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FULL MOCK # F10

Hints & Solutions

PHYSICS

Section - A 2. (1)
The electric potential V(x, y, z) = 4x2 volt
1.
(2)
 ∂V ˆ ∂V ˆ ∂V 
Potential at the surface of spherical conductor of Now, E = −  ˆi + j +k
radius R carrying charge Q,  ∂x ∂y ∂z 
Q ∂V ∂V ∂V
Vs = Now, = 8x, = 0 and =0
4πε 0 R ∂x ∂y ∂z
Let Q1 and Q2 are the charges on two spherical 
Hence, E = −8 xiˆ,
conductors of radii R1 and R2 respectively. When
these two charged spherical conductors connected So at point (1 m, 0, 2 m),

by a wire, the potential at their surfaces becomes E = −8ˆi V/m or 8 V/m along negative x-axis.
equal.
3. (1)
\ V s = Vs i1 i2
1 2 A C
i1 i1 i2
σ1 × 4 πR12 σ2 × 4 πR22 i2
⇒ =
4 πε 0 R1 4 πε 0 R2 5 10 20 V
i1 i2
σ1 R2
⇒ =
σ2 R1 F i1 E 2 i D i2 B

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 V 10 8. (4)
i1 = = =2A  
R 5 F .S
P=
t
V 20
i2 = =
R 10
=2A
=
(
2ˆi + 3 ˆj + 4 kˆ . 3ˆi + 4 ˆj + 5 kˆ )( )
By Kirchoff’s current law, no current is flowing in 4
2 W resistor. 6 + 12 + 20
= = 9.5 Watt
Hence, i = 0A 4
4. (3) 9. (1)
Majority charge carriers in a p-type semiconductor
are holes.
5. (2)
Let the mass of the string is M.
3m

H0
tan q =
8m H
8 H 
Acceleration of the string = ⇒ q = tan −1  0 
M  H
 3M  8 10. (2)
8 – T =  ×
8  M Surface tension is responsible, because, surface
On solving, we get tension is a term that describes a liquid’s tendency
⇒ T=5N to diminish its surface area. The cohesive force
between water molecules near the surface and those
6. (4)
inside the bulk pulls them in, giving them a higher
N F
potential energy than those inside.
11. (3)
m1 v1 + m2 v2
mg vcm =
m1 + m2
30°
(200 )(2) + (80 ) vm
mg sin  mg cos  0=
200 + 80
From free body diagram
⇒ vm = – 5 m/s
Since block is at rest
N = mg cos q and F = mg sin q Relative velocity w.r.t. man is vm – vw
⇒ Force exerted by the surface on the block will be = (– 5) – (2)
= N2 + F 2 = mg = –7 m/s
= 10 × 8 12. (3)
= 80 N
7.
(3) R
R R
As slab is inserted, capacitance of B increases
and hence, total capacitance of system increases. B v
I1 I I2
As result charge on both capacitor will increase.
1
Since V ∝ for constant Q and CB > CA. Req = R + R
C 2
\ VA > VB 3R
=
KC 2
VA = ∈E,
,
( K + 1)
I = 2 Bl v
C 3R
VB = ∈E.
( K + 1) Bl v
I1 = I2 =
Potential on A increases and that on B decreases. 3R
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13. (3) 18.
(2)
In pure translational motion, at any instant of time Image seen from left,
all particles of the body have the same velocity but u = –(5 – 1.5) = –3.5 cm
in rolling motion (combination of translational and R = – 5 cm
rotational motion) all its particles are not moving
with the same velocity at any instant.
Hence, |v1| ≠ |v2|
14. (2)
V = R2 + ( X L − X C )
2

= (40 )2 + (60 − 30 )2
= 50 V µ2 µ1 µ 2 − µ1
− =
15. (1) v u R
V 1 1.5 1 − 1.5
For DC, R= ⇒ + =
I v 3.5 5
100 ... 1 1 3
= = 100 W =– −
1 v 10 7
For AC, V = IZ −70
⇒ v=
100 37
⇒ Z= = 200 W
0.5 Image will be formed, 2 cm left to centre.

