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T5 Propositional Logic

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T5 Propositional Logic

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kahwinson
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Discrete Mathematics AAQS007-4-1 Propositional Logic

1. Which of these sentences are propositions? What are the truth values of those that are
propositions?
(a) Cat is an insect.
(b) 2 + 3 = 5
(c) 5 + 7=10
(d) x + 2 = 11
(e) Answer this question.
(f) What time is it?

2. What is the negation of each of these propositions?


(a) It is raining
(b) 1 + 1 = 2
(c) Lion can not fly
(d) 1 + 2 = 3 or 2 + 1 = 3

3. Let p and q be the propositions


p : It is below freezing
q : It is snowing
Write these propositions using p and q and logical connectives
(a) It is freezing and snowing.
(b) It is below freezing but no snowing.
(c) It is not below freezing and it is not snowing.
(d) It is either snowing or below freezing (but not both).
(e) It is below freezing or snowing, but it is not snowing if it is below freezing.
(f) It is below freezing if and only if it is snowing.

4. Let p and q be the propositions “ Swimming at the New Jersey shore is allowed” and
Sharks have been spotted near the shore,” respectively. Express each of these
compound propositions as an English sentence.
(a) ~ q
(b) p  q
(c) ~ p  q
(d) ~ q → p
(e) p  ~ q

5. Determine whether each of the compound propositions below is true or false.


(a) If 1 + 1 = 2, then 2 + 2 = 5.
(b) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 4.
(c) If 1 + 1 = 3, then 2 + 2 = 5.
(d) If monkeys can fly, then 1 + 1 = 3.
(e) 2 + 3 > 5 or 2 – 1 < 2
(f) 2 + 3 > 5 and 2 – 1 < 2

6. Let p, q and r be the propositions


p: I will prove this by cases
q: There are more than 500 cases
r: I can find another way
Express the propositions below as an English sentence:
(a) (~ r  ~ q) → p

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Discrete Mathematics AAQS007-4-1 Propositional Logic

(b) the converse of (a)


(c) the inverse of (a)
(d) the contrapositive of (a)

7. Construct a truth table for each of these compound propositions.


(a) ~p  q
(b) (p  q) → ~r
(c) (p  q)  r
(d) ~(p  ~q) → ~r
(e) (p → ~r)  (q → r)

8. Using same truth table, show that


(a) ~(p  q)  p  q
(b) (p → q)  (p → r)  p → (q  r)
(c) ~p → (q → r)  q → (p  r)
(d) (p  q)  (~p  r) → (q  r) is a tautology
(e) (p → q)  (q → r) → (p → r) is a tautology

Answers:

1. (a) Proposition, F (b) Proposition, T (c) Proposition, F


(d) Not a proposition (e) Not a proposition (f) Not a proposition
2. (a) It is not raining. (b) 1 + 1 ≠ 2 (c) Lion can fly.
(d) 1 + 2 ≠ 3 and 2 + 1 ≠ 3
5. (a) F (b) T (c) T (d) T (e) T (f) F
6. (a) If I can’t find another way or there are not more than 500 cases, then I will
prove this by cases.
(b) Converse: p → (~ r  ~ q)
If I will prove this by cases, then I can’t find another way or there are not more
than 500 cases.
(c) Inverse = ~ (~ r  ~ q) →~ p = (r  q) →~ p
If I can find another way and there are more than 500 cases, then I will not
prove this by cases.
(d) Contrapositive = ~ p →~ (~ r  ~ q) =~ p → (r  q)
If I will not prove this by cases, then I can find another way and there are
more than 500 cases.
7. (a) TFTT (b) FTTTTTTT (c) FTTFTFFT
(d) FTTTFTFT (e) FFFTTFTT

Additional Questions.

1. Construct a truth table for the compound proposition below.


~ ( p  q)  (q ~ r )

2. (a) Write a negation for the statement below.


(i) Today is Wednesday and it is a holiday.
(ii) x < 2 or x > 5
(b) State the law used in both part (i) and (ii).

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Discrete Mathematics AAQS007-4-1 Propositional Logic

3. Consider the propositions of


p: Andy is tall, q: Andy is dark haired.
Write the sentences below in symbolic form.
(a) Andy is tall or dark haired.
(b) Andy is dark haired but short.
(c) It is not true that Andy is short and fair haired.

4. Show that p → (q → r ) is logically equivalent to ( p  q) → r .

5. Use the De Morgan’s laws to write negations for the statement below.
The train is late or my watch is fast.

Answers of Additional Questions:

1.
~ ( p  q)  (q ~ r )
T
T
T
F
F
F
F
T
2. (a) (i) Today is not Wednesday or it is not a holiday. (ii) x ≥ 2 and x ≤ 5
(b) De Morgan’s Law
3. (a) p  q (b) q  ~ p (c) ~ (~ p ~ q) or p  q
4.
p → (q → r ) ( p  q) → r
T T
F F
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
T T
5. The train is not late and my watch is not fast.

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