IIVAC SYSTEM HVAC Design ~ Ventilation system - Heat Losses - Heat Gains - methods of heating and cooling and air conditioning - AC Plant — Refrigeration Cycles, Condensers and Compressors. : _ Central AC Plant - Zoning - Packaged Air-Conditioning Units — Ducts and Air distribution system - Variable Air Volume (VAV) Systems - Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) Industrial Air Conditioning - Energy efficiency techniques- Air conditioning in office, hospitals, malis, and laboratory cte. Air conditioning for green buildings. Components of BAS related to HVAC, Control of HVAC systems -Direct Digital Control ~ chiller pumps, BTU monitoring & control. HVAC Design VAC (heating, ventilating, and air conditioning; also heating, ventilation, and air conditioning} is the technology of indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. lis goal is to provide thermal comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. Shaft size, coordination and locztion : © M1 arger shafts reduce pressure loss and lead to lower fan energy. Early coordination with Architect and Structural engineer can significantly relieve special constraints and the system effects at the duct transitions into and out of the shaft. Air handler size: Larger fi a for coils and filters reduces pressure loss. Adequate space at the fan outlet improves ncy and may allow the use of housed fans, which are usually more efficient than plenum fans. + Ceiling height at tight locations : and structural engineer for space at duct mains and access Coordinate early with the archite to equipment Return air path :Plenum returns are more efficient than ducted returns, but they require fire ruction rated cor Outside take: Sizing and location of outdoor air dampers are especiaily important in California dus savings available from air-side economizer operation. See the chapter Outside Air Reiut Air/Exhaust Air Control Acoustics : Coordinate with the architect, acoustical engineer and ownei criteria and acoustically sensitive spaces. To avoid sound traps in the design arly to determine acousiic Reduction or elimination of direct sun on the windows offers several benefits in the direet cooling load reduction. Ducts and VAV boxes serving perimeter zones ean by und less expensive due to lower peak air low requirements. Perhaps more impor ghoss will slay cooler, improving the comfort of occupants near the windows addition 10 Hy, the 2Window orientation : Favorable orientation can be the most cost eff f ctive solar control measure. Avoid east or west- hvcing windows in favour of north facing windows and south facing windows with overhangs. Glass type Where exterior shades and/or good orientation a With low solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), © not feasible, use spectrally selective glazing Zoni ‘ouping : spaces with similar ventilation requirements, cooling loads and occupaney schedules ean provide first cost savings and energy savings (due to opportunities to shut off portions of the em). Ventilation syste Ventilation (the "V" in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases, Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior ai Methods for ventilating a building are divided into mechanical/forced and natural types. Mechanical or forced ventilation Mechanical or Forced ventilation "Mechanical" or "Forced" ventilation may be used to control humidity or odors, Heat recovery ventilation systems employ heat exchangers to bring the fresh air temperature to room temperature. Ceiling fans and table/floor fans are very effective in circulating the air in the room, Mechanical, or forced, ventilation is provided by an air handler(AHU) and used to control indoor air quality. Excess humidity, odors, and contaminants can often be controlled via dilution or replacement with outside air. However, in humid climates more energy is required to remove excess moisture from ventilation air. 1.1m mechanical Ventilation the air is moved by motor driven fans which may be a)propellor type or axial flow fans. bylmpeller type, centrifugal or tangential flow fans. 2. The installations can take the following forms: 4a)An exhaust system ~ removing the used air & letting fresh air find its way through grilles & openings (room under reduced pressure) b)A plenum system — supplying air into the space & forcing out used air through grilles: (slight overpressure in room ) ©)A balanced system — both supplying & removing air. The most dependable, but most expensive, system used when combined with warm air heating as it permits partial recirculation,Natural ventila aes is Ventilation of a building with outside air without using fans or other pean er pee be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are resiipass lee a Permits. ASHRAE defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air ae ae 's. doors, grilles, and other planned building envelope penetrations, and 2 driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials.An important component of natural ventilation is air change rate or air changes per hour: the houtly rate of ventilation divided by the volume of the space. on FUNCTIONS OF NATURAL VENTILATION L supply of fresh air ~ 2. movement of air Heat Loss or Heat Gain The building can be similarly considered as a defined unit and its heat exchange processes with the outdoor environment can be examined. Heat energy tends to distribute itself evenly until a perfectly diffused uniform thermal field is achieved. Heat tends to flow from higher temperatures to lower temperature zones by conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow by any of these three forms is determined by’ the temperature difference between the two zones or areas considered. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the rate of heat flow. The equations and the calculations methods given below are valid only when both the out-door and indoor temperature are constant, Such static conditions do not occur in the nature, and hence the assumption of the steady state conditions is a simplification. Calculations based on steady state assumptions are useful to determine the maximum rate of heat loss or gain and also for establishing the cooling or heating load for mechanical installations. Figure illustrates the following: Qi + Qs-4~Qe + Qv += Qm -Qe=0 Cooling Load Components Heating Load ComponentsRefrigeration cyele ch are compressor, condenser, The refrigeration cycle uses four essential elements to cool, which are compressor, condenser, metering device and evaporator + At the inlet of a compressor, the refrigerant inside the system is in a low a ure, low temperature, gaseous state, The compressor pumps the refrigerant gas up to a high pressure and temperature, From there it enters a heat exchanger (sometimes called a condensing coil or condenser) where it loses heat to the outside, cools, and condenses into its liquid phase. An expansion valve (also called metering device) regulates the refrigerant liquid to flow at the proper rate The liquid refrigerant is returned to another heat exchanger where it is allowed to €vapourate, hence the heat exchanger is often called an evapourating coil or evapourator. As the liquid refrigerant evapourates it absorbs heat from the inside air, returns to the compressor, and repeats the cycle. In the process, heat is absorbed from indoors and transferred outdoors, resulting in cooling of the building. Sores A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 3) evapourator coil, 4) compressor ) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, Compressor ‘The compressor is the heart of the system. The compressor pumps the refrigerant through the air conditioning system at a designed flow rate and pressure. When the refrig My igerant enters the compressor it is in a vapour state. It entérs the compressor ccause |Mterally being sucked into it. That is why the side of the compressor where Tyieetant enters i called the suction side or low pressure side, The compressor compresses enna its being pumped through it. When a vapour is compressed both the pressure and ; : “perature of that vapour increases, The vapour leaving the compressor is very hot, Condenser The bigh temy perature i fs 4 throush the eoit aint bt Passes into a condenser coil. As the vapour refrigerant travels 0018 i condenses and beng reSSe8 OVEF the coil to cool the vapour refrigerant, Asthe vapour of state from vapour 0 3 to ligui This changeas the heat energy in the va pour is removed by this is happening, the vapour changes to a liquid, CENTRAL PLANT SYSTEM blowing air across the condenser coil, While pec! systems are defined as those in which the cooling is generated in a chiller and istributed to air-handling units or fan-coil units with a chilled water system, HVAC ‘system components may be grouped into three functional categories: source components, distribution components, and delivery components. 1. Source components provide or remove heat or moisture. This includes refrigeration chiller for cooling and boiler or hot water generator for heating. 2. Distribution components convey a heating or cooling medium from a source location to Portions of a building that require conditioning. This includes air-handling units (AHU), fan coil units, radiators etc 3. Delivery components cerface between the distribution system and occupied spaces. This includes diffusers, grilles, registers ete, The components of a central system fall into two broad categories: 1. PRIMARY COMPONENTS 2. SECONDARY COMPONENTS Primary components Primary components, often called “central plant" equipment, convert energy from fuel or clectricity into heating and cooling energy in the form of hot water, steam, chilled water. Secondary components Secondary components, sometimes called "system" equipment, deliver heating and cooling to ‘occupied spaces: + Air handling equipment may be centrally located or several air handlers may be distributed throughout a facility. + Most facilities use modular air handlers, but built-up air handlers may be found in larger facilities. All air handlers adjust air temperature and humidity and remove dust and other particles from air before distributing it to occupied spaces. + This is accomplished through a series of coils, filters, humidifiers, fans, and dampers. AIR HANDLING UNIT(AHU) 1. Large metal box containing a blower, heating or cooling clements, filter, and sound attenuators. Connects to ductwork that distributes the conditioned air through the building and returns it to the AHUms above suspended ceilings are . : aie dist rm ie Duets, plenums and shafts distbute ait, Plenums shor ee cin the frequently used for return air. Large multi-story facil structure for supply air return air and outside air. insfer desired heating or .d with central HVAC * Terminal units are devices at the end of a duct or pipe that trat cooling to the conditioned space. Some types commonly use systems include fan-coil units, induction units, and convectors. * Controls are used to make components work together efficiently. boilers), adjust flow rates * They tum equipment on/off, adjust energy outputs (chillers, ned spaces), (fans, pumps, coils), adjust temperatures (air, water, thermostats in