4

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) State two SΙ base quantities other than mass, length and time.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A beam is clamped at one end and an object X is attached to the other end of the beam, as
shown in Fig. 1.1.

oscillation
of X

clamp beam object X

Fig. 1.1

The object X is made to oscillate vertically.

The time period T of the oscillations is given by

Ml 3
T=K
E

where M is the mass of X,

l is the length between the clamp and X,
E is the Young modulus of the material of the beam
and K is a constant.

(i) 1. Show that the SΙ base units of the Young modulus are kg m–1 s–2.

[1]

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2. Determine the SΙ base units of K.

SΙ base units of K .......................................................... [2]

(ii) Data in SΙ units for the oscillations of X are shown in Fig. 1.2.

quantity value uncertainty

T 0.45 ± 2.0%
l 0.892 ± 0.2%
M 0.2068 ± 0.1%
K 1.48 × 105 ± 1.5%

Fig. 1.2

Calculate E and its actual uncertainty.

E = ..................................... ± ..................................... kg m–1 s–2 [4]

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2 The signal from a microwave detector is recorded on a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.), as shown
in Fig. 2.1.

1 cm

1 cm

Fig. 2.1

The time-base setting on the c.r.o. is 50 ps cm–1.

(a) Using Fig. 2.1, determine the wavelength of the microwaves.

wavelength = ........................................................ m [4]

(b) The signal from a radio wave detector is recorded on the same c.r.o.
The wavelength of the radio waves is 1.5 × 103 m.

Determine the time-base setting required to display the same number of oscillations on the
c.r.o. as shown in Fig. 2.1.

time-base setting = ....................................... unit........................ [2]

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3 (a) An object is moved from point P to point R either by a direct path or by the path P to Q to R,
as shown in Fig. 3.1.

vertical

object
Q horizontal
P
Fig. 3.1

P and Q are on the same horizontal level. R is vertically above Q.

Explain whether the work done moving the object against the gravitational field is the same or
different along paths PR and PQR.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A ball is thrown with an initial velocity V at an angle θ to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 3.2.

path of ball
V

e
horizontal

Fig. 3.2 (not to scale)

The variation with time t of the height h of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.3.

12.0

10.0
h/m
8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 1.00 2.00 3.00
t /s
Fig. 3.3

Air resistance is negligible.

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(i) Use the time to reach maximum height to determine the vertical component Vv of the
velocity of the ball for time t = 0.

Vv = ........................................................ m s–1 [2]

(ii) The horizontal displacement of the ball at t = 3.00 s is 25.5 m.

On Fig. 3.4, draw the variation with t of the horizontal displacement x of the ball.

30

x/m

20

10

0
0 1.00 2.00 3.00
t /s
Fig. 3.4
[1]

(iii) For the ball at maximum height, calculate the ratio

potential energy of the ball

.
kinetic energy of the ball

ratio = .......................................................... [3]

(iv) In practice, air resistance is not negligible. State and explain the effect of air resistance
on the time taken for the ball to reach maximum height.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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 10

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a metal cylinder of height 4.5 cm and base area 24 cm2.

metal cylinder
4.5 cm

base area 24 cm2

Fig. 4.1

The density of the metal is 7900 kg m–3.

(a) Show that the mass of the cylinder is 0.85 kg.

[2]
(b) The cylinder is placed on a plank, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

plank

cylinder

40°
horizontal

Fig. 4.2

The plank is at an angle of 40° to the horizontal.

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Calculate the pressure on the plank due to the cylinder.

pressure = .................................................... Pa [3]

(c) The cylinder then slides down the plank with a constant acceleration of 3.8 m s–2.
A constant frictional force f acts on the cylinder.

Calculate the frictional force f.

f = ...................................................... N [3]

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5 (a) A progressive wave transfers energy. A stationary wave does not transfer energy. State two
other differences between progressive waves and stationary waves.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) A stationary wave is formed on a stretched string between two fixed points A and B.
The variation of the displacement y of particles of the string with distance x along the string
for the wave at time t = 0 is shown on Fig. 5.1.

10

position of
particles at t = 0
5
y / mm
A B
0
0 1.0 2.0
x /m

–5

–10

Fig. 5.1

The wave has a period of 20 ms and a wavelength of 1.2 m. The maximum amplitude of the
particles of the string is 5.0 mm.

(i) On Fig. 5.1, draw a line to represent the position of the string at t = 5.0 ms. [2]

(ii) State the phase difference between the particles of the string at x = 0.40 m and
at x = 0.80 m.

phase difference = ......................... unit .................... [1]

(iii) State and explain the change in the kinetic energy of a particle at an antinode between
t = 0 and t = 5.0 ms. A numerical value is not required.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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6 (a) Define electromotive force (e.m.f.) for a battery.

