Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

Determination of Water Quality for Ground

Water Near Municipal Dumpsite in Ibadan
Southwest Nigeria
Maryam Abdus-Salam1*; Modinat Adekunle2 and Yusuf Akinsanya3
1
Department of Geology, The Polytechnic Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria,
2
Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research, Ibadan, Nigeria
3
Plymouth University, United Kingdom

Corresponding Author:- Maryam Abdus-Salam1*

Abstract:- Access to clean drinking water is crucial for have primarily compared the physicochemical parameters of
human health and survival. In vicinities near municipal the groundwater to WHO standards. However, none have
dumpsites, ensuring groundwater quality is especially utilized the Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI), which
vital to safeguard the ecosystem and human health. This offers a more comprehensive assessment by integrating
study utilized the Entropy Weighted Water Quality Index multiple physicochemical parameters. This novel approach
(EWQI), a novel assessment tool, to evaluate groundwater provides a standardized method for evaluating water quality
near the Awotan dumpsite in southwestern Nigeria. across diverse environmental settings, enhancing
Forty-five groundwater samples were collected during comparability and facilitating informed decision-making.
rainy and dry seasons and explored for groundwater This study aims to fill this gap by applying EWQI to assess
quality using EWQI. The physicochemical parameters the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater near
fall within permissible limits for domestic purposes Awotan dumpsite, providing a robust evaluation of
during both seasons. Nonetheless, 2% of the samples contamination levels and their implications for human health
surpassed the recommended nitrate limit of 45 mg/L, and and environmental sustainability.
all samples had iron levels above the 0.3 mg/L threshold.
The calculated EWQI values for these samples ranged II. METHODOLOGY
from 20 to 528, with 2% deemed excellent, 16% good,
51% medium, 18% poor and 13% extremely poor in  Study Area:
terms of water quality for domestic use. The spatial The study was done in Awotan, which hosts the
variability in water quality levels means that there are principal municipal solid waste dumpsite in Ibadan, Oyo
localised impacts of the dumpsite and thus there is need State, Nigeria. The Awotan dumpsite (Fig. 1) is positioned in
for targeted management strategies. We recommend the the Ido Local Government Area and serves as a major facility
government undertake sustainable retrofitting to enhance for disposing of municipal solid waste. It spans an area of 20
landfill design, incorporating an efficient leachate hectares and receives about 95,775 metric tonnes of waste
collection system to lessen groundwater pollution. every year from both authorized and unauthorized sources
Additionally, nearby residents should implement water [4], impacting nearby residential areas through issues like
treatment methods to improve water quality and leachate contamination and other environmental risks. The
minimize health risks. types of waste include domestic, commercial, electronic,
medical, and industrial waste [3].
Keywords:- Awotan Dumpsite, EWQI, Water Quality, Public
Health.  Water Sampling and Analysis:
In February 2022, forty-five groundwater samples were
I. INTRODUCTION collected from the vicinity of the Awotan dumpsite, and these
were resampled in June 2022. The sampling area falls within
Clean drinking water is crucial for human health, yet Longitude 7° 27ʹ 15˝ to 7° 28ʹ 15˝ N and Latitude 3° 50ʹ 30˝
municipal dumpsites pose significant risks to groundwater to 3° 51ʹ 30˝ E. Sampling locations (Fig. 2) were recorded
quality worldwide [1]. This issue is particularly pressing in using a portable Global Positioning System (GPS, GARMIN
developing countries, where rapid urbanization and GPSMAP 64s). Water samples were collected in high-quality
inadequate waste management practices exacerbate the risks polyethylene bottles of 25 cl and 50 cl capacities for
of groundwater pollution [2]. In Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria, subsequent chemical analysis. These bottles were washed
Awotan dumpsite serves as a major waste disposal site, with deionized water and sterilized. At each site, bottles were
impacting nearby communities with potential groundwater rinsed 3 to 4 times with the source water before collecting the
contamination [3]. Despite its essential role, groundwater samples. The 25 cl samples were acidified with two drops of
near dumpsites is vulnerable to pollutants, threatening public 20% nitric acid for preservation. Each groundwater sample
health and ecosystem integrity. Previous studies in this area was labelled with a prefix “A” for the 25cl bottles and “B”

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

for the 50cl bottles. To ensure sample integrity, low- cations (Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, F, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and NO3)
temperature conditions were maintained for the samples by followed standard protocols. Anions (F, Cl, SO4, HCO3, and
promptly transporting them to the laboratory. The physical NO3) were analysed using JENWAY Aqua nova
parameters including pH and electrical conductivity (EC), spectrophotometer while cations (Na, Ca, Mg, K and Fe)
were measured in situ using the portable Hanna (HI 9811-5 were analysed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrometer
brand) pH/EC/TDS meter. The analysis of major anions and (AAS, PerkinElmer 400).