Z= R2 + X L2 19. (4)
The alloys having high densities, i.e., allowys have
⇒ 200 = (100 )2 + X L2 longer values of young’s modular than metals. Also
⇒ XL = 173.2 W young’s modulus of steel is more than that of rubber.
20. (4)
XL = wL
Due to solid sphere,
173.2 Gravitational potential,
⇒ L= = 0.55 H
100π GM 2GM
V1 = – = −
16. (2)  R 3R
 3 
2
Due to spherical shell,
GM
Gravitational potential, V2 = −
2R
1 1 1
= +
Req R R Net Gravitational potential = − 2GM − GM
1 2
3R 2R
1 kA k A 7GM
⇒ = 1 + 2 = −
Req 2l 2l 6R
2l 21.
(4)
Req =
( k1 + k2 ) A Slope of line in displacement time graph represents
the velocity. Therefore,
17.
(1)
vA
State function, = tan 30° : tan 60°
vB
(DU)cycle = 0
and DW = –ve [anticlockwise] 1
= : 3
\ Using first law of thermodynamics, 3

Q will be negative, i.e., Q < 0 =1:3

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22. (2) 27.
(2)
1
H2 + 1H2 ® 2He4 + ∆E Here, maximum fraction error is :
∆Q ∆X ∆Y 
The binding energy per nucleon of a deuteron = 1.1 = ±  n +m 
MeV Q  X Y 
\ Total binding energy = 2 × 1.1 = 2.2 MeV \ Absolute error is Q,
The binding energy per nucleon of a helium nuclei  ∆X ∆Y 
i.e. DQ = ±  n +m Q
= 7 MeV  X Y 
\ Total binding energy = 4 × 7 = 28 MeV 28.
(1)
Hence, energy released By conservation of Energy,
∆E =(28 – 2×2.2) = 23.6 MeV GMm GMm 1
− +E = − + mv02
R 3 R 2
23. (3)
GMm 1  GM  GMm
Diffusion current from the p to n side rises as a E =– + m +
result of holes from the p-type diffusing into the 3R 2  3R  R
n-type and electrons from the n-type diffusing into GMm GMm GMm
E= − + +
the p-type because of a concentration gradient that 3R 6R R
forms a depletion region. 5GMm
\ E=
6R
24. (3)
   29. (1)
From figure, d + e = f Using Gauss’ law to find net flux and then substitute
the given conditions to calculate the value of flux
linked with plane surface A.
B

C A

Let the flux of surface A, B and C be fA, fB and fC

→ respectively.
The vector f has the resultant of any two other q
Net Flux, fnet = fA + fB + fC =
vector. By parallelogram law of vector addition, ε0
→ → →
we get d+ e = f From the figure, it is clear that fA should be equal
to fC
25. (1)
i.e., fA = fC …(i)
mv 2mE
r= = Also, fB = f (Given) …(ii)
qB qB
Using (i) & (ii),
E and B is constant q
m fA + fB + fC =
⇒ r∝ ε0
q q
2fA + f =
m 2m 4m ε0
⇒ rp : rd : ra = : :
e e 2e 1 q 
fA = − φ
= 1 : 2 : 1 2  ε 0 
⇒ ra = rp < rd 30.
(2)
26. (2) Let distance moved by plank = x
nλ 3Mx = M(l – x)
a=
d l
x=
10 × 6000 × 10 −10 4
a=
10 −3 l 3l
Distance moved by man = l − =
a = 6 × 10–3 rad 4 4
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31. (1) λ1 − λ 2 λ1 − 0.25λ1
The value of total mechanical energy of a particle in ⇒ × 100% = × 100%
λ1 λ1
SHM is always remains constant.
= 0.75 × 100
32. (1) = 75%
Total charge will induce on the surface of conductor
37. (2)
and will be distributed uniformly on the surface, so hc
→ → 1 = KA + W
\ ∫ E . ds = ε0 Qenclosed λA

Q hc
E.4πx2 = ⇒ 2λ B = KA + W
ε 0
hc
33. (3) ⇒ λ B = 2KA + 2W  ...(i)
a sin q = nl,
n = 1, 2, ......... hc
a sin 30° = 1 × 6500
and λ B = KB + W  ...(ii)

a = 13000 Å by (i) and (ii),

= 1.3 × 10–6 m = 1.3 mm 2KA + 2W = KB + W
34. (3) KB W
Given that, ⇒ − KA =
2 2
Refractive index of flint glass, mf = 1.620 KB
Refractive index of crown glass, mc = 1.518 \ > KA
2
Refractive angle of flint prism, Af = 6.0°
For zero net deviation of mean ray, 38. (2)
(mf – 1)Af = (mc – 1)Ac In velocity-time graph, the total distance covered is
equal to the area of the curve under the time-axis.
µf − 1
AC = A 1

