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Modified perturb and observe MPPT control for avoid deviation in photovoltaic
systems

Article in Journal of Electrical Engineering · January 2017

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 Journal of Electrical Engineering
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MODIFIED PERTURB AND OBSERVE MPPT CONTROL FOR AVOID

DEVIATION IN PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

A. BELHADJ DJILALI1 B. HEMICI2

Automatic Department, National Polytechnic School, Algiers, Algeria
1 2
Email : [email protected], [email protected]

A. YAHDOU
Automatic Department, National Polytechnic School, Algiers, Algeria
[email protected]

Abstract Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) performance has steady state oscillations around
techniques are used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to MPP according to step size [24], [31-33]. The
extract maximum power from the PV module. Many sudden variation in atmospheric conditions causes
MPPT techniques have been published such as perturb this P&O algorithm to deviate away from MPP [5],
and observe (P&O). Perturb and Observe (P&O) and the analysis of this deviate problem is given in
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is [34] and [35]. This paper presents a clear analysis of
widely applied due to its simplicity, costless and easy
implementation. However, P&O tracking algorithm deviate such as when the deviation can come, the
suffers from deviation due to change of irradiance. In movement of the operating point, and the effect of
order to avoid the deviation, in this paper we have deviation in case of tow times irradiations changes,
proposed a modified P&O technique. This modified as well as rapid change in irradiation. The deviation
technique is proposed to avoid the problem of irradiance phenomena in case of the adaptive P&O technique
variation by incorporating the information of voltage, are also incorporated in this paper.
current and power in the decision process for updating
the duty cycle of the converter. Simulation result showed
that the proposed algorithm accurately tracks the
2. Modeling and characteristic of solar panel
maximum power and avoid the deviation in fast changing 2.1. PV cell model and characteristics
irradiation. The effectiveness of proposed MPPT The model of solar cell can be categorized as p-n
algorithm is verified using MATLAB/Simulink. semiconductor junction, when exposed to light, the
Key words: boost converter, P&O algorithm, maximum DC current is generated. The PV cell equivalent
power point tracking, photovoltaic module. circuit can be represented as an ideal current source,
diode, parallel resistance and series resistance as
1. Introduction shown in Fig.1, where the current source is the light
Solar photovoltaic (PV) is envisaged to be a generated current which is directly proportional to
popular source of renewable energy due to several the solar irradiation. The series and the shunt
advantages, notably low operational cost, almost resistances represent a voltage loss on the way to the
maintenance free and environmentally friendly external contacts and the leakage current in the shunt
[1,2,24]. path respectively.
Despite the high cost of solar modules, PV power
generation systems, in particular the grid-connected
type, have been commercialized in many countries
because of its potential long-term benefits [25–30].
Photovoltaic (PV) modules are utilized to convert
sunlight energy into electrical energy and they are
defined as a nonlinear DC power source [3].
The dependency of environmental factors and p-
n junction structure makes PV modules an unreliable Fig.1. Equivalent circuit of a photovoltaic cell
power source for electricity continuity.
Furthermore, there is one unique point on the The mathematical model which relates the output
voltage-current (V-I) curve, which is defined as current to the output voltage is given by the Eq (1)
maximum power point (MPP). PV modules should [36].
be operated under MPP condition for the purpose of (𝑉 + 𝐼 × 𝑅𝑠 )
obtaining highly efficiency. 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝐼0 × [𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 1]
A number of different MPPT algorithms have 𝑎 × 𝑉𝑡ℎ
been proposed [4-6], including the P&O algorithm. 𝑉 + 𝐼 × 𝑅𝑠
− (1)
Among all mentioned methods, the P&O 𝑅𝑃
algorithm is the most popular and widely used due to
its simplicity, ease of implementation and low cost. Where 𝑰 and 𝑽 are the output current and output
However the algorithm fails tracking MPP during voltage of the photovoltaic cell, respectively, 𝑰𝟎 is
rapid change of weather and its tracking