Fig 1 Road Network Map of Ibadan

(Source: Google Map) with Red Ring Showing Awotan Dumpsite.

Fig 2 Location Map with Sampling Points

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

 Computation of Entropy Water Quality Index (EWQI):  Computation of the Information Entropy “ej”
EWQI is a tool for evaluating the overall quality of The information entropy “ej” is computed using Eqs.
groundwater for ingestion purposes [5.6]. This tool is an (4) and (5):
effective technique that integrates the data of all
physicochemical parameters to provide a representative value
Eq. 4
which reflects the quality of water is suitable for
consumption. The steps outlined below, adapted from Gorgij
and others [6] detail the algorithms for calculating the EWQI. Eq. 5
 Estimation of Eigenvalue Matrix "X"
The eigenvalue matrix "X," which incorporates all  Computation of Entropy Weight “wj”
physicochemical parameters, is calculated using Eq. (1): The entropy weight “wj” is calculated using Eq. (6):

Eq. 6
Eq. 1
 Calculation of Qualitative Rating Scale “qj” of the “j”
Here, m (i=1,2,3, …, m) denotes each groundwater The qualitative rating scale "q_{j}" for the parameter
sample and n (i=1,2,3, …, m) represents the number of "j" is determined using Eq. (7):
physicochemical parameters of each sample
Eq. 7
 Estimation of Standardized Matrix “Yij”
The standardized matrix “Yij” is derived from Eq. (2)
Where Cj denotes the concentration of the parameter j
(mg/L) in each water sample and Sj denotes the drinking
Eq. 2 water quality standards of Standard Organization of Nigeria
[7] or World Health Organization [8] for parameter j (mg/L).
Where, Xij is the primary matrix; (Xij)min and (Xij)max
are the minimum and maximum values of the physiochemical  Final Calculation of EWQI
parameters, respectively. The EWQI is computed using Eq. (8):

 Estimation of Standard Assessment Matrix “Y” Eq. 8

The standard assessment matrix “Y” is determined
using Eq. (3):  The Groundwater Quality based on the EWQI is
Classified into Five Ranks, as Shown in Table 1.

Eq. 3

Table 1 Classification Standards of Groundwater Quality According to EWQI [6].

EWQI Rank Water Quality
< 25 I Excellent quality
25–50 II Good quality
50–100 III Medium quality
100–150 IV Poor quality
> 150 V Extremely poor quality

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION concentrations varied from 10 to 360 mg/L in the dry season
to 14 to 361 mg/L in the rainy season. Nitrate (NO3−) ranged
The minimum and maximum values of each of the from a minimum of 0.2 mg/L to a maximum of 52.3 mg/L,
parameters for each season, and their respective standards, and 0.4 mg/L to 60.3 mg/L in the dry and rainy seasons,
are presented in Table 2. The TDS values ranged from 28 - respectively. The results were compared with the World
520 mg/L and 20 – 520 mg/L in the dry and rainy seasons, Health Organisation (WHO) [8] and Standard Organisation
respectively. The pH values of the samples fell within the of Nigeria (SON) [7] standard values. According to WHO
range of 6.9 to 7.4 for both seasons, indicating neutral to [8], 2% of water samples surpassed the recommended nitrate
alkaline water conditions. Hardness ranged from 6 mg/L to limit of 45 mg/L while according to the SON [7], 100%
364 mg/L and 7 to 372 mg/L in the dry and rainy seasons. A exceeded limit of iron (0.3mg/L), rendering them unsuitable
significant amount (97.5%) of the water samples in both for drinking purposes. Chlorides are found in higher
seasons is associated with soft- fresh water origin on TDS vs concentrations than WHO standard in some samples.
Total Hardness plot (Fig. 3) [11]. Chlorine (Cl-) Chlorides are among the most prevalent harmful

