

• From analysis point of view structures are classified mainly in

three categories:

• Linear (1-D)

(beam, column, strut, truss member, arch, cable, beam

curved in plan, etc.)

• Plane (2-D)

(wall, plate, grid, shell, cable network, membrane, etc.)

• Space (3-D)

(space frame, folded plate, space truss, etc.)

Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 39

Structural Analysis & Design

Primary Proposed
Building
Planning of Structural
Loads
Building System

Structural Structural
Design Analysis

Structural Analysis is the application of solid mechanics to predict the

response (in terms of forces and displacements) of a given structure (existing
or proposed) subject to specified loads.
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A Typical Structural Engineering Project

Client
Planning
Factors: Consultant
Load, Preliminary structural design
Temperature,
etc. Contractor
Load estimation

Structure
Structural analysis

No Revised
Performance Safety/serviceability structural
Deformation,
Stress, etc. design

Yes
Structural Design Construction
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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Modelling of Structures
Plane Frame Element - ∑Px = 0, ∑Py = 0, ∑Mz = 0
Structure
Space Frame Element - ∑Px = 0, ∑Py = 0, ∑Pz = 0
∑Mx = 0, ∑My = 0, ∑Mz = 0
Skeletal Model

Spatial Model Planer Model

Space Frame Plane Frame

(3D) (2D)

Grid Beam

Space Truss Plane Truss Axial System

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Global Stability

Sliding Overturning

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Forces Acting on Structures

Vertical: Gravity Lateral: Wind, Earthquake

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Types of Loads
• The design loading for a structure is often specified in codes.
In general, the structural engineer works with two types of
codes: general building codes and design codes.
• General building codes specify the requirements of
governmental bodies for minimum design loads on
structures and minimum standards for construction. Design
codes provide detailed technical standards and are used to
establish the requirements for the actual structural design.

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TYPES OF LOADS
• Following are the loads which we should consider while designing
a structure

 Dead Load (IS 875-I)  Snow Load (IS 875-IV)

 Live Load (IS 875-II)  Blast Load

 Wind Load (IS 875-III)  Wave Load

 Earthquake Load (IS  Water Pressure

1893)
 Earth Pressure
 Erection Load (IS 807)
 Etc.
 Impact Load (IRC)
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Structural Modelling

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Prof. (Dr) V M Patel

Idealized Structure
• Model or idealized system (structure) required so that
structural analysis can be performed
• Idealized structure should perform similar to the actual
structure under the actions.

Actions

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Idealized Structure

BMD

SFD

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 49

Discretization of Problem

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Discretization of Problem

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Discretization of Problem

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Discretization of Structure

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Introduction to Structural Analysis

Structural
Analysis

• Structural Idealization • Joints & Internal Stability

• Structural Modelling • Supports & External Stability

• Application of Loading • Static Indeterminacy

• Structural Elements • Kinematic Indeterminacy

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Space and Plane Frames

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Plane Frames and Beams

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Grid (Grillages) and Beams

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TYPE OF STRUCTURES

• There are two types of structures:

• Statically Determinate Structures

(structure is statically determinate when we can determine

internal forces and reactions of that structure with the help
of static equilibrium equations)

• Statically Indeterminate Structures

(structure is statically indeterminate when the static

equilibrium equations are insufficient for determining the
internal forces and reactions on that structure.)

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Fundamentals of Structural Analysis

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 59

Determination of SI & KI
Static Indeterminacy Kinematic
Structure
External Internal Indeterminacy
Beams 2D Re - 3 -Hc 3j - Re - Rm + Hc
2D Re - 3 3C - Hc 3j - Re - Rm + Hc
Frame
3D Re - 6 6C - Hc 6j - Re - Rm + Hc
2D Re - 3 m - (2j-3) 2j - Re
Truss
3D Re - 6 m - (3j-6) 3j - Re
Re = external reaction
C = number of closed spaces
Hc = ∑ (Mi – 1) for 2D
m = number of member
Hc = ∑ 3(Mi – 1) for 3D
J = number of joints
Rm = number of axially rigid members
Mi = number of members connected at
internal hinge location Prof. (Dr.) V M Patel 60

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Direct & Bending Stresses

• In any case the maximum and minimum stresses are given by

max = +

min = − −

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Moment Area Method

/ = area of M diagram from A to B × XB

XB and X’B are respectively distance of

and ′diagrams from B.

=−

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Slope Deflection Equation

Both ends taken as fixed

Here, clockwise is taken as positive

ϴ ϴ
MAB= ∓ ∓ ∓ + AB

Farther end taken as hinged or roller and near end fixed

ϴ
MAB= ∓ ∓ + AB − 0.5 BA

MBA= 0

Previous equations of FEM shall be used for all cases

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Beam Deflection and Rotation

Beam Max Defl. Max Rotat. Equation of deflection

= ( −3 )
− − 6
3 2

( )
( / ) − 2
− + 2

(Ɵ* L/2)

− −
8 6
=− ( −4
24
+6 )

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Beam Deflection and Rotation