condi and adjust pressures (ducts, pipes, conditioned space). CENTRALIZED CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS It serve multiple spaces from one base location and it’s divided into two types namely: + Water cooled system and + Air cooled system. Water cooled system These system includes a chilled water pump which circulates the chilled water through the chiller’s evaporator section and through the cooling coils of the AHUs Air cooled system ‘An air cooled system transfers heat taken from the space to the air. This’ heated air is then released or expelled. The cooling unit must be located outside the space, the hot air may be released into the air surrounding the unit. + The chilled water types of central air conditioning plants are installed in the place where whole large buildings, shopping mall, airport, hotel, etc., comprising of several floors are to be air conditioned. + While in the direct expansion type of central air conditioning plants, directly used to cool the room air; in the chilled water the water, which in tur chills the room refrigerant is plants the refrigerant first chills + In chilled water plants, the ordinary water or brine solution iy chil 8 chilled to ve temperatures of abou 6 to 8 degree Celsius by the refrigeration plant plow This chilled waters pumped o various lors ofthe building and its diferent par Is. + Ineach of these parts the air handling units are inst alled, which comprise of coil, blower and the ducts. The chilled water ows thane ge oenetise Of the cooting through the cooling coil, + The blower absorbs return air from the air d rooms condition gre bom ned rooms that are to be cooled via conditioned space\ir conditioning in office, hospitals, malls, and laboratory: * HVAC system design strategies for better comfort in office space The following are essential strategies that must be taken into consideration 1. Design the space to reduce HVAC cooling loads for energy efficiency The HVAC system consumes more energy than any other part of office space. Adding more daylight is a design consideration that’s great for workplace health and wellbeing, and alse for reducing heating loads in the winter, However, to : avoid solar gain and increased cooling loads in the summer, consider using tinted low glass. Another energy-saving idea is lighting systems that dim or turn off when there is sufficient daylight for working in the space. This strategy combined with cooler types of lighting produce less heat waste and reduce the cooling load on IIVAC system. 2. HVAC system design and sizing Calculating loads for HVAC system design must take into consideration all cnergy efficiency design features in order to avoid installing an oversized HVAC system.Installing air conditioning equipment that’s oversized for the required load of your space will produce inadequate comfort conditions. Here's what happens: the system is constantly turning on and off, and never runs long enough to remove humidity. So space is clammy and riddled with hot and cold spots. 3. Create zones For better energy efficiency as well as comfort, your HVAC system design should include multiple independently-controlled zones within the space. That’s because, even in an open office, different areas have different requirements to remain consistently comfortable, For exampl + Perimeter spaces are more affected by weather than interior areas and should be controlled separately u * Some spaces have special needs for temperature and/or humidity control, such as computer rooms from comfort zones, and these must be controlled independently + Areas where large numbers of people are gathering, such as big conference rooms, will need more cooling when in use, and less when unoccupied. 144, Take advantage of sensors ay in recent years. Two type Sensor technology for smart buildings has come a long aoa ae types of sensors are useful for saving energy by integrating with HIVAC sy ig i . t LIGHT SENSORS : they can sense the amount of daylight avai ee ae te a the lighting as needed, These sensors can be tied into HVAC system design and cooling accordingly as well OCCUPANCY SENSORS track how many people are using the space at any given time, and Envore de ge meetit can send messages to HVAC controls. For example, when sensors detect en pacer’ ing ‘pace is in use, cooling can be increased to accommodate the increased load in 5. Consider under floor air distribution Traditionally, office spaces have been cooled with overhead air distribution. However, this HIVAC system design can be less than effective (and lees energy efficient) in open, modern office spaces with high ceilings, 6. Address indoor air quality with ventilation Maintaining proper indoor air quality levels is critically important for workforce wellbeing and Productivity.That means addressing the “V" in HIVA\ Ventilation. HIVAC system design must Provide for adequate intake and distribution of outside ait withry the space, as well as well- controlled distribution of conditioned air * HVAC system design strategies for Hospit; Operating theatres in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce infection risk and the humidity controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the Fomfort range, some specialist procedures such as open heart surgery require low “emperatures and others such as neonatal relatively high temperatures , Stors. HVAC system is also important as the vost of its schutions affects the cost of healthcare in a significant Nay. focuses on Three important issues in hospital HVAC design: Indoor Air Quality AQ), energy recovery and system, reliability,