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

contaminants in groundwater. While they naturally occur in groundwater while very poor to extremely poor quality is
groundwater, high concentrations can be detrimental [7]. prevailing in small pockets very close to the dumpsite and at
the southern parts (Fig. 4). The map clearly indicates that the
Based on EWQI, 2%, 16%, 51%, 18% and 13% of quality of groundwater in the study area belongs to all quality
samples are Excellent, Good, Medium, Poor and Extremely categories shown in Fig. 5 with respect to potability for the
Poor water quality, respectively for drinking purpose. The consumption of human. The heterogeneous distribution of
Entropy water quality index (WQI) map was prepared using water quality levels, ranging from excellent to extremely
ArcGIS to decipher the various quality classes viz. excellent, poor, may be as a result of the dispersion of groundwater age
good, poor, very poor and unsuitable at each hydro-sampling in the aquifer system [10]. This kind of dispersion may cause
site for drinking purpose. We also made a graphical differing exposure times to contaminants and varying levels
representation of the EWQI levels of the samples that are of natural attenuation, resulting in localized impacts of
collected at the different locations around the dump site for contamination influenced by groundwater flow patterns and
both seasons. The WQI Map of the study area indicates that seasonal precipitation variations.
most of the is having excellent to medium quality levels of

Table 2 Minimum and Maximum pH, Total Hardness, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Electrical Conductivity (EC),
Turbidity and Concentrations of Anions and Cations in Groundwater Samples around Awotan Dumpsite for Dry Season (n=45)
and Rainy Season (n=45).
Dry Season Rainy Season Quality Standards
pH 6.9 7.4 6.9 7.4 6.5-8.5 [8]
EC 30.0 780.0 32.0 777.0 1000 [8]
TDS 20.0 520.0 28.0 521.0 500 [7]
Hardness 6.0 364.0 7.0 372.0 150 [7]
Alkalinity 6.0 376.0 6.0 380.0 -
Turbidity 0.0 60.3 1.8 62.1 5 [7]
HCO3 6.0 376.0 9.0 379.0 75 [8]
SO4 2.0 240.0 10.0 248.0 20 [7]
Cl 10.0 360.0 14.0 361.0 200 [7]
NO3 0.2 52.3 0.4 60.3 10 [8]
F 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 150 [8]
Na 5.8 190.9 7.3 178.9 100 [7]
K 1.6 266.5 2.6 259.5 250 [7]
Ca 0.8 134.9 1.8 142.9 1.5 [7]
Mg 0.2 6.0 0.8 6.2 <45 [8]
Fe 0.5 21.9 1.3 22.7 0.3 [7]

Fig 3 TDS vs Total Hardness [11] for Groundwater Samples Obtained During Dry and Rainy Seasons around Awotan Dumpsite

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

Fig 4 EWQI values of the Groundwater Samples Around Awotan Dumpsite for Dry Season (Red) and Rainy
Season (Green) and its Classification.

Fig 5 EWQI Spatial Distribution Map for Groundwater around Awotan Dumpsite.

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Volume 9, Issue 7, July – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165 https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/IJISRT24JUL877

IV. CONCLUSIONS [7]. SON. (2007). Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water
Quality. Nigerian Industrial Standard. 1–30.
In this study, the physio-chemical parameters were [8]. WHO (2004). Guidelines for drinking-water quality
examined, and characteristic values were analysed using an (3rd ed). World Health Organization.
EWQI. EWQI classified the groundwater samples as 2% [9]. Munagala, S., Jagarapu, D. C. K., & BSS, R. R.
excellent, 16% good, 51% medium, 18% poor and 13% (2020). Determination of water quality index for
extremely poor in terms of water quality for domestic use. ground water near municipal dump site in Guntur.
The entropy water quality index levels were found to be high Materials Today: Proceedings, 33: 724-727.
in some samples. This is likely due to leachate from the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.030.
municipal dumpsite. These findings draw attention to the [10]. Weissmann, G.S., Zhang, Y., LaBolle, E. and Fogg G.
urgent need for comprehensive groundwater monitoring and (2002). Dispersion of groundwater age in an alluvial
management strategies. aquifer system, Water Resources Research, 38(10),
pp. 16–1. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001WR000907
We recommend that the government implement a [11]. Liu, S., Wang, L., and Guo, C. (2020). Heavy metal
sustainable retrofitting technique to enhance the existing pollution and ecological risk assessment in brownfield
landfill design, which should include the integration of an soil from Xi’an, China: An integrated analysis of man-
effective leachate collection system. This will help mitigate land interrelations. PLOS ONE, 15(11), e0241398.
groundwater pollution and prevent the contamination of local https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241398
water bodies. Additionally, residents near the dumpsite
should adopt water treatment measures to improve water
quality and reduce public health risks.

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