MA112 Calculus II

Lecture 1.2

4 August, 2020
 R EMINDER

Name: Mr. Sandeep Ameet Kumar

Consultation Hours:
Monday 11:00 am.
Should you prefer another time, please make an appointment.

My Office:
Room A420, Fourth Floor, Building A, Japan ICT Centre.

Email Address: [email protected]

PH: +679 32 32283

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Limits (Discussed more
Rigorously)
 R EMINDER : 1.4 L IMIT (D ISCUSSED MORE R IGOROUSLY ) PG 100

Reading and Exercises Refer to Anton-Bivens-Davis’ Calculus -

Early Transcendental, 10th Edition.

• READ and STUDY Section 1.4 of your textbook. MAKE some

notes as you go through the reading.

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 Rigorous Definition of two-sided Limits

Let f (x) be defined for all x in some open interval containing the
number a, with the possible exception that f (x) need not be defined
at a. We will write
lim f (x) = L
x→a

if given any number ǫ > 0, we can find a number δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < ǫ if 0 < |x − a| < δ

Geometrically:

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 Example 1

Use the ”‘epsilon-delta”’ definition of limits to prove that

a. lim (5x − 3) = 2.
x→1

Solution:

• f (x) = 5x − 3, L = 2, a = 1

Given any ǫ > 0, we need to find a positive number δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < ǫ if 0 < |x − a| < δ

⇒ |5x − 3 − 2| < ǫ if 0 < |x − 1| < δ
⇒ |5x − 5| < ǫ if 0 < |x − 1| < δ
⇒ 5 |x − 1| < ǫ if 0 < |x − 1| < δ
ǫ
⇒ |x − 1| < if 0 < |x − 1| < δ
5
ǫ
Therefore, δ = .
5
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 Check/ Prove

Given ǫ > 0, choose δ = 5ǫ .

If 0 < |x − 1| < δ then
ǫ
|(5x − 3) − 2| = 5 |x − 1| < 5δ = 5 = ǫ.
5
Thus,
|(5x − 3) − 2| < ǫ if 0 < |x − 1| < δ
Therefore by definition

lim (5x − 3) = 2.
x→1

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 x2 − 9
Example 1b. lim = −6
x→−3 x + 3

Solution:
x2 − 9
• f (x) = , L = −6, a = −3
x+3
Given any ǫ > 0, we need to find a positive number δ > 0 such that

|f (x) − L| < ǫ if 0 < |x − a| < δ

x2 − 9
⇒ +6 <ǫ if 0 < |x + 3| < δ
x+3
(x − 3)(x + 3)
⇒ +6 <ǫ if 0 < |x + 3| < δ
(x + 3)
⇒ |x − 3 + 6| < ǫ if 0 < |x + 3| < δ
⇒ |x + 3| < ǫ if 0 < |x + 3| < δ

Therefore, δ = ǫ.
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 Limits as x → +∞

Definition:
Let f (x) be defined for all x in some infinite open interval extending
in the positive x-direction. We will write

lim f (x) = L
x→+∞

if given any number ǫ > 0, there corresponds a positive number N

such that
|f (x) − L| < ǫ if x > N

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 1
Example 2a: Prove that lim 2 = 0
x→+∞ x

Solution: f (x) = x12 and L = 0

Given ǫ > 0, we need to find N > 0 such that

1
2
− 0 < ǫ if x > N
x
because x → +∞ we can assume that x > 0.

1
⇒ 2 <ǫ if x>N
x
2 1
⇒x > if x>N
ǫ
1
⇒ |x| > √ if x>N
ǫ
1
⇒x> √ if x>N
ǫ
1
Therefore N = √
ǫ
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 1
Example 2b: Prove that lim =0
x→+∞ x + 2

1
Solution: f (x) = x+2 and L = 0
Given ǫ > 0, we need to find N > 0 such that

1
−0 <ǫ if x>N
x+2
1
⇒ <ǫ if x>N
|x + 2|
1
⇒ |x + 2| > if x>N
ǫ
1
⇒x+2> if x>N
ǫ
1
⇒x> −2 if x>N
ǫ

1
Therefore N = − 2.
ǫ
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 Limits as x → −∞

Definition:
Let f (x) be defined for all x in some infinite open interval extending
in the negative x-direction. We will write

lim f (x) = L
x→−∞

if given any number ǫ > 0, there corresponds a negative number N

such that
|f (x) − L| < ǫ if x < N

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 Example 3

4x − 1
Prove that lim =2
x→−∞ 2x + 5
4x − 1
Solution: f (x) = and L = 2
2x + 5
Given ǫ > 0, we need to find N < 0 such that

4x − 1
−2 <ǫ if x<N
2x + 5
−11
⇒ <ǫ if x<N
2x + 5
11
⇒ <ǫ if x<N
|2x + 5|
11
⇒ |2x + 5| > if x<N
ǫ

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 Example 3 Solution...

11
⇒ −(2x + 5) > if x<N
ǫ
11
⇒ 2x + 5 < − if x<N
ǫ
11
⇒ 2x < − − 5 if x<N
ǫ
11 5
⇒x<− − if x<N
2ǫ 2
 
11 5 11 5
Therefore N = − − = − +
2ǫ 2 2ǫ 2

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 Infinite Limits

Definition:

Let f (x) be defined for all x in some open interval containing a,

except that f (x) need not be defined at a. We will write

lim f (x) = +∞
x→a

if given any positive number M , we can find a number δ > 0 such

that f (x) satisfies

f (x) > M if 0 < |x − a| < δ

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 Example 4

1
Prove that lim 2 = +∞.
x→0 x
1
Solution: ⇒ f (x) = 2 and a = 0
x
Given M > 0 we need to find δ > 0 such that

f (x) > M if 0 < |x − a| < δ

1
2
>M if 0 < |x − 0| < δ
x
2 1
x < if 0 < |x| < δ
M
1
|x| < √ if 0 < |x| < δ
M

1
Therefore δ = √ .
M

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 Infinite Limits

Definition:

Let f (x) be defined for all x in some open interval containing a,

except that f (x) need not be defined at a. We will write

lim f (x) = −∞
x→a

if given any negative number M , we can find a number δ > 0 such

that f (x) satisfies

f (x) < M if 0 < |x − a| < δ

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 Example 5

 
1
Prove that lim − 4 = −∞
x→0 x
Solution: ⇒ f (x) = − x14 and a = 0
Given M < 0 we need to find δ > 0 such that

f (x) < M if 0 < |x − a| < δ

1
− 4 <M if 0 < |x − 0| < δ
x
1
4
> −M if 0 < |x| < δ
x
4 1
x < if 0 < |x| < δ
−M
1
|x| < 1 if 0 < |x| < δ
(−M ) 4

1
Therefore δ = 1 .
(−M )
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4
Limits (Discussed more Rigorously) MA112L1.2, R092-001
 Reading and Exercises

Refer to Anton-Bivens-Davis’ Calculus - Early Transcendental, 10th

Edition.

• READ and STUDY Section 1.4 of your textbook. MAKE some

notes as you go through the reading.

• Important Note: Although they are two different editions, the

exercises are identical in both books, as given below.

• Do Exercise Set 1.4:

Calculus Early Transcendental by Anton/Bivens/Davis
(10th Edition)
19, 21, 23, 31, 33, 35, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61, 63, 65, 69,
71, 73
Calculus Early Transcendental by Anton/Bivens/Davis (9th
Edition)
15, 17, 19, 31, 33, 35, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 59, 61, 63, 67,
69,[email protected]>
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