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A battery of e.m.f. 6.0 V and internal resistance 0.50 Ω is connected in series with two resistors
X and Y, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

6.0 V
0.50 1

4.0 1 12 1

X Y

Fig. 6.1

The resistance of X is 4.0 Ω and the resistance of Y is 12 Ω.

Calculate

(i) the current in the circuit,

current = ....................................................... A [2]

(ii) the terminal potential difference (p.d.) across the battery.

p.d. = ....................................................... V [1]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) The frequency of an X-ray wave is 4.6 × 1020 Hz.

Calculate the wavelength in pm.

wavelength = .................................................... pm [3]

(b) The distance from Earth to a star is 8.5 × 1016 m. Calculate the time for light to travel from the
star to Earth in Gs.

time = .................................................... Gs [2]

(c) The following list contains scalar and vector quantities.

Underline all the scalar quantities.

acceleration force mass power temperature weight [1]

(d) A boat is travelling in a flowing river. Fig. 1.1 shows the velocity vectors for the boat and the
river water.

water velocity 8.0 m s–1

boat velocity 14.0 m s–1 60° east

Fig. 1.1

The velocity of the boat in still water is 14.0 m s–1 to the east. The velocity of the water is
8.0 m s–1 from 60° north of east.

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(i) On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant velocity of the boat. [1]

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the resultant velocity of the boat.

magnitude of velocity = ................................................ m s–1 [2]

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2 Fig. 2.1 shows an object M on a slope.

3.6 m s–1
Q
M
P

Fig. 2.1

M moves up the slope, comes to rest at point Q and then moves back down the slope to point R.
M has a constant acceleration of 3.0 m s–2 down the slope at all times.
At time t = 0, M is at point P and has a velocity of 3.6 m s–1 up the slope.
The total distance from P to Q and then to R is 6.0 m.

(a) Calculate, for the motion of M from P to Q,

(i) the time taken,

time = ....................................................... s [2]

(ii) the distance travelled.

distance = ...................................................... m [1]

(b) Show that the speed of M at R is 4.8 m s–1.

[2]
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(c) On Fig. 2.2, draw the variation with time t of the velocity v of M for the motion P to Q to R.

6.0

4.0
v / m s–1
2.0

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
t/s
–2.0

–4.0

–6.0

Fig. 2.2
[3]

(d) The mass of M is 450 g.

Calculate the difference in the kinetic energy of M at P and at R.

difference in kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [2]

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3 A trolley T moves at speed 1.2 m s–1 along a horizontal frictionless surface. The trolley collides with
a stationary block on the end of a fixed spring, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

1.2 m s–1 block

fixed end
of spring

horizontal frictionless surface

Fig. 3.1

The mass of T is 250 g. T compresses the spring by 5.4 cm as it comes to rest.

The relationship between the force F applied to the block and the compression x of the spring is
shown in Fig. 3.2.

6.0

5.0
x / cm
4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0
0 2.0 4.0 6.0
F/N

Fig. 3.2

(a) Use Fig. 3.2 to determine

(i) the spring constant of the spring,

spring constant = ................................................ N m–1 [2]

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(ii) the work done by T compressing the spring by 5.4 cm.

work done = ....................................................... J [2]

(b) The spring then expands and causes T to move in a direction opposite to its initial direction.
At the time that T loses contact with the block, it is moving at a speed of 0.75 m s–1.

From the time that T is in contact with the block,

(i) describe the energy changes,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) determine the change in momentum of T.

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [2]

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4 (a) Define moment of a force.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) An arrangement for lifting heavy loads is shown in Fig. 4.1.

C
T
60°
wall B
beam
2.8 m

30° load

A 500 N 4000 N

Fig. 4.1

A uniform metal beam AB is pivoted on a vertical wall at A. The beam is supported by a wire
joining end B to the wall at C. The beam makes an angle of 30° with the wall and the wire
makes an angle of 60° with the wall.

The beam has length 2.8 m and weight of 500 N. A load of 4000 N is supported from B. The
tension in the wire is T. The beam is in equilibrium.

(i) By taking moments about A, show that T is 2.1 kN.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the vertical component Tv of the tension T.

Tv = ...................................................... N [1]

(iii) State and explain why Tv does not equal the sum of the load and the weight of the beam
although the beam is in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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5 A 240 V power supply S with negligible internal resistance is connected to four resistors, as shown
in Fig. 5.1.

0.40 A 240 V
S

I1 A

550 1 950 1
I2 B

350 1 R

Fig. 5.1

Two resistors of resistance 550 Ω and 950 Ω are connected in series across S. Two resistors of
resistance 350 Ω and R are also connected in series across S.

The current supplied by S is 0.40 A.

Currents I1 and I2 in the circuit are shown in Fig. 5.1.