µc − 1 f \ Distance covered in last 2 s = × 20 × 2 = 20 m
2
1.620 − 1 ( o ) and total distance covered in 7 s = Area ABCD
= 6.0 = 7.2°
1.518 − 1  6 + 2
=   × 20 = 80 m
35. (3) 2 
Stoping potential is a measure of maximum kinetic The ratio is therefore, 20 : 80 or 1 : 4.
energy of emitted photoelectron (eVo = Kmax) and 39. (3)
Kmax depends upon the frequency of incident light Here, mass of the wire, M = 30 g = 30 × 10–3 kg
but is independent of intensity. Mass per unit length of the wire,
m = 4 × 10–2 kg m–1
Section - B M
\ Length of the wire, L =
36. (2) µ
h 30 × 10 −3 kg
l= =
2mK 4 × 10 −2 kgm −1
λ1 = 0.75 m
K2 16K
⇒ = = =4
λ2 K1 K
λ1
=4
λ2
λ1 For the fundamental mode,
⇒ l2 =
4 λ
=L
l2 = 0.25l1 2

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 ⇒ l = 2L = 2 × 0.75 = 1.5 m µ0 Ir 2
Speed of the transverse wave, B=
2 (r2 + d2 )
3/2

v = nl
µ0 Ir 2
= (50 s–1)(1.5 m) ⇒ Ba = ...(ii)
2 ( 2r 2 )
3/2
= 75 ms–1
2 ( 2r 2 )
3/2
40. (1) Bc µ0 I
If we cut a thin pipe along its length then we get a Now, = ×
Ba 2r µ0 Ir 2
conductor as given in question.
= 2 2
Bc : Ba = 2 2 : 1
42. (3)
\ VL = VC
⇒ IXL = IXC
Voltage across LC combination
Consider a piece of small length dl then current
I(XL – XC) = 0
through this part is,
I I I \ XL – XC = 0
i= dl = . Rdθ = dθ ⇒ Voltage across LC combination is always 0.
πR πR π
When the value of R changes, the current in the
and magnetic field at O due to this part of width dl
circuit changes and so thus, the voltage across the
is,
µ i µ0 I L and C but voltage across R remains same and
dB = 0 = . dθ consequently voltage across LC combination.
2πR 2πR π
43. (3)
Similarly take element dl on opposite side,
Let’s assume potential at P1 to be zero, and potential
d
at P2 be x.
i1 P2 i3

2dB cos  i2
2 2
O 10
5V 5V
d
So, magnetic field at O due to these two elements P1
B = 2dB cos q Now let’s take currents in the branch and apply KCL
∴
π/2 i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
B =2 ∫
0
dB cos θ
x−5 x−0 x-5
+ + =0
π /2 µ0 I 2 10 2
=2 ∫0 2 π2 R
cos q dq
50
Þ x= V
V
µ0 I 11
= (sin θ)0π /2
π2 R So, current through 10 W resistor will be
50
µ0 I −0
Þ B= Þ i2 = 11 = 0.45 A
π2 R 10
41. (3) So, 0.45 A current will flow from P2 to P1.
Magnetic field at centre of current-carrying coil, 44. (3)
µ I L.C. = 1 MSD – 1 VSD
Bc = 0 ...(i)
2r  Since, 
9
Magnetic field at axial point due to a current = 1 MSD − MSD 10 VSD = 9 MSD
10
carrying coil at distance of r,  9 
1 VSD = MSD
d =r  10 

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  9 47. (2)
=  1 −  × 1 MSD (dy)net = 0
 10 
= 0.1 × 0.1 cm dy + dy + dy = 0
1 2 3
= 0.01 cm ⇒ (my – 1)A + (my' – 1)(–A') + (my – 1)A = 0
Diameter = MSR + LC × VSR
A' =
(
2 µy −1 )A
= 1.3 + 0.01 × 2
= 1.3 + 0.02 = 1.32 cm
(µ y '− 1)
A' 2 ( µ y − 1)
45. (4) ⇒ =