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the diode’s reverse saturation current, a is the diode this figure (I-V curve), there are three remarkable
ideality factor, 𝑹𝒔 and 𝑹𝑷 are the series and parallel points:
resistance, respectively. 𝑽𝒕𝒉 is the thermal voltage  The short circuit point (0, 𝑰𝑺𝑪 ), (the point
of the cell, which is expressed as, where the I-V curve meets the voltage axis).
Where 𝑰𝑺𝑪 is the short circuit current that
𝐾𝑏 ×𝑇
𝑉𝑡ℎ = (2) can be drawn by connecting the positive and
𝑞
negative terminals of PV module. It is the
greatest generated current value when the
Where 𝒒 is the electron charge (1.6 × 10−19 𝐶), voltage is zero (V=0).
T is the junction temperature in Kelvin (K), and  The open circuit point (𝑽𝑶𝑪 , 0), (the point
𝑲𝒃 is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 × 10−23 J/K). where the I-V curve meets the current axis).
𝑰𝒑𝒉 is the generated photocurrent; it depends mainly Where 𝑽𝑶𝑪 is the open circuit voltage of PV
on the radiation and cell’s temperature, which is module. It reflects the voltage of the module
expressed as, in the night. In this case, no current is
generated (I=0).
𝐺
𝐼𝑝ℎ = [𝐼𝑆𝐶𝑆𝑇𝐶 + 𝐾𝑖 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 ) 𝐺 (3)  The maximum power point, MPP
𝑆𝑇𝐶
(𝑽𝒎𝒑𝒑,𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒑): at this point, the PV module is
said to operate at maximum efficiency and
Where 𝑰𝑺𝑪_𝑺𝑻𝑪 (in Ampere, A) is the short- produces its maximum output power (𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
circuit current at standard test conditions (STC), given by:
𝑻𝑺𝑻𝑪 (25°𝐶 ) is the cell temperature at STC, G (in
watts per square meters, 𝑊/𝑚2 ) is the irradiation 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 × 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑝 (6)
on the cell surface, 𝑮𝑺𝑻𝑪 (1000 𝑊/𝑚2) is the
irradiation at STC, and 𝑲𝒊 is the short circuit current Where 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒑 and 𝑽𝒎𝒑𝒑 are the optimal operating
coefficient, usually provided by the cell current and voltage of PV module, respectively.
manufacturer. In addition, the saturation current Io is When a PV module is directly connected to a load,
influenced by the temperature according to the the operating point will be at the intersection of the
following Eq (4) [16,17] I-V curve of the PV module and the load curve.
Most of the time, this operating point does not
𝐼𝑆𝐶_𝑆𝑇𝐶 +𝐾𝑖 (𝑇−𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 )
𝐼0 = (4) meet the maximum power point (MPP) of PV
exp[(𝑉𝑂𝐶_𝑆𝑇𝐶 +𝐾𝑉 (𝑇−𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 ))/𝑎×𝑉𝑡ℎ ]−1 module. Furthermore, as the maximum power point
Where 𝑉𝑂𝐶_𝑆𝑇𝐶 (in Volt, V) is the open circuit depends on solar radiation and cell temperature,
voltage at STC; 𝐾𝑉 is the open circuit voltage which vary randomly, the MPP position is
coefficient. continuously changing [18].
Therefore, it is very important to ensure that the
2.2. Series/parallel grouping module operates at maximum efficiency because the
The output power from a single PV cell is main problem with PV energy generation systems is
relatively small. To produce the required voltage and low efficiency [19]. In order to overcome this
power, PV cells are connected in series and parallel. problem, specific circuits, called maximum power
They are grouped into modules. Modules are point trackers (MPPT), are used [18].
combined to form panels. These panels are The MPPT is achieved by interposing a DC–DC
connected together to build up the entire PV array. converter between the PV array and the load, the
Then, any desired current–voltage (V-I) and MPPT algorithm generates the optimal duty ratio
power–voltage (V-P) characteristic could be (D) in order to maintain the electrical quantities (V, I
generated [17]. Therefore, the V-I characteristic and P) at values corresponding to the maximum
equation of a PV array (arranged in 𝑵𝑷 parallel and power point
𝑵𝑺 series solar cell) can be expressed as,
𝑁𝑆
𝑉+𝐼×( ) × 𝑅𝑆 2.3. Characteristic I-V and P-V of PV module
𝑁𝑃
𝐼 = 𝑁𝑃 × 𝐼𝑝ℎ − 𝑁𝑃 × 𝐼0 [exp ( ) − 1] The PV module used for simulation consists of
𝑁𝑆 × 𝑎 × 𝑉𝑡ℎ 36 series PV cells where the PV cell, is the single
𝑁𝑆 diode ( 𝐼𝑝ℎ = 3,25𝐴 , 𝑎 = 1,2𝐼0 = 8,225. 10−12 𝐴,
𝑉+𝐼×( ) × 𝑅𝑆 Rs= 0,015 Ω, and Rp = 30 Ω, 𝐾 = 1,38. 10−23 𝐽/𝐾,
𝑁𝑃
− (5) 𝑞 = 1,6. 10−19 𝑐 ).
𝑁𝑆
( ) × 𝑅𝑃
𝑁𝑃
Where connecting cells in series will increase the
output voltage and connecting them in parallel will
increase the output current. Fig.2 shows the I-V and
P-V characteristic of the PV module at a fixed cell
temperature T and at a certain solar radiation, G. In