(a) Calculate

(i) current I1,

I1 = ...................................................... A [2]

(ii) resistance R,

R = ....................................................... Ω [2]

(iii) the ratio

power transformed in resistor of resistance 350 Ω .

power transformed in resistor of resistance 550 Ω

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

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(b) Two points are labelled A and B, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

(i) Calculate the potential difference VAB between A and B.

VAB = ...................................................... V [2]

(ii) The resistance R is increased.

State and explain the effect on VAB.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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6 A 12 V battery with internal resistance 0.50 Ω is connected to two identical filament lamps L1 and
L2 as shown in Fig. 6.1.

12 V
0.50 1

S1
L1

S2
L2

Fig. 6.1

The lamps are connected to the battery via switches S1 and S2. The power rating of each lamp is
48 W for a potential difference of 12 V.

(a) S1 is closed and S2 open.

State and explain whether the power transformed in L1 is 48 W.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) S2 is now also closed.

(i) State and explain the effect on the current in L1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) State and explain the effect on the resistance of L1.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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7 An arrangement that is used to demonstrate interference with waves on the surface of water is
shown in Fig. 7.1.

wooden bar A
dipper

D1
to d.c. power
supply B

motor
dipper water

D2

Fig. 7.1 (view from above)

(a) Two dippers D1 and D2 are connected to a motor and a d.c. power supply. Initially only D1
vibrates on the water surface to produce waves.
The variation with distance x from D1 of the displacement y of the water at one instant of time
is shown in Fig. 7.2.

4.0
y / mm
2.0

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
–2.0 x / mm

–4.0

Fig. 7.2

Using Fig. 7.2, determine

(i) the amplitude of the wave,

amplitude = ................................................... mm [1]

(ii) the wavelength of the wave.

wavelength = ................................................... mm [1]

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(b) The two dippers D1 and D2 are made to vibrate and waves are produced by both dippers on
the water surface.

(i) State and explain whether these waves are stationary or progressive.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain why D1 and D2 are connected to the same motor.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The points A and B on Fig. 7.1 are at the distances from D1 and D2 shown in Fig. 7.3.

D1A D2A D1B D2B

5.0 cm 7.0 cm 5.0 cm 6.0 cm

Fig. 7.3

State and explain the variation with time of the displacement of the water on the surface at

(i) A,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) B.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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8 (a) The results of the α-particle scattering experiment gave evidence for the structure of the atom.

State two results and the associated conclusions.

result 1: .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

conclusion 1: .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

result 2: .....................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

conclusion 2: .............................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[4]
63
(b) In a model of a copper atom of the isotope 29 Cu, the atom and its nucleus are assumed to be
spherical.

The diameter of the nucleus is 2.8 × 10–14 m. The diameter of the atom is 2.3 × 10–10 m.

Calculate the ratio

density of the nucleus .
density of the atom

ratio = ...........................................................[3]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2015 9702/22/O/N/15

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) The intensity of a progressive wave is defined as the average power transmitted through a
surface per unit area.

Show that the SI base units of intensity are kg s−3.

[2]

(b) (i) The intensity I of a sound wave is related to the amplitude x0 of the wave by

I = Kρcf 2x02

where ρ is the density of the medium through which the sound is passing,
c is the speed of the sound wave,
f is the frequency of the sound wave
and K is a constant.

Show that K has no units.

[2]

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(ii) Calculate the intensity, in pW m−2, of a sound wave where

K = 20,
ρ = 1.2 in SI base units,
c = 330 in SI base units,
f = 260 in SI base units
and x0 = 0.24 nm.

intensity = ..............................................pW m−2 [3]

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2 A signal generator is connected to two loudspeakers L1 and L2, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

L1
B

M
signal c.r.o.
generator A

L2

Fig. 2.1

A microphone M, connected to the Y-plates of a cathode-ray oscilloscope (c.r.o.), detects the

intensity of sound along the line ABC.
The distances L1A and L2A are equal.
The time-base of the c.r.o. is switched off.

The traces on the c.r.o. when M is at A, then at B and then at C are shown on Fig. 2.2, Fig. 2.3 and
Fig. 2.4 respectively.

1.0 cm

M at A M at B M at C

Fig. 2.2 Fig. 2.3 Fig. 2.4

For these traces, 1.0 cm represents 5.0 mV on the vertical scale.

(a) (i) Explain why coherent waves are produced by the loudspeakers.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

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(ii) Use the principle of superposition to explain the traces shown with M at

1. A,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

2. B,

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

3. C.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The sound emitted from L1 and L2 has frequency 500 Hz. The time-base on the c.r.o. is
switched on.

The microphone M is placed at A.

On Fig. 2.5, draw the trace seen on the c.r.o.

On the vertical scale, 1.0 cm represents 5.0 mV. On the horizontal scale, 1.0 cm represents
0.10 ms.

