Scribd
Upload
10 views3 pages

Biology Project

Uploaded by

Partho S Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views3 pages

Biology Project

Uploaded by

Partho S Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

A typical flower has four main parts—or whorls—known as the calyx, corolla, androecium, and

gynoecium

Calyx or sepals

Any of the outer parts of a flower that enclose and protect the unopened flower bud. The sepals
on a flower are collectively referred to as the calyx. They are sterile floral parts and may be either
green or leaflike or composed of petal-like tissue. From their base and along most of their length,
sepals remain either separate or marginally fused, forming a tube with terminal lobes or teeth.
The number of calyx lobes equals the number of fused sepals, and the number of sepals is
usually the same as the number of petals.

Corolla
All of the petals of a flower are collectively known as the corolla
Petals are usually accompanied by another set of modified leaves called sepals, that collectively
form the calyx and lie just beneath the corolla. The calyx and the corolla together make up the
perianth, the non-reproductive portion of a flower. The corolla is part of the flower's
reproductive system, which also includes the androecium (stamens) and gynoecium
(pistils). The corolla's function is to help with pollination, the process of transferring pollen
between flowers to result in fertilization. Petals are often brightly colored or white to attract
pollinators like insects and birds. They can also provide fragrance and make the flower more
attractive.
Androecium
The androecium is the male reproductive part of a flower, made up of a group of male
reproductive organs called stamens. The androecium is also known as the stamens.

The androecium is usually the third whorl of a flower and can be constructed on a two-part or
four-part plan. The number of stamens in the androecium can be the same as the number of
petals, but it can also be more or fewer.

Each stamen is made up of two parts:

 Filament: The long, thin stalk of a stamen that supports the anther at its tip
 Anther: The top of a stamen that produces pollen grains in terminal sac-like structures
 The anther can be attached at its base or in the middle, on the dorsal side to the apex of
the filament. The filament can differ in length, thickness, shape, color, and
hairiness. Having the pollen-producing structure at the tip of the filament may facilitate
pollination.

Gynoecium
The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, and is often called the flower's "female"
reproductive part. It's made up of pistils, which are made up of one or more carpels. The carpels
contain the ovary, stigma, and style. The gynoecium is where ovules develop, which eventually
become fruit and seeds.
The gynoecium is usually surrounded by the androecium, which is made up of the pollen-
producing stamens. The gynoecium performs several tasks, including: Recognizing pollen
grains, Helping pollen granules germinate, Starting fertilization, and Preventing pollen grains
from different plant species from entering.

Natural vegetative Propagation

Natural vegetative propagation is a type of asexual plant reproduction that occurs when plants
grow and develop naturally without human intervention. It can happen when adventitious
roots develop from the parent plant's roots, stem, or leaves, allowing new plants to emerge.

Vegetative Propagation by roots:


Natural vegetative propagation by roots occurs when a plant develops adventitious roots, which
are roots that grow from axillary buds into lateral shoots. These roots can then develop into new
plants, called plantlets, from the roots, stems, or leaves of the parent plant.

Some examples of natural vegetative propagation by roots include:

 Tubers - Modified roots that can develop new plants. For example, sweet potatoes and
dahlias can reproduce this way.
 Runners - Aerial shoots that grow horizontally along the ground and develop adventitious
roots at their nodes. The axils of scale leaves at the nodes can then grow into new aerial
branches, which can separate from the parent plant and propagate in a similar
way. Strawberries and grasses can reproduce this way.

Vegetative Propagation by Stem:

This is where buds are formed, which grow into new plants. Stems that grow horizontally on
the ground are called runners. As these runners grow, buds form at the nodes, which later
develop the roots and shoots, resulting in the formation of a new plant.
Here are some examples of natural vegetative propagation by stem:

 Runners or stolons
Stems that grow horizontally along the ground and have roots at the node region. As the runners
grow, buds form at the nodes, which later develop roots and shoots, resulting in a new
plant. Examples include cyanodon and mint.
 Bulbils
Small plants that develop from axillary buds of the parent plant's stem. Examples include lilies
and onions.
 Tubers
Underground stems that store food and have buds in the depression called eye. Examples
include potatoes.
 Rhizomes
Underground stems that bear buds. Examples include ginger and turmeric

Vegetative Propagation by Leaves:

Vegetative propagation is a form of asexual reproduction in which new plants grow from buds on
the leaves of a parent plant. This process is common in plants such as Bryophyllum, also known
as the "mother of thousands" or piggyback plant, and Begonia:

 Bryophyllum: Buds develop from the leaf's notches or margins, and slowly grow into small
plantlets. These buds can detach from the parent plant and fall onto the ground, where they
germinate and form new plants. Even if a leaf falls on moist soil, the buds will still develop into
new plantlets.
 Begonia: Vegetative propagation occurs through the leaves of this plant.

You might also like