F
A (µ y '− 1)

r 48. (4)
at B = B0 e–t
•
ac − dφ dB
E= = –A
dt dt
Given, ac = K2rt2 …(i) E = πr2 B0 e–t,
2
v E2
Also, ac = P=
r …(ii) R
From eqn. (i) and (ii) p2 r 4 e -2 t B02
v2 =
= K2rt2 R
r B02 p 2 r 4
Þ v = Krt …(iii) =
R [Q t = 0]
dv d
at = = (Krt) = Kr
dt dt 49. (2)
φA 1
Now, tangential force acting on the particle Given,
F = mat = mKr …(iv) φB = 2
Power of a force given by, Ek = hf – fA ...(i)
→ → 1
P = F . v = Fv cos q
E k2
= 2hf – fB
...(ii)
P = Fv cos q From eq. (i) & (ii),
= mKr (Krt) cos q [from (iii)] ...(iv) Ek = 2[Ek + fA] – 2 fA
[... fB = 2 fA]
2 1
Since, centripetal force is perpendicular to the
velocity (q = 90°), therefore power due to centripetal Ek = 2Ek + 2fA – 2fA
2 1
force will always be zero. Ek 1
Using eqn. (iii) & (iv), power due to tangential force ⇒ 1
=
Ek 2
P = mK2r2t 2

46.
(4) 50. (3)
If power in R is maximum then, Mass Defect = 3 × 2.014 – 4.001 – 1.007 – 1.008
R =r = 0.026 amu
E E Energy = Dm × 931.5 Mev
i= =
2 R 2r = 3.88 × 10–12 J
Power in R, Power of star = 1016 W
2
 E E2 No. of Deuteron used per second,
P =   R =
2R 4R 1016
=
Input power, 3.88 × 10 −12
2
 E E2 = 0.26 × 1028
Pin =   .2 R =
 2 R 2R Deuteron supply exhaust in time,

Efficiency,
Pout 1040
× 100 = 50% = 28
≈ 1012 sec
Pin 0.26 × 10

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 CHEMISTRY

Section - A 58. (1)

OH OH
51. (2)
CHO
PCl 3  Cl 2 
= 0.3 × 0.5 = 0.25
(i) CHCl3 + NaOH
Qc = (ii) H+
PCl 5  0.6

Reaction is known as Reimer-Tiemann reaction.
\ Kc= 0.2
60. (2)
⇒ Kc< Qc
Size of central atom ↑ Bond angle ↓
Since, Kc< Qc.
Therefore,
So, the reaction will proceed in backward direction.
H 2O > H 2S > H 2Se > H 2Te
 →
52. (2)
Enthalpy of formation of ethene: 61. (2)
Smaller the halide atom, more will be the back
2C + 2H2 ® C2H4, DHf = x1 .....(i)
bonding and therefore show less tendency to accept
Enthalpy of formation of ethane: a pair of electrons.
2C + 3H2 ® C2H6, DHf = x2 .....(ii)
62. (2)
On subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
C2H4 + H2 ® C2H6, DHHydrogenation = ?
DHHydrogenation = x2 – x1
64. (3)
54.
(3) The increasing order of basic character is
According to Moseley’s law, the square root of NiO < MgO < SrO < K2O < Cs2O.
frequency of characteristic X-ray is given by: The ionic mobility decreases with increase in atomic
v = a(Z − b), size in alkali metal. In aqueous solution size order
Electronegativity generally increases as you move reverses so the order of ionic mobility is:
from left to right across a period and decreases as Cs+ > Rb+ > K+ > Na+
you move down a group. So, the correct order of thermal stability of hydrides
is NH3 > PH3 > AsH3 > SbH3 > BiH3
55. (3)
65. (2)
The increasing order of strong field ligands are given
Noble gases have weak dispersion forces which can
below:
I– < Br– < S2– < SCN– < Cl– < O = N — O– < N3– < be broken easily. Therefore, the boiling points of
F– < OH– < C2O42– < O2– < H2O < NCS– < CH3C º N noble gases are very low.
< EDTA4– < py < NH3 < en < bipy < NO2– < PPh3 66. (1)
< CN– <CO Maltose is converted to two molecules of glucose by
the enzyme maltase, which hydrolyzes the glycosidic
56. (1)
bond.
O
67. (1)
Ph Mg Br + O = C = O Ph – C – OMgBr Thermoplastics are linear polymers, soften on
O heating and can be moulