Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 137

Chapter 5 Chemical Energetics

5.1 Exothermic and endothermic changes

Learning objectives
• Explain that chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes
and these changes can be exothermic or endothermic
• construct and interpret a reaction pathway diagram, in terms of the
enthalpy change of the reaction and of the activation energy
• Define and use the terms:
(i) standard conditions (these are 298 K and 101 kPa) shown by ⦵.
(ii) enthalpy change of reaction with particular reference to formation,
combustion, neutralisation, atomisation

Heat and temperature

Heat is a form of energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to
something at a lower temperature. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of particles.

Energy change in chemical reactions

Almost all chemical reactions are accompanied by energy changes, principally in the
form of heat energy. A chemical reaction is the rearrangement of chemical bonds.
During chemical reactions, existing bonds in reactants are broken and new bonds are
formed in the products. Every substance possesses a characteristic internal energy
which is due to its structure and physical state. This is known as its heat content or
enthalpy. As reactants change to products in a chemical reaction, heat energy is either
absorbed or evolved, because the heat contents of these respective substances are
different. This energy change which accompanies a chemical reaction is known as the
heat of reaction. It is represented by H.

Mathematically, H = H2 – H1

Where H1 is the enthalpy (or heat content) of the reactants and H2 is the enthalpy (or
heat content) of the products.

 Unit of enthalpy change is kilojoules per mole (kJ.mol—1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 138

Exothermic reactions
Those reactions in which energy is given out.
Common examples
1) The reaction of quicklime (calcium oxide) with water.
CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(s) + heat

2) The combustion of ethanol

2C2H5OH + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O + heat

3) The neutralisation reactions, such as:

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H2O + heat
Note
• In exothermic reaction, heat energy is transferred from a system (chemical reaction) to
the surroundings
• the surroundings get hotter
• value of H is negative
• low activation energy-reactions are spontaneous
• less energy is required to break bonds than energy released during bond formation

Endothermic reactions
Those reactions in which heat is taken in.
Common examples
1) Thermal decomposition reactions, such as decomposition of limestone.
CaCO3 CaO + CO2

2) Photosynthesis reaction
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

3) Ammonium chloride dissolves in water.

NH4Cl(s) + H2O(l) NH4+ (aq) + C𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
−

Note
• In an endothermic reaction, a system (chemical reaction) takes in heat energy from the
surroundings
• the surroundings get cooler
• value of H is positive
• high activation energy-reactions are non-spontaneous
• more energy is required to break bonds than energy released during bond formation
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 139

Activation energy
The minimum amount of energy which the molecules must have in order for the
reaction to take place. Every reaction has its own energy of activation.
• A reaction with low activation energy will take place spontaneously at low temperature.
• A reaction with high activation energy will take place if energy is supplied, usually in
the form of heat.
• One way to lower the activation energy of a reaction is the use of catalyst.

Enthalpy profile diagrams

exothermic
…………………………………………………………………………...
endothermic
…………………………………………………………………………...

Standard conditions of temperature and pressure

In order to compare enthalpy changes, it is important to state the conditions under
which a reaction is performed and ensure that the conditions of the system are the
same before and after the reaction.

The standard conditions of temperature and pressure are:

Temperature = 298K

Pressure = 1.0 atm (or 101kPa)

Amount of substance = 1.0 mol

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 140

Standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆H𝑓𝜃

The enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements in
their standard states under standard conditions. It is represented by ∆H𝑓𝜃 .

For example, the equation for the standard enthalpy of formation of ethanol and

iron(III) oxide can be written as:

CzHsOH FeaOs
+ -7
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Exother mil
Note: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Standard enthalpy change of combustion, ∆𝐇𝑪𝜽

The enthalpy change when one mole of a substance is completely burnt in air (or
oxygen) under standard conditions. It is represented by ∆H𝐶𝜃 .
For example, the equations for the standard enthalpy change of combustion of hydrogen

and ethanol are written as:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Note.………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 141

Standard enthalpy change of neutralisation, ∆H𝒏𝜽

The enthalpy change when one mole of water is formed from one mole of hydrogen
ions (H+) of an acid with hydroxide ions (OH—) of an alkali under standard conditions.
It is represented by ∆H𝑛𝜃 .

For example the equation for the standard enthalpy change of neutralization

for the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide is written as:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….

The general ionic equation for neutralisation reaction can be written as:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….

Note. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

𝜃
Standard enthalpy change of atomisation, ∆H𝑎𝑡
The enthalpy change when one mole of a gaseous atom is formed from its element in
its standard form under standard conditions of temperature and pressure. It is
represented by ∆H𝑎𝑡
𝜃
.
For example, the equation for the standard enthalpy of atomisation of sodium

and chlorine can be written as:

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Note. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
𝜽
∆𝐇𝒂𝒕 and bond energy
 /

Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 142

O r I / W
/ G
O combustion
/
~
↑
/

~ ·
S
combustion neutralization
c

/ /
O

O
4 &

· j

↑
I

C
- O
/
X

2xo

~
O O

H2OtNall
!
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 143

5.2 Measuring enthalpy changes

Learning objectives
• Calculate enthalpy changes from appropriate experimental results, including
the use of the relationship ΔH = –mcΔT
• Calculate enthalpy changes using bond energy values

Enthalpy changes during chemical reactions can be calculated using the formula:
∆H = -mc∆T

∆H = heat gain or lost by the substance

m = mass of the substance (g)

c = specific heat capacity of water (4.18 J g-11K-1)

∆T = change in temperature in Kelvin (K)

Simple laboratory experiments can provide the estimate of energy transferred during
some reactions. Enthalpy changes may then be calculated.

1) Measuring enthalpy change of neutralisation

Consider the reaction of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide.
The equation for the reaction is:
HCl (aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
Procedure
 Take 25.0cm3 of 1.00mol.dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution, using measuring cylinder,

in a polystyrene cup and record the temperature of the solution, using thermometer.

 Take 25.0cm3 of 1.00mol.dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, using measuring cylinder,

in another polystyrene cup and record the temperature of the solution.

 Pour all the hydrochloric acid solution into sodium hydroxide solution and record the

maximum increase in temperature of the solution.

Results & calculations

T dp

E
A typical set or results: = 1

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid = 21.0 oC Idp can ONLY be

Final temperature of mixture = 27.5 oC

O or
5 dr
Change in temperature rise = 6.5 K
·

Mass of the solution = 50g

rol of sol
:
mass

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 Jg-1K-1 of solution

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 144

use mass of reactance

,
Calculations
acid
find mols of
∆H = - mc∆T

= - (50) x (4.18) x (+6.5)

= -1358.5 J

O
= − 1.36 kJ
mol of hydrochloric acid = (25.0/1000) x 1.0 = 0.025 mol

enthalpy change = −(1.36/ 0.025) kJ mol-1

= − 54.4 kJmol-1
Assumptions
1 .
vol of solution = mass of solution
…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Difference in calculated and standard enthalpy values

1 We performed the
expl under
…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
.

normal lab conditions

,
which are different
…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
from the standard conditions
2 .
We use a
polysterene cup to measure temp. diff. which,
is not
Improvement in the experiment
heat lost to the surroundings ,and
a perfect thus
insulator and some energy was
,
recorded
.
…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
1 09
10 m=
.
.

SAQ 1. A student mixed 25.0cm3 of 0.40 mol.dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution with
-

25.0cm3 of 0.40 mol.dm-3 hydrochloric acid. The temperature increased by 2.50 °C.
-
- - - -
Assume that no heat was lost to the surroundings. The final mixture had a specific heat
capacity of 4.20J cm-3 K-1. What is the molar enthalpy change for the reaction?

O
⑦$

-
m =
-50 g -
O SLS
.

S2 SK5
=
mol
-

20 02SX0 4)
.

2 4 2
.

= -

Ot = 2 5 .

- 525t
(∆H = -52.5 kJ.mol-1)
- 0 .
523k5
Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 145
Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 146
Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 147
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 148

2) Measuring enthalpy change of combustion m

The simple apparatus (calorimeter) used in laboratory to measure the enthalpy change
of combustion is shown in the figure below. A fuel such as ethanol burns at the wick.

A typical set of results:

mass of empty beaker = 120g
mass of beaker + water = 220g
4200
mass of spirit burner + ethanol (before burning) = 186.3g
initial temperature of water = 20◦C
mass of spirit burner + ethanol (after burning) = 186.1g
final temperature of water = 300C mass
use
mass of water in the beaker = 220-120 = 100g thingpetting affected
of
mass of ethanol burnt = 186.3-186.1 = 0.20g
of
change in temperature = 30−20 = 10 K
Use moles thing
being combusted
∆H = - mc∆T
>

= (−) 100 X 4.2 X (+10)

= − 4200 J

= − 4.20 kJ CzHsOlf
mol of ethanol burnt = (0.20/46) = 4.35 x 10-3 mol

∆H = −( 4.20/ 4.35 x 10-3) kJ mol-1

= − 977.0 kJmol-1
Assumptions

100 % of the heat magy went into the water

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Difference in calculated and standard enthalpy values

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 149

Improvement in the experiment

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

SAQ 2. A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the
combustion of alcohol. The following results were obtained by the student.

How much of the heat energy produced, kJ, by the burning of alcohol went into the
water?
13860
18
- = e
0 S
.

= - 127SK5 mol
-

LIG
46

(∆H = -884 kJ.mol-1)

SAQ 3. A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change for the
combustion of butanone, CH3CH2COCH3.
The following results were obtained by the student.
• mass of water = 100 g
• temperature of water at the start = 19.5 °C
• temperature of water at the end = 62.0 °C
• weight of fuel + burner at the start = 12.236 g
• weight of fuel + burner after flame is extinguished = 11.514 g
Calculate enthalpy of combustion of butanone.

-
17 .
85 k5

. (∆H = -1780 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 150

3) Measuring enthalpy change of solutions (e.g. ammonium chloride)

mass of empty polystyrene cup = 20.0g
mass of polystyrene cup + water = 120.1g mass of other
mass of water = ………………………………
100 . 1 g of
initial temperature of water = 19.5 °C
thing
,
roles

mass of polystyrene cup + water + NH4Cl = 127.2g solution

mass of NH4Cl 7 I
= …………………………………
.

g
-
final temperature of water = 16.5 °C

change in temperature = 3
………..………………………
-
K

enthalpy change = -mc∆T

1 255254
.

mot Y = 0 .
132

1 255254
.

- = +4 .

4 KJmol
0 1324
.

(∆H = +9.4 kJ.mol-1)

 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 151

SAQ 4. A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of

solution of sodium hydroxide. The following results were obtained by the student.

mass of empty polystyrene cup = 23.00 g

mass of polystyrene cup + water = 123.45 g
mass of cup + water + sodium hydroxide = 124.95 g
initial temperature of water = 18.0 ◦C
final temperature of mixture = 21.6 oC
NaOH = 2 3 + 1 +/

What is the enthalpy change of solution per mole of NaOH?

-
M =
< 100 45 .

mot is
4 18
C =
.

OF = 3 6 .
:
T
-

1 [119716 K5
K5moi
- .

- - 40 3.

mo
=

(∆H = -40.3 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 152

L10128 = 4501

- 37202
-

· * = 10000
-

to -

=-3120
·

O
4: 5

2 .
Sx10S :

0 . 525 O
m

G
201K5mol

/ ·

8
/

8 /

2
↳ 322
.

--

O
-iss e
O
4 70 =11460 0 47X = 91960
.
-

Y
175 7 k]
1000
=
x = = .
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 153

5.3 Bond Enthalpies

Learning objectives
• Understand that energy transfers occur during chemical reactions
because of the breaking and making of chemical bonds
• Use bond energies (ΔH positive, i.e. bond breaking) to calculate
enthalpy change of reaction, ΔHr
• Understand that some bond energies are exact and some bond
energies are averages

Bond enthalpy
The minimum amount of energy required to break 1 mole of a bond between a pair of
atoms in gaseous state.

Average bond energies are often used because the strength of a bond between two
particular types of atom is slightly different in different compounds.
Bond energy of some common bond is:
(a) Bond energies in diatomic molecules (these are exact values)
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 154

(b) Bond energies in polyatomic molecules (these are average values)

 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 155

Calculation of ∆H of reactions using bond energy values

SAQ 1. Consider the reaction between ethene and bromine to produce 1,2-
dibromoethane.
C2H4(g) + Br2(g) C2H4Br2(g)

The displayed form and the bond energy involved in the reaction is.

enthalpy change in formation

Lond
breaking
bond forming
-

IC
=C 610 > 610
-

1C-i 350 > 750

-

4 ceft 4(410) > 1640

4 H4(40) 1640
-

< -

>
-

2 c -

By 22280) >
-

560
1 Br - Br 193 >
-

143

total change
total Echase = 2550
E -
2443

↳ H I total E change - total E change in

in bonel Breaking
bond for ins

2443-2950 =
-107 Ksmolt

(∆H = -107 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 156

SAQ 2. Work out the value of ∆H for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, using
average bond energy values.

2H2O2(g) 2H2O + O2
If

2H -
0 -
0 -

H -

>2 H -
0 -
H + 0 =0

42460) + 496
22150 +
22 400) >
-

2140
-

2336

=
- 96

(∆H = -196 kJ.mol-1)

SAQ 3. Work out the value of ∆H for the combustion of methane, using average bond
energy values.
CH4 +Oz > CO2 +H2O -

H
0)
[HO
2C0 = >
-

O = C= O +2
H-2-H +

(4st0) -
10 incon Go t
+

4(350) + 2(46) -
805 + 62460

(∆H = -818 kJ.mol-1)

-
=
818KTmol
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 157

SAQ 4. The equation for the combustion of ethanol is:

O
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

(a) Rewrite this equation to show all the bonds in the reactants and products.

#
I
I ↑

C
O-H
3(0 = 0) 0) + 3(M 0
()
-

+ 2
-

c
>2(0
-

-
=
=

He
-

↑
f
I
H

(b) Use the bond energies (in kJ mol-1) to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy
change of this reaction:

c -

Sc-H
O
+ 310 0) = -

(42 = 0 in 102 +
60t)
c -

O -
H

360 +5(41) + 360 +

2160 + (x- 6) -

4 (80s) + 6 ,
400)

= -
1272

(∆H = -1272 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics
1) 158

SAQ 5. Work out the value of ∆H for the following reaction.

CH3COCH3 + HCN CH3C(OH)(CN)CH3

The displayed form of this equations is: H

s
H H ! H
H
I SI - ↓

#Y
T
- H
C th / ,
C
-
H + HLEN
/↑
-
+ H +/
C / -
-

1
C

/
-

-
I

i
/
I I X H
L

F H + /
N

Use the bond energies (in kJ mol-1) to calculate a value for the standard enthalpy
change of this reaction:

3K 1)
7(c H) + C 0 + 2( 2) + (= N 6( - ) + -

-
-

N
-

O-H +C =
t
C-O
t

=
( (410) + 740 + 700 + 810) ((6-

x
410) + 3(350) + 460

+ 810 + 360)

- 20

(∆H = -20.0 kJ.mol-1)

 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 159

SAQ 6. Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact process.

One stage in this process is the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur trioxide in the
presence of a heterogeneous catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide, V2O5.

Some bond energies are given.

Use the data, and the enthalpy change for the conversion of sulfur dioxide into sulfur
trioxide, to calculate a value for the S=O bond energy in SO3.

(4253 4) +
496) [2(3x))
-

= -

196

-
6x - 2828

X= 47)I

471 3
S=O bond energy in SO3 = ..............................
.

kJ mol–1
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 160

236 + 242 >

-
2x43

I
c =
0
I

446

+ 740 +2(410) -

/
2(805) + 2(460)C

G
<

O
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 161

5.4 Hess’s Law

Learning objectives
• Apply Hess’ Law to construct simple energy cycles
• Carry out calculations involving such cycles and relevant energy terms, with
Chapter 5
particular reference to: Chemical Energetics
(i) determining enthalpy changes that cannot be found by direct experiment
(ii) use of average bond energy data

Hess’s law
This law states that the overall energy change of a chemical reaction is independent of
the route by which the reaction occurs. This law is the special case of first law of
thermodynamics which states that energy can never be created or destroyed.

For example, consider the conversion of ‘A’ into ‘B’ through two different routes. In
route 1, ‘A’ directly changes into ‘B’. In route 2, ‘A’ first changes to ‘C’ and then to ‘B’.

According to Hess’s law

(total enthalpy change in route 1) = (total enthalpy change in route 2)

∆H = ∆H1 + ∆H2

The enthalpy change accompanying a chemical reaction is independent

of the pathway between the initial and final state.

Applications of Hess’s law

There are certain reactions which are difficult to study, i.e. their standard enthalpy
change values cannot be measured directly. For such reactions, the enthalpy changes
can be found indirectly by using this law.
Hess’s law involves the following cases.
1) ∆𝐇𝐟𝛉 of reactant and products are given
2) ∆𝐇𝐜𝛉 of reactant and products are given
3) using ∆𝐇𝐟𝛉 and bond energies
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 162

Calculation of ∆H using ∆𝑯𝜽𝐟 of reactant and products

Reactants Products
Following Hess’s law cycle can be constructed.

SAQ 1. Find the standard enthalpy change for the formation of ammonium chloride,
NH4Cl, from ammonia, NH3, and Hydrogen chloride, HCl. Give that:
substance ∆𝑯ɵ𝒇 / kJmol-1
NH3 −46
HCl −92
NH4Cl −314
The equation for the reaction is:

*
vot
NH3(g) + HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)

R2

auding to Hess's Law

(
Total enthelpy change)
in R,
=
(Totalentalse
(∆H = -176 kJ.mol-1)
* H3 : 0 Hi + DH2 + OH

④H = WH3 -

(OH, + 0 H2)
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 163

SAQ 2. Urea, CO(NH2)2, is a naturally occurring substance which can be hydrolysed with
water to form ammonia according to the following equation.

