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Loadings

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Venkat Deepak Sarma
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9 views

Loadings

Uploaded by

Venkat Deepak Sarma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURE LOADINGS

GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS


LOADS ON STRUCTURE

Once the structural form has been determined, the actual


design begins with those elements that are subjected to the
primary loads the structure is intended to carry, and
proceeds in sequence to the various supporting members
until the foundation is reached. In order to design a
structure, it is therefore necessary to first specify the loads
that act on it.

A house is more than an assembly of studs, joists, and


rafters clad in materials like drywall, tile, paint, carpet,
concrete, and asphalt shingles.
When built well, a house protects its inhabitants from
relentless physical forces.

It is important, then, before sinking a nail into the first


piece of framing lumber, to understand how a house frame
performs, To begin, you need to know what a building load
is, Here’s how it works.
UNDERSTANDING LOADS IMPROVES FRAMING AND DESIGN SKILLS
A building load is simply a force that a house frame needs to resist. The frame must be designed to withstand
eight of these loads—which include wind, earth, and snow—without catastrophic stress on the structure, While
not every load consideration is applicable to every geographic region, or even every home within a region,
having a collective understanding of building loads will strengthen your view of framing as a general system.
That's an asset when designing, building, or remodelling any home, anywhere.
LOADS:
A load may be defined as a force tending to effect and produce deformations, stresses or
displacements in the structure.

Structural loads or actions are forces, deformations, or accelerations applied to structure


components. Loads cause stresses, deformations , and displacement in structures. Assessment
of their effects is carried out by the methods of structural analysis.
The loads are broadly classified as vertical loads, horizontal loads and longitudinal loads, The
vertical loads consist of dead load, live load and impact load. The horizontal loads comprises of
wind load and earthquake load. The longitudinal loads i.e. tractive and braking forces are
considered in special case of design of bridges, gantry girders etc.

Estimation of various loads acting is to calculated precisely. Indian standard code IS: 875-1987
and American Standard Code ASCE 7-16 : Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures specifies various design loads for buildings and structures.
GRAVITY LOADS:
Gravity loads are the vertical forces that act on a structure. The weight of the structure, human occupancy
and snow are all types of loads that needs to have a complete load path to the ground.
LATERAL LOADS:

Lateral loads are live loads that are applied parallel to the ground; that is, they are horizontal forces acting
on a structure. They are different to gravity loads for example which are vertical, download forces. The most
common types are: Wind & Seismic loads.

TYPES OF LOADS IN STRUCTURES


Vertical Loads Horizontal Loads
 Dead Load
 Live Loads • Dead • Wind
 Wind Loads
 Snow Loads • Live • Seismic
 Earthquake Loads • Snow • Flood
 Hydrostatic and soil pressure
 Impact loads • Soil
Load transfer mechanism in a framed building structure.
Elements in a framed structure.

 Loads are transferred efficiently through frames.


 Frames Network of beams and columns
 Loads transfer from structural frame to foundation below.
LOADS ON BUILDINGS
LOADS ON BUILDINGS
IS CODE PROVISIONS
INTERNATIONAL CODE PROVISIONS
LOAD CASE VS LOAD PATTERN:
Load which can apply with respect to time called load case if we have to provide 10 KN (Dead load), the
DL is load pattern and this load pattern we have to apply with respect to time called load case.

Load (DL, LL, Any) Load pattern

Time Load case

TYPES OF LOADS:
 Point load or joint load
 Shell load or area load (All are gravity loads)
 Frame load or line load
 Triangular load

Generally in structure like in building all generally there two loads:-

 Frame load (line load ) KN/m


 Area load (shell load) KN/m²
DEAD LOAD:

 The first vertical load that is considered is dead load. Dead loads are permanent or stationary loads
which are transferred to structure throughout the life span. Dead load is primarily due to self weight of
structural members, permanent partition walls, fixed permanent equipment's and weight of different
materials. It majorly consists of the weight of roofs, beams, walls and column etc. which are otherwise
the permanent parts of the building.
 Loads which acts through out the life of the structure.
 The calculation of dead loads of each structure are calculated by the volume of each section and
multiplied with the unit weight. Unit weights of some of the common materials are presented in table
below.
DEAD LOAD:

