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Vector Integration

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Vector Integration

ksc pdf

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stolenking56
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42 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METI [1.2] Vector Integration Vector Line Integral Consider a curve C in space which consists of infinitesimally elements of length dr, Then the line integral of a vector A ( X/Y,2) ed to be the sum of the sealar products of A and d# curve C is defin represented by jaar e If C is a closed curve which do not intersect any where, the line i around C is denoted by fad? If Fis the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the then fF -di represents the total work done by the force. It also ri c circulation of F about C where F represents the velocity of the fluid. F is said to be irrotational if fFedr =O WORKED PROBLEMS [41] If F = xyityzjt2xk, evaluate fF-d? where C is the curve a byx=t,y=,z2=8, -1sts1. or We have F = xyit+ yzj+2xk and 7 = xit+yj+zk will give d7 = dxi+dyj+dzk F df= xydx+yzdy + zx dz Since, x = t, y=1’,z = by data, we obtain dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = 3¢° dt B-d7 = 0 dt+0(2t)dt+e' (38 )dt [a2] Evaluate [F-d? where F = xyi+(x? +y")j along c (i) the path of the straight line from (0,0) to (1,0) and then to (1, 1) (ii) the straight line joining the origin and (1,2). + fF-dF = fuydat (x? +9" )dy Ot © c drat = [F-ar+ [Pear .-Q é oA AB Along OA : y = 0. dy = 0 and O =i : i 7 peel Veg 373 ee : iy Aj gs Using (3) and (4) in (2) we obtain JF-d¥ = 0+ 4 : nr The equation of the line is given by vee ie, y=2x .. dy = 2dx and x varies from 0 to 1 my 1 Hence from (1), [Fede = le dx + (x? + 4x7 )2dx 1 ant Fed? = f 12x7dx = || . Thus, | J a : 3 Io (4) [43] If F = (3x? + 6y)i— 14yz j + 20.x2* k, evaluate JF-di from( ( (1, 1,1) along the curve given byx = t y= P,2= 8 & B= (3x7 +6y)i-14yzj + 20x27k df = dxitdyj+dzk m1 -d# = (3x? + 6y) dx — 14yzdy + 20.x2" dz Since x = t, y= f, z= f° we obtain dx = dt, dy = 2tdt, dz = 3h : 1 fF-d = [ (91 -281° + 601” at po 1 3 |. <3-446 24s Bits, cite Thus, JEe = [90-28% +60 [44] If F =x? i+ xy) evaluate [Fd from (0,0) to( 1,1) 4 é (i) the line y = x (ii) the parabola y = Vx GF Fedt =x? dx+xydy 7 , evviy=x and 2ydy = dx, 0 x=x' or x(x°-1)=0 x = 0,1 and hence y = 0, 1. The Points of intersection are ( 0, 0 ) and (1,1). Let, M = 3x’ -8y’, N = 4y-6xy theorem ina plane, — atte nay = my Jee = LHS = [Max + Ndy € = [Max +Ndy+ [ Mdx+Ndy = 1, +1, (say) oA ao Along OA: y = x", dy = 2xdx,x varies from 0 to 1. 1 I= | (3x7 -8x*) dx + (4x? - 6x° (2x) dx x=0 ; = (3x? +8x° — 20x )dx = [x° + 2x¢— 4x7) = -1 zat Along AO: y = Vx or x= y° = dx = 2ydy, y varies from 1 to 0. 0 1, = f (3y* -8y*)(2y)dy + (4y —6y° dy yet 0 © = f(4y-22y° + 6y? dy =[ay Byte] 1 -0-(2-141)=5 2 2 Hence, LHS = I, +1, = -1+5/2 Also, RHS = {ff ON _ 2M f Os By dxdy h 1 Rus = | RHS = [f-£ Thus we have and hence the theorem is verifieg ius Wi Note : Suppose in the problem, we are asked to evaluate the line integ Green's theorem we need to do only the RHS part of the theorem for obtain desired result. 