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Pre-Construction Manual

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Pre-Construction Manual

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Ravi Mishra

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You are on page 1/ 122

ENGINEERING MANUAL-PRECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

A MANUAL FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS BY

SUBRAHMANAYA S MURTHY TATA

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ENGINEERING MANUAL-PRECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

FLOW CHART FOR PRE-CONSTRUCTURE ACTIVITIES

TAKE POSSETION SITE SOIL

OF PLOT PREPARATION INVESTIGATION
WORKS & SURVEY
WORKS

SITE CONSTRUCTION OF SITE LAYOUT &

MOBILISATION MINIMUM DEMARCATION
INFRASTRUCTURE

ENVIRONMENTAL
TRAFFIC STUDIES MITIGATION PLANS

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SECTION A)…TAKES POSSETION OF PLOT

Contents

1) DEPLOYMENT OF SECURITY

2) CHECK THE PLOT BOUNDARY

3) VERIFY SITE ENCROACHMENTS

4) VERIFY NO DISCHARGE INTO PLOT

5) NOFIRE TO THE PROPERTY

6) PROPER AND UNOBSTRUCTED ACCESS TO THE PLOT

7) NO CONTANIMATION INSIDE THE PLOT

8) SOIL EROSION FROM THE PLOT

9) DEVELOPMENTS AROUND THE PLOT

10) LOCAL MATERIAL AVAILABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION

11) NOISE POLLUTION

12) TRIAL PIT FOR SITE PREPARATION WORKS

13) MISCELANEOUS INFORMATION

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1) DEPLOYMENT OF SECURITY

1) To decide whether security is deployed from the in house arrangements or

through outsourcing. In case of in house arrangements, find out the concerned
representative. In case of out sourcing find out the out sourcing agency. The
following information is to be obtained for the security deployment at site.

a) Whether security is required for day and night?

b) Number of security persons to be deployed
c) Is special security required depends on the location, area, place of site.
d) Is gunman required depends on the location, area and place of site.
e) Is dog squad required depends on the location, area and place of site.
f) Lighting for the night arrangements.
g) Site arrangements required for deployment of security.

The above information is very much required to decide the type and number of security
staff to be deployed at site. This information will further help us in deciding the number
of security check posts based on the size of site to be developed.

2) CHECK THE PLOT BOUNDARY

The following information is required to carry out the checks on the existing plot
boundary.
1) Obtain site plan from Architecture Department clearly showing the boundaries of
site to be developed.
2) Check whether the fencing, boundary wall, boundary pegs etc existing including
the existing condition of fencing or boundary wall such as whether the existing
boundary wall or fencing can be reused without repairs or with repair and what
type of repair is required.
3) Measure the actual dimensions of existing boundary walls, fencing, and existing
facilities.
4) Demarcate the reference points and reference lines and take relevant dimensions.
5) Mark the actual on the site plan and send a copy to architect with a copy to be
kept at site for information under the above named file.
6) To carry out the surveillance of existing structure and to find out whether they can
be used for any future infrastructure developments such as for example for storage
facilities, godowns etc and a detail report to be made with plan showing all
dimensions, condition of existing facilities and any repair to be done for reusage.
One copies each of the report to be sent to Engineering, Architecture with a copy
in file at site for site records.
7) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site record

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3) VERIFY SITE ENCROACHMENTS.

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of site at all corners of
site based on the site boundary plan and find out the following.

1) To check any roads, walk ways, drains, services are existing from the
neighborhood areas around the site to be developed.
2) To measure the dimensions and reference points at site and transfer it to
the site boundary plan.
3) Find ways to block the encroachments, divert the encroachments from the
existing site.
4) A detail report to be made with plan showing the existing encroachments
with either diversion of services out of site or method to block the existing
roads drains etc.
5) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site record

4) VERIFY NO DISCHARGE INTO PLOT

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of site at all corners of
site and also the neighborhood roads, sites etc based on the site boundary plan and find
out the following.

1) To find out any drains which are discharging water to the plot from the
surrounding areas.
2) To find out any seepage of water from the surrounding area to the plot
3) To find out any over flow of water during monsoons due to the ground levels
from the surrounding areas.
4) To find out any depressions or pits in the plot to be developed.
5) Measure all the above drains, pits dimensions with reference points and transfer it
to the site boundary plan.
6) Is there any Water reservoir in the vicinity.
7) Collect information on the peak rainfall at that place.
8) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site record

The above information is to be recorded with the boundary plan showing all the details as
it will be helpful to decide the measures to be implemented for development.

5) NOFIRE TO THE PROPERTY

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of existing properties

around the site boundary plan and find out the following.

1) To find out any wild land is surrounded by site.

2) To find out any factories which are prone to fire around the site.
3) To find out any oil storage facilities around the site such as petrol filling stations
etc around the site.

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4) To find out any area where wood and wood related products are stored around the
site.
5) To find out any debris which may catch fire is storing around the site.
6) To find out any inflammables or explosives storage around the site.
7) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site record

Collect all the information and mark these areas with reference points on the site
Boundary plan with all details and send one copy each to Engineering, Architect with a
copy on site for records.

6) PROPER AND UNOBSTRUCTED ACCESS TO THE PLOT

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of existing properties

around the site boundary plan and find out the following.

1) To find out the existing Main road from the plot

2) To find out existing branch roads from the plot.
3) To find out the existing walkways from the plot.
4) Measure the distance of the existing road from the plot.
5) Measure the dimensions of the existing road and also find out the type of road.
6) Observe the traffic conditions of the existing roads and find out the peak traffic
timings of main road.
7) To verify any obstruction from the plot to the road such as Electrical poles, open
drains, canals, etc.
8) To also verify the inaccessible areas and borders of site.
9) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site records.
10) Collect all the above information and transfer to the site boundary plan with all
dimensions and send copies to Engineering Department, Architecture Department
with a copy to be kept at site with all relevant information. It is always advisable
to take as many photographs of the existing plot as well as surroundings

7) NO CONTANIMATION INSIDE THE PLOT

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of site at all corners of site
and also the neighborhood areas based on the site boundary plan and find out the
following.

1) Is there any contaminated soil located inside the plot.

2) Is there any seepage of contaminated chemicals from the neighborhood areas
3) Is there any leakage of chemical gases through air to the plot to be developed.
4) Is there any chemical powders spreading to the plot from neighborhood factories.
5) Is there any marshy soil present inside the plot.
6) Are there any tanks left underground which previously used for storage of
chemicals and petrochemicals etc.

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7) Is there any chemical debris inside the plot

8) Is there any sea near by the plot.
9) Measure the dimensions of contaminated areas with reference points and transfer
it to site boundary plan with all available details.
10) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site records.

Record down all the information along with site boundary plan showing contaminated
areas. In case of chemical contamination, Gas analyzers are to be used to find out the
percentage of oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulpher dioxide, carbon monoxide etc at
designated points such as point 1,2,3 etc and mark these points on the site boundary plan.
The frequency of points to be at least 100meters intervals in order to keep the information
more accurate.

8) SOIL EROSION FROM THE PLOT

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of site at all corners of site
and also the neighborhood areas based on the site boundary plan and find out the
following.

1) Is there any soil erosion from the plot to outside areas.

2) Is there any soil flowing out of the site.
3) Find out what are the places with reference data.
4) Locate the areas of soil erosion, measure the areas.
5) Find out the ways to control erosion such as land scaping, planting trees, breast
wall at those areas.
6) Transfer the details to site boundary plan with all details and send copies to
Engineering Department, Architecture Department with a copy at site with all
records.
7) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site records.

9) DEVELOPMENTS AROUND THE PLOT

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of 500 meter radius around
the plot to be developed based on the site boundary plan and find out the following.

1) Note down the existing developments like existing residences with population
details.
2) Sites to be developed viz open sites
3) Note down commercial developments around the area.
4) Nearest amenities like existing markets, bus stops, MRT, Railway station, Taxi
stand, air port.
5) Any other interesting places like places of entertainment, parks, institutions etc.
6) Any building or property certified as green building in the vicinity.
7) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site records

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Transfer all these details in to the site boundary plan with all details. This information is
very much required and useful for green building certification.

10) LOCAL MATERIAL AVAILABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of the surrounding

construction areas around the plot to be developed based on the site boundary plan and
find out the following.
1) Availability of RMC in the vicinity
2) Cement Factories within a range of 500Km.
3) Steel supply details within 500km range.
4) List of locally available material like bricks, stones, tiles, sand, coarse aggregates,
and fly ash.
5) Shuttering Materials, Wood Products.
6) List of recycling material that can be used in construction.
7) Availability of Centering material
8) Others if any.
9) Take photographs where ever necessary and incorporate it into site records

Collect all the information and analyze the data and send the information to purchase
department. This information will be useful in the finalization of local suppliers, which in
deed useful for green building certification process.

11) NOISE POLLUTION

Detailed site surveillance to be carried out by through visiting of 500 meter radius around
the plot to be developed based on the site boundary plan and find out the following

1) Is there any noise inside the plot from neighborhood for example noise from side
by factories.
2) Measure the noise using noise meter and record the noise at different reference
points. The noise readings are to be taken at 100 meters intervals for well
developed areas and 250meters for open areas with one side development.
3) Note down the readings at peak hours of traffic and record it with locations on the
site boundary plan.
4) Send copies to Engineering and Architecture and keep a copy at site for records.

12) TRIAL PIT FOR SITE PREPARATION WORKS

Excavate a trail pit 3meter length 3m width and 3m depth and collect the following
information.
1) Soil type at every half meter intervals visually and use pocket penetrometer to
find out the bearing capacity of soil. The soil to be identified like greyish, brown
clay sand.

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2) Record the information in the prescribed format and locate the trial pit location on
the boundary plan. It is always advisable to locate the trial trench at the site office
location. This information is useful for designing the site office foundations.
3) If the soil conditions are bad structurally, extend the trench depth further and
provide shoring for excavation exceeds 2.5m depth of soil. The shoring can be
soldier piling with piles driven in to the ground supported by timber planks.

13) MISCELANEOUS INFORMATION

1) To check and verify and collect the soil information of Existing buildings.
2) Problems faced during their development.
3) Experience and feed back on their development.
4) Any other technical information.

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FORMATS FOR “TAKE POSITION OF PLOT”

Contents

FORMAT-A)… DEPLOYMENT OF SECURITY

FORMAT-B)…. CHECK THE PLOT BOUNDARY

FORMAT-C)…. VERIFY SITE ENCROACHMENTS

FORMAT-D)…. VERIFY NO DISCHARGE INTO PLOT

FORMAT-E)….. NOFIRE TO THE PROPERTY

FORMAT-F)…... PROPER AND UNOBSTRUCTED ACCESS TO THE PLOT

FORMAT-G)…... NO CONTANIMATION INSIDE THE PLOT

FORMAT-H)…… SOIL EROSION FROM THE PLOT

FORMAT-I)…….. DEVELOPMENTS AROUND THE PLOT

FORMAT-J)……. LOCAL MATERIAL AVAILABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION

FORMAT-K)…… NOISE POLLUTION

S.NO ITEM SUPPLIERS/M DISTANCE

DESCRIPTION ANUF. NAME FROM REMARKS
PLOT IN
KM

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

OTHER INFORMATION:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

FORMAT-K)…… NOISE POLLUTION

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

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PROJECT CODE NO:-

REFERENCE DRAWING NUMBER:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:-

S.NO REFERENCE NOISE

POINT READING IN REMARKS
DB
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

OTHER INFORMATION:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

FORMAT-L)…… TRIAL PIT FOR SITE PREPARATION WORKS

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

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PROJECT CODE NO:-

REFERENCE DRAWING NUMBER:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:-

BEARING REMARKS
S.NO SOIL DEPTH SOIL TYPE CAPACITY
1) 0.5m

2) 1.0m
3) 1.5m
4) 2.0m
5) 2.5m
6) 3.0m
7)
8)
9)

OTHER INFORMATION:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

FORMAT-M)…… MISCELANEOUS INFORMATION

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

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PROJECT CODE NO:-

REFERENCE DRAWING NUMBER:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:-

ITEM BUILTUP APPROX.O REMARKS

S.NO DESCRIPTION AREA CCUPANCY

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)

OTHER INFORMATION:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

FORMAT-N………SAMPLE PLAN OF PLOT BOUNDARY LAYOUT.

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SINGAPORE
COMPLEX

F&M
Wipro BLDG

SOIL
PLOT TO BE EROSION
DEVELOPED

Chemical
Contamination

MAIN ROAD

JMJ Shopping Mall

SECTION-B)……SITE PREPARATION WORKS

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Contents

1) CONSTRUCTION SECURITY POSTS

2) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE

3) CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDARY WALL/FENCING/HOARDING

4) PREPARATION OF PROPER ACCESS TO PLOT

5) APPLICATION FOR WATER, ELECTRICITY AND

TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES

6) LOCATE SOIL DISPOSAL AREAS

7) INSTALLATION OF PROJECT SIGN BOARDS.

8) TEMPORARY LIGHTING FACILITIES AT SECURITY AND SITE

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1) CONSTRUCTION OF SECURITY POSTS

1) Find out how many security guards/ staff have to be deployed at site depends on
the size of development and location of site.
2) Find out other security requirements if any? (Steps 1& 2 are already covered in
Section-A of Manual)
3) The above requirements have to be finalized in consultation with security
Department.
4) Find out how many security check posts/ security cabins are required for the
entire site
5) Find out similar security posts (Pre-fab containers) are available at any site where
construction is completed and that site do not need any security check.
6) If available make arrangements to shift to the site and prepare for installation.
7) If not available, Raise indent to order the new security cabins.
8) Identify the area where the security posts are to be located, preferably at the Main
entrance Gate and any other areas as decided.
9) Level the surface where security posts to be located including removal of shrubs,
bushes etc if any?
10) Cast that area with 50mm thick M10 concrete. The extra area around the area of
post can be taken as 1000mm.
11) Install the Security Pre-fab cabins.
12) Ensure that the level of slab should be at least 300mm above the existing road
level.
13) If required construct 300mm walls using blocks or bricks or stones and fill inside
with good soil (250mm) and compact it. The top 50mm with M10 Concrete.
14) Construct 2no steps from the ground level to the cabin slab.
15) In case if pre fab cabin is not available, obtain drawing and construct using Brick
or block masonry. The minimum clear height should be 2500mm. One door at the
front side to be located. Provide two windows one at the front side viz towards
site and another towards the entrance to site. The walls to be plastered using
minimum12mm/15mm thick 1:5 cement sand plaster both inside and outside. The
walls need to be painted using approved emulsion painting. The top slab using
RCC, M15 grade concrete and provide appropriate water proofing and rain water
pipe.
16) Find out the furniture required for security arrangement at site.
17) Arrange the required furniture from an existing site or get new ones if not
available.
18) Arrange for required stationary like staff registers, visitors registers, vehicle
movement registers, tags etc.
19) Arrange for Water, lighting at security posts.

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PLOT TO BE
DEVELOPED R
O
A
D

Security Post ENTRANCE

ROAD TO PLOT

Entrance Door

TYPICAL SKETCH OF SECURITY CONTAINER/CABIN

2) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE

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1) Create the site organization chart and find out how many staff is required to be
equipped at the site office.
2) Find out the total area of site office based on 100sq.ft area per person.
3) Decide the number of floors required and area floor wise.
4) Find out the type of office required whether movable type (pre fabricated type) or
a fixed type of construction or a modular container office.
5) In case of pre fab office find out the suppliers.
6) Supply them the minimum information like area required and number of persons
occupying the office and site bearing capacity.
7) Find out whether foundation is in their scope or not.
8) Collect quotations from approved suppliers with rates and specifications and
catalogues.
9) Prepare a comparative statement for all the vendors.
10) Call the suppliers for a meeting and negotiations.
11) Ask them to resubmit the revised price.
12) Prepare the revised price and technical comparison statement.
13) Evaluate the best technical and price bid.
14) Finalize the supply contractor.
15) Prepare base line program to complete the site office including HVAC, Plumbing
etc.
16) Obtain structural loading calculations and details.
17) Check whether foundation design is in house or out sourcing.
18) Obtain foundation drawings for the site office from in house or out sourcing
agency.
19) Check whether foundation is to be done by in-house or throughout side
contractor.
20) Construct the foundation as per the approved drawings of foundation.
21) Ensure the supply of pre fab office is as per schedule and monitor, update the
base line program.
22) Check the water and electricity requirements for site office installation.
23) Arrange for water and electricity for site office construction.
24) Supervise the installation of site office as per the approved drawings of vendor.
25) Mean while finalize the HVAC and Lighting, Plumbing contractors.
26) Make arrangements for E&M contractor’s mobilization.
27) Ensure that the works are as per the approved drawings.
28) Ensure the all the finishing items like flooring, ceiling, lighting fixture, sanitary
fittings are completed and commissioned properly.
29) Ensure that Green mark concept is used in the construction of site office building
so that energy and water efficiency can be achieved.

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2.1) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE USING LOCAL AVAILABLE

MATERIAL (FIXED TYPE)

1) Obtain the drawings of site office. The complete set of drawings includes site plan
layout, foundation drawings, wall & column details, Roofing details, E&M
drawings, Architectural finishing drawings, plumbing drawings, HVAC drawings,
Landscaping drawings etc.
2) Prepare a master schedule and budget of the site office.
3) Check whether the office is to be constructed in-house or out through sourcing.
4) Complete the foundation of site office building as per the spec and drawings.
5) Complete the super structure of office building.
6) Co-ordinate and supervise the Architectural finishes, Plumbing, HVAC works.
7) The above works includes car parking facilities also.

2.2) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE USING MODULAR CONTAINERS.

1) Check whether modular container is on lease or to buy new one.