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almost constant. In the other hand, for a changing

temperature one can see that the voltage varies
widely while the current remains almost unchanged
(Fig.3b). Fig.4a and b shows how the dependency of
output current (I) and output voltage (V) on solar
irradiance and cell temperature translate into a
dependency of the output power (P) on the same two
parameters. Fig.4a confirms the expected behavior
of a device that converts solar energy into
electricity: the output power of a PV generator is
largely reduced for a decreasing irradiance.
Fig.2. I-V and P-V characteristics of a PV module Furthermore, Fig.4b shows that the output power
decreases by an increase in cell temperature. This
2.4. Effect of solar radiation and cell temperature can be explained by the dependency of the open
The V-I characteristics of a PV cell strongly circuit voltage (𝑉𝑂𝐶 ) on the cell temperature as
depend on solar radiation and temperature [20–22]. follows [23]
Fig.3a shows that the output current I of a PV 𝑉𝑂𝐶 = 𝑉𝑂𝐶_𝑆𝑇𝐶 + 𝐾𝑉 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑆𝑇𝐶 ) (7)
module is widely influenced by the variation in solar
irradiance G, whereas the output voltage V stays

3.5 3.5
1000W/m2
3 800W/m2 3
0°C
600W/m2
25°C
2.5 400W/m2 2.5
50°C
200W/m2
75°C
Current (A)
Current (A)

2 2

1.5 1.5

1 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
Fig.3. I–V characteristics of a PV array: (a) for various values of irradiance G at a temperature of 250 𝐶; (b)
for various values of temperature T at an irradiance of 1000𝑊/𝑚2 .
70 70
2
1000W/m T=0 0C
60 800W/m2 X: 20.29 60 T=25 0C
2 Y: 62.2
600W/m T=50 0C
2
50 400W/m 50 T=75 0C
2
200W/m
Power (W)
Power (V)

40 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
(a) (b)
Fig.4. P–V characteristics of a PV array: (a) for various values of irradiance G at a temperature of 250 𝐶; (b)
for various values of temperature T at an irradiance of 1000𝑊/𝑚2 .
3. MPPT model and solar irradiation level. The photovoltaic array
The circuit diagram of the energy conversion operation depends on the load characteristics to
system is shown in Fig.5. The system consists of which it is connected. So when connected to load
photovoltaic panel, a DC-DC boost converter. The directly, the output of the PV array seldom works at
PV array consists of 36 series PV cells. The I-V MPP. However, to adapt the load and extract
characteristic of array depends on the temperature maximum power from a PV module, a DC-DC boost