The standard enthalpy changes of formation of water, urea, carbon dioxide and
ammonia (in aqueous solution) are given below.

Use these data to calculate the standard enthalpy change for the hydrolysis of urea.

shortcut : I don't use if they ask

to construct the cycled

W
OH = 50 Hem - EDHgcm

2( 287 0) +2 320 6)
2
-

44 5) 81 0)
.
.

+ 2
-
-
- -
. .

- + 31 0 .
Kymos

de
(∆H = +31.0 kJ.mol-1)
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 164

SAQ 3. Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the reaction:

2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

The relevant enthalpy changes of formation are:

substance ∆𝑯ɵ𝒇 / kJmol-1

NaHCO3 −950.8

Na2CO3 −1130.7

CO2 −393.5
−285.8
H2O

+ 2C
2Na + 302 + H2

+ O
Hy
Hit GH GHz + O Hi
↳ =

+O Hi + OHy) WHI
20 H2
-

OH =

- 9 6
.

(∆H = +91.6 kJ.mol-1)

SAQ4 . The first stage in the industrial production of nitric acid from ammonia can be
represented by the following equation.

Using the following standard enthalpy change of formation data, what is the value of
the standard enthalpy change for this reaction?

[4(90 3) .

+ 6) -

241 .

8)) -

C42 -

46 .

1)

= - 105 K5mol
(∆H = -905.2 kJ.mol -1)
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 165

SAQ 5. Hydrazine, N2H4, can be used as a rocket fuel and is stored as a liquid. It reacts
exothermically with oxygen to give only gaseous products. The enthalpy change of a
reaction such as that between hydrazine and oxygen may be calculated by using
standard enthalpy changes of formation.

Hydrazine reacts with oxygen according to the following equation.

(a) Use the data in the table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of this reaction.

2( -
241 .
8) -
50 6 .

= - 534 . 2

ΔH = .......-534.2....... kJ mol–1

(b) Although the above reaction is highly exothermic, hydrazine does not burn
spontaneously in oxygen. Suggest a reason for this.

……..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(c) Suggest why using hydrazine as a rocket fuel could be regarded as being
‘environmentally friendly’.

.................................................................................................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................................................................................ [4]
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 166

Calculation of ∆H using ∆𝐇𝐜𝛉 of reactants and products

Reactants Products
Following Hess’s law cycle can be constructed.

SAQ 6. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of butane, C4H10, using
the standard enthalpy of combustion of carbon, hydrogen and butane. Given that:
substance ∆𝑯ɵ𝒄 / kJmol-1

C − 394 C + 02 >
(02
-

H2 − 286
C4H10 − 2877

E
i I
GH
4
+ Oz
Less+ 5H2c)-7 Cytocs) + 2

R
,

/N
↳ DH ,

Las
#less's
total enthalpy change in R
1
= total enthalpy change in R, (∆H = -125 kJ.mol-1)

DH , + WHz
OH =
=

(OH
DH +
, +W
OHs
H2) -(WH)
I C
Rectants Products
-

- 129 K5 not
(4c- 194) + 56-288)
( -
1 -

2877) =
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 167

SAQ 7. The table gives some enthalpy change of combustion values.

(3/OR
Ct H2 -
> X
y -
H20
Let

(a) Construct a labelled energy cycle to show how these values could be used to
calculate the enthalpy change of formation of C3H7OH(l).

+ GOs
[3C + 4H,
EF
<yNUH] + 2Oz

↳ (OH /OH
-H,

~
3 CO2 + 4H20

↳H (NH WH2)
,
+ - 0 Hy

(b) Calculate the enthalpy change of formation, ΔHf, of C3H7OH(l).

-
(3) 393) 4( 285 8)) C 2021 0)
-

+
-

.
-
.
-

i -

302

(∆H = -302 kJ.mol-1)

-
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 168

SAQ 8. Ethanol, C2H5OH, is a most important industrial chemical and is used as a

solvent, a fuel and an intermediate in large scale organic synthesis. Ethanol is prepared
industrially by the reaction of ethene and steam in the presence of a catalyst.

The standard enthalpy change of the reaction can be determined by using the standard
enthalpy changes of combustion at 298K.