1.0 cm

1.0 cm

Fig. 2.5
[3]

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3 A steel ball falls from a platform on a tower to the ground below, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

platform ball

path of
tower 192 m
ball

ground

Fig. 3.1

The ball falls from rest through a vertical distance of 192 m. The mass of the ball is 270 g.

(a) Assume air resistance is negligible.

(i) Calculate

1. the time taken for the ball to fall to the ground,

time taken = ........................................................s [2]

2. the maximum kinetic energy of the ball.

maximum kinetic energy = ........................................................J [2]

(ii) State and explain the variation of the velocity of the ball with time as the ball falls to the
ground.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(iii) Show that the velocity of the ball on reaching the ground is approximately 60 m s–1.

[1]
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(b) In practice, air resistance is not negligible. The variation of the air resistance R with the
velocity v of the ball is shown in Fig. 3.2.

4.0

3.0

R/N

2.0

1.0

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
v / m s–1

Fig. 3.2

(i) Use Fig. 3.2 to state and explain qualitatively the variation of the acceleration of the ball
with the distance fallen by the ball.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) The speed of the ball reaches 40 m s–1. Calculate its acceleration at this speed.

acceleration = ................................................. m s–2 [2]

(iii) Use information from (a)(iii) and Fig. 3.2 to state and explain whether the ball reaches
terminal velocity.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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4 A block is pulled on a horizontal surface by a force P as shown in Fig. 4.1.

vertical
P = 35 N
60°

block
horizontal

weight = 180 N

Fig. 4.1

The weight of the block is 180 N. The force P is 35 N at 60° to the vertical.
The block moves a distance of 20 m at constant velocity.

(a) Calculate

(i) the vertical force that the surface applies to the block (normal reaction force),

force = ....................................................... N [2]

(ii) the work done by force P.

work done = ........................................................J [2]

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(b) (i) Explain why the block continues to move at constant velocity although work is done on
the block by force P.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why the block remains in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

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5 (a) The I-V characteristic of a semiconductor diode is shown in Fig. 5.1.

14.0

12.0

10.0
I / mA
8.0

6.0

4.0

2.0

0
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
V/V

Fig. 5.1

(i) Use Fig. 5.1 to explain the variation of the resistance of the diode as V increases from
zero to 0.8 V.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

(ii) Use Fig. 5.1 to determine the resistance of the diode for a current of 4.4 mA.

resistance = ....................................................... Ω [2]

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(b) A cell of e.m.f. 1.2 V and negligible internal resistance is connected in series to a semiconductor
diode and a resistor R1, as shown in Fig. 5.2.

1.2 V

7.6 mA

R1

R2

375 1

Fig. 5.2

A resistor R2 of resistance 375 Ω is connected across the cell.

The diode has the characteristic shown in Fig. 5.1. The current supplied by the cell is 7.6 mA.

Calculate

(i) the current in R2,

current = ....................................................... A [1]

(ii) the resistance of R1,

resistance = ....................................................... Ω [2]

(iii) the ratio

power dissipated in the diode .
power dissipated in R2

ratio = ...........................................................[2]

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6 An arrangement for producing stationary waves in air in a tube that is closed at one end is shown
in Fig. 6.1.

loudspeaker
signal
generator

tube of
adjustable L
length

air

Fig. 6.1

A loudspeaker produces sound waves of wavelength 0.680 m in the tube.

For some values of the length L of the tube, stationary waves are formed.

(a) Explain how stationary waves are formed in the tube.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) The length L is adjusted between 0.200 m and 1.00 m.

(i) Calculate two values of L for which stationary waves are formed.

L = .................................. m and L = .............................. m [2]

(ii) On Fig. 6.2, label the positions of the antinodes with an A and the nodes with an N for the
least value of L for which a stationary wave is formed.

Fig. 6.2
[1]

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7 A steel wire of cross-sectional area 15 mm2 has an ultimate tensile stress of 4.5 × 108 N m–2.

(a) Calculate the maximum tension that can be applied to the wire.

tension = ....................................................... N [2]

(b) The steel of the wire has density 7800 kg m–3. The wire is hung vertically.

Calculate the maximum length of the steel wire that could be hung vertically before the wire
breaks under its own weight.

length = ...................................................... m [3]

Please turn over for

Question 8.

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8 (a) State the quantities, other than momentum, that are conserved in a nuclear reaction.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 decays to a nucleus of thorium-234 by emitting an

α-particle. The kinetic energy of the α-particle is 6.69 × 10–13 J.

(i) Show that the kinetic energy Ek of a mass m is related to its momentum p by the equation

p2
Ek = .
2m

[1]

(ii) Use the conservation of momentum to determine the kinetic energy, in keV, of the thorium
nucleus.

kinetic energy = ................................................... keV [3]

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