2) Obtain the drawing for modular container office.
3) Obtain drawing for the foundation drawing for the container like how the
container will sit.
4) Construct the foundation as per the drawing.
5) Find out the site delivery date of mobile office.
6) Obtain the loading details of container and the erection procedure of mobile
office.
7) Make arrangements for Crane, erection crew for erection.
8) Erect the container as per the erection procedure stipulated in the manual or
drawings.
9) Please note that the entire area of erection to be isolated during erection by proper
barricading and sign boards like erection is in progress in order to avoid any
incidents or accidents.
10) Please note that the crane safe loading capacity at that boom length is at least 1.5
times the weight of container.
11) Complete the Sanitary, plumbing connections etc.

2.3) TIPS FOR SELECTING A SITE OFFICE

1) The selection of site office depends upon the following factors.

a) Number of staff occupying the office viz area required for site office.
b) Number of years the site office is required.
c) Quality of site office
d) Cost of site office
e) Type of development to be done.

Case stude-1

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In case of a huge development where there are 50 plus staff are to be occupied and the
development is in phases from 2008 to 2012, then in this case we can go for a pre fab
office with green building mark. Here the advantages are 1) Time for construction is less
2) Cost per person for the site office is less. 4) Site office requires less maintance.5)
comfort for the occupants is high yielding more productivity.6) the office can be reused.

Typical overview of a site office using pre fab at HONGKONG

Case study-2

In this case the development is on a small scale and the number of staff is less than 15.
The modular container office is better. The advantages are 1) Low cost 2) easy to
maintain 3) Minimum time to erect. 4) Can be reused.

Typical overview of a modular container

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General Notes on site office selection

This work reflects a collaborative development process between the company

and the Contractor, with the aim to promote green building design and
construction. The study has shown that it is preferably to address and
investigates green design and construction of site offices. It attempts to gather
the key information and evaluate practical solutions to improve the building’s
performance.

Evaluation of lighting system shows that green building can operate with
lower costs and increased worker satisfaction. It is found that with similar
wattage and power consumption, the efficient lighting can provide a better
lighting level and quality. It is also recommended to investigate further on
task-ambient lighting and day lighting control.

A brief review has been conducted to assess the environmental performance of

the site office and evaluate green design potential of future site offices.
Important issues for promoting green design have been identified for
consideration, implementation or further investigation. These issues include
planning and design strategy, construction method and materials, as well as
environmental policy and management.

Background
Green buildings are designed to provide a high level of comfort and service
while using less energy and having a substantially lower environmental impact.
The benefits of green building design include lower operating costs, reduced
construction costs and increased occupants’ productivity. Promotion of green
building design and construction can also help to build up the corporate image
and staff morale of companies. Therefore, more and more construction
companies are interested in establishing an environmental profile by
promoting green building practices.
“Caring about the environment permeates all of our work. Compliance with
relevant legal and other environmental requirements, especially from our
clients, provides the foundation for our environmental ambition. We are
committed to preventing and continually minimizing adverse environmental
impact and to conserving resources.



We think ahead to determine how our work will affect the environment and base our

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decisions on available relevant facts.

We avoid materials and methods with environmental risks when there are suitable
alternatives available. We strive to recommend that clients use environmentally better
alternatives whenever the circumstances permit.
We do not engage in activities that have unacceptable environmental and social risks. We
aim to identify such risks as early as possible to facilitate timely and adequate actions
and decisions.”

Important issues for promoting green design

The goal of green design is to reduce material use during construction, save
energy during building operation, and result in a healthier working
environment. To formulate the strategy for achieving green site offices, three
key areas have been identified and described below.

 Planning and design strategy

 Construction method and materials
 Environmental policy and management

Planning and design strategy

The most important opportunity to shape a green and energy efficient

building design is during the early design process. Designing a green
building often involves additional modeling and design costs. Although
these early additional costs are very small relative to overall cost of
buildings, they are a major impediment to better building designs, especially
during the period of economic downturn.

To plan and design a green site office, it is important to build a “green team”
and set up the project’s environmental goals at the very beginning. In
order to benefit from the new opportunities that green building design
offers, all members of the project team must be educated and oriented to
the goals, costs and benefits of green design. Today, there is
sufficient literature and references that examine all aspects of green or
sustainable design and development. Examples of good design guidebooks
include AIA (1994), BSRIA (1999),

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Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1999), Hermann son (1997), Mendler and Odell

(2000), Ove Arup & Partners (1993), RAIA (1995), USGBC (1996) and Venables, et
al. (2000). Many of the design principles and considerations are applicable to site offices.
For instance, the following guidelines are useful for ensuring good and green design:

Locate a building near public transportation to minimize pollution from vehicle use.

Plan, design, and lay out spaces with flexibility in mind. The ability to adapt areas to
meet unforeseen future needs will limit demolition, renovation, and, moreover, disposal of
building materials in area landfills.

Landscape facility grounds with native plants and vegetation; during new construction
Projects, limit disruption to the site’s native plant and animal species.

When possible, avoid developing new facilities on Greenfield sites. Effectively locate on
Brownfield sites and in existing buildings when possible.

Take advantage of day lighting, natural ventilation, passive solar heating and water
Systems by orienting buildings on an east-west axis. Likewise, consider area wind
patterns to promote cross ventilation.

Purchase furniture and interior finishes that have “classic” design elements. Durable
products with timeless design will keep facilities from looking dated, limit replacement
costs, and cut down on waste.

Implement a plan to control erosion and sedimentation during construction.

Planning and design strategy for green buildings

Site Planning
Site selection and analysis
Transportation strategy
Built forms and orientation
Energy Efficiency
Building envelope (window/opening design, thermal insulation, air tightness) Passive cooling
and heating (natural ventilation, thermal storage)
Shading and sun control (against overheating)
Day lighting (natural lighting) Cooling strategy (heating, ventilating & air conditioning)
Lighting systems Other building services systems (e.g. plumbing) Appliance energy efficiency
(e.g. energy labels) Heat/energy recovery (waste heat recovery) Building management and
controls

Renewable Energy

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Passive solar (low energy

architecture)
Active solar (e.g. solar hot water)
Photovoltaic’s (solar electricity)
Wind power
Other renewable (e.g. biomass, biogas)
Water Conservation
Reduction of water consumption
Rainwater collection & recycling
Greywater recycling
No-/Low-water composting toilets
Building Materials
Green specifications
Prefabrication
Life cycle analysis
Indoor Environment
Indoor air quality
Visual quality
Acoustic quality

Construction methods and materials

In India the construction methods and materials used for site offices are evolving in the
past few decades. In the 1990s, site offices are usually constructed using timber or
wooden materials. In the 2000s, it becomes very common to employ a combination
of cargo containers with connecting structural members and interior finishes.
Nowadays, pre-fabricated structure made of metal panels can be found in many
construction projects.

However, the construction industry in India is still relying heavily on

traditional building technology. Site offices and other related buildings are
usually constructed by the conventional method. Not surprisingly, research
studies indicates that time and cost are the most important factor in selection of
construction methods and materials for building projects. Environmental
performance and reduction of waste are the least important factors in the
minds of the contractors.

In fact, there is a potential for the project team to improve the building’s
environmental performance and minimize the production of waste in site offices by
using innovative and sustainable technologies such as modular building and recycled
building components. Development of modular unit for site office can increase flexibility
and the chance of reusing the materials or components. There are lots of recyclable

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materials in India that are suitable for the construction of low rise building like site office.
By selecting and designing the building components to be durable and with good
insulation properties, the energy and environmental performance of the site office can be
enhanced.

Environmental policy and management

While good design and information can to some extent influence the way that a building
is used, it is also critical to involve other stakeholders in the process, for example, the local
site staff, occupants, facility managers, operators and subcontractors. True green building
will require the cooperation & participation of PEOPLE. It is important to increase
people’s awareness through environmental policy and management in the organization.
Greening the site office can have recognizable benefits to employees and the environment.
It’s not just the right thing to do; it’s the responsible thing to do. By ensuring good
quality indoor space, efficient operation and reduced environmental impact, the work
productivity can also be improved.

To create and promote the culture of green design and construction, it is crucial to have clear
guidelines, education and training, leadership and information. Currently, Many
constructions companies are implementing environmental management system and has
also made effort to adopt green practices in construction sites, such as waste reduction
scheme (Waste Wise) and central management of equipment/materials for site offices
(sharing/reuse is possible). Further efforts are needed to strengthen the knowledge and the
people’s participation in implementing green procurement, sustainable design principles
and environmental management standard such as ISO14000.

Green design and construction

Site offices usually have short life span (2 to 4 years) and will require a
different equation to their life cycle analysis. An advantage of “greening” the
design and engineering process is the savings typically identified in the
building systems that can be used later in the project. The task usually
focuses on the minimization of environmental impacts on our site
neighbors, continuing improvements in reducing noise emission, air
pollution and waste water discharge, as well as the recycling and
disposal of construction and demolition materials.

Analysis of thermal and energy performance of the sites offices indicates that
there are lots of opportunities in the current practices. It is recommended
to consider and adopt energy conservation measures to improve the
building’s environmental performance. Evaluation of lighting system also
shows that green building can operate with lower costs and increased worker
satisfaction. If the offices are “thinking spaces”, then their design should allow
people to envision the living world around us. Green design is a process that
will lead us to a new way of thinking on a sustainable world.

3) CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDARY WALL/FENCING/HOARDING

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3.1) CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDARY WALL

1) Obtain final site boundary layout plan with boundary co-ordinates.

2) Obtain drawings for Boundary wall like foundation drawings, super
structure drawings etc.
3) Mark boundary pegs around the periphery
4) Establish temporary bench marks at regular intervals.(After survey is
completed)
5) Check whether boundary wall is to be constructed using PRW contractors
or throughout sourcing
6) Prepare separate budgets for the above mentioned items.
7) Decide which ever is cheaper, faster and better.
8) Complete the foundation of boundary wall.
9) Since the boundary wall font is available from all sides it can be started
simultaneously at two or more locations.
10) Obtain drawings for entrance gate with all details.
11) Check whether the gate to be fabricated at site or at factory.
12) Prepare cost estimate for the above and finalize the better one.
13) Start super structure construction once certain part of foundation is
completed and follow further.
14) Please note that the hold posts for main gate to be installed at the
entrance while super structure is in progress.
15) Complete the foundation and super structure as stipulated in the
drawings.

Typical height.3m

Block masonry

Ground Level

3000mm RCC Footing

Typical Section of a Boundary wall

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3.2) CONSTRUCTION OF CHAIN LINK FENCING

1) Obtain the Boundary layout plan for chain link fencing

2) Obtain the Foundation details, detailed sections, structural details of chain link
fencing.
3) Check whether the work to be done through PRW or out sourcing.
4) Collect quotations for the above.
5) Negotiate with the contractors and finalize.
6) Prepare a cost comparison for the above.
7) Decide and finalize the better offer based on the quality, safety and price.
8) Make arrangements for the mobilization.
9) Prepare a master planning program me for the chain link fencing.
10) Complete the Foundations as stipulated in the drawings and specs.
11) Start chain link fencing work once certain part of foundation is completed.
Ensure that enough font is available for chain link contractor.
12) Monitor the work based on the base line and feed back to MIS.

600mm Y shape barbed wire in

50mmx6mm angles

50mm Gi pipes 50mmx6mm box

sections bolted to
foundation using 16mm
2no bolts.

50mm gap

TYPICAL SECTION OF CHAIN LINK FENCING

450x450x1000mm rcc
pedestals

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3.3) CONSTRUCTION OF HOARDING

1) Obtain drawings for site hoardings.

2) Check whether it is to be done with PRW by supplying material or out sourcing or
leasing.
3) Prepare detailed cost estimate for all the above.
4) Call parties for Negotiations and prepare revised price bid
5) Prepare comparative statement and decide the better technical and price bid.
6) Establish reference lines and pegs at site boundary for hoarding foundation
construction.
7) Prepare a master schedule for completion.
8) Mobilize the civil contractor at site.
9) Construct RCC footings for hoarding and install the bolts in foundation using
template for foundation bolts...
10) Protect the bolt threads by wrapping it with plastic or polyethylene while
concreting.
11) Start erecting hoardings once certain portion of foundation is completed and
progress further and as stipulated in the drawings.
12) Make sure enough font is available for hoarding contractor at all times.
13) Monitor the progress of work and update the progress.
14) Regular maintenance is required to keep the hoardings in good condition

HOARDINGS PRODUCTS

Strongbox Plus
Available as 2000mm and 2400mm high

The ultimate range has to be one of the strongest flush fitting hoarding panels on the
market; it is the real sustainable alternative to timber hoarding. The simplicity of its

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design means it can be assembled and dismantled without skilled operatives.

- Strong thick sheeting - Box Profile

- No Tubes
- No Gaps between panels or the ground
- Unique post design
- Fully re-usable
- Extra rivets after welding
- Available in any colour

Application
- High Profile Site perimeters. Strong Compound perimeter

DURABLE HOARDINGS

Mesh Pedestrian Barrier

- 3500mm x 1100mm
- Multi-use light to medium
- Can be used in blocks or flat metal feet

Bar Pedestrian Barrier

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- 2500mm x 1100mm
- Multi-use medium to heavy
- Available in fixed leg as per drawing

Anticlimb Fencing Panel

- 3500mm x 2000mm
- Multi-use
- Comprehensive range of panels to suit budgets

PREFABRICATED FENCING PANELS

NOTES ON SITE HOARDING

The Contractor shall provide and erect, to the acceptance of the Engineer, all necessary
protective screens, hoarding, shoring etc. That may be required, to prevent damage,
nuisance or disturbance by debris or dust to adjoining properties, public roadways or
persons or traffic passing nearby. Unless specified otherwise, such protective hoarding
shall be erected by the Contractor around the perimeter of each worksite.
The hoarding shall be erected once the Contractor takes charge of the worksite, prior
to the commencement of any site work.

Unless otherwise stated in the Specification the hoarding shall be constructed to the
following standards.

The hoarding shall be continuous, except for the provision of gates at the entrance and
exit as accepted by the Project Manager.

Entrances and exits shall be suitably positioned to comply with the requirements of
the relevant authorities and agencies.

Adequate warning signs accepted by the Project Manager shall be posted at

conspicuous locations on the hoarding to alert the public of the construction
in-progress. Particular attention shall be given to exits for heavy machinery and
vehicles leaving the site.

Each hoarding panel shall abut/overlap the next panel. The height of the panel shall not
be less than 2.1m with a gap no greater than 50 mm between the bottom of the panel
and the ground.

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The Contractor shall take the appropriate precautions to prevent fluid,

slurry or other waste to pass under the hoarding from the worksite at any
time.
The top of the hoarding shall be level and when erected on inclined ground it shall
be stepped accordingly whilst not exceeding the maximum allowable gap at the base of
the hoarding.
The hoarding shall be constructed of corrugated metal sheets which have been treated to
prevent corrosion.

The corrugated sheet shall be erected so that the ridges are horizontal.
The posts shall be erected at centers of not greater than 2m, and shall be of adequate size
and spacing to support the hoarding during all weather conditions.

The colour of the hoarding and all signage shall comply with the Authority’s
requirements.

When the hoarding is built adjacent to a public right of way the Contractor
shall illuminate the outside of the hoarding using lights attached to the
hoarding or shining over the top of the hoarding from within the worksite.

The lights shall be located at suitable centers to provide uniform lighting

The lights shall be of 110 volt supply and of a durable design with no sharp edges or
protrusions.
All Lighting shall be of the same colour and shall not dazzle or confuse motorists.
Buildings, trees and structures shall not form part of the site boundary. All hoarding
shall be erected in front of such structures, unless otherwise directed by the Project
Manager.

4) PREPARATION OF PROPER ACCESS TO PLOT

1) Check is there any unobstructed access from the main road to the plot.
2) If there are obstructions, find out and list out what type of obstructions?
3) Find out ways to remove them, for example a ditch, fill it with soil and compact
it. In case of services like an electric pole, liaise with the authority and plan for
diversion.
4) Level and compact the portion from main road to plot.
5) Since it is the main approach road, Road with Class A loading to be constructed.
6) Obtain drawing with all details.
7) Check whether it is in-house or through PRW by supplying material
8) Prepare detail cost estimate for the above.
9) Decide and finalize the best offer.
10) Arrange for the mobilization of the contractor.
11) Prepare a base line program me for the approach road construction.
12) Supervise the road and complete the road as per specifications.

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GENERAL NOTES FOR ROAD WORKS

GENERAL
This Specification is applicable to all road works. This chapter refers closely to ASTM and
BS/IS standards. The term asphalt used in ASTM can be referred to bitumen used in BS.

Before work on any pavement above formation level commences all ducts, drains, and
other works beneath the road must be completed and backfilled.

FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS

Sub grade
Sub grade shall mean the layer defined as the500mm of material
Immediately below formation level.

Materials
a) Sub grade Soil

The soil used for the sub grade shall have a soaked CBR (California Bearing Ratio)
value of not less than 6%. In addition, the following requirements shall be complied
with:
- Sub grade in fill areas shall be formed of material defined as “Suitable
Material”
- In cut areas where the soaked CBR value of the sub grade is not less than 6%, the
Contractor shall compact the top 200mm of the sub grade to the density 95% ID.

- In the event that the soaked CBR value of the sub grade is less than 6%, the
Contractor shall remove and replace the soil with selected fill or stabilize the in-situ soil
by approved means to a depth as required
by the PM.

Preparation of Sub grade

On areas to be paved, the specified depths in cut areas and fill areas shall be compacted to
meet the requirements for field density of 95%. When completed the surface shall
be true to the lines, grades and cross section shown on the Drawings. Any
irregularities or depressions that develop under rolling shall be corrected by loosening the
material at these places and adding, removing, or placing material until the surface is
smooth and uniform. Any portion of the area, which is not accessible to a roller,
shall be compacted to the required density by approved mechanical tampers.

All soft and yielding material and material which cannot be compacted readily when
rolled or tamped shall be removed as directed by the PM and replaced with suitable
material. After grading operations are completed, all loose stones larger than 50mm in
their greatest dimension shall be removed from the surface of all proposed graded
paving areas and disposed off.

