Grade 11

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE:

ENDOGENIC PROCESS
Quarter 1 Week 8
 OBJECTIVES
Describe where the
01 Earth’s internal heat Compare and Contrast
comes from 04 the formation of
different types of
02 Describe how magma igneous rock
is formed
Recognize the
Define plutonism.
03 Volcanism, and
04 different types of
stress that rocks
metamorphism
undergo
 03
EXPLAIN
Class Discussion
INTERNAL HEAT
 LAYERS OF THE EARTH
The crust is the outer layer or
where lithosphere is located.
The asthenosphere is a part
of upper mantle that is below
of lithosphere. Core is the
hottest layer of the Earth.
The heat coming from this
layer is responsible for all
geological activities
happening on our planet.
 INTERNAL HEAT
The heat of Earth’s interior comes from a
variety of sources. These include the heat
gained in the objects that accreted to form
Earth, and the heat produced when they
collided. However, a major source of
Earth’s heat is radioactivity, the energy
released when the unstable atoms decay.
The radioactive elements were found in
Earth’s crust.
 INTERNAL HEAT
Earth’s temperature increases with depth, but
not at a uniform rate. Earth’s geothermal
gradient is 15° to 30°C/km within the crust. It
then drops off dramatically through the
mantle, increases more quickly at the base of
the mantle, and then increases slowly
through the core. Despite high temperature
within Earth, mantle rocks are almost entirely
solid. High pressure keep them from melting.
 INTERNAL HEAT
The heat flows inside the Earth is because of
the simultaneous conduction, convection, and
radiation.
 Conduction
There is thermal vibrations that every atom is
physically bonded to its neighbors in some
way. If heat energy is supplied to one part of
a solid, the atoms vibrate faster. As they
vibrate more, the bonds between atoms are
shaken more. This passes vibrations on to
the next atom, and so on. This is what
happens to the transferring of heat from core
to the mantle.
 Convection
Occurs at the mantle but not between the
asthenosphere and lithosphere.
When fluid, such as air or a liquid, is heated
and then travels away from the source, it
carries the thermal energy along. This type of
heat transfer is called convection. The fluid
above a hot surface expands, becomes less
dense, and rises.
 Radiation
Radiative heat transport may play a minor role
deep in Earth where T>2000K. However, it is
proven that the continuous radioactivity helps
the Earth to achieve this.
MAGMA
 MAGMA
● Mixture of molten or semi-molten rock that is found
beneath the surface of the Earth
● Magma is composed of oxygen, silicon, aluminum,
iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium
● Oxygen is the most abundant in magma followed by
silicon.
● The type of magma are primitive, primary, parental,
and derivative
 MAGMA
● Primitive: they are unmodified magmas that form
through melting of mantle rocks that have not been
changed in composition since they are formed
● Primary: This magma is any chemically unchanged
melt derived from any kind of preexisting rocks
● Parental: Magma that have given rise to another
magma
● Derivative: derived directly from preexisting rocks
 MAGMA
● Melting of solid rocks to form magma is controlled
by three physical characteristics: temperature,
pressure, and composition
● Norman Bowen did laboratory experiments namely
Bowen’s Reaction Series to determine the order of
crystallization of minerals growing in a magma as it
cools, and made a chart showing the order. It
provides means of organizing and ranking common
igneous silicate minerals by the temperature at
which they crystallize.
 MAGMA
● In order for magma to form, there will be a process
it undergoes: Wet or Dry melting of rocks or
minerals
● Dry melting: occurs when minerals or rocks, with no
carbon dioxide or water in them, are heated to a
specific temperature. This temperature increases as
pressure in the Earth’s layers increases
● Wet melting: occurs when rocks or minerals
containing water are heated. The temperatures in
which it occurs decreases with increased pressure
or depth
Three Ways of Magma Formation:
● Basaltic Magma: formed through dry partial meting
of the mantle which is found in oceanic volcanoes
● Rhyolitic Magma: formed as a result of wet melting
of continental crust. Rhyolites are rocks that contain
water and minerals such as biotite
● Andesitic Magma: formed through wet partial
melting of the mantle
PLUTONISM
AND
VOLCANISM
 PLUTONISM
Crystallization will happen within the
crust or mantle to form a pluton (a
body of intrusive igneous rock, which
forms when the content of a large
magma chamber cool and crystallize).
This will form intrusive igneous rock.
 VOLCANISM

