Scribd
Upload
13 views

Lec 08

Uploaded by

saimayasin22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views

Lec 08

Uploaded by

saimayasin22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CS610-Computer Networks Lecture No.

Lecture Handout
Computer Networks

Lecture No. 8

CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE ACCESS (CSMA):


There is no central control management when computers transmit on Ethernet.
For this purpose the Ethernet employs CSMA to coordinate transmission among multiple
attached computers.
CSMA is a coordination scheme that defines how to take turns using a shared
cable.
A computer listen to the codes i.e. it senses the carrier. If the cable is idle it starts
transmitting and if the cable is in use then it waits.
If simultaneous transmission occurs, the frames interfere with each other and this
phenomenon is called collision.

COLLISION DETECTION:
As explained above, the signals from two computers will interfere with each other
and the overlapping of frames is called a collision.
It does not harm to the hardware but data from both frames is grabbled.

ETHERNET CD:
To detect the collision, Ethernet interfaces include hardware to detect
transmission. It performs two operations:

• It monitors outgoing signals.


• Grabbled signal is interpreted as a collision.

After collision is detected computers stop transmitting. So Ethernet uses CSMA/CD


to coordinate transmission.

RECOVERY FROM COLLISION:


Computer that detects a collision sends special signal to force all other interfaces
to detect collision.
Computer then waits for other to be idle before transmission. But if both
computers wait for same length of time, frames will collide again. So the standard
specifies maximum delay and both computers choose random delay, which is lesser.
After waiting, computers use carrier sense to avoid subsequence collision.
The computer with shorter delay will go first and other computer may transmit later.

______________________________________________________________________________________
Page 1of 5
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan
CS610-Computer Networks Lecture No.8

EXPONENTIAL BACK OFF:


Even with random delays, collision may occur especially likely with busy
segments. Computers double delay with each subsequent collision. It reduces likely hood
of sequence of collision.

802.11 WIRELESS LANs AND CSMA/CA:


IEEE 802.11 is standard wireless LAN that uses radio signals at 2.4GHz. Its data
rate is 11Mbps. The older devices use radio signals at 900MHz and data rate of 2Mbps.
Bluetooth specifies a wireless LAN for short distances. It uses shared medium and radio
waves instead of coaxial cable.

LIMITED CONNECTIVITY WITH WIRELESS:


In contrast with wired LANs, not all participants may be able to reach each other.
Because:
• It has low signal strength.
• In wireless LANs the propagation is blocked by walls etc.
• It can’t depend on CD to avoid interference because not all participants may hear.
•
This is shown in the figure below:

Figure 8.1

CSMA/CA:
Wireless uses collision avoid ness rather than collision detection. Transmitting
computer sends very short message to receiver. Receiver responds with short message
reserving slot for transmitter. The response from receiver is broadcast, so all potential
transmitters receive reservation.

COLLISION:
The receiver may receive simultaneous requests, which results in collision at
receivers and both requests lost and in this way no transmitter receives reservations and
both use back off and retry. The receiver may receive closely spaced requests. It selects
one of them and then the selected transmitter sends message and the transmitter not
selected uses back off and retries.

______________________________________________________________________________________
Page 2of 5
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan
CS610-Computer Networks Lecture No.8

LOCAL TALK:
Apple invented the LAN technology that uses bus topology. Its interface is
included with all Macintosh computers.
It has relatively low speed i.e. 230.4Kbps. Also it is of low cost and we can get a free
with a Macintosh, which is easy to install and connect. It uses CSMA/CA.

TOKEN RING:
Many LAN technologies that are ring topology use token passing for
synchronized access to the ring. The ring itself is treated as a single shared
communication medium. Both pass from transmitter passed by other computers and are
copied by destination.
Hardware must be designed to pass token ever if attached computer powered
down. This is shown in figure below.

Figure 8.2

USING THE TOKEN:


When a computer waits to transmit it waits a token. After transmission computer
transmits token on ring. Next computer is then ready to transmit, receive and then
transmits.

TOKEN AND SYNCHRONIZATION:


Because there is only one token, only one computer will transmit at a time.
Token is a short reserved frame that can not appear in data.
Hardware must regenerate token if lost. Token gives computer permission to send
one frame. If all computers are ready to transmit it enforces Round-Robin access. But if
now computer is ready to transmit, token circulates around ring.

______________________________________________________________________________________
Page 3of 5
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan
CS610-Computer Networks Lecture No.8

IBM TOKEN RING:


It is very widely used. It was originally 4Mbps and now it is upto 16Mbps. It uses
special connection cable between the computer and the Ring interface.

FDDI: Fiber distributed data interconnect (FDDI) is another ring technology. Its most
important features are:
It uses fiber optics between stations and transmits data at 100Mbps.
It uses pair of fibers to form two concentric rings.

FDDI AND RELIABILITY:


FDDI uses counter rotating rings in which data flows in opposite directions.

In case of fiber a station failure, remaining stations loop back and reroute data through
spare ring. In this way all stations automatically configure loop back by monitoring data
ring. It is shown in figure below

Figure 8.3 FDDI and Reliability:

ATM ----STAR NETWORK:


The ATM (Asynchronous Transferred Mode) technology consists of electronic
packet switches to which the computers can connect.
ATM switches form a hub into which computers can connect in a star topology.
Computer gets point-to-point connections. Data from transmitters is routed directly
through hub switches to destination. An ATM star network is shown in the figure below:

Figure 8.4 ATM Switch

______________________________________________________________________________________
Page 4of 5
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan
CS610-Computer Networks Lecture No.8

ATM DETAILS:
• It transmits data at over 100Mbps.
• It uses fiber optics to connect computer to switch.
• Each connection includes two fibers.
• It is also shown in figure.

Figure 8.5

______________________________________________________________________________________
Page 5of 5
© Copyright Virtual University of Pakistan

You might also like