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Protection of the Top of Sub grade

At all times, the top of the sub grade shall be kept in such condition that it will drain
readily and effectively. The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to protect
the sub grade from damage. He shall limit hauling over the finished sub grade to that
which is essential for construction purposes. If ruts are formed, the sub grade shall be
reshaped and rolled. Storage or stockpiling of materials on the top of the sub grade shall
not be permitted. Until the sub grade had been checked and approved, no sub base, base
course or pavement shall be laid thereon.

Sub-Base and Base

General
a) Underlying Course

The underlying course shall be checked before placing and spreading of sub-base or
base. Any ruts or soft area shall be corrected and rolled to the required density before
the sub-base or base is placed.

To protect the underlying course and to ensure proper drainage, the spreading of the
sub-base or base material shall begin along the centerline of the pavement on a
crowned section or on the high side of pavements with a one-way slope.

Grade Control
Grade control between the edges of the pavement shall be accomplished by
means of grade stakes, steel pins or forms placed in lines parallel to the centerline of the
pavement at intervals sufficiently close that string lines or check boards may be placed
between the stakes, pins or forms.

Sub-base
Material
Sub-base material shall be natural sand, crushed rock or crushed
concrete or any other granular material accepted by the Engineer. The
material shall be well graded and lie within the grading limits of Table
10.1. The particle size shall be determined in accordance with BS 1377.

Table 1: Gradation of Sub-Base Material

BS Sieve Size % by Weight Passing

75 mm 100
37.5 mm 85 - 100
10mm 45 - 100
5 mm 25 - 85
600 m 8 - 45
75 m 0 - 10

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The material passing the 425 Micron sieves, when tested in accordance with BS 1377, shall
have a plasticity index of less than 6.

If more than 10% of the material is retained on the 20mm sieve, the
whole material shall be assumed without test to have a CBR value of
30% or more. If 10% or less of the material is retained on the 20mm
sieve, the fraction that passes that sieve shall satisfy the CBR
requirements of 30% (soaked value) when tested in accordance with
BS 1377, using the dynamic compaction method with a 4.5 kg rammer
at the specified dry density and moisture content likely to be achieved
in the field.

Milled waste, which is asphaltic concrete machine-milled from existing road, could be
used as sub-base material subject to Engineer’s approval. Grading and CBR tests are
not required for milled waste. However, 100% of the material shall pass the 63 mm
sieve.

Laying
Sub-base material shall be placed and spread evenly by mechanical means approved by
the Engineer.

c) Compacting
The sub-base material shall be compacted in layers of not more than 200mm thick as
soon as possible after laying. The depth of each compacted layer shall be compatible
with the compaction plant used and shall be in accordance with the requirements of
Table2. Each Ayer shall be tested and accepted by the Engineer prior to the placing of
the next layer. The in-situ field density of the compacted layer expressed as a
percentage of the maximum dry density shall not be less than 95%. The in-situ field
density shall be determined in accordance with BS 1377 using the sand replacement
method (large pouring cylinder) and the maximum dry density determined in
accordance with BS 1377 using the 4.5 kg rammer method (soils with some coarse
gravel-size particles). At least 3 in-situ field tests shall be made for every 500 m2 or less
of surface area of each compacted layer. Subject to Engineer’s acceptance, the in-situ
field density may be determined with nuclear device in accordance with ASTM D2950.
The maximum dry density shall be the average density of 3 laboratory compacted
specimens. In the event that the measured in-situ field density is higher than the
maximum dry density determined in the laboratory, the in-situ field density shall be
taken as the maximum dry density. If more than 3 nuclear in-situ field density
exceeded the maximum dry density, further laboratory testing shall be carried out to
determine the maximum dry density.
The surface of any layer of material shall, on completion of compaction, be
well closed, free from movement under compaction plant, surface irregularity,
cracks or loose material. All loose/segregated or otherwise defective areas shall
be made good to the full thickness of the layer and re-compacted.

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Table 2: Compaction Guideline for Base and Sub-Base of Road Pavement

Type of Compaction Plant Not Not Greater Not greater

Category greater than 150mm 200mm per
than per layer layer
100mm
per layer
Smooth- Force
Wheeled per
roller 100mm
width
2.6kN 16 Unsuitable Unsuitable
5.2kN 8 16 Unsuitable
> 5.2kN

Pneumatic- Wheel
tired Load
roller Tones
4-6 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
6-8 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
8 - 12 10 16 Unsuitable
> 12 8 12 Unsuitable

Static force
Vibratory per
Roller 100mm
width
of
vibratory
roller
KN 16 Unsuitable Unsuitable
0.70 - 6 16 Unsuitable
1.25
1.26 -
1.75 4 6 10
1.76 -
2.30 3 5 9
2.31 -
2.80 3 5 8
2.81 -
3.50 2 4 7
3.51 -
4.20

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4.21 - 2 4 6
4.90

Mass
Vibro-
Kg
Tamper 4 8 Unsuitable
50 - 65
66 - 75 3 6 10
> 75 2 4 12

Plant-mixed Graded Granite Aggregate Base

a) Aggregate

The base aggregate shall consist of graded crushed, clean and hard angular aggregate
complying with the requirements of IS 383 and conforming to the gradation shown in
Table 3.

Table 3: Gradation of Plant-mixed Graded Granite Aggregate

Aggregates BS Sieve Size % Weight Passing

Coarse Aggregate 50mm 100
37.5mm 95-100
20mm 60-80
10mm 40-60
5mm 25-45
Fine Aggregate 2.36mm 15-35
425µm 06-18
Miller Material 75 µm 0-10

When used in a pavement which is to carry an asphalt layer, that portion of the soil-binder
material (if any) which passes a 425m sieve shall have the following properties:

Liquid Limit- not more than 25%

Plasticity Index- not more than 6%
Linear Shrinkage- not more than 3%
The sand equivalent of the material passing the 4.8mm sieve shall not be less than 30%.
When used in a pavement which is not to carry an asphalt layer surfacing, the portion of the
soil-binder material (if any) which passes a 425µ m sieve shall have the following
properties:

Liquid Limit- not more than 35%

Plasticity Index- between 4 and 9%
Linear Shrinkage- between 2 and 4%

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b) Mixing
The aggregates shall be mixed at a mixing plant by continuous mixing using a pug-mill
mixer, or batch type mixing using a revolving blade, rotary pan, or rotary tilting drum
mixer. The plant shall be in sound mechanical condition and shall consistently produce
a uniform mixture of aggregates and water at optimum moisture content or at moisture
content as directed by the Engineer.

To achieve the desired grading, the approved sand, granite dust or filler such as
laterite, shall be used.
Water used for mixing shall be clean and free from detrimental impurities.

c) Transporting
Plant-mixed material shall be transported directly to the point where it
is to be laid, and shall be covered with canvas or other approved
material to prevent loss of moisture. Transport vehicles shall be
equipped with discharge devices that will enable the plant-mixed
material to be discharged or loaded into the hoppers of spreading
machines without spillage and in such a way that segregation will be
minimized.

d) Quality Control
Samples of graded granite aggregates shall be taken at the rate of one
per 100 m3 of graded granite aggregate laid and at least 3 samples
shall be taken at each site in a day. For site where more than 400m3 of
graded granite aggregate is laid in a day, a maximum of 5 samples
shall be taken. These samples shall be marked with the date laid and
location identification, and tested at an accredited laboratory.

e) Laying and Compacting

The material shall be deposited and spread in lanes in uniform layers of not more than
150mm thick such that the thickness of the final compacted layer shall not exceed
250mm. The base material shall be spread by an approved self-propelled mechanical
spreader with an automatic tamping device.
After spreading, the base material shall be thoroughly compacted by rolling to obtain a
level, even and uniformly compacted base.

Rolling shall continue until the base material is compacted to a dry

density of not less than 98% of the maximum dry density as
Determined in accordance with BS 1377, using the vibrating hammer
method. In-situ dry density tests shall be carried out in accordance with
the sand replacement method (large pouring cylinder) specified in BS
1377.

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Subject to Engineer’s acceptance, if the nuclear device is used to determine the in-
situ field density. It shall comply with the requirements specified in Clause 10.3.2.2c.
Coarse Granite Aggregate (Crusher-run) Base
a) Aggregate
The coarse granite aggregate shall be either crushed stone or crushed
Gravel free from excess flat, elongated, or disintegrated pieces, dirt or
Other objectionable matter. The coarse aggregate shall have a
percentage of wear of not more than 45 at500 revolutions as
Determined by AASHTO T96 (Los Angeles Rattler Test), and shall
Meet the graduation requirements of Table 4

Table 4: Gradation of Coarse Aggregate

BS Sieve Size % by Weight Passing

90mm 100
63mm 80-100
37.5mm 20-65
20mm 0-15

The fine aggregate shall be screenings obtained from crushed stone, gravel or other
similar accepted materials.

b) Spreading
The coarse aggregate shall be deposited and spread in lanes in a uniform layer and
without segregation. The maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall not exceed
250mm when vibrating roller is used for compaction, and not exceed 150mm when
static roller is used. The aggregate shall be spread by machines, which can control the
thickness of the layers.

c) Compacting
After spreading, the base material shall be thoroughly compacted by
Rolling to obtain an even and uniformly compacted base.
d) Applying Screenings
(I) First Application of Screenings
After the layer of the coarse aggregate has been thoroughly keyed
And set by rolling, screenings in an amount equal too approximately
50% of that required to fill the interstices shall be applied gradually over the surface.

(ii) Second Application of Screenings

The second application of screenings, which consists of about 25% of the total required

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amount, shall then follow.

(iii) Third Application of Screenings

The remaining 25% of the required screenings shall be applied after the completion of
the second application of screenings.
The screening in each application shall be spread in thin layers with rolling and when
necessary the screening shall be swept into the voids. The process of spreading, rolling
and booming of screenings shall stop until no more screening can be forced into the voids
of the coarse aggregates.

e) Sprinkling
Immediately after the voids of the coarse aggregate have been filled
with screenings, the surface of the base course layer shall be sprinkled
with water. This shall be followed by rolling. The sprinkling and rolling
shall continue and additional screenings applied where necessary until
all voids are completely filled and the coarse aggregate firmly set and
bonded.

f) Laying of Coarse Aggregate (Crusher-run) on Existing Flexible

Pavement

Where existing flexible pavements are to be raised with coarse granite

aggregate, the Contractor shall scarify the existing asphalt pavement
surfaces with scarifying tires fixed to rollers or with scarifying tyres of a
motor graded for a depth of at least 50mm below the pavement
Surfaces.

All such scarified asphalt materials shall be removed before coarse aggregate is placed,
rolled and applied with screenings as specified in this Specification.

Asphaltic Concrete
Materials
a) Aggregates

Aggregates shall consist of crushed stone, crushed gravel or crushed slag with or
without sand or other inert finely divided mineral aggregate Based on sieve
analysis, aggregates shall be classified as shown in Table.5.

Aggregates Requirement

Coarse Aggregate
Retained on BS 3.2mm sieve

Fine Aggregate Passed BS 3.2mm sieve

and retained on 75µm

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sieve

Mineral Filler Passed BS 75 µm sieve

I) Coarse aggregate
Coarse aggregate shall consist of sound, tough, durable particles, free from adherent
coatings of clay, organic matter and other deleterious substances.

When tested in accordance with ASTM C131, it shall not show

more than 40% wear. The sodium sulphate soundness loss shall
not exceed 9% or shall the magnesium sulphate soundness loss
exceed 12%, after five cycles, when tested in accordance with
ASTM C88. Crushed coarse aggregate shall contain at least 75%
by weight of pieces having at least two fractured faces. The area of
each fractured face shall be equal to at least 75% of the smallest
mid-sectional area of the piece. When two fractures are
Contiguous, the angle between the planes of fractures shall be at least 30Micron to be
considered as two fractured faces.
Coarse aggregate shall contain no more than 8% by weight of flat or elongated pieces
when tested in accordance with ASTM D4791. A flat particle is one having a width to
thickness ratio of greater than 5 and an elongated particle is one having a length to width
ratio of greater than 5.

Slag used as coarse aggregate shall be air-cooled blast-furnace slag and shall have a
compacted weight of not less than 1.12 tones/m³ when tested in accordance with ASTM
C29.

ii) Fine Aggregate

Fine aggregate shall consist of clean, sound durable, angular
particles produced by crushing stone, slag or gravel and shall be
free from coatings of clay, silt, clay balls or other deleterious matter.
Fine aggregate shall meet the soundness and wear requirements as specified for coarse
aggregate.

The fine aggregate with any blended filler shall have a plasticity index not greater
than 6%, and a liquid limit of not more than 25% when tested in accordance with ASTM
D4318 and in addition shall have a silt content of not greater than 0.3% of the total weight
when tested in accordance with SS73.

Natural sand, when added to produce the desired gradation or to increase the workability
or compatibility of the mixture shall be limited to 15% by weight.

iii) Filler

Filler shall meet the requirements of ASTM D242.

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b) Bitumen Emulsion

The bitumen emulsion shall be homogeneous after thorough mixing, for at least 30 days
after delivery.

The bitumen emulsion shall be rapid setting cationic bitumen emulsion. The properties
and the method of testing’s of the bitumen emulsion shall comply with the
requirements specified in SS 85.

c) Bitumen
All bitumen shall be petroleum bitumen of 60/70 penetration grade. No mineral matter
other than that naturally contained in such bitumen shall be present. The bitumen shall be
homogeneous, free from water and shall not foam when heated to 175oC. The bitumen
shall comply with the requirements of Table 6.

60/70 Penetration Grade

Property Unit Min Max Method of
testing
Penetrating at 0.1mm 60 70
25°C
100g, 5s

Flash Point,
Cleveland Open Degree
Cup centigrade 232 -

Ductility at
25°C, Cm 100 -
5 cm per min

Solubility in
trichloroethylene %weight 99 -

Softening Point, Degree 47 56 SS86

Ring and Ball centigrade

Specific Gravity - 1.0 1.11

at
25°C

Thin-film oven
test,
3.2 mm, 163°C,
5 hrs :

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a) Loss on %wt. - 0.8

heating

b) Penetration of %Original 54 -
residue at
25°C

c) Ductility of
residue at cm 50 -
25°C,
5 cm per min

d) Admixture

The use of any admixture added to the asphaltic concrete mix shall be acceptable to the
Engineer. The Contractor shall furnish all relevant technical information,
specifications, test reports and job reference of the admixture.

The Contractor shall obtain representative sample and test the samples of the admixture
at an accredited laboratory and submit the test results to the Engineer.
Any admixture, which fails to comply with the requirements, shall be
rejected. All costs incurred in testing shall be borne by the Contractor.

e) Water
Water used in diluting the bitumen emulsion or wetting the wheels of rollers shall be
clean and free from detrimental impurities.

The water shall be obtained from a public supply where possible and may be obtained
from any other source if approved by Engineer

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5) APPLICATION FOR WATER, ELECTRICITY AND

TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES

1) Check is there any existing water, Electricity and telecom points at the plot and
whether it can be used for site office or security posts.
2) Calculate the water requirements, Electricity requirement and no of telephone
points, Fax points required for the development to be done.
3) Find out the where the application for the above to be obtained.
4) Find out the documents to be submitted for submission.
5) Prepare all the documentation and fill the application along with the required fee
for submission.
6) Identify the locations of water point, Electricity point and communication and
mark in the drawing and send it to Architecture dept. for information.
7) Submit the application form with all relevant documents to the local authorities
either directly or through an agent.
8) Find out the time required to obtain the permissions.
9) Prepare the site to receive the above points.
10) Please note one set of above copies of submission is to be kept at site.

6) LOCATE SOIL DISPOSAL AREAS

1) Identify the areas where the soil from the Excavation is to be stored and can be
used for backfilling inside the plot.
2) In case there is no place inside the plot available, find out the areas nearby for
storage.
3) Find out the nearest dumping areas where soil which cannot be used for
backfilling has to be dumped.
4) Find out the distance of dumping from the plot, rate per cum for dumping.
5) Prepare procedure for the soil to be sent to dumping ground.
6) Calculate the approximate volume of excavation, soil required for backfilling and
extra soil volume which to be sent to dumping ground.
7) Separate file to be kept at site for information and records.

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7) INSTALLATION OF PROJECT SIGN BOARDS.

1) Identify the location for the project sign board is to be placed. It is always
preferred to keep the sign board near by the entrance gate and facing the main
road.
2) The sign board should include the following information. Name of Developer,
Type of Development, Name of Architect, Name of Structural consultant, Name
of E&M consultant, Landscaping consultant, Name of Contractor.
3) Obtain the drawing for the sign board, which shall include sign board layout, size,
and color of font, structural support details and foundation details.
4) Identify the contractor for the foundation and structural supports.
5) Construct the foundation with bolts inside.
6) Erect the structure for the sign board.
7) Get the sign board from the approved vendor.
8) Install the sign board.

Identify the places and locations for keeping the sign boards for Advertisement purpose
at the main roads etc. The above procedure shall be repeated for installing the Add Sign
boards.

8) TEMPORARY LIGHTING FACILITIES AT SECURITY AND SITE

1) Find out how many light points are required at security and at site boundaries,
inside the plot etc. The site boundary lighting is required to check any trespassers
at night time.
2) Calculate the total power requirements for the above.
3) Identify the location of the fixtures and mark it in the boundary layout plan and
send it to architect.
4) Check whether the lights to be procured locally or from a vendor from HO.
5) Calculate the power supply required and find out the source of supply like DG Set
or from the electricity point.
6) Arrange the source of supply, May be on hire or to shift a DG set from the
existing sites or to buy a new one.
7) Get the Source of supply and Install it at the identified point on the drawing and
as per the manufacturer’s catalogue. Please note that the place where DG sits
should be free from any future constructions in that place.
8) Get the fixtures along with the pipes, cables etc and install it at the demarcated
points as per the drawing. Identify the electrical team and mobilize them to site.
9) Complete the connection and commission.