148] Verify Green’s theorem for Joy +y?)dx+x° dy where C is the curve of the region bounded by y= x and y=x°. [Dec 2016, Jun ® — We shall find the points of intersection of y = x and y = x4, Equating the RHS we have, x = x or x(1~x) =0 > x=0,1 y= 0, Land hence (0,0), (1, 1) are the points of intersecti We have Green’s theorem in a plane, éN 0M for + Nay = Uo Se a a7 sy = ae seyar=[%] [=] 3,1_19 I CO Rael Sng dye Next, along AO we have y = x +. dy = dx and x varies from 1 to 0. 0 0 I= ff (xextx*)dx+xtdx = [ 3edx=[eh =-1 wel x21 ry Hence, LHS = I, +1, Snes To evaluate the RHS we have M = xy+y?, N =x* éN 6M —-— =2x- 2y) =x-2; me ee R is the region bounded by y = x’ and y = x. ts We -Secw= J J (x-2y)dydx, from the figure. ® x20 yor? ox oy 1 ~ fbxy-¥ Je ae x20 = J (G28 )-G8-x4)]ax xed Hd ¢ | - fot-r rere [ET] «5a x0 RARY, NIE IT, MYSURU 20908 the theorem is verified. Fr Fous 8 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICSS 2 4y? )dx 43x? ydy i in the plane for f(x" + [49] Verify Green's theorem in ) the circle x2 + y? = 4 traced in the positive sense. éN 6M dy (Green's theorem) ® [Max+Ndy = We ag dxdy (Gree ) vl a y LHS = fc x’+y*)dx+3x* ydy and the parametric equation of circle is x = 2cos0, y = 2sin0, 0< 0 < 2n. 2s 2x 2 : LHS = J 4(-2sin8)do+ J 3(4cos* @)(2sin 0)(2cos 0) a9 eso eo = 8[cosO]* + 48 cos’ OsinOd0 3 = Blcos2x-coso) al ‘88 =o] i cos2n = 1 = cos0) Now, if M as : oN Hx +y',N = 3x? y then — RHs = es om x ~y )eau R oy 2 Vey “LL aya yayas yee 1 G-nly] Ve dx Vi? 2 BED 2 (Sp anh ta oes 12-2 )-(4=x)} dx =[9] Thus the theorem is verified, $e pb mploy Green's theorem in a plane to show that the area enclosed by a plane we ( j i fey y.dx and hence find the area of the ellipse x*/a? + y?/b? = 1 We have Green's theorem in a plane, (oN @M dx + Nd (md dy If dae, dx dy a) ) vs enclosed by a plane curve C is ff andy .@ : ved Meet ees ot N , . e in, ———-— => -|-5]=1 nh 2 ee art 2} nce (1) becomes, ; fxdy- ydx = ff dx dy = Area(A) k to find the area of the ellipse x*/a* + y7/b* = 1 we have = acos9, y = bsin@; 0<0<2n dx = —asin0d@, dy = bcos6d6 A= ; J [4c050- bcos -bsin8(—asin6)]d0 650 A} Ff ab(cos'0+ sin’ 0)40 = SI6h = nab «fo the required area ( A ) =[7ab]sq. units. | Find the area between the parabolas y* = 4x and x° = pee i hee of eens theorem in a plane. ine 2018] We have the area eile ‘ Ax Ifdedy =} frdy-yd 54 ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL METHOps_ 1 7 ie, (©) = ay or x(x'~64)=0 > x= 02-4 2 yong i 4 The points of intersection are (0,0) and (4, 4). x C, is the curve x? = dy 3. dy = Be and Osx<4 1 y “nN C, is the curve y? = 4x 2. dx = oy and 45 Jxdy-yar+ 5 Jrdy—yax 26 c : [ei [4] of 24/1, 124], Thus the required area is [52] Find the area of the astroi theorem. ‘The shape of the astroid is as shown in figur Total area A = 4 (area in the first quadrant) pl A = 4x Jxdy—ydx w2 A = 2 [[acos’ 0(3asin? 0coso j , A= 60 fs ora A = 60° [ sin’ Ocos’ 040 = } j the required area is [3 xa°/8] sq. units, 3] Eoaluate OX¥~*')dx +3) vd where C is the closed curve formed by - 0 x= and y =x (a) directly as a line integral (b) by Green’s theorem. (a) Let M =xy-°,N=3x7y [Mdx + Nady = [Max +Ndy+ [ Mdx+Ndy+ { Mdx+Ndy is fo on Along OA: y =0 = dy=0 and O dx=0 and O