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converter is utilized by adjusting its duty cycle under Conventional P&O algorithm is the simplest,
control of selected based MPPT controller so that costless, popular and almost applicable in practice
the maximum solar panel output power is extracted with efficiency up to 96.5%. However, it is not
under all operating conditions [7]. robust in tracking the right MPP at rapid changes of
weather. The algorithm obtains its information from
the actual operating point of the PV module or array
DC/DC
Solar Load (i.e., voltage, Vpv and current, IPV) to scan the P-V
converter
modul boost
curve in order to obtain MPP as shown in Fig.7. The
e scanning of the P-V curve is done by changing the
operating point (Vpv or IPV, which is known as
perturbation step, and then measuring the change in
PV power (dP), that is known as observation step.
𝐼𝑃𝑉 The resulting change of PV power is observed as
Mppt follow:
𝑉𝑃𝑉 𝑑𝑃
algorithme
 If is positive, the perturbation of voltage
𝑑𝑉
Fig.5. MPPT system should be increased from point "A" towards
MPP as shown at the left side of Fig.7.
𝑑𝑃
 If 𝑑𝑉 is negative, the perturbation of voltage
4. DC-DC converter
Boost converters are more significant and have should be decreased from point "B" towards
several advantages, such as simple construction, and MPP as shown at the right side of Fig.7.
higher efficiency and performance; it is a step-up  The previous process is repeated until is
DC-DC power converter [11]. Fig.6 shows the boost 𝑑𝑃
converter circuit using MOSFET switch. The reached to MPP where 𝑑𝑉 is closely to zero;
converter operation can be divided into two modes. this is satisfied condition is called steady
Mode 1 begins when the transistor is switched ON, state.
the current in the boost inductor increases linearly,  The P&O keeps perturbing the system in
and the diode is OFF state, mode 2 begins when the order to detect a change in the MPP (caused
transistor is switched OFF, the energy stored in the by a change in the environmental conditions
inductor is released through the diode to the load. or load), which triggers a new scan.
The power flow is controlled by varying the Normally, this process causes the operating point
on/off time of the MOSFET. The relationship of the PV system to oscillate around MPP. The
between input and output voltages is given by Eq (8)
[8]. flowchart of conventional P&O algorithm is shown
𝑉𝑜 1 in Fig.8.
= (8)
𝑉𝑖 1 − 𝐷
Where 𝑉𝑖 is the PV output voltage, 𝑉𝑜 voltage of
boost converter, D is duty cycle that can be
expressed by Eq (9).
𝑇𝑜𝑛
𝐷= (9)
𝑇
Where 𝑇𝑜𝑛 is time when MOSFET is switched
on, T is cycle period time. The transistor operates as
a switch; it is turned on and off depending on pulse
width modulated (PWM) control signal. PWM
operates at constant frequency; T is constant and 𝑇𝑜𝑛
is varying, so D can be varied from 0 to 1.

Fig.7. Perturb and observe on P-V curve

5.1. Conventional perturb & observe algorithm
and weather variations
The successive rapid increasing and decreasing of
irradiance causes the deviation problem due to
conventional P&O algorithm is unable to recognize
Fig.6. Boost converter circuit diagram the change in power either is coming from weather
or perturbation change. Suppose there is an increase
in irradiance level, whiles the PV system operates at
5. Conventional P&O method point MPP1 at perturbation j as shown in Fig.9 then,

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the operating point will be moved to a new point 2 in

corresponding irradiance curve during the same
perturbation j which results positive change in both
power (dP) and voltage (dV). The information of
positive change during perturbation j+1 will make
algorithm to increase voltage perturbation instead of
decreasing and move operating point from point 2 to
point 3 as shown in Fig.9. This wrong decision
causing the operating point of PV system is far away
from MPP as a result of successive change of
irradiance as shown in Fig.9. Also, the successive
rapid decreasing of irradiance deviate the operating
point of PV system away from MPP as shown in
Fig.10. Fig. 9. Rapid increase of irradiance