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SECTION-C) SOIL INVESTIGATION AND SURVEY WORKS

Contents

1) BOUNDARY DEMARCATION & CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT

BOUNDARY PEGS

2) CONTOUR SURVEYING

3) PROVISION OF WATER POINTS

4) SOIL INVESTIGATION

5) ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY

6) HYDRO GRAPHICAL SURVEY

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1) BOUNDARY DEMARCATION & CONSTRUCTION OF PERMANENT

BOUNDARY PEGS

1) Obtain the boundary layout plan from the Architect.

2) Measure the actual boundary length with reference points.
3) Incorporate the above data in the boundary layout plan and send one copy to
Architect.
4) Find out at what intervals boundary pegs are required.
5) Identify the locations for the construction of boundary pegs.
6) Find out the Dimensions of boundary pegs for example 450mmX450mmX
750mm with 300mm below ground level.
7) Please note that the top surface of the Boundary pegs to be plain and in level in
order to mark the survey information like co-ordinates and levels.
8) Transfer the locations to boundary layout plan.
9) Construct the boundary pegs using concrete or any approved material.
10) The boundary pegs should be free from any sort of damages in nearby future
either due to any vehicle movements etc. The locations have to be carefully
finalized.
11) Protect the boundary pegs by putting sign boards nearby area. The sign boards
can be 1000mm high and 300mmX300mm size showing “Boundary PEG-1”.
The boundary peg boards can be made from waste timber and supported by steel
rebar inserted into the ground.
12) It is always better to locate the boundary pegs at all corners.
13) The boundary pegs should be located away from the boundary wall excavation
area in order to prevent any soil stacking over the pegs there by damaging the
boundary pegs.
14) The boundary pegs should be made ready before the survey works.

2 CONTOUR SURVEYING

1) Check whether the surveying is to be done in house or throughout side agency.

2) In case of in-house verify for the team to be deployed, find out for the survey
instruments and accessories availability.
3) Make necessary arrangements for the survey team viz survey umbrellas,
temporary tents, vehicle, food and water arrangements etc.
4) Mobilize the survey team at site and provide them with all sort of information
including site boundary layout plan. Brief them about the site and surroundings.
5) Take the site survey team to a site visit and show them the permanent boundary
pegs.
6) Lead the team till the completion of survey works.

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7) Obtain survey drawings viz actual boundary layout, Contour maps etc.
8) Please note that if any existing structure are there, has to be incorporated in the
drawings.
9) Survey of the surrounding areas also to be completed with average radius of half
kilometer. This information will be useful for the architect as well as site team
for Green building certification.
10) Incorporate the above details in the site boundary layout plan.
11) After obtaining the survey drawings, inspect the site and surrounding areas and
ensure that all the details are incorporated in the drawing.
12) Send final copies of reports and drawings to architect and engineering
department.

3) PROVISION OF WATER POINTS

1) Obtain the proposed site layout plans and sections from the Architect.
2) Study the drawings and calculate the quantity of water required for the
construction purpose which includes site office requirements, landscaping
requirements etc.
3) Identify the location of source via the location of main water tank, pumps location
etc.
4) In case if the site is too big, it may require multiple points.
5) Find out the sizes of main water tank, pumps etc.
6) Identify the distribution net work of water from the main source.
7) Measure the actual dimensions of the net work.
8) Incorporate the above details in the site boundary layout plan and mark the
drawing name as “Construction water supply scheme”.
9) The water supply points for different buildings have to be clearly identified.
10) Please note that the height of the building is to be taken while deciding the pumps
capacity.
11) Please take the help of pump suppliers or vendors for deciding the pump
capacities.
12) Avoid locating the pipes below the roads in order to avoid the pipe bursts due to
construction heavy vehicle movement. Try to locate on the sides of roads. Proper
measures have to be taken in case the pipe has to pass through roads like
hunching of pipe and sand filling above the pipe etc.
13) Identify the pipe material and prepare a list of material for the net work including
all accessories like bends, tees etc. based on the drawing.
14) All the above drawings and records have to be kept at site as a separate file for
future reference and information.
15) Send one set of above records to Architect and Engineering department.

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4) SOIL INVESTIGATION

1) Find out the number of points with locations where soil investigation is to be
done. Co-ordinates for the bore hole are to be taken.
2) Transfer the above points to the site boundary layout plan and send the copy to
Geo-technical or Civil Structural consultant for approval.
3) Finalize the size of bore hole and depth of bore hole.
4) Obtain information about the soil investigation agencies.
5) Collect technical and price bids from at least 3 agencies.
6) Evaluate the bids.
7) Obtain information about the agencies from their previous clients about their
performance, work quality etc.
8) Call the bidders for a meeting and decide the agency to be deployed. Please select
the bidder based on the best technical as well as commercial capacities.
9) Make arrangements for the mobilization of agency like water for drilling, etc.
10) Obtain method statement from the agency for soil investigation, review it and
finalize it.
11) Supervise all the works. All the soil sampling at different levels, soil penetration
tests etc to be witnessed by site staff and records to be documented clearly
indicating the name of person witnessed along with signature etc.
12) Ensure all the bore holes have to be drilled up to the required depth.
13) The depth of bore holes shall be measured using a calibrated tape with 25mm
diameter and 300mm long steel rod attached to the tape as a counter weight.
14) Casing has to be provided up to the bottom of trench in order to avoid collapse of
trench.
15) All the mud water arising from the drilling has to be stored in a pit near by and
should not be pumped in to any public drain or any water source, which may
cause contamination.
16) Ensure that all the soil sampling has to be properly collected and properly marked
with depth of sample etc.
17) Soil sampling at different levels has to be kept at site for future reference.
18) Ensure that all the soil samples shall be sent to an approved laboratory.
19) Ensure that all the required soil tests to carried in laboratory such as N value,
Unconfined compression strength, Permeability, Liquid limit, Plastic limit, etc
20) Once if the drilling is completed, Grout the bore hole with cement betonite grout
or cement grout.
21) Bore whole area has to be fully cleaned once the investigation is completed.
22) Obtain all the testing reports and bore whole records along with necessary
drawings and send copies to Geotechnical/Structural engineer and engineering
department for information and action.
23) File one copy of all drawings and reports at site for future reference and
information.

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5) ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY

1) Environmental survey of the site plays a vital role in order to establish a “Green
Mark” during the Pre-construction, Construction and post construction phases.
The following items have to surveyed 1) Site soil Contamination 2) Soil erosion
3) Chemical pollution 4) Noise pollution 5) Dust pollution 6) Smoke pollution 7)
Vehicle pollution 8) Air pollution from the vicinity.
2) Detailed survey about the above mentioned items have to be carried out inside the
plot and the surrounding areas.
3) All the details have to be properly documented and filed in a proper formats for
future reference and information and send copies to engineering department,
Architect.
4) The Environmental survey should include the Existing drains, Sewage manholes
nearby site etc.
5) Items 1 to 4 are covered under SECTION-A of the Manual.
6) All the Existing Drains, sewerage connections to be measured at site and transfer
the information on to the Boundary layout plan and send copies to Plumbing and
Sanitary consultant for the future plot development purpose.
7) Ensure that all the above information has to be captured with all possible details.

6) HYDROGRAPHICAL SURVEY

1) Find out the list of agencies for hydrographic surveys.

2) Collect technical and commercial information from the agencies.
3) Evaluate the technical and commercial information.
4) Call the agencies for a meeting and seek for clarifications if any?
5) Ask them to submit the revised bids if required.
6) Prepare a comparative statement and finalize the best technical and commercial
bid.
7) Identify the locations for Hydrographic survey and transfer the points with
reference details to Site layout plan.
8) Make arrangements for the mobilization of agency.
9) Brief them about the site and make a site visit along with surrounding areas to
well aware about that area.
10) The aim of Hydrographic survey is to find out the depth of water table, quality of
underground water, surface runoff calculations during wet and dry weathers
11) The hydrographic survey has to be witnessed and properly documented.
12) Send the underground water samples for testing and find out whether is potable,
can be used for construction or not.
13) Find out any sort of treatment required?
14) Collect all the information like water table depths, surface runoff calculations
and quality of water and send copies to Architect, M&E Consultant, and
engineering department with a copy at site for future reference.

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GENERAL NOTES ON SURVEY WORKS AND SOIL INVESTIGATION

SURVEY AND SETTING OUT

1) GENERAL

The Surveyor shall be responsible for managing all aspects of surveying and setting out
for the duration of the works. He shall prepare method statements for all aspects of
survey work on site; each method statement shall include a risk analysis. He shall ensure
that all surveys are conducted to the requisite accuracy with sufficient checks. Survey
transparency, good record system and clear presentation of reliable information are
expected at all times.

At the commencement of the Contract, the Contractor will be supplied with a set of Primary
Control Markers. The Contractor shall check the accuracy of their position and level and
shall immediately notify the Project Manager of any discrepancies. The Contractor
shall undertake all precautions to protect these markers and to re-establish any
damaged marker at his own cost.

2) SURVEY CONTROL

2.1 Survey Markers

Survey Markers shall be durable, appropriate to location and intended use. Survey Markers
shall be clearly identifiable and protected from construction traffic. For installation of a
Survey Marker into reinforced concrete, the Contractor shall ensure that steel
reinforcement bars are to be avoided. Either expanding anchors or epoxy adhesive shall be
used as the method of fixing. Benchmarks are a particular type of Survey Markers used in
the control of elevation. Benchmarks shall have a domed surface for unambiguous staff
placement. Primary Benchmarks shall comprise a stainless steel bolt securely placed
vertically into a concrete slab, or horizontally into a column. The protrusion shall not pose a
safety hazard.
Survey Markers used for horizontal control shall have an unambiguous point above (or
below) which a survey instrument can be precisely centered. The point shall comprise
either a punch mark or the intersection of 2 lines forming a cross. Cross-headed road
nail (75mm long) complete with a colored washer shall generally be used as a Survey
Marker.

In all underground areas, a precision demountable survey table and back plate
system shall be installed progressively for carrying horizontal control. The precision
demountable survey tables shall be mounted on back plates that are to be permanently
attached until the work is completed.

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Only upon written permission from the Project Manager can the back plates be
removed and any holes made good. The distance between adjacent indivisible back plates
shall not exceed 80 meters. The minimum number of precision demountable survey tables
required per tunnel drive is four. The back plate has been designed to accept LTA’s special
precision-made gyro table. Survey tables shall be installed to ensure that the top flat
surface of table is level in all directions to better than 1:150. Survey tables shall allow
forced centering in the horizontal plane by means of a precision threaded 5/8”
instrument insert. To prevent damage to optical plummets within tri braches, the threaded
portion shall be designed not to penetrate more than 12mm into a tribrach. The Contractor
shall ensure safe access to any survey table installed. A suitable working platform
complete with access ladder and handrail shall be provided.

2.2 Control Observation, Adjustment and Presentation

Suitable homogeneous horizontal and vertical survey control is required prior to any
setting out. Survey control shall evolve from the whole to the parts. Where practical, all
survey points within a horizontal survey control network shall be occupied and observed
from. Forced centering techniques shall be used throughout. A round of angular
observations shall comprise the mean of observations taken on both faces of the total
station. A minimum number of 4 rounds of horizontal and vertical angles shall be
observed at each instrument set up. For control work, the angular spread of horizontal angles
shall not exceed 3’’ of arc. Distances shall be measured in both directions. All raw data
pertaining to each set up shall be recorded.

Survey control shall include redundant observations. Observation networks shall be

processed using the method of least squares adjustment and the resulting residuals to the
observations shall be inspected for magnitude. Any large residuals or error ellipses shall be
examined and appropriate remedial action shall be taken.

Precise leveling shall be double run using equal back and fore sights at each instrument
set up. Leveling sights shall never exceed 30 meters. The BFFB (back sight-foresight-
foresight-back sight) method of reading shall be employed at each set up. On the ground
surface, the Contractor shall establish stable benchmarks adjacent to the site so that
the distance between adjacent benchmarks does not exceed 250 meters.

Height datum transfer accuracy shall be better than 2mm in a 12m deep Excavation. The
transfer of height datum shall be by various independent means. Azimuth transfer from
surface to underground shall be better than 3“of arc and point transfer shall be accurate to
within 2mm. Such transfers shall be by various independent means.

At 3 monthly intervals, the Contractor shall conduct a complete survey of all existing
survey control. A bound, A4 size survey control report shall be submitted to the
Engineer for acceptance within 2 weeks of completing the field work. The convention
adopted shall comprise Station Name, Easting,

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Northing and Elevation reading from left to right. The entire control scheme shall be
included in a single least squares adjustment. The report shall contain the following
information: dates of survey, fixed survey control and values, specification of
instrumentation used, calibration status of instrumentation used, observational
acceptance criteria, list of final adjusted co-ordinates findings and conclusion. Attached to
the report shall be the observations (A4 printout of electronic booking sheet or
customized spreadsheet), adjustment with residuals and station error ellipses, table of
differences in mm from previous co-ordinates and elevations (if applicable), a drawing
clearly showing layout of scheme and measured quantities and final co-ordinates in
tabular form.

3) GENERAL SETTING OUT

The Contractor shall carry out a comprehensive level survey of the Contract area before any
work commences on the site that may alter original ground levels.
Pre-computation shall be carried out prior to any setting out. All pre-computation
shall be readily available in a spreadsheet format for use on site.
The method of setting out for each particular element of the work shall commensurate
with the required accuracy, the method of construction, and shall be appropriate for site
conditions.
In the setting out process, all elevation transfer conducted by leveling shall start on
an established benchmark and finish on a different benchmark. If a significant
misclosure is detected, the reason shall be determined and the necessary corrective
action taken.
After the erection of the formwork and prior to concreting, a survey check shall be carried
out on the formwork to ensure that the setting out has been done correctly.

A spreadsheet shall be used in all instances to tabulate the difference (or offset) in mm
between the actual set out (or as-built) co-ordinates from the design co-ordinates. In cases
where the design is an alignment, offsets to the alignment shall be computed for each
surveyed point.

4) MONITORING SURVEYS

Pre-analysis techniques shall be used to demonstrate that the required accuracy of any
proposed monitoring scheme can be achieved. As a minimum requirement, the design of
a monitoring scheme shall take into consideration the likely range of movements to be
incurred, accuracy required, accessibility to the area of interest, instrumentation to be
used, the use of any special accessories, frequency of monitoring, particular site
conditions, safety, data collection/processing techniques, real time or post process,
maintenance of the system, stability of the points of reference and the presentation
format. A detailed method statement shall be submitted to the Engineer for acceptance
before any particular monitoring scheme being implemented.

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All 2D and 3D monitoring schemes shall be co-ordinate on the Project

grid and datum. All elevation monitoring shall be conducted on the Project
datum. All monitoring points shall be clearly and unambiguously
identifiable. All reference points shall be checked for stability prior to each
use. A base set of readings shall be established at the start of each
monitoring scheme. Base set shall comprise the average of three
independent sets of readings. Monitoring reports shall be in tabular form
including the base set of readings, and the relative movements in mm
from the base readings for each subsequent set of observations taken.
Graphical representation of movements against time shall be prepared for
presentation purposes where required. If any agreed trigger levels are
exceeded, the Project manager shall be notified immediately.

Soil sampling
Borings come in two main varieties, large-diameter and small-diameter. Large-diameter
borings are rarely used due to safety concerns and expense, but are sometimes used to
allow a geologist or engineer to visually and manually examine the soil and rock
stratigraphy in-situ. Small-diameter borings are frequently used to allow a geologist or
engineer examines soil or rock cuttings from the drilling operation, to retrieve soil
samples at depth, and to perform in-place soil tests.

Soil samples are obtained in either "disturbed" or "undisturbed" condition; however,

"undisturbed" samples are not truly undisturbed. A disturbed sample is one in which the
structure of the soil has been changed sufficiently that tests of structural properties of the
soil will not be representative of in-situ conditions, and only properties of the soil grains
can be accurately determined. An undisturbed sample is one where the condition of the
soil in the sample is close enough to the conditions of the soil in-situ to allow tests of
structural properties of the soil to be used to approximate the properties of the soil in-situ.

Soil samplers

Soil samples are taken using a variety of samplers; some provide only disturbed samples,
while others can provide relatively undisturbed samples.

 Shovel. Samples can be obtained by digging out soil from the site. Samples taken
this way are disturbed samples.
 Modified California Sampler. Similar in concept to the SPT sampler, the sampler
barrel has a larger diameter and is usually lined with metal tubes to contain
samples. Samples from the Modified California Sampler can be considered
undisturbed if the soil is not excessively soft, does not contain gravel, or is not a
very dense sand.
 Piston samplers. These samplers are thin-walled metal tubes which contain a
piston at the tip. The samplers are pushed into the bottom of a borehole, with the
piston remaining at the surface of the soil while the tube slides past it. These

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samplers will return undisturbed samples in soft soils, but are difficult to advance
in sands and stiff clays, and can be damaged (compromising the sample) if gravel
is encountered. The Livingstone corer is a commonly used piston sampler. A
modification of the Livingstone corer with a serrated coring head allows it to be
rotated to cut through subsurface vegetable matter such as small roots or buried
twigs.
 Pitcher Barrel sampler. This sampler is similar to piston samplers, except that
there is no piston. There are pressure-relief holes near the top of the sampler to
prevent pressure buildup of water or air above the soil sample.

In-situ tests
A standard penetration test (SPT) is an in-situ dynamic penetration test designed to
provide information on the properties of soil, while also collecting a disturbed soil sample
for grain-size analysis and soil classification.