(a) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for the following reaction.

-
14/1 -

C -

13673

= -
44

(∆H = -44.0 kJ.mol-1) [2]

(b) (i) Define the term standard enthalpy change of combustion.

the enthalpy change when ? is burned

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
one

completely in air
,
resulting in a gaseous product
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

(ii) Explain why the state symbols for water and ethanol given in the equation in (a)
have been changed from those quoted in the industrial process.

because they're under standard conditions instead

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
,

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................

(iii) Write the equation for the complete combustion of ethanol.

CeHsOH + 302 > 3 HrO + 2CO2

...................................................................................................................................................................................................
-

[4]
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 169

SAQ 9. Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture
viscose rayon and cellophane. Calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation of
CS2 from the following data.

C +25 > 2S2

-

Y X-1/10

L + 25 E (S2 CO2 + SO2

if i done 7 1110 =
298-395
-
-

x =
CO2 + 2 602

(2 ( -

298)+ < -30s) -

2-1 , 10)

2 Ktnd)
+

=+ (1

(∆H = +119 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 170

Calculation of ΔH using enthalpy changes of formation and bond energies

2 (th+ 7 C2H6
502
-

2
3 +

SAQ 10. Calculate the average bond energy of C–H, given that:
∆𝐻𝑓ɵ (CH4)(g) = –74.8 kJmol-1
ɵ
∆𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚
1
(2H2)(g) = +218 kJmol-1 CHH2 - CH4
(C(gr))(s) = +716.7 kJmol-1
Y -
ɵ
∆𝐻𝑎𝑡𝑚

o⑳
C + 2 H2 >
-

CH4 H + C
-
- 4X exo
-
C + 4H
(

t H2 + H
( - H
-
48 = 7/6 7 +
.

4(218) -
4x

4H
2 H2 >
7 + 4(218) 4x
7/6
-

8=
.

-
4
.

X = + 41S
. I

(∆H = +415.9 kJ.mol-1)

 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 171

SAQ 11. Solid sulfur consists of molecules made up of eight atoms covalently bonded
together. The bonding in sulfur dioxide is O=S=O.

786
38
-

-
-
=
2232
Using the above to calculate the bond energy of the S=O bond?
m

⑯
16 X
↳ 02 > O
-2 Si0
·
-

Oz
802 =3850

C
98 + ,
⑰O =
S

2234 L 8(2) 8(
n(
&
=
0=
0

+ (62496)
-
2
84 + 160 - 16
(
EOz70 - 2476 = 2232+ 82476)
-
16x

>
- 160
802 x = 536

160
8502 >
- 85 +

↑ ea
Se O
+,
-66
29

(∆H = +536 kJ.mol-1)

 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 172

SAQ 12. Copper(II) nitrate decomposes on heating. The reaction is endothermic.

2Cu(NO3)2(s) 2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(a) Draw an enthalpy level diagram (reaction profile diagram) for this reaction.

· tou

(b) Draw an enthalpy cycle diagram to calculate the standard enthalpy change for this
reaction, using enthalpy changes of formation.
zlu (NO3)z
- 2 (uO + 4 NO2 + O2

↑of OHn

"Ne
I

2 (u + 602 +

-(OH2 + OHs + WHY

OH ,

Cu + O2 > LuO-

N + Oc >
- Niz
(c) Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction using the following enthalpy changes of
formation.
∆H𝑓ɵ
Cu(NO3)2(s) –302.9 kJ mol–1
CuO(s) –157.3 kJ mol–1
NO2(g) +33.2 kJ mol–1

2( -
302 4).

2( 1)+ 4(3)
-

-
157 .
.
2)

KTmol
= 124
+
 Chemistry Resource Pack for AS’ Level By Malik Shafiqur Rehman 173

(d) Copper(II) sulfate is soluble in water. A student dissolved 25.0 g of copper(II) sulfate in 100
cm3 of water in a polystyrene beaker stirring all the time. The temperature of the water fell by
2.9 °C.
(i) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution of copper(II) sulfate.
mass
mo T I

(ii) Suggest one source of error in this experiment and explain how the error affects the results.

polyesterene isn't perfect insulator , so some

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
a

heat loss
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
 Chapter 5: Chemical Energetics 174

B
·
~

CO2 + H2O > CHy

-

CHyE02 - (O + 2H20 &

~
C +O2-CO2
O -

i
P-R
-
85 - 52 O ~
O
-
CzHsOH +Oz >2102 + 3 H2O
-

G O