Start

Measure V(j) , I(j)

P(j) = V(j) * I(j)

Deviation exists in Deviation exists in
the case for a rapid the case for a rapid
increase in irradiance decrease in irradiance
dP = P(j) - P(j-1)
dV=V(j)-V(j-1)
Fig.10. Rapid decrease of irradiance

A simulation of the conventional P&O algorithm

has been implemented by using MATLAB; Figs.11
Y N and 12 shows the simulation results.
𝑑𝑃
>0
0. 428

0. 427

0. 426 0. 365

0. 425

Y N Y N 0.42
0. 424

0. 423

0. 422
0. 36

0. 355

𝑑𝑉 > 0 𝑑𝑉 > 0
0. 421
0. 35
0. 42
Duty cycle

0. 419
0. 345
0. 418

0.4 1. 025 1. 03 1. 035 1. 04 1. 045 1. 05 1. 055 2. 03 2. 04 2. 05 2. 06 2. 07 2. 08

deviation
0.38
G=300W/m2 G=300W/m2
0.36
G=500W/m2
𝐷 − ∆𝐷 𝐷 + ∆𝐷 𝐷 + ∆𝐷 𝐷 − ∆𝐷
0.34
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s)
(a)
PV module voltage (V)

22

To SWITCH 21

20
deviation
19
Fig.8. P&O flowchart
18 G=300W/m2 G=500W/m2 G=300W/m2
17
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (s)
(b)
Fig. 11. Conventional P&O MPPT for both times
irradiation change. (a) Duty cycle variation. (b)
Voltage.

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Fig.14. And in the same way in the case of an

increase in irradiance the modified P&O control
PV module current (A)

1.4 detected that dP, dV and dI are negative and

deviation
therefore increase the duty cycle by ∆𝐷𝑛 . ∆𝐷𝑛 is
1.2 variable step size that can be expressed by Eq (10).
∆𝐷𝑛 = ±𝑀|∆𝐺| 10
G=300W/m2 G=500W/m2 G=300W/m2
1 M is a constant parameter and ∆𝐺 represents the
change of irradiance. The flowchart of this modified
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
P&O MPPT technique is shown in Fig.15 and The
Time (s) MATLAB/Simulink model of the proposed modified
(c) P&O algorithm is shown in Fig.16.

30
PV module power (W)

25 deviation

20

G=300W/m2 G=500W/m2 G=300W/m2

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Time (s)
(d)
Fig.12. Conventional P&O MPPT for both times
irradiation change. (c) Current. (d) .Power

6. Modified P&O MPPT technique

The conventional P&O MPPT is developed based Fig.13. Observation of change in current
on the observation of dP and dV by considering the
P–V characteristics of the PV module. As said
previously, conventional P&O has a suffer of
deviation in case of a change in irradiation due to
confusion, and this confusion can be eliminated by
evaluating another parameter dI (change in current).
With the information of dV, dP and dI, the
deviate phenomena can be avoided by detecting the
change in irradiance.
The I–V characteristics of the PV module and the
change in operating point due to a change in
irradiance are shown in Fig.13. As shown in Fig.13,
supposing that there is a decrease in irradiance while
operating at point 2, then the operating point will
settle to a new point 3 in the new irradiance curve.
Now, the decision has to be taken by the
algorithm at point 3, where dI < 0 as shown in
Fig.13. At the same time on the P−V characteristics Fig.14. both times increase in irradiance
at point 3, both dP < 0 and dV < 0 as shown in
Fig.13 Thus, all three parameters dP, dV, and dI are
negative at point 3 as shown in Fig.13 and 14 . Thus,
the negatives value of dP is due to whether
perturbation or due to decrease in irradiance can be
detected by using the additional parameter dI. Both
dP, dV and dI will be negative only for an decrease
in irradiance as shown in Fig.13. Thus, an decrease
in irradiance can be detected by using the additional
parameter dI, and thereby, decreasing the duty cycle
by new variable step size ΔD (∆𝐷𝑛 ) where can
eliminate the deviation problem by moving the
operating point closer to the MPP as shown in