dy = dx and 1sx<0 rp 0,00 ACL, & J x’ dx 1 f [¢] le} EG dln al epee | He = = Pumeehe so 24 | 12 [Max + Ndy = [ Pare {vars ° v2 Be ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERIC ‘AL METHODS « 1g | Thus nas «[%-2'] 1 1 _|-1 meee ria oo a8 (12 [54] Verify Stoke's theorem for vector F = (x" 4 yim 2xy j taken royy rectangle bounded by x = 0, x = 4 ¥ Oy =. Dune © We have Stoke's theorem : fF a? = ff(v*F) fas Pedr = (x2 +? )dx-2xy dy y i io a C(O, b) Hy fE-dr= [F-d7 + [F-dr e oa An +[Fdr+ [Ear Bc co (0, 0) ‘Aa, 0) (i) Along OA:y = 0 = dy = 0 and O dx =0 and Osy e=0 =< = [curl F- i ds = [Jcurl F-ds where we have, s s ds = dydzi+dzdx j+dxdyk ffcurlF-fids = f[-dxdy (. z= 0). $ $ But ff dx dy represents the area of the circle x? + y? = 1 which is equal m since r = 1. Hence, RHS = ffcurl F-iids =[Ex] Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that the theorem is verified. [56] Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (x? + y )i- 2xy j taken round the rectan, bounded by the lines x = + a, y= Oand y=b. [Dec 2016, June 1 r fE-ar = JlcurlF fas [Stoke's theorem] ¢ s F-d? = (x7 +y?)dx— 2x (i) Along AB: y=0 i Along BC: x" 4 dy «0;0syeb I { davdy «{-ay’f ab 2 ji) Along CD ye b ody =0;asxs~a ) Along DA: x= ~a = dx=0;bsys0 I= f 2aydy =[ay’ |) = ~ab’ 4 5 te a7 = gp? 7 — Dab ab? Eat] gf c JF=VxF=| — ee , curl F RE Fa ay 22 ds = nds = dydzi+dzdxj+dxdyk curl F ads = ~4ydxdy ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERICAL ME THODS- 18 yyy 1 dab? f heorem is verified. r Hence, ffcurl! nds = Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that # [57] Evaluate fry dx+xy? dy by Stoke's theorem where C is the square in x-y plane with vertices (1,0)(-1,0)(0,1 \(GH 1): 8 We have Stoke's theorem, [Bar = [foul F-ds i s From the given integral it is evident the Fexyitxyj Gi,0) since d7 = dxi+dyj+dzk Hence, [ryder + xy" dy = [F-d? é tw Which is to be evaluated by applying Stoke’s theorem. PTS jeamih Now, curl F = Vx F = PcparGade ah Oy oz ane ie, curlF = (y’~x)k, on expanding the determinant. Further, ds = dy dzi + dzdx j + dxdyk ffcurlF-ds = f(y? -x)dxdy s It can be clearly seen from the figure that -1 ly° [jcurl F-ds { wy = , Jy xt i. + afiot [jeurlF ds T|Geg)-xaen]a 2 4 ALM (Desa §] Verify Stoke's theorem for F = (2x-y)i-yz* j—y° zk where S is the upper aif surface of the sphere x* +y? +z? = 1, C is its boundary. [Dec 2017] iF dr= ffcurl F-ads (Stoke's theorem) is the dircle: x? +y? = 1,7 =0 F-d7 = (2x-y)dx-y2 dy-y°z dz = (2x-y)dx (»z=0) x =.cos@, y = sin®, where 0<0<2n = [Far = Ff (2cos0-sino)(-sin0) 40 lies? i ODS-18 Mg eB ERICAL METH CALCULUS & NUM! NCED CALC! ADVA. A sof Hence, fF-d? =f] é fe ris Ine ade as: oF Also, curl F = Vx F = éx dy éz ax—y -y2? -y?z = i(-2y2+2yz)- j(0)+k(0+1) =k ds = itds = dy dzi+dzdxj+dxdyk Hence, RHS = ffeurl F-fids = {f dxdy =f] tam | s Jf ax dy represents the area of the circle x2 4 y =1 which is x. ; Thus from (1) and (2) we conclude that the theorem is verified, WOME FS (252 ogy )i-2xyj ~ 4x k evaluate III¥ Fav where Vis the regin v bounded by the planes x = Oy=02=0 and 2x +2y+z=4 pp. 8 é é ViF = (3989 ay tv) +—(~ 4x) = 7 ay (2* hea Wet ) = 2x Here z varies from 0 to 4- 2x-2y When z = 0 we get 2x+2y =4 or x4 