A cone penetration test (CPT) is performed using an instrumented probe with a conical
tip, pushed into the soil hydraulically at a constant rate. A basic CPT instrument reports
tip resistance and shear resistance along the cylindrical barrel. CPT data has been
correlated to soil properties. Sometimes instruments other than the basic CPT probe are
used, including:

 CPTu - Piezocone Penetrometer. This probe is advanced using the same

equipment as a regular CPT probe, but the probe has an additional instrument
which measures the groundwater pressure as the probe is advanced.
 SCPTu - Seismic Piezocone Penetrometer. This probe is advanced using the same
equipment as a CPT or CPTu probe, but the probe is also equipped with either
geophones or accelerometers to detect shear waves and/or pressure waves
produced by a source at the surface.
 Full Flow Penetrometers - T-bar, Ball, and Plate: These probes are used in
extremely soft clay soils (such as sea-floor deposits) and are advanced in the same
manner as the CPT. As their names imply, the T-bar is a cylindrical bar attached
at right angles to the drill string forming what look likes a T, the ball is a large
sphere, and the plate is flat circular plate. In soft clays, soil flows around the
probe similar to a viscous fluid. The pressure due to overburden stress and pore
water pressure is equal on all sides of the probes (unlike with CPT's), so no
correction is necessary, reducing a source of error and increasing accuracy.
Especially desired in soft soils due to the very low loads on the measuring
sensors. Full flow probes can also be cycled up and down to measure remolded
soil resistance. Ultimately engineers can use the measured penetration resistance
to estimate undrained and remolded shear strengths.

Flat Plate Dilatometer Test (DMT) is a flate plate probe often advanced using CPT rigs,
but can also be advanced from conventional drill rigs. A diaphragm on the plate applies a
lateral force to the soil materials and measures the strain induced for various levels of
applied stress at the desired depth interval.

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Laboratory tests
A wide variety of laboratory tests can be performed on soils to measure a wide variety of
soil properties. Some soil properties are intrinsic to the composition of the soil matrix and
are not affected by sample disturbance, while other properties depend on the structure of
the soil as well as its composition, and can only be effectively tested on relatively
undisturbed samples. Some soil tests measure direct properties of the soil, while others
measure "index properties" which provide useful information about the soil without
directly measuring the property desired.

Atterberg limits
The Atterberg limits define the boundaries of several states of consistency for
plastic soils. The boundaries are defined by the amount of water a soil needs to be
at one of those boundaries. The boundaries are called the plastic limit and the
liquid limit, and the difference between them is called the plasticity index. The
shrinkage limit is also a part of the Atterberg limits. The results of this test can be
used to help predict other engineering properties.
California bearing ratio
ASTM D 1883. A test to determine the aptitude of a soil or aggregate sample as a
road sub grade. A plunger is pushed into a compacted sample, and its resistance is
measured. This test was developed by Caltrans, but it is no longer used in the
Caltrans pavement design method. It is still used as a cheap method to estimate
the resilient modulus.
Direct shear test
ASTM D3080. The direct shear test determines the consolidated, drained strength
properties of a sample. A constant strain rate is applied to a single shear plane
under a normal load, and the load response is measured. If this test is performed
with different normal loads, the common shear strength parameters can be
determined.
Expansion Index test
This test uses a remolded soil sample to determine the Expansion Index (EI), an
empirical value required by building design codes, at a water content of 50% for
expansive soils, like expansive clays.
Hydraulic conductivity tests
There are several tests available to determine a soil's hydraulic conductivity. They
include the constant head, falling head, and constant flow methods. The soil
samples tested can be any type includes remolded, undisturbed, and compacted
samples.
Oedometer test
This can be used to determine consolidation (ASTM D2435) and swelling (ASTM
D4546) parameters.
Particle-size analysis
This is done to determine the soil gradation. Coarser particles are separated in the
sieve analysis portion, and the finer particles are analyzed with a hydrometer. The
distinction between coarse and fine particles is usually made at 75 μm. The sieve
analysis shakes the sample through progressively smaller meshes to determine its

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gradation. The hydrometer analysis uses the rate of sedimentation to determine

particle gradation.
R-Value test
California Test 301 This test measures the lateral response of a compacted sample
of soil or aggregate to a vertically applied pressure under specific conditions. This
test is used by Caltrans for pavement design, replacing the California bearing ratio
test.
Soil compaction tests
Standard Proctor (ASTM D698), Modified Proctor (ASTM D1557), and
California Test 216. These tests are used to determine the maximum unit weight
and optimal water content a soil can achieve for a given compaction effort.
Soil suction tests
ASTM D5298.
Triaxial shear tests
This is a type of test that is used to determine the shear strength properties of a
soil. It can simulate the confining pressure a soil would see deep into the ground.
It can also simulate drained and un drained conditions.
Unconfined compression test
ASTM D2166. This test compresses a soil sample to measure its strength. The
modifier "unconfined" contrasts this test to the triaxial shear test.
Water content
This test provides the water content of the soil, normally expressed as a
percentage of the weight of water to the dry weight of the soil.

Geophysical methods are used in geotechnical investigations to evaluate a site's behavior

in a seismic event. By measuring a soil's shear wave velocity, the dynamic response of
that soil can be estimated. There are a number of methods used to determine a site's shear
wave velocity:

 Cross hole method

 Down hole method (with a seismic CPT or a substitute device)
 Surface wave reflection or refraction
 Suspension logging (also known as P-S logging or Oyo logging)
 Spectral analysis of surface waves (SASW)
 Reflection micro tremor (ReMi)

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FORMAT-A)…. Soil Investigation Summary Reports

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

PROJECT CODE NO:-

REFERENCE DRAWING NUMBER:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:-

BORE HOLE NUMBER:-

Soil type Bulk Permea N- Comp Bearing Particle

S.NO Depth Density Temp./ bility value Strength capacity Distributi
PH on
1) 0.0m
2) 1.0m
3) 2.0m
4) 3.0m
5) 4.0m
6) 5.0m
7) 6.0m
8) 7.0m
9) 8.0m
10) 9.0m
11) 10.0m
12) 12.0m
13) 14.0m
14) 16.0m

OTHER INFORMATION:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

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FORMAT-B)…. Permanent Boundary pegs Reports

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

3) MOBILIZATION OF FURNITURE, STATIONARY, OTHERS

4) MOBILIZATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

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1) MOBILIZATION OF SECURITY AT SITE

1) Freeze the security personals required at site (Please refer to Section-A and B).
2) Plan for the working hours of security such as two shifts or three shifts.
3) Identify the job scope for security personal for various grades such as the job
scope of security officer, security assistant, and security guards.
4) Establish the security working system such as how many times security will
surveillance the site ranging from officer to guard etc.
5) Arrange for security stationary such as Log books for visitors, staff, vehicles and
security tags for visitors and material in and out registers, gate passes for
machinery.
6) Verify any security equipment is required such as bomb detectors etc.depends on
the location of site.
7) Please note that security has to present at all times at the security post at the
entrance to control the material, machinery and manpower inflow as well as out
flow.

A) Duties of Security Guard

The primary responsibility of security guard is to check the site frequently and
keep an eye on all the material, machinery at site, to note and control the
materials, machinery, and manpower coming to site and to go out of site.

B) Duties of Security Assistant

The primary responsibility of security assistant is to ensure that all the above
records have to be properly maintained from day to day including maintaining the
guard’s attendance registers. Security assistant will visit the site regularly and
inform to security guards in case of any system non-compliance.

C) Duties of Security Officer

Security officer will lead the team of guards and assistants and will provide the
information to Project manager as well as his administrative authority on a regular
basis such as weekly material, manpower, machinery reports. Security officer will
have the first hand knowledge of security at site at all times. He will also liaise
with local police, local government agencies regarding all the security matters.

8) The security department shall maintain the following minimum documentation at

site.

1) Visitors Register
2) Staff Register
3) Staff movement register
4) Incoming material register
5) Outgoing material register
6) Incoming machinery register
7) Outgoing machinery register.

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8) Vehicle register.

Outgoing material and machinery gate passes should be signed by the project manager
before leaving the site. No material or machinery should leave the site without the
knowledge of Project manager.

The primary responsibilities of security shall be 1) to maintain all the documentation 2) to

protect all the materials and machinery or parts from any theft 3) to control the inflow of
workers at site such as how many workers entered the site, how many left the site and
how many working on the site. Please note that no person under the age of 18 will be
allowed to work on site.4) No trespassers will be allowed from any part of site without
prior intimation. 5) To safeguard the property of company especially all the assets as well
as the land from any illegal occupancy 6) to protect all the site staff from any threats of
any reason.

SECURITY EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The purpose of the above system is to safeguard all the assets, materials, machinery and
manpower, staff in case of any riots, communal violence, strikes etc. Method statement
has to be prepared to isolate the site under such circumstances which includes how to
vacate the manpower quickly and food, water arrangements for the people present at site,
what precautions to be taken etc.

The most important point to be noticed is how fast to activate the system when such
incident occurs. It is always advisable to set up a Co-ordination team consists of Site
Project Manager who will chair the committee, site security officer, site safety officer,
site co-coordinator etc in the beginning of project.

Mark on the drawing safe escaping routes for the people to go out without any difficulty.

All the documents pertaining to ‘SEMS’ has to be kept in conference room along with all
drawings.

All the site staff, contractor staff and sub contractor staff to well informed about such
incidents in advance.

Please note that Contractors shall have to prepare their own ‘SEMS’ to protect their
assets and manpower and submit a copy to Security Department.

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2) MOBILIZATION OF SITE STAFF

1) Prepare the site organization chart with responsibilities of all personal.

2) Prepare the deployment schedule viz which person has to be deployed at what
time for example Project Manager and two engineers in March 2008 followed by
Construction Manager in May 2008 and so on.
3) Sent the above copy to Engineering head. Engineering Head will revise and
finalize the requirements based on the Budget.
4) Sent the finalized copy to HR department to arrange for the staff as per the
deployment schedule and file a copy at site.
5) Please note that Site organization chart has to be finalized first with priority as
other items like site office layout design etc depends on the occupancy.

3) MOBILIZATION OF FURNITURE, STATIONARY, OTHERS

1) Find out the furniture requirements such as tables, chairs and cupboards based on
the approved organization for staff.
2) Find out the furniture requirements for meeting rooms, visitor’s waiting room,
conference room, kitchen etc based on the site office layout plan.
3) Freeze the size of tables, chairs along with numbers required for all the personal.
4) Prepare a furniture requirement data sheet with deployment schedule.
5) Send the copy to Administration department for necessary arrangements.
6) File a copy at site for future reference and records.

4) MOBILIZATION OF PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

1) Find out what plants and equipments required for site office, security and for site
works. This refers to Oven in kitchen of site office, Refrigerator, Water treatment
units, DG sets for site office, site and security, vehicles required at site etc.
2) Prepare a list of plant and equipment with all details including deployment
schedule.
3) Send the requirements to Administration and engineering departments with a copy
at site for future reference.
4) Co-ordinate with the above departments for delivery and installation at site.

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FORMATS FOR SITE MOBILIZATION

Contents

FORMAT-A … VEHICLE MOVEMENT

FORMAT-B…... INCOMING MATERIAL

FORMAT-C…...OUTGOING MATERIAL

FORMAT-D……INCOMING MACHINERY

FORMAT-E……OUTGOING MACHINERY

FORMAT-F…….VISITORS REGISTERS

FORMAT-G…….WORKER REGISTER

FORMAT-H…….STAFF MOVEMENT REGISTER

FORMAT-I……..SAMPLE ORGANIZATION CHART

FORMAT-J…….. STAFF DEPLOYMENT SCHEDULE

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

Security assistant Security officer Project Manager

FORMAT-H…….STAFF MOVEMENT REGISTER

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PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

PROJECT CODE NO:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:-

DATE:-

S.NO NAME OF COMPANY IDENTITY TIME TIME IN PURPOSE SECURITY

STAFF NAME NO. OUT SIGN
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

Checked by: - Verified by: - Approved by:-

Name: - Name: - Name:-

Signature: - Signature: - Signature:-

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SECTION-E... CONSTRUCTION OF MINIMUM

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT

1) CONSTRUCTION OF SECURITY POSTS

2) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE

3) CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDARY WALL/FENCING/HOARDING

4) SITE CLEARING, GRADING AND MICROGRADING

5) CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT GODOWN

6) CONSTRUCTION OF STORES

7) CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL ROADS AND DRAINS

8) CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL FABRICATION YARDS

9) CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT AND MAHINERY YARD

10) CONSTRUCTION OF LABOUR CAMP

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1) CONSTRUCTION OF SECURITY POST

Please refer to Section-B.

2) CONSTRUCTION OF SITE OFFICE

Please refer to Section-B

3) CONSTRUCTION OF BOUNDARY WALL/FENCING/HOARDING

Please refer to Section-B

4) SITE CLEARING, GRADING AND MICRO GRADING

1) Obtain site layout plan, site contour plan, and site grading plan.
2) Study and check the drawings whether it covers all the areas and all the
details are included.
3) Check whether the work is to be done in house or outsourcing.
4) Prepare a base line program for the completion of works.
5) Prepare a detailed BOQ for all items such as removal of grass, shrubs &
Bushes, excavation, filling and soil disposal etc.
6) Collect quotations from different approved contractors. Please note that
there must be minimum 3 bidders.
7) Evaluate the technical and commercial bids.
8) Call the parties for a meeting for clarifications and negotiations and decide
the date for revised bid submission.
9) Prepare a comparative statement for all the bidders via both technical and
commercial bids.
10) Finalize the best commercial and technical bidder to carry out the works.
11) Make necessary arrangements for site mobilization.
12) First remove all the grass, shrubs and bushes up to 200mm from the
ground level.
13) Start the site grading works; follow the drawing for levels as mentioned
in the drawings.
14) Actual measurement for the grading to be done at site on daily basis and
to be documented.
15) Send the soil to the filling area or designated stacking area or dumping
ground based on the site condition.
16) Areas where filling is required to be done ensure the filling should be
done in layers of 300mm and soil to be properly compacted to a density
index of 95%.
17) In case of soil disposal to a stacking area or dumping ground, measure the
actual dimensions of the distance.

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18) Monitor the progress of works as per the base line program.
19) The actual progress of work is to be reported weekly, meeting should be
conducted to review the progress. In case of any delay, action plan for
recovery to be submitted.
20) Complete the site clearing and grading as per the drawing.

5) CONSTRUCTION OF CEMENT GODOWN

1) Find out the approximate volume of concreting to be done per month.

2) Calculate the number of cement bags required.
3) Presume a 3month storage capacity of go down, calculate the storage
capacity of go down, which is equal to 3Xcement bags required per
month.
4) Based on the storage capacity decide the dimensions of godown with a
clear height of 4m.
5) Identify the type of construction to be used for godown such as using RCC
framed structure with brick masonry, GI sheet roof with steel trusses.
6) Send the above dimensions to Structural consultant.
7) Obtain foundation drawings, structural drawings for Construction.
8) Check whether the work is to be done in house or outsourcing.
9) Prepare a base line program for the completion of works.
10) Prepare a detailed BOQ for all items such as excavation, filling, PCC,
RCC,structural steel, GI sheeting, plastering, concrete flooring etc
11) Collect quotations from different approved contractors. Please note that
there must be minimum 3 bidders.
12) Evaluate the technical and commercial bids.
13) Call the parties for a meeting for clarifications and negotiations and decide
the date for revised bid submission.
14) Prepare a comparative statement for all the bidders’ viz both technical and
commercial bids.
15) Finalize the best commercial and technical bidder to carry out the works.
16) Make necessary arrangements for site mobilization such as water and
electricity.
17) Setting out for the footings to be completed with temporary bench marks
with levels and co-ordinates.
18) Excavate the footings up to the required level as mentioned in the
drawings.
19) Cast the PCC.
20) Fabrication and binding of rebar for footings and part of columns to be
completed as per the drawings.
21) Complete the form work to plumb around the footings.
22) Cast the footing and pedestal up to the plinth beam bottom.
23) Fabrication and binding of rebar for plinth beam to be completed.
24) Shuttering for the plinth beam to plumb and line to be completed.
25) Install the foundation bolts using template in to the columns.

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26) Cast the plinth beam as per the drawing.

27) Complete the back filling of trenches and up to plinth level including the
construction of masonry up to plinth level from ground level.
28) Ensure the protection of threads of bolts by covering it with plastic sheet
while concreting.
29) Ensure the delivery of structural columns and trusses, Purlins, GI sheets
on time.
30) Complete the erection of columns to plumb. Ensure the foundation bolts
and properly bolted to the required torque.
31) Complete the erection of trusses, purlins as per the drawing and ensure
all the bolts are tight enough to the required torque.
32) Complete the installation of GI sheets with enough bracings.
33) Complete the brick masonry as per the drawings including the
installation of doors/windows/ ventilators frames.
34) Complete the inside and outside plastering as per specification.
35) Complete the flooring as per the drawing.
36) Install all the door shutters, window shutters, ventilators.
37) Complete all the painting works as per the specifications.
38) Monitor the progress of work as per the base line program and to be
documented.
39) Conduct weekly meetings to review the progress and prepare an action
plan in case of any delay.
40) Send the progress reports on weekly basis.
41) A copy of the above reports to be kept at site.
42) Samples of concrete to be taken as per IS 456 and to be tested and
documented.
43) Structural and reinforcement steel to be tested as per the relevant IS/BS
standards and copy of the reports including manufacturer’s certificates to
be kept at site.
44) All other materials to be tested as per the relevant IS/BS standards and
copies have to be kept at site.