If the magma is erupted and become

lava, it will form volcanic rocks or
extrusive igneous rock
Before and during volcanic eruptions,
exsolution is a process that known to
have volatiles such as carbon dioxide
and water, partially leave the melt. If
massive exsolution happens, when
magma goes upwards during a volcanic
eruption, the resulting eruption is
usually explosive
 FORMATION
OF DIFFERENT
IGNEOUS ROCK
 Formation based on where it formed
Point of Comparison Intrusive Rocks Extrusive Rocks
Other Terminology Plutonic Rocks Volcanic Rock
Location Beneath the Earth Surface of the earth
Process of Formation Plutonic Volcanic
Origin Formed from magma Formed from lava
Color Usually dark Usually light colored
Density Usually dense Usually low density (light)
Composition Mafic: magnesium and Felsic:feldspar (aluminum)
iron
Rate of Cooling Cools slowly Cools quickly (with voids/holes)
Size of Grains Large/coarse grains Fine/small or no grains
(fine/glassy)
Size of Crystals Large crystals Small or no crystals
Examples Gabbro, diorite, granite Basalt, obsidian, rhyolite, scoria
 EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

GABBRO DIORITE GRANITE

 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK

BASALT OBSIDIAN RHYOLITE

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ITS
SILICA CONTENT
Not all igneous rocks have the same
silica content. If there is oversaturation
of silica in the magma, its minerals will
precipitate. On the other hand, if there
is undersaturation of silica in magma,
its minerals will not precipitate.
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON ITS SILICA CONTENT
 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TEXTURE
1. Phaneritic Texture: rocks have large minerals (ex.
Granite)
2. Aphanitic Texture – The mineral grains are too small
to see with the unaided eye (ex. Basalt)
3. Vesicular Texture: rocks have many pits from gas
escape (ex. Basalt)
4. Porphyritic Texture: rocks have two distinct grain
sizes, large and small (ex. Andesite porphyry)
5. Glassy Texture – Rocks do have obvious minerals
(example: obsidian)
METAMORPHISM
 METAMORPHIC ROCK
Metamorphic rock is formed at the surface of
the Earth through the process of
metamorphism with recrystallization of
minerals in rocks due to changes in pressure
and temperature conditions.
 METAMORPHISM
● The process to form metamorphic rock
● There are two type of metamorphism:
contact and regional
● The three main factors/agents include heat,
pressure, and chemically active
 METAMORPHISM: HEAT
Heat perhaps is the most important factors
because it provides the energy to drive the
chemical changes which results in the
recrystallization or minerals. The heat
increases as the depth increases
METAMORPHISM: PRESSURE
Pressure just like heat, also increases with
depth, and the buried rocks are subjected to
force or stress
Heat and pressure cause physical changes to
buried rocks
METAMORPHISM: CHEMICALLY
ACTIVE FLUIDS
Enhance the metamorphic process. Usually,
the common fluid which helps the chemical
activity is water containing ions in solution. As
the rocks have buried deeply, the water is
forces out of the rock and becomes available
to aid in chemical reactions.
 METAMORPHISM
Metamorphism does not melt the rocks but
transforms them into denser and more
compact rocks. Minerals may also be
rearrange due to chemical reactions involving
fluids that enter rocks.
 04
EXPLORE
Picture Analysis
Do you believe
that rocks will
undergo
stress?
Choose if it is before stress, compression,
tension, and shearing
Choose if it is before stress, compression,
tension, and shearing
Choose if it is before stress, compression,
tension, and shearing
Choose if it is before stress, compression,
tension, and shearing
 ROCKS UNDERGO STRESS
There are three main forces that drive deformation
within the Earth. These forces create stress and
they act to change the shape and/or volume of a
material. The three main type of stress:
compressional, tensional, and shear. Stress causes
the build up of stain, which causes the deformation
of rocks and the Earth’s crust
 Three types of Stress
1. Compressional Stress: cause a rock to shorten
2. Tensional Stress: cause a rock to elongate
3. Shear Stress: causes rock to slip past each other
QUESTIONS?