Sl. No Material Weight

1 Brick Masonry 18.8 kN/m3

2 Stone Masonry 20.4-26.5 kN/m3

3 Plain Cement Concrete 24 kN/m3  Dead Load Calculation


4 Reinforced Cement Concrete 24 kN/m3 (Slab, Beam, Wall any)
5 Timber 5-8 kN/m3
 Volume X Density

Unit Weight / Density of Different Construction Materials


LIVE LOADS:

 The second vertical load that is considered in design of a structure is imposed loads or live loads. Live
loads are either movable or moving loads with out any acceleration or impact. These loads are
assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of the building including weights of
movable partitions or furniture etc..
 Loads that may change its position during operation.
 Live loads keeps on changing from time to time. These loads are to be suitably assumed by the
designer. It is one of the major load in the design. The minimum values of live loads to be assumed are
given in IS 875 (part 2)–1987. It depends upon the intended use of the building.
 Example: people, furniture, equipment.
The code gives the values of live loads for the following occupancy classification:

 Residential buildings–dwelling houses, hotels, hostels,


boiler rooms and plant rooms, garages
 Educational buildings
 Institutional buildings
 Assembly buildings
 Business and office buildings
 Mercantile buildings
 Industrial buildings, and
 Storage rooms.
Some of the important values are presented in table below which are the minimum values and
wherever necessary more than these values are to be assumed.
Snow loads
The amount of snow load on a roof structure is dependent on a variety of factors;

 Roof geometry,
 Size of the structure,
 Insulation of the structure,
 Wind frequency,
 Snow duration,
 Geographical location of the structure.

Snow and Rain Loads - In some parts of


the country, roof loading due to snow or
rain can be quite severe, and therefore
protection against possible failure is of
Primary concern.

Hydrostatic and Soil Pressure - When


structures are used to retain water, soil, or
granular materials, the pressure
developed by these loadings becomes an
important criterion for their design.
Impact loads
Impact load is caused by vibration or impact or acceleration. Thus, impact load is equal to imposed load
incremented by some percentage called impact factor or impact allowance depending upon the intensity of
impact.

Impact Loads - When live loads are applied rapidly to a


structure, they cause larger stresses than those that would be
produced if the same loads would have been applied
gradually, The dynamic effect of the load that causes this
Increase in stress in the structures is referred to as impact.
Earthquake load (Seismic load)

Earthquake loads are horizontal loads caused by the earthquake and


shall be computed in accordance with IS 1893. For monolithic
reinforced concrete structures located in the seismic zone 2, and 3
without more than 5 storey high and importance factor less than 1,
the seismic forces are not critical.

Earthquake Loads - Earthquakes


produce loadings on a structure
Through its interaction with the
ground and its response
characteristics, These loadings
result from the structure's
distortion caused by the ground’s
motion and the lateral resistance of
the structure.
Wind loads
Wind load is primarily horizontal load caused by the movement of air
relative to earth. Wind load is required to be considered in design
especially when the heath of the building exceeds two times the
dimensions transverse to the exposed wind surface.
Wind Loads - When structures block the
flow of wind, the wind’s kinetic energy is
converted into potential energy of pressure,
which causes a wind loading. The effect of
wind on a structure depends upon the
density and velocity of the air, the angle of
incidence of the wind, the shape and
stiffness of the structure, and the
roughness of its surface.

The amount of wind load is dependent on the following;

 Geographical location
 The height of structure
 Type of surrounding physical environment
 The shape of structure
 Size of the building
LOAD DISTRIBUTION

Load distribution is a key element in the design of a


structural member. The design of footings, foundation walls,
slabs on grade, pile caps, grade beams, are all designed to
distribute a load, The design capability of soils is important
for the structural engineer to understand the engineering
requirements required to distribute the structures load,
down to the surface of the earth.

A building floor slab would be designed first, followed by the


supporting beams, columns, and last, the foundation
footings.

Function of structure is to transfer all the loads safely to


ground.

A particular structural member transfers load to other


structural member.
LOAD TRANSFER IN STRUCTURE

Lateral , horizontal
and
vertical load transfer
LOAD TRANSFER IN STRUCTURE

Gravity Load Lateral Load


HOW CAN WE APPLY LOADS IN ETABS/SAP2000 ?

1) Self weight (DL)


2) Masonry Loads (SDL)
3) Shell Loads (DL&LL)

Now we have to define the load pattern & we have to assign the loads we can calculate the loads as per
the architectural required, then we have assign the loads on the structure.

Define Load pattern

We are not apply the self weight of the structure (Column, beam slab) software by default take it. Self weight
multiplier (Dead) is 1.

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