6) CONSTRUCTION OF STORES BUILDING

1) Find out the size of stores building based on the material to be stored
inside.
2) Identify the type of construction to be used for stores such as using RCC
framed structure with brick masonry, GI sheet roof with steel trusses.
3) Send the above dimensions to Structural consultant.
4) Obtain foundation drawings, structural drawings for Construction.
5) Check whether the work is to be done in house or outsourcing.
6) Prepare a base line program for the completion of works.
7) Prepare a detailed BOQ for all items such as excavation, filling, PCC,
RCC,structural steel, GI sheeting, plastering, concrete flooring etc

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8) Collect quotations from different approved contractors. Please note that

there must be minimum 3 bidders.
9) Evaluate the technical and commercial bids.
10) Call the parties for a meeting for clarifications and negotiations and decide
the date for revised bid submission.
11) Prepare a comparative statement for all the bidders’ viz both technical and
commercial bids.
12) Finalize the best commercial and technical bidder to carry out the works.
13) Make necessary arrangements for site mobilization such as water and
electricity.
14) Setting out for the footings to be completed with temporary bench marks
with levels and co-ordinates.
15) Excavate the footings up to the required level as mentioned in the
drawings.
16) Cast the PCC.
17) Fabrication and binding of rebar for footings and part of columns to be
completed as per the drawings.
18) Complete the form work to plumb around the footings.
19) Cast the footing and pedestal up to the plinth beam bottom.
20) Fabrication and binding of rebar for plinth beam to be completed.
21) Shuttering for the plinth beam to plumb and line to be completed.
22) Install the foundation bolts using template in to the columns.
23) Cast the plinth beam as per the drawing.
24) Complete the back filling of trenches and up to plinth level including the
construction of masonry up to plinth level from ground level.
25) Ensure the protection of threads of bolts by covering it with plastic sheet
while concreting.
26) Ensure the delivery of structural columns and trusses, Purlins, GI sheets
on time.
27) Complete the erection of columns to plumb. Ensure the foundation bolts
and properly bolted to the required torque.
28) Complete the erection of trusses, purlins as per the drawing and ensure
all the bolts are tight enough to the required torque.
29) Complete the installation of GI sheets with enough bracings.
30) Complete the brick masonry as per the drawings including the
installation of doors/windows/ ventilators frames.
31) Complete the inside and outside plastering as per specification.
32) Complete the flooring as per the drawing.
33) Install all the door shutters, window shutters, ventilators.
34) Complete all the painting works as per the specifications
35) Monitor the progress of work as per the base line program and to be
documented.
36) Conduct weekly meetings to review the progress and prepare an action
plan in case of any delay.
37) Send the progress reports on weekly basis.
38) A copy of the above reports to be kept at site.

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39) Samples of concrete to be taken as per IS 456 and to be tested and

documented.
40) Structural and reinforcement steel to be tested as per the relevant IS/BS
standards and copy of the reports including manufacturer’s certificates to
be kept at site.
41) All other materials to be tested as per the relevant IS/BS standards and
copies have to be kept at site.

7) CONSTRUCTION OF INTERNAL ROADS AND DRAINS

1) Obtain the latest Site layout plan from the architect.

2) Mark the internal access roads and drains on the drawing with
dimensions, reference points and levels based on the actual
measurements. Also attach Hydrographic survey report
3) Send the drawing to Architect, Civil & Structural consultant for
information and for the preparation of construction drawings.
4) Obtain the construction drawings for roads and drains along with
specifications.
5) check whether the work is to be done in house or outsourcing.
6) Prepare a base line program for the completion of works.
7) Prepare a detailed BOQ for all items such as excavation, filling, PCC,
RCC,structural steel, GI sheeting, plastering, concrete flooring etc
8) Collect quotations from different approved contractors. Please note that
there must be minimum 3 bidders.
9) Evaluate the technical and commercial bids.
10) Call the parties for a meeting for clarifications and negotiations and
decide the date for revised bid submission.
11) Prepare a comparative statement for all the bidders’ viz both technical
and commercial bids.
12) Finalize the best commercial and technical bidder to carry out the
works.
13) Make necessary arrangements for site mobilization such as water and
electricity.
14) Prepare a base line program for the completion of works.
16) Setting out for the roads and drains along with alignment and levels to
be completed first.
17) Complete the excavation for the roads up to the sub grade.
18) Compact the sub grade to the required density index and file the copy.
19) Lay down the sub base course as per the drawings and specifications
and compact it using a roller to the required density index.
20) Lay down the base course as per the drawings and specifications and
compact it using a roller to the required density index.
21) Lay down the asphalt course as per the drawings and specifications and
compact it to the required density index.
22) All the materials have to be tasted as per the relevant IS/BS standards
and copies have to be kept at site.

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23) All the culverts and pipe sleeves below the road have to be completed
before the road construction.

DRAIN CONSTRUCTION.

1) Obtain the site lay out plans, sections, details and specification of
drains from the consultant.
2) Complete the setting out of the drains with reference points.
3) Excavate up to the bottom of drain as per the drawing to the correct
level.
4) Cast the PCC as per drawings and specs.
5) Fabricate the rebar for the base slab and walls.
6) Place the rebar and bind the rebar for slab and walls.
7) Cast the base slab.
8) Complete the form work for walls to plumb
9) Cast the walls as per the drawing and specifications.
10) Install the pre cast cover on the top.
11) Concrete sampling and testing has to be done as per the relevant IS/BS
codes.
12) If the drains are to be constructed using pre cast elements, get the
elements from the factory. Erect it on the PCC and join them using
Cement sand mortar or as per specification.

8) CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL FABRICATION YARDS.

1) Mark on the site layout drawing the size and position of fabrication
yard.
2) Please note that it should be free from any future constructions if
possible.
3) Level the ground and compact the ground.
4) Cast 50mm thick PCC and level it.
5) Install sign boards.
6) Arrange for timber sleepers 200mm high.
7) All the rebar bundles to be stored on timber sleepers to be placed at
regular intervals.
8) Arrange for canvas sheets to protect the rebar from any corrosion.

9) CONSTRUCTION OF PLANT AND MACHINERY YARD

1) Mark on the Site layout drawing the size and position of Plant and
Machinery yard.
2) Please note that it should be free from any future constructions if
possible.
3) Level the ground and compact the ground.
4) Cast 50mm thick PCC slab.

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5) Construct fencing with access door around to isolate the area.

6) Install enough sign boards.

10) CONSTRUCTION OF LABOUR CAMP

1) Calculate the peak manpower required during the peak construction

stage.
2) Based on the above manpower calculation find out how many married
accommodation and bachelor accommodation required.
3) Find out the location for labor quarters inside the plot or outside.
Please note that while selecting the place the following factors are
taking in to consideration. 1) Away from the construction area 2) free
from future construction 3) Should retain till the completion of
construction.4) should be easily accessible. 5) Optimum cost of
construction.
4) Mark it on the site layout plan and send it to architect and Structural
Engineer.
5) Identify the type of construction for labor camp viz pre-fab
construction or construction using GI sheets.
6) Obtain drawings from the consultant for construction.
7) Complete the foundation as per the drawings with bolts for the super
structure.
8) Erect the super structure as per the drawings and specifications.
9) Complete the Flooring, Electrical connections, plumbing & sanitary
connections.

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GENERAL NOTES FOR SECTION-5

EARTHWORK GENERAL

The Contractor shall carry out all earthwork in such a manner as to

prevent erosion or slips and shall limit working faces to safe slopes and
height. The Contractor shall ensure that all surfaces have at all times
sufficient gradients to enable them to shed water without causing erosion.
Hauling of material from cuttings or the importation of fill material to the
embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient compaction
plant is operating at the place of deposition.

Construction traffic other than that required for the excavation and trimming
shall not use the surface of the bottom of a cutting unless the cutting is in
Rock or the Contractor maintains the level of the bottom surface at least
300 mm above formation level. Any damage to the sub-grade arising from
such use of the surface shall be made good by the Contractor at his own
expense with material having the same characteristics as the material which
has been damaged.

The Contractor shall arrange for the rapid dispersal of water shed on to the earthworks
or completed formation during construction, or which enters the earthworks from any
source. Where practicable, the water shall be discharged into the permanent outfall for
the pipe drainage system. Adequate means for trapping silt shall be provided on
temporary systems discharging into permanent drainage systems. The arrangements shall
be made in respect of all earthworks including excavations whether for pipe trenches,
foundations or cuttings.

The Contractor shall provide where necessary temporary water courses, ditches, drains,
pumping or other means of maintaining the earthworks free from water. Such
provision shall include carrying out the work of forming the cuttings and
embankments in such a manner that their surfaces have at all times a sufficient
minimum cross fall and, where practicable, a sufficient longitudinal gradient to enable
them to shed water and prevent pending.
Pumping shall not be regarded as meeting provisions of this Clause where
a dumpling temporarily obstructs the free drainage of a cutting. In such
circumstances the Contractor shall construct temporary drains to a
suitable outfall or install the permanent drainage through the dumplings.
The Contractor shall take special care that naturally occurring materials
within the site are not rendered unsuitable by his method of working. Areas
of cuttings and excavation shall be so worked that rainfall is conducted
rapidly away from the exposed material and at times of expected heavy rain
that the cutting areas are protected by appropriate methods of working and

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drainage provisions. If any material that was suitable in its original position
is rendered unsuitable by the Contractor's method of working an equivalent
volume of imported Suitable Material shall be provided by the Contractor at
his own expense.
If the Contractor allows exposed material, which would provide a suitable
surface for placement of fill when exposed, to reach a condition where
compaction of backfilling is impracticable, he shall make good at his own
expense either by additional excavation and filling in the manner specified
In this clause, or by waiting until the condition of the exposed material is fit to receive the
approved backfill.

All Top Soil (including turf) shall be removed from the areas of cuttings and
embankments. Top Soil shall also be removed from existing embankments
required to receive paving or additional fill and from areas of new ditches
and watercourses. All removed Top Soil shall, where practical, be
stockpiled for re-use to soil slopes of cuttings, embankments, berms,
verges, reserves and for the provision of beds for the cultivation of trees and
shrubs.
The Contractor shall make his own arrangements for stockpiling of Top Soil and/or Suitable
Material and for the provision of appropriate areas for the purpose.

All excavated Suitable Material together with the surplus from the trenches and foundation
pits after backfilling shall, where possible, be incorporated in the Works and the Contractor
shall program me his work to ensure that all possible material can be utilized. No
excavated Suitable Material which could subsequently be utilized in the works shall be
removed from the Site except on the direction or with the permission of the Engineer.
Should the Contractor be permitted to remove Suitable Material from the Site to suit his
operational procedure, then he shall make good at his own expense any consequent
deficit of filling arising there from.

Surplus excavated materials arising from excavation and not required for filling shall
become the responsibility of the Contractor who shall remove such surplus away from
the site.

Where the excavation reveals a combination of Suitable and Not Suitable Materials the
Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in
such a manner that the Suitable Materials are excavated separately for use in the Works
without contamination by the Not Suitable Materials.

The use of Top Soil shall be restricted to surface layers in positions not subjected to
loading by track, pavements or structures.

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CUTTINGS AND CUT SLOPES

General
Unless otherwise specified, no portion of the earth cutting shall vary from
the specified or ordered formation level by an amount exceeding 150mm.
In the case of cut slopes, no portion of the completed slope shall vary by
an amount exceeding 100mm (measured at right angles to the slope).
In all cuttings, whether in earth or rock, undulations in the general plane of the slope will
not be permitted.

Unless otherwise specified, excavation in rock shall extend to at least 150mm below
the specified formation level and backfilled with approved materials.

Any overhanging, loose or unstable material shall be removed.

The excavation shall be so arranged that the working areas are adequately
drained throughout the period of construction.

In cutting where the strata consists of earth overlaying rock which is required to be
cut to a slope of 1 (H) : 2 (V) or steeper, the face of the rock shall be given its
appropriate slope up to the junction of the rock and earth and the latter shall be stripped
to form a bench 900mm wide and sloped to the gradient as specified.

Concrete to Exposed Slopes

Concrete shall be applied to form a skin protection on slopes where specified on the
drawing to prevent erosion and weathering.
The minimum thickness and characteristic strength of the concrete shall be 50 mm and
10MPa respectively. The concrete should be applied on an exposed slope face as soon
as possible, but no later than 24 hours after cutting.
The design mix of the concrete shall be such that it is pumpable and the
end product will adhere to the slope surface. The water cement ratio shall
be 0.4 to 0.5 and the minimum cement content shall be 400kg/m3.
Suitable admixtures may also be added.

In order to provide for drainage of the slope surface, weep holes shall be provided
through the concrete and 200mm into the soil or rock at 3m intervals in both horizontal
and vertical directions

REMOVAL OF ROCKS AND OTHER BLASTING

Should rock be met in the course of excavation, it shall be removed by approved
means.

The written consent of the Engineer shall be obtained on each occasion the
Contractor wishes to use explosives. If explosives are to be used, the
Contractor shall obtain all necessary licenses from the appropriate

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authorities and shall conform to all Government regulations relating to

transport, storage, handling and use of the explosives and shall also
conform to the rules set out by the Officer-in-Charge of Arms and
Explosives.

The Engineer shall be fully informed by the Contractor as to the steps and
precautionary measures taken to safeguard the surrounding properties. The
Contractor shall be liable for any accident, damage or injury to any person
property or thing, resulting from the use of explosives. When blasting is
proposed to be carried out, the Contractor shall determine the danger
zone likely to be created and ensure that no damage is caused to persons
or property on or off site. Prior to commencing blasting operations a written
report listing any existing defects in the structures in the zone which may be
affected, supported by photographs where necessary, shall be submitted to
the Engineer by the Contractor.

When blasting operations are being carried out, any road affected shall be closed to traffic
and the appropriate signs shall be erected in accordance with the latest “Code of Practice
for Temporary Traffic Control” published by the Land Transport Authority.

The Contractor shall comply with the requirements of BS 6657 in respect of the use of
electrical detonators in the vicinity of static and mobile radio transmitters including
normal radio and television broadcasting stations and radar units associated with aircraft
movements.

FILLING GENERAL

All filling material, whether placed and/or compacted or awaiting placing and/or
compaction which, in the opinion of the Engineer does not comply with this
Specification or has been damaged by weather or in any other way, shall be removed
and replaced at the Contractor’s expense.

When the state of the weather is such that, in the opinion of the Engineer, it would
adversely affect the placing of specially compacted fill, all such work shall be
stopped.

End tipping of fill shall not be permitted except in special circumstances

and then only with the acceptance of the Engineer.

COMPACTION OF FILL

General

All materials shall be compacted in layers as soon as practicable after deposition.

Before commencing any filling, each class of material to be compacted
shall be tested by an acceptable laboratory to establish the maximum

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value of the dry density that can be obtained and the optimum moisture
content for compaction. Testing shall be in accordance with BS 1377.
The depth of each compacted layer shall be compatible with the compaction plant used
and shall not be greater than the maximum depth of compacted layer specified for each
type of compaction plant. Earthmoving plant will not be accepted as compaction
equipment. Variations from the methods given in this table, or the use of plant not
included therein, will be permitted only if the Contractor demonstrates to the satisfaction
of the Engineer at site trials that the required field density will be achieved.
The method of compaction being used must produce a compacted fill material having
a field density of at least the following percentage of the maximum dry density
previously established for that material:

(A) 95% in the case of material within 500mm of formation level

(b) 90% in the case of material more than 500mm below formation level

The Contractor must verify by site tests that the required field density is being achieved
and make any adjustments to his compaction methods, which may be necessary.

Field density shall be determined by in-situ tests in accordance with

BS 1377. Each layer of fill shall be tested and accepted by the Engineer
prior to the placing of the next layer. At least 3 in-situ field density tests
shall be carried out for every 300m2 or less of surface area of each
compacted layer. In-situ field density tests shall be carried out by Sand
Replacement Method or Water Displacement Method in accordance with
BS 1377.
The moisture content of the in-situ material during compaction shall be maintained as
close to the optimum moisture content as possible. If necessary, this shall be adjusted by
wetting or drying on site to enable the required in-situ field densities of the fill
material to be obtained consistently.
When materials of widely divergent characteristics are used in embankments
and fill areas they shall be spread and compacted in separate clearly defined areas
in such a manner as to comply with the requirements of this clause.
If more than one class of material is being used in such a way that is not practicable to
define the areas in which each class occurs, compaction plant shall be operated as if only
the material which requires the greatest compaction effort is being compacted.
The following requirements are applicable to Rock used as fill material.
Each layer of Rock used as rock fill in embankments shall be spread and
leveled and systematically compacted by at least 12 passes of a towed vibratory roller with a
static load per meter width of roll of at least 1800kg or a grid roller with a load per meter
width of roll of at least 8000kg or other approved plant. Where, however, the rock contains
sufficient soft material for satisfactory compaction to the requirements of
of well graded granular soil, the fill shall be compacted to the
latter requirements. In order that the Engineer may make proper provision for the
supervision of compaction in the permanent work, the Contractor shall, not less than 24
hours before he proposes to carry out compaction processes during periods of overtime,
apply in writing to the Engineer for permission to do so.

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SECTION-F)…SITE LAYOUT AND DEMARCATION

Obtain the site layout plan with all the infrastructure details shown in the drawing such as
1) Location and position of site office.
2) Location of security cabins
3) Site grading details.
4) Location and position of cement go down.
5) Location of stores building
6) Location and position of Roads and drains
7) Location of labor camp
8) Location of soil stacking area
9) Location of steel fabrication yard
10) Location of plant and machinery yard.
11) Actual location of boundary wall.
12) Location of existing buildings.

The architect and structural consultant has to visit the site after taking position of plot and
conduct a meeting at site and to finalize the location and position of above on the drawings
primarily. Based on the above Basic site layout plan has to be prepared and to be made
available at site before the start of survey works at site.

The actual location co-ordinates and levels have to be obtained after the completion of survey
and obtaining the survey drawings.

The Architect and Structural consultant along with site staff and co-coordinator has to review
and finalize the locations of above items on the basic site layout plan. Based on the actual,
Architect has to prepare the final site layout plan, which also includes the locations and
positions of proposed Buildings and facilities via master layout plan has to be prepared and
finalized. Please note that once the master layout plan is prepared and finalized, the drawing
has to undergo minimum changes, which may not affect the site construction activities
adversely.

DEMARKATION

1) Obtain the master layout plan from the architect.

2) Establish temporary bench marks with co-ordinates and levels near the above mentioned
items from 1 to 12.
3) Establish reference bench marks around the above items (From 1 to 12).
4) Establish survey reference pegs at regularly intervals for the above items.
5) Site surveyor is totally responsible for the accuracy of all the records of the above at site.
6) All the above references have to be documented and to be kept at site for future reference.
7) All the bench marks, survey pegs, survey reference lines have to be protected from any
damage caused due to construction vehicles etc.
8) All the above survey references have to be made available before the start of the
construction of respective elements.