Beam Max Defl. Max Rot. Equation of deflection

=
2 2

---
δl =

Beam Deflection and Rotation

Beam Max Defl. Max Rot. Equation of deflection

− ± = (4 −3 )
48 16 48

( + )
=−
6 = +2
( + ) 6
= − ,
6
0≤ ≤

5
− ±
384 24 =− ( −2
24
+ )

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Constructional Errors

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Environmental Changes

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Structural Analysis - Pillars

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Static & Kinematic Admissibility

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr) V M Patel 70

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Static & Kinematic Admissibility

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr) V M Patel 71

Static & Kinematic Admissibility

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Structural Analysis - Pillars

Source: NPTEL Series Prof. (Dr) V M Patel 73

Useful Equations

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Useful FEM Equations

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Useful FEM Equations

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Syllabus - ASA

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Syllabus - ASA

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Syllabus - ASA

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Evaluation Pattern - ASA

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Analysis & Design

The design of a structure involves many considerations, among which are 4 major
objectives that must be satisfied.

1) Safety (the structure must carry loads safely)

2) Economy (the stucture should be economical in material and overall costs)
3) Utility (the structure must meet the performance requirement)
4) Beauty (the stucture should have a good performance)
Therefore, the purpose of structural analysis is to determine the reactions, internal forces
and deformations at any point of a given structure caused by applied loads and forces.

Types of Structural forms

• Tension and Compression structures
• Flexural beam and frame structures (load carrying is achieved by bending)
• Shear and torsional structures
• Surface structures (load carrying is by membrane action)
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Types of Stress-Strain Behavior

Stress Stress

Strain Strain
(a) Linear Elastic (b) Non-linear Elastic
Stress Stress

Plastic strain Strain Plastic strain Strain

(c) Linear-plastic (d) Non-linear Plastic
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Engineering Properties of Materials

• Steel
• Maximum stress: 250 – 1500 N/mm2
• Maximum strain: 0.2 – 0.4
• Modulus of elasticity: 200,000 N/mm2

• Concrete
• Maximum stress: 15 – 150 N/mm2
• Maximum strain: 0.004
• Modulus of elasticity: 24,500 – 42,500 N/mm2

• Wood
Values depend on wood grade. Below are some samples
• Tension stress: 8.96 N/mm2
• Compression stress: 10.34 N/mm2
• Modulus of elasticity: 11,000 N/mm2

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Engineering Properties of Structural Elements

• Strength
• Ability to withstand a given stress without failure
• Depends on type of material and type of force (tension or
compression)

Tensile Failure Compressive Failure

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Engineering Properties of Structural Elements

• Stiffness (Rigidity)

• Property related to deformation

• Stiffer structural elements deform less under the same applied load

• Stiffness depends on type of material (E), structural shape, and

structural configuration

• Two main types

• Axial stiffness
• Bending stiffness

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Axial Stiffness
T

L

Stiffness = T / L

Example:

T = 100 kN
Lo
L = 0.12 m.

Stiffness = 100 / 0.12 = 833 kN/m.

T
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Bending Stiffness
Displacement
Force

Stiffness = Force / Displacement

Example:

Force = 1,000 kN
Displacement = 0.5 m.

Stiffness = 1,000 / 0.5 = 2,000 kN/m

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Stiffness of Different Structural Shapes

Stiff Stiffer

Stiffest
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Types of Structural Elements – Bars and Cables

Bars can carry either tension

or compression Cables can only carry tension

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Types of Structural Elements – Beams

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Types of Structural Elements – Beams

Loads

Compression

Tension

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Providing Stability for Lateral Loads

Racking Failure of Pinned Frame

Braced Frame Infilled Frame Rigid Joints

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Example
The floor beam is used to support the 1.83m width of lightweight
plain concrete slab having a thickness of 102mm. The slab serves as
a portion of the ceiling for the floor below & its bottom coated with
plaster. A 2.44m high, 305mm thick lightweight solid concrete block
wall is directly over the top flange of the beam. Determine the
loading on the beam measured per m length of the beam.

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Different Actions of Different Structures

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Arch Action

Arch
Arches carry the dominant permanent load case
(usually full dead load) in pure axial
compression.

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Planar Truss

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Truss
C

T
C C

T
Forces in Truss Members

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Plane Frame

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Space Frames
Braced Rigid

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Space Frame with Flat Plate

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Space Frame

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Space Truss

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Cable Suspended Structure

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Cable Stayed Bridge

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Cable Stayed Bridge

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Reference books

• Structural Analysis, Hibbeler, R. C., Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 2009.

• Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, Harry H. West, John Wiley&Sons,
Inc., Latest edition.
• Fundamentals of Structural Analysis, K.Leet, C.-M. Uang , , McGraw
Hill, Latest edition.
• Junarkar S.B. & Shah H.J.; Mechanics of Structures Vol-I; Charotar
publishing house, Anand
• Wang C. K.; Intermediate Structural Analysis; Tata McGraw Hill book
Company, New Delhi
• Popov E.P.; Engineering Mechanics of Solids; Prentice Hall of India,
New Delhi
• Ryder G.H.; Strength of Materials; Mcmillan
• Gere & Timoshenko; Mechanics of Materials; CBS Publishers &
Distributors, Delhi

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