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Start

Measure V(j) , I(j)

P(j) = V(j) * I(j)

Avoid deviation in the case for a rapid increase in Avoid deviation in the case for a rapid decrease in
irradiance dP = P(j) - P(j-1) irradiance
dV=V(j)-V(j-1)
dI=I(j)-I(j-1)

Y N
𝑑𝑃 > 0

Y N Y N
𝑑𝑉 > 0 𝑑𝑉 > 0

N N
𝑑𝐼 > 0 𝑑𝐼 < 0

Y Y
𝐷 + ∆𝐷𝑛 𝐷 + ∆𝐷 𝐷 + ∆𝐷 𝐷 − ∆𝐷 𝐷 − ∆𝐷𝑛
𝐷 − ∆𝐷

TO SWITCH

Fig.15. Flowchart of modified P&O MPPT algorithm.

6.1. Analysis the deviation for tow Step Change

in irradiance
The proposed MPPT algorithm has been tested
for a step change in irradiance level from 300 to
500 w/m2 at 1s and from 500 to 300 w/m2 at 2s
as shown in Fig.17.
The perturbation time (T) and the perturbation
step size (ΔD) are chosen as 1 ms and 2 ms,
respectively.
550

500

450
2
Radiation W/m

400

350

300

250
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Time (S)

Fig.16. MATLAB/Simulink model of modified Fig.17. Variation of solar irradiance.

P&O MPPT algorithm.

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The solar irradiance level is stepped from low to simulation results of duty cycle, voltage, current and
high and then to low again as shown in Fig.17. The extracted maximum power, respectively as
initial level is set at G=300 w/m2 at t=1sec, the compared with conventional P&O algorithm. It can
irradiance is suddenly stepped up to G=500 w/m2 . be seen from fig.18 that, the modified P&O
Finally at t=2sec, it is stepped down to algorithm is more accurate, powerful to avoid the
G=300w/m2 . The temperature is kept constant at deviation than conventional P&O algorithm.
250 𝐶 for all irradiance levels. Fig.18 show the

0.37
Conventional P&O Modified P&O
0.42 0.365
Duty cycle

0.4 0.36
Solve a deviation
0.355
0.38 problem
2 2
G=300W/m G=300W/m 0.35 Solve a deviation Deviation problem
0.36 problem
G=500W/m2 0.345
Conventional P&O Modified P&O
0.34
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.98 2 2.02 2.04 2.06 2.08 2.1 2.12 2.14 2.16
Time (s)
(a)

Conventional P&O Modified P&O

PV module voltage (V)

22
20
21 Conventional P&O
Remove a deviation
Modified P&O
20 19
Remove a deviation
19
18 Deviation
18 G=300W/m 2 2 2
G=500W/m G=300W/m
17 17
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15
Time (s)
(b)

Conventional P&O
1.5
PV module current (A)

Modified P&O
1.4 Remove a deviation
1.4
Conventional P&O
Remove a deviation
1.2 Modified P&O
1.3
G=300W/m2 G=500W/m2 G=300W/m2
1 1.2 Deviation

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0.99 1 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08
Time (s)
(c)

Conventional P&O
30
PV module power (W)

Modified P&O 30 Conventional P&O

Modified P&O
25 Remove a deviation
Remove a deviation 28

26
20 Deviation

G=300W/m 2 G=500W/m2 G=300W/m 2

24

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 1 1.02 1.04 1.06 1.08 1.1 1.12

Time (s)
(d)
Fig.18. Conventional and modified P&O MPPT for both times irradiation change.(a) Duty cycle.
(b) Voltage. (c) Current. (d) Power.

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 Journal of Electrical Engineering
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7. Conclusion
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