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GENERAL NOTES ON SITE LAYOUT

The master site layout plan is the most important drawing for any project as all the
construction of temporary facilities and permanent facilities development depends on the
layout plan. The site layout plan has to be prepared in such a way that 1) the cost, quality
and safety of the construction should be optimum.
The access roads which have to be used for construction can be used as permanent roads
for the proposed development with laying an asphalt ware course on the roads after the
completion of construction.
The storm water drains or underground drains can be permanent ones for the proposed
development with minimum temporary drains located at temporary facilities such as site
office, labor camps, storage facilities etc. It is always better to use pre cast drain
construction for all temporary drains so that the same drains can be reused at other sites
once the construction is completed. All the temporary drain connections to the permanent
drains can be blocked after the completion of construction and removal of drains. The
drains have to be designed and constructed so that minimum maintenance is required. An
example is that provide enough silt traps at the junction of temporary drains and
permanent storm water drains. The permanent drains have to be located at the sides of
roads and sufficient distance from the roads in order to allow any road widening in the
coming future.
It is always better to preserve the trees and greenery which is not coming in the proposed
development in order to have minimum impact on the environment. These can be utilized
properly for a beautiful and natural landscaping in the design.
All the temporary facilities like site office, labor camp, storage sheds have to be
constructed using pre-cast or pre-fabricated elements. This not only increases the usage
but also yields optimum cost and better comforts and minimum impact on environment.
For example in case of cast in-situ, the breaking of concrete involves in dust pollution,
Noise pollution and cost of demolition, dumping of debris etc. and have considerable
impact on the environment.
All the sewage and sewerage system should be designed for the entire development with
a sewage treatment plant and the water from the plant can be reused for landscaping,
toilets flushing etc.
In order to reduce the surface runoff and the sizes of drains rain harvesting pits to
constructed at proper places so that this water can be reused for landscaping etc. It is
always advisable to send minimum water to public drains. An efficient Site layout plan
yields zero water to go out of plot. These criteria is very important in deciding the site
grading levels, so that maximum water from the water shed will go to the rain harvesting
pits. In case of heavy monsoons, a separate water tank collecting rain water with
treatment plant from the rain water harvesting pits shall be constructed to store and reuse
the water. These criteria will be very much useful for a green mark building certification.
The best way to prepare the best layout plan is to involve all the relevant parties through
meetings and brain storming sections such as Architect, Landscaping architect, structural
consultant, Hydrographic consultant, E&M consultant and site team. All the previous
experiences have to be taken into account with latest trends in the construction industry.
It is always better to use recycled material in the construction so that cost can be
optimum with environmental friendly construction.

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ACTION CHECK LIST FOR SITE LAYOUT PLAN

PROJECT DESCRIPTION:-

PROJECT CODE NO:-

LOCATION OF PROJECT:

S.NO ITEM YES NO REMARKS

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SECTION-G…TRAFFIC STUDIES
Contents

1) DEVELOPING THE SCOPE OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STUDY

2) COLLECTION OF TRAFFIC DATA

3) PREDICTION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME

4) TRIPS GENERATION ESTIMATION

5) TRIPS DISTRIBUTION

6) TRIPS ASSIGNMENT

7) TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS

8) TRAFIC SAFETY ANALYSIS

9) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

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1) DEVELOPING THE SCOPE OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT STUDY

Criteria for Determining When a Traffic Management Study Is Required

1) No study will be required on a road with a Level of Service A.

2) A study will be required for the following:
a) any proposed project that would generate traffic on a road providing access to the site
with a Level of Service B where such project, if new, will generate 3000 or more net new
vehicle trips per day or, if an expansion or change in use of an existing project, shall add
3000 or more net new vehicle trips per day; or
b) any proposed project that would generate traffic on a road providing access to the site
with a Level of Service C where such project, if new, will generate 2000 or more net new
vehicle trips per day or, if an expansion or change in use of an existing project, shall add
2000 or more net new vehicle trips per day; and
c) any proposed project that would generate traffic on a road providing access to the site
with a Level of Service D where such project, if new, will generate 1000 or more net new
vehicle trips per day or, if any expansion or change in use of an existing project, shall add
1000 or more net new vehicle trips per day.
3) Notwithstanding the foregoing, a study shall not be required in connection with any
request for approval involving property that is developed and for which no redevelopment
is proposed.
The following table sets forth when a Traffic Management Study is required.

Is a Traffic Management Study

Required?
Level of < 1000 New 1000 to 2000 2000 to 3000 >= 3000 New
Service Trips per New Trips New Trips Trips Per
Day per Day per Day Day
A No No No No
B No No No Yes
C No No Yes Yes
D No Yes Yes Yes
E Yes Yes Yes Yes
F Yes Yes Yes Yes

Study Area
The study area shall include all proposed access points, all signalized intersections and all
non-signalized intersections having side-street average daily traffic counts of 4000 vehicles
per day or more within ¼ mile of the property lines on all streets adjoining the site. If the
estimated trip generation for the project is over 5000 trips per day, then the study area shall
include all proposed access points, all signalized intersections, and all non-signalized
intersections having side street average daily traffic counts of 4000 vehicles per day or
more within ½ mile of the property lines on all adjoining streets.

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The criteria are summarized below:

< 5000 trips per day >5000 trips per day

All proposed access points yes yes
All signalized intersections yes yes
within ¼ mile
All signalized intersections No yes
more than ¼ mile but less
than ½ mile
All non-signalized yes yes
intersections within ¼ mile
All signalized intersections No yes
more than ¼ mile but less
than ½ mile

2) COLLECTION OF TRAFFIC DATA

Available Traffic Data

Traffic counts may be available from the City transport council or Municipal Corporation.
Any of these organizations may have average daily traffic counts, intersection turning
movement counts, and traffic study reports containing pertinent data and estimates.
The City also maintains a library of traffic studies that have been conducted.

Use of Available Data

Generally, any available daily traffic counts may be used in developing historical trends for
use in forecasting traffic growth trends. Turning movement counts may used if less than
two years old. Requests for use of any existing data will require the prior approval of the
relevant authority. Recently completed traffic management studies for other projects may
be used as a source of data. Generally, any studies less than two years old may be eligible
for use.

Collection of Turning Movement Counts

Traffic turning movement counts will be made at the required intersections to cover the
Necessary hours of the study. For most studies, the hours of study will require the morning
and afternoon peak hours on typical weekdays. For some studies, especially where there
may be a desire to attempt to establish the need for a traffic signal, additional hours will be
required. In these cases, counts should be made to cover the busiest eight hours of a typical
weekday. It is normally best to exclude Mondays and Fridays, as these days are generally
different from the average. Care must be taken to avoid peak seasonal events and to avoid
days in which public school is not in session. For projects which include improvements to
schools or sites adjacent to schools, it will be necessary to include peak hour counts for the
school take-in and dismissal times.

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3) PREDICTION OF TRAFFIC VOLUME

Calculate the total built up area of the plot to be developed. This can be calculated by
multiplying FSI of that city with plot area. Find out the area occupied per person
depending upon the type of development. For example 10sq.ft per person for commercial
development. Calculate the total occupancy of the development. In case of residential
development a minimum of 2 car trips per flat can be assumed. Based on the above we
can calculate how much total additional traffic volume can be generated.

4) TRIPS GENERATION ESTIMATION

The total traffic volume prediction is already obtained from the above. Now conduct a
survey how many are using 1) Rail 2) Bus 3) Two wheeler 4) Bicycles 5) Walking 6)
Cars. This can be surveyed based on the existing developments in that area or collect data
from the relevant authority. Find out how many equal car spaces are required for parking
purpose based on the car usage. (Generally 15 to 20% in major cities). Find out the
number of bus trips during the peak hours. Make special provisions for bus lanes and
cars, two wheelers. This information is required for the design of internal roads.

5) TRIPS DISTRIBUTION

For most projects, the development of trip distribution will require numerical methods to
analyze trips that will be newly made to and from the site (new trips) and trips that will be
made by drivers already traveling past the site (pass-by trips). In addition, in some limited
cases, there may be trips that are diverted from one street to another as a result of a new
development.
The most common model used for trip distribution is the gravity model. In short, this
model distributes trips to and from generators in direct proportion to the trip productions
and attractions and in inverse proportion to the travel time required to reach the destination
or return to the origin. As discussed in the ITE publication, the gravity model is appropriate
for new trips for both commercial and residential developments.

A “short-cut” method is to analyze the population of each traffic analysis zone (TAZ)
within the expected travel circumference of the proposed development and distribute the
trips based on the population distribution. For example, a proposed commercial site will be
developed with land uses such that the site has an expected maximum travel time of 20
minutes for new trips to the site. Assume the average travel speed is 30 mph. This would
mean that the radius of travel to the site would generally be within 10 miles (30 mph x 20
minutes / 60 minutes/hr). So we would then review the population data for all TAZ within
10 miles of the site and develop a matrix indicating the percentage distribution of
population within those TAZ. Assuming the four cardinal directions, we might find that for
example, 20% of the population lives to the north of the site, 30% to the south, 15% to the
west and 35% to the east. We would then distribute the trips to and from the site using

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those proportions. If the site were to generate 1000 new trips, we would then assume for
example that 350 (35%) would come and go from the east. This method can also be
augmented with travel time data from and to the surrounding zones if available.

Another method is to use market survey data when available. For example, a new grocery
store chain may have done a market survey to assess whether or not to enter a new market.
Their survey may indicate where potential shoppers live and in what proportions. Again,
these proportions could be used to distribute new trips.

Pass-by trips are normally distributed in proportion to the current traffic flow patterns. For
Example, if during the morning peak hour 60% of the traffic passing a site were
northbound, we would assume that 60% of the pass-by trips would come from vehicles
already passing the site northbound.

6) TRIPS ASSIGNMENT

Trip assignment is the step in the process in which new trips are allocated to the existing
and proposed facilities in the study area and in which turning movement data is adjusted for
both new trips and pass-by trips. Trip assignment may be done utilizing the IRC or HCM
model. For most projects, an inspection of the trip generation and distribution will indicate
the routes most likely to be used by new and pass-by vehicles. There are numerous ways to
assign trips to the various segments of street networks. These methods are numerical and
take into account capacity, typical operating speeds, existing traffic control measures in
place, and many other factors. Normally the methods are so complicated that computer
assistance is needed. Many of the computerized traffic analysis programs such as SITE,
QRS, T.H.E., and others are available for use.
Projects. In most cases, a manual manipulation of numbers taking into account travel
distances and speeds and general street conditions will be sufficient to assign trips. For
most studies, a site will have access permitted on no more than one or two sides, which
simplifies the assignment process. Sometimes local data and information can be useful in
establishing the assignment of trips to the study network.
The assignment of trips to the various access points of a proposed development does
require assumptions and the use of information that may be available on current traffic
patterns. For example, a commercial development with more than one access point is likely
to have traffic at all its driveways. Generally, in the lack of other data, drivers will normally
enter the first available driveway as opposed to the 2nd, in a ratio of about 70%:30%. If
there are three driveway accesses, the distribution is generally expected to be about
70%:20%:10%. If there are access points on more than one frontage, patterns may be
different. Every individual case may be different and numerous factors come into play. The
positioning of the access points in relation to the “center of gravity” of the development has
an effect on which driveway is used. The land use of any outparcels also has a large effect.
Finally, traffic control is a big factor. Drivers may favor a particular traffic signal, for
example, because it allows for safer or more convenient access to the site.

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7) TRAFFIC FLOW ANALYSIS

Methodology Plan
Prior to development of traffic flow analysis for both existing and future conditions, a
review will be made by the consultant and a proposed plan will be submitted to and
discussed with the Project team. This plan will address the methods to be used in data
collection and analysis.

Use of Highway Capacity Manual

Generally, traffic flow analysis will be by the current version of the Highway Capacity
Manual (HCM). Computerized software packages such as HCS+, Synchrony, SimTraffic,
Carsem, and other programs may be used with prior approval of the Project team.

Acceptable Practices for Use of Traffic Flow Analysis Techniques

The consultant will employ practices and use standards and guidelines normally accepted
by the ITE and the IS. Any deviations from typical values for parameters used in the HCM
or any software packages will require prior approval of the Project team. Among these
parameters are standard normal ranges of saturation flow for travel lanes, general traffic
signal timing settings, normal values for percentages of heavy vehicles, and various
adjustment factors. The consultant should discuss the use of any extraordinary settings for
these and any other parameters with the Project team before use. For example, the Highway
Capacity Manual normally recommends the use of a saturation flow of 1900 vehicles per
hour for arterial streets. Use of a saturation flow rate substantially different would require
prior approval of the Project team.

8) TRAFIC SAFETY ANALYSIS

Some developments will be proposed for locations already having traffic safety problems.
Adding new traffic or imposing revised traffic patterns at an intersection or along a stretch
of street which already has a safety problem must be carefully considered. In addition, at
some locations with geometric deficiencies but with low traffic volumes, there may not be
a documented safety problem in terms of the number or rate of collisions. Adding traffic at
such locations might create a safety concern, and these locations will require additional
scrutiny. In all cases, the Project team will determine whether a traffic safety analysis is
required as part of a Traffic Management Study.
A study of traffic safety conducted as part of a Traffic Management Study will include a
review of the site’s collision history and an assessment of how the proposed development
might affect the potential for increased safety problems. The study will include any
mitigation efforts necessary to address known problems or situations that may arise as a
result of the proposed development. For example, the location of a new residential
development with proposed access on the inside of a sharp, horizontal curve may need
closer review if the curve has adverse geometry and/or a history of collisions attributed to
the curvature. The safety analysis would attempt to predict the likely impacts on traffic
safety with the new development in place and recommend measures to mitigate any

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impacts. Such mitigations might include revising the geometry of the curve by rebuilding
or “flattening” it, installing turn lanes, or installing traffic control devices to warn motorists
of hazards. Another example might be a signalized intersection having a history of left-turn
collisions. If a new development will add a significant number of new left turns to the
intersection, it may be that the location will require addition of a left-turn phase to the
signal or some other measure as a mitigation effort, based on safety as opposed to
traffic level of service. Each case will be reviewed individually when required to be part of
the study by the Project team. The City will provide access to any safety data it may have
including reports and data summaries. Traffic collision data is also available from Traffic
police department... Analysis of traffic safety data normally involves (1) a review of
collision rates and severity and (2) observations of traffic flow as related to existing
hazards. Collision diagrams may be required in order to assess safety deficiencies and
determine remedies for existing problems.

9) CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The general approach is that existing traffic counts, traffic control, and intersection and
street data are used as inputs to the Highway Capacity Manual analysis methods to develop
assessments of existing conditions. The HCM methods are used to analyze peak hour
conditions for the hours required in the study. Generally, the peak 60 minutes within the
morning and afternoon peak hours are analyzed. Software such as Synchrony, Transit, and
many others are available for use when pre-approved by the Project Department.
ARTPLAN software may also be used for general level of service analysis of daily traffic
flow data. New trips to be added to existing traffic flow are estimated using the standard
methods of the ITE. Trip generation is predicted and trips are distributed and assigned to
the street system along with any background growth to provide a picture of traffic flow at
full build out of the proposed development. The traffic analysis methods for capacity and
level of service analysis are then used to assess traffic conditions with the project and to
compare to existing conditions. These results are used to identify traffic movements that
become difficult as a result of the proposed development. For example, an intersection may
have a good overall level of service with acceptable delays and queues. After the addition
of a proposed project, it may be found that a certain movement may result in extensive
congestion and long queues. The next step would be to determine the causes of the
potential traffic problems and identify potential corrections or mitigations such as
installation of a traffic signal or turning lanes or other measures. The determination of the
need for additional through lanes on major streets or on side-street approaches will be made
by looking at the existing and future capacity versus traffic demand. Only very large
developments would normally require the addition of through lanes. Many other
developments may require the addition of turning lanes.

For an example of the review of the need for a left-turn lane, consider a site with a
proposed access point that will generate 60 new left turns during the design hour on an
existing two -lane street which does not have turn lanes, along with 40 new vehicles in the
opposing traffic stream. If the speed limit is 40 mph, the existing advancing volume is 350
and the existing opposing volume is 500 Since we predict 60 left turns, we are expecting 60
/ (350 + 60) or 15% left turns for this movement.. Since we expect to have 15% left turns,

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we would conclude that a left turn lane is warranted.

Guidelines for right-turn lanes at UN signalized intersections on two -lane highways, for
example, consider a proposed development that will generate 75 new right-turns in the
design hour. Assume the existing through volume is 450 and that the speed limit is 45 mph.
entering the chart at a right-turn volume of 100 with a total design hour volume of 550
gives a point above the line, indicating that a right-turn lane should be considered.

Capacity analysis using the HCM and software such as Synchrony can also be used to
determine levels of congestion and queues at proposed access points, giving an indication
of the need for a left-turn lane or a right-turn lane. Data from these analyses can indicate
possible extension of queues that might affect through lanes, indicating the need for new or
extended turn lanes. Safety considerations are also very important. Any location with high
speeds and/or a history of left turn or rear-end accidents that might indicate the need for a
turning lane should have further review even if the criteria of the chart are not exceeded.
Also, for cases where the use of the HCM charts indicate that thresholds are met, additional
references and/or methodology must be presented in order for consideration to be given to
not providing auxiliary turning lanes. In all cases, the consultant shall review the materials
presented and shall determine whether or not turning lanes will be required as mitigation of
traffic impacts.

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SECTION-H…ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION MEASURES

Contents.

1) WATER POLLUTION

2) DUST POLLUTION

3) NOISE POLLUTION

4) AIR POLLUTION

5) SOIL EROSION CONTROL

6) CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION

7) DISPOSAL AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

8) MINIUM DISTURBANCE TO HISTORICAL PLACES

9) MOSQUITO CONTROL

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1) WATER POLLUTION

1) Send the construction water samples as well as all the water reaching to public
drains for testing and obtain the test report. The test report identifies whether the
water is contaminated or not.
2) Find out what are the contaminants inside the water and the source of
contamination.
3) Identify the location and place of contamination.
4) Find out the methods to avoid the contamination.
5) If required treat the contaminated water before entering the drains, canals etc.