Y= > ¥ Varies from 0 to 2 — z=0, ¥ = will give us 2x = 4 or y = 2. x varies from 0 to 2. fifv-Eav - j il Th zeal 4 v T20 y50 rag 4 ULE t 63 iy Fav 2 ji dxy2x'y xy? | de t ; 2 f [ax(2-)= 20? (2x) =x (=x) Ide «2 I (wv! = 4x? 4 4x) dx rev : x43 f 32 B V rav =2|* : 120 | =2{4-5 +8). ys 4-3 ee 3 3 60] Verify the divergence theorem for the vector function =(x°-yz)it (y? - 2x) j+( z? —xy)k taken over the rectangular parallelo- iped O a ay! a xi + 2y j+2z oe weet ARTEL pe ee eee IV] [22 (x? +9? +27) ee xi + yj + zk _ xityjtzk pays? oa yx+yt2 a oif, F = yzitzxj+xyk, Foi = Mayet yer any) = 2 - (1) ‘ojecting the given surface on the x 0 y plane we get dxdy =n kds Refer the definition of surface integral] i dxdy _ dxdy _ adx dy ak za Zz ac: a ADVANCED CALCULLIS & NUMERICAL ME 005 yl : rf > circle x? + y? The region R of integration is the quadrant of the circle y? = gi If [JFends = 3 j J xvdydy ; . reo y 63] Evaluate J (axi+by j+ezk)-Ads where S is the surface of the sph 5 ety +2? = 1 os Let F = axi+by j+cezk We have, [JF -ids = [fJaiv Fav divF =V-F=(a+b+c) [Fads = [[f(a+b+c)av = (a+btc)V s where V is the volume of the sphere with unit radius and V = 4/3-nrt a sphere of radius r, Here since we have r = 1, V = 4/30 [ ULE -! f = 2xyit ye? jt xzk and S is the rectangular parallelopiped bounded by ar * =0,y = 02 = 0.x = 2.y= 12-3. Find the flux across §, [June 2018} Flux across S = {fF = fea ds eregence theorem, [fFetds = ffaiv Fav $ ¥ y diveres e have, divF=V-F= (2y+22 4x) a er [Fads = J j [ (ey 42 +x) dedy dx r=0 y=0 2=0 ae ao? = level [ayer +22] de =a ye 3 =D 1 pe (6y +9+3x)dy dx Wi roc 2 = J [3y? +9y + 3xy]} 4x e 2 at [JF fds = j a2eanydr = [12022] e7e0 s Zo jr=0 “xi +yj++zk over the sphere We have Gauss diver [JF fds = [fai S& ODS - 18 MAT. ADVANCED CALCULUS & NUMERIC AL METH! a . div? -v-F = | is 2 ).(rivy i +2k) az divF =3 [fF -iias = fff3av = 3v td : df i a’ represented by here V is the volume of the sphere of radius where V 1s 3 V4yi42 =a? is given by 4na’/3 4na° 3 F.jids = 3-—— = 4a’ Hence {jr nds =3 3 [[F-tids = 4na° 3 1.23 | Applications Work done by a force and flux If F is the force acted upon by a particle in displacing it along the curve ( then the vector line integral fF “dF represents the total work done by the é force. We have Stoke's theorem, fE-ar = Jfcurl F-ids = flcurl F-ds a é s s Further, we know that curlF = 0 = is irrotational. Therefore, from Q fF -d? = 0, when F is irrotational, Hence we conclude that the total wor £ done is zero if F is irrotational and vice-versa, Also, if F_ represents the velocity si a ft id Flux of F across a closed s ;ODULE I 71 ie have Gauss divergence theorem, e Ne if nds [[[aiv Fdv QO v urther we know that divF =0 = F is solenoidal. Therefore from (2) if fds = 0, when F is solenoidal. Hence we conclude that the flux of F > is zero if F is solenoidal and vice-versa. ASSIGNMENT Evaluate jFear where F = (x? —y*)i+xyj where C is the arc of the . y= from (0, 0) to (2,8). esinyi+e*cosyj, find the circulation of F round the curve C is the rectangle with vertices (0,0) (1,0) (1 2/2) work done in moving a particle in a force field +10xk along the curve : x =f+1,y =2¢,2=1

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