The sources of water contamination may be soil erosion or ground water contamination
due to chemicals from the ground, mixing of construction chemicals with water and
directly reaching the drains etc. for example betonies slurry leakage to the drains from the
plant or piles. This can be avoided by storing the slurry in underground pits and send it to
proper disposal area. All the water sources have to be tested and to be treated before
using for construction.

2) DUST POLLUTION

The causes of dust pollution are 1) fine dust flying from the site to atmosphere due to
construction vehicle movement or through strong winds 2) Unloading of cement,
betonies, other power chemicals in to mixer machines etc. The fine dust flying in to the
atmosphere can be avoided by sprinkler water on to these areas or plant shrubs, bushes,
grass in case of open areas or cover these areas with membranes. For example all the soil
stacks has to be covered with canvas sheets in order to avoid flying fine dust in to
atmosphere during the dry weather conditions. The power chemicals unloading can be
controlled by enclosing the areas with tents etc. The workers working in these areas shall
wear face mask to avoid these enter in to the human body protecting the nose and eyes
from direct contact?

3) NOISE POLLUTION

Please refer to SECTION-A…Take position of PLOT.

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4) AIR POLLUTION

The air pollution is primarily caused due to the release of gases like carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, Sculpture dioxide, Nitrogen dioxide, lead etc directly in to the
atmosphere without any treatment. These chemical gases will cause several problems to
the human body. The carbon dioxide is resulting from vehicle pollution from traffic and
construction machinery at site. The high content of carbon dioxide is due to not enough
plantation at site and surroundings. The other gases may be due to the presence of
industries in the vicinity.
All the construction machinery present at site have to be properly maintained viz
regular cleaning and change of filters at the exhaust of machinery. If machinery is
continuously exhausting dark smoke then such machinery shall be removed from site. It
is always advisable not use machinery with life span more than 15 years especially lifting
machinery due to safety reasons unless and other wise certified by a competent person as
safe to use.

5) SOIL EROSION CONTROL

1) Find out the places of soil erosion viz open areas, excavation slopes, excavation
areas. Most of the times the soil through surface runoff due to monsoons will enter
the drains.
2) All the construction drain entry and exit points should be provided with sediment
traps or filtration units.
3) All the drains should be regularly cleaned and maintained.
4) All the slopes of excavation should be protected using shortcreting or by planting
trees, shrubs, bushes or grass etc. The slopes can also be covered with geotextile
membranes.
5) In case of deep excavations, the water to be collected to a pit and allow sufficient
time for soil sedimentation before pumping the water to surface drains.
6) Provide enough rain water harvesting pits at site.
7) Provide check dams at regular intervals in case of natural drains.
8) All the water from construction as well as during wet weather is to be sent to a
treatment plant before discharging to public drains.
9) It is better to store the water and recycle it for irrigation and toilet flushing etc.
10) The slopes of the ground while site grading should be proper in order to avoid any
stagnant water.
11) All the soil stacking areas have to be covered with canvas with counter weights.
12) Regular site inspections should be conducted and necessary precautionary
measures should be implemented to prevent soil erosion.
13) The contractor should prepare a method statement indicating all the precautionary
measures for soil erosion before the start of work.

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5) CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION

1) List out all the construction chemicals that require special storage and usage such
as additives, bentonite, paints, epoxy material, construction chemicals required
for ground improvement works, etc.
2) Obtain the MSDS for all the materials along with manufacturer’s instructions and
implement the procedures stipulated.
3) The Contractor shall have to submit Method statements for all the activities such
as JET Grouting, TAM Grouting, etc with all the safety precautions for storage,
handling and usage of such materials at site.
4) The site safety officer has to check the above before the start of work along with
the site-in charge.
5) Place enough sign boards at the place of storage.
6) Train all the construction workers on how to store, use the materials for
construction.
7) Make sure there is no leakage or wastage of this material to site soils or drains
etc.
8) The waste material to be stored and disposed to the approved or designated areas
properly.
9) All the lubricants to be stored separately with fencing around and in trays to be
placed below the drums with sand filled in the trays. Sign boards like “no
smoking” and Highly Inflammable to be placed nearby.
10) Fire extinguishers have to keep nearby with sign boards along with instructions
on how to use the fire extinguishers.
11) Care has to be taken to avoid these mixing with site soil.
12) All the empty drums to be send back properly.
13) The same procedure shall be adopted for the oxygen and acetylene gas cylinders
storage that can be used for steel cutting purpose.

6) DISPOSAL AND STORAGE OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS

1) Find out the list of the above construction chemicals such as Sulphuric acid, Nitric
acid, etc which are highly dangerous for the workers.
2) Obtain the MSDS and instructions on how to use, store, and dispose these
materials. The safety officer/ Site engineer shall obtain a method statement for the
site works for the items to be used for construction and review, approve the method
statement.
3) All the construction personal involved in these works should be trained and
educated before the start of works.
4) Enough safety sign boards have to be placed at storage and usage areas with
instruction manuals.
5) All the safety PPE has to be made available at the above areas.
6) Follow the instructions on how to dispose these waste materials.

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7) MINIMUM DISTURBANCE TO HISTORICAL PLACES.

1) Find out any places of interest around the plot to be developed such as museums,
forts, wild life parks, etc
2) Find out how much distance from the plot.
3) Ensure the access to the plot to be away from such areas in order to less disturb
these areas such as noise, dust pollution etc.
4) If required, place enough height of boundary wall or hoarding at these sides.
5) Provide canvass or any other membrane above the walls to isolate the area.
6) Make this boundary impermeable by providing water proofing on this side to
avoid any leakage to these areas.
7) Conduct regular inspections at these areas within the plot.
8) Maintain all the necessary documentation for future reference.

8) MOSQUITO CONTROL

1) Find out the ditches, depressions inside the site where water may stagnant for
several days.
2) Fill all these depressions and ditches with soil and level them.
3) Please note that any stagnant water may lead to mosquito breeding.
4) The mosquito breeding may result in Malaria, dengue of human beings working
in these areas. Mosquito’s are serious killers of persons, if enough precautions
are not taken.
5) The site shall be graded to enough gradient so that no stagnant water will be
present at site.
6) All the roof gutters have to be cleaned regularly.
7) Thermal Foaming has to be done weekly once to kill the lava of mosquitoes.
8) Chemical oil has to be spread at all places where stagnant water is present.
9) All the sumps, manholes have to be closed properly and ensure no mosquito
breeding around.
10) Regular site inspections have to be conducted and precautionary measures have
to be taken.
11) The contractor has to submit a method statement for controlling the mosquitoes
breeding at site together with safety precautionary measures.
12) Review the method statement and approve the Method statement for site
implementation at site.

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GENERAL NOTES ON ENVIRONMENT IMPACT

Potential impacts arising from land development and the introduction of human waste streams and
resource demands include:
• Destruction of important ecological, archeological or historical areas. This may be caused either
by land clearing for the housing and associated infrastructure, or by the subsequent exploitation of
the land and other resources by inhabitants.

• Deforestation, arising from (1) clearing of land for construction and associated infrastructure (e.g.,
roads); (2) clearing of land for agriculture by inhabitants; or (3) overharvesting of fuel wood by
inhabitants, for domestic use or for small-scale charcoal production.

• Contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater from sewage and solid waste (refer to
the “Water and Sanitation” sector description in the Guidelines); creation of breeding grounds for
animal and insect disease carriers.

• Erosion from construction of houses and access roads, resulting in destruction of agricultural land,
sedimentation of waterways, etc.

Construction impacts. Construction also has serious environmental impacts. These are discussed at
greater length in the general sector briefing on “Small-Scale Construction” in the Guidelines.
Prominent among these impacts are:

Erosion caused by water or wind and aggravated by sloping terrain when the earth is left barren after
the site is cleared, leveled or filled in. Erosion may also be associated with access
Roads, or with quarry or borrow areas that provide construction material.

• Water contamination, from (1) the dumping of demolition debris

Or excess soil from land leveling into watercourses; (2) runoff from on-site machine maintenance
(oil change, refueling, washing) affecting surface and groundwater supplies; and (3) lack of adequate
sanitary facilities for construction workers.

• Airborne dust and particulate contamination, caused by removal

Of ground cover from access roads, quarries, borrow pits and construction sites.

• Destruction or depletion of local natural resources, such as sand

And rock taken from riverbeds, quarries or borrow areas and wood cut from neighboring forests for
construction or for firing brick-making.

• Loss of hillside stability caused by the removal of vegetation cover, water

saturation from altered drainage, and poorly designed quarries and borrows pits; results include
landslides and slumping.

• Creation of an environment favoring disease vectors. For example,

demolition rubble may serve as a breeding ground for rats; standing water may serve as a breeding
ground for insect vectors and harbor water-borne diseases.

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• Marring of view sheds and aesthetic qualities by failure to

Properly dispose of construction and demolition waste (including trash produced by workers) and by
scarring associated with quarries and borrow pits for construction materials.

In general, the consequences of these impacts persist after construction is complete. Eroded land
does not regain its fertility. Contaminated waterways will recover only slowly.

Impacts of Built Environment, as noted above the housing construction changes the natural
environment. But housing also creates a built environment for its inhabitants. Badly planned housing
can creates severe environmental health hazards for the existing people as well as for new habitants.

Environmental health issues include:

• Inadequate or absent sanitation facilities (water, sewage and solid waste disposal), leading to
higher rates of diseases borne by oral-fecal transmission and by insect and animal vectors (e.g.
Mosquitoes, rats).
• Possible natural dangers—e.g., landslides and flooding.
• Dangerous prior or ongoing human activity near the site—such as highly polluting
industrial, mining or farm operations, military operations, etc.
• Creation of standing water due to poorly constructed drainage systems or abandoned
borrows pits, with associated increases in vector-borne disease.
• Unhealthy interior conditions due to improper house design or to construction materials that
are inappropriate for the local climate and anticipated use of spaces within the home (e.g.,
creating interior conditions that are either too hot or too cold, or improper ventilation for heating
or cooking).

Impacts on environmental resources. Creation of a new housing settlement can also affect the
environmental resources available to the existing population in the area, particularly in rural locales,
from

• increased competition with new residents for water, forest resources (including fuel wood
And game), and/or farmland.

. Complete loss of access to resources or farm land, as a result of land clearance for the project itself,
changes in land tenure etc.

. Degradation of land and – particularly down stream – of water resources.

Finally, the new housing development’s built environment can put pressure on the resources available
to the existing population—for example, by overloading transportation, power and water supply
systems and crowding schools and health centers. This applies to both urban and rural environments
Assessing the environmental impacts of a housing project requires knowledge of the baseline
situation—in other words, the impacts of a proposed project must be assessed against what would
happen without the project. In the case of housing projects, baseline assessment can be a particularly
difficult proposition. The alternative to planned reconstruction may be unplanned and ad hoc
resettlement of the site, reproducing—or even worsening—preexisting public health hazards and the
poor construction practices which may have contributed to the disaster in the first place.

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S.No. Potential Adverse Impact Mitigation Measures

Change in land use pattern Ensure that present land use at the proposed project site is
1) not critical and that the present activities can be carried out
on nearby land before the site is selected.

2) Destruction of important Before the site is selected, verify that biodiversity,

ecological, archeological or conservation of endangered or endemic species or critical
historical areas ecosystems will not be adversely affected.
Likewise, verify that no important archeological, historical
or cultural sites will be adversely affected by the project.
An alternative site should be used if the area is identified as critical.
3) Contamination of soil and Site human waste and solid waste disposal systems to avoid
water from sewage and surface and groundwater contamination, taking soil
solid waste characteristics and historical groundwater and surface water
conditions into account. Install adequate and appropriate
sewage and solid waste disposal systems (e.g., use above-
ground composting latrines in areas with high water tables).

4) Risk to residents due to Ensure that proposed project site is not located in areas:
possible natural dangers • subject to landslides
• subject to fires
• subject to flooding
• with slopes over 20%
• below areas likely to undergo significant deforestation or land clearing
If the site is in an area subject to these natural dangers, an
alternate site should be used. If no appropriate alternative
can be found, mitigation measures must be taken to
minimize risk in areas where it is unavoidable (e.g., construct
firebreaks, stabilize slopes, construct drainage, elevate
housing units on pilings, etc).

5) Risks to residents due to Before the site is selected:

human activity near site Ensure that the project will not be located within the area of influence
(normally
1 km) of pollution and hazardous waste sources, including factories, mines,
Military bases, etc.
Insure that the project is not downwind of a contamination source.
If groundwater is to be used for drinking, test it for chemical and microbial
Contamination if there is any reason to doubt its purity.
Identify and eliminate sources of noise pollution.
Use alternate site if risk to residents is high.

6) Excessive use and Include the expansion or construction of any necessary

pressure on existing infrastructure in the layout and design of the project, if
facilities such as schools needed.
and health centers

7) Deforestation in order to If forest is dense or forms part of a critical habitat, an

implement project alternative site must be found. A forested area equal in size
to one and a half to two times the area deforested must be
established and maintained. The location and ultimate use of

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ENGINEERING MANUAL-PRECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

this protected area will be established in coordination with

local municipal authorities.
For each tree cut in a sparsely forested area, plant 20
new trees. This should be done no later than 6 months
after the residents have moved in.

8) Excessive use of fuel wood Encourage use of alternative energy sources such as
as an energy source
gas, electricity and solar. If fuel wood is the dominant
energy source, include the planting of fuel wood plots
using local species in the project layout and design.
Require all residents who cook with fuel wood to use improved stoves.

9) Houses inappropriate for

Ensure that the design, construction materials, and
local climate; occupant sitting of windows and doors takes local climatic
comfort inadequate conditions in cool and hot seasons and seasonal
variation in precipitation and winds into account. Use local
materials if possible.

10) Ventilation inadequate Design houses to ensure adequate ventilation for the potential heating and
cooking sources to be used within the home. Take advantage of wind direction in
design
11) Inadequate attention to Prepare and implement a Solid Waste Disposal
type and location of solid Management Plan prior to resident occupancy. Include
waste disposal technology and funding for system maintenance and
disposal, effects on groundwater, wind direction, etc. in the
plan.

12) Health hazards due to lack Sanitation facilities must be included in the project design.
of sanitation facilities (water, Ensure that all sanitation facilities are installed and
sewage and solid waste running before the occupants move in.
disposal
13) Unsafe potable water Ensure sitting of supply systems and choice of supply
supplies technologies to minimize health hazards.
Conduct seasonal testing of water quality, particularly
for coli form bacteria and arsenic. Assess long-term and
seasonal shifts in water quantity and quality.

Hazard due to inadequate Understand local risks of earthquake, floods and winds.
14) earthquake resistance or Ensure that construction meets appropriate standards.
inappropriate materials Use locally available materials. Follow, or exceed, official
design criteria.

15) Social impacts within and A social analysis of the beneficiaries and the communities
around the project site around the proposed site must be conducted implemented
before the project is designed.
If the site’s location generates too much social conflict, an
alternative site must be selected.
Community development programs must be implemented in each community
before or during the construction process
16) Lack of compliance with Collect signed binding agreements from the
mitigation measures collaborating organizations and contractors before
the project begins.
Each NGO or partner must have an environmental
management plan to ensure compliance with the
mitigation measures. Have an independent evaluation of

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ENGINEERING MANUAL-PRECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

the plan conducted annually.

Risk of injury to Insure that workers have proper protective equipment

17) workers/local in (noise and dust protection, boots, gloves, etc.) and follow
habitants from sound safety practices (e.g., use safety ropes, practice
construction proper blasting safety) as appropriate. Insure that pits are
covered or that access to them is impeded during
construction. Excavate and rebury trenches quickly.
Manage quarry slopes to avoid cave-ins.

Interruption to local Schedule construction for low-traffic days or hours;

18) transportation stagger construction to dilute the impacts of road closure.
Conduct work to permit at least alternating one-way road
passage.

19) Noise Schedule work so as to minimize noise. Use less noisy construction techniques.

Dust or mud Spread water to keep dust down. Drain areas prone to mud.
20) If possible, schedule land-clearing, excavation and similar
activities to avoid extremely dry and extremely wet
conditions.

Breeding grounds for Excavate and rebury trenches quickly. Arrange for
21) insect vectors (e.g., construction or demolition debris to be permanently disposed
standing water in of away from watercourses. Fill borrow pits or assure their
borrow pits; demolition drainage. Use shallow wells or streams for construction
debris) water rather than diverting natural flows to the construction
site.

Erosion during Soil conservation measures must be included in the design

22) construction of houses and implemented during construction. The exact means will
and access roads depend on the site and the severity of the impact. Install
checks and barriers (e.g., berms, hay bales or other
vegetation) to trap sediment runoff and revegetate disturbed
areas.

23) Lack of compliance with Collect signed binding agreements between the
mitigation measures collaborating organizations and contractors before the
project begins.
Each responsible NGO or other partner must have an
environmental management plan to ensure compliance with
the mitigation measures. Have an independent evaluation
of the plan conducted annually.

Improper use of If applicable, the responsible NGOs and partners must

24) environmental and provide environmental and sanitary training for all residents
sanitary resources by before they move in. Training should address all of the
householders following:
• Environmental education for children
• Care of domestic animals
• Reforestation of green areas
• Proper use and maintenance of latrines
• Social interactions in housing projects
• Proper use and conservation of water

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• Construction and use of improved stoves

• Fuel wood plot management

25) Lack of compliance with Collect signed binding agreements between the
mitigation measures collaborating organizations and contractors before the
project begins.
Each responsible NGO or other partner must have an
environmental management plan to ensure compliance with
the mitigation measures. Have an independent evaluation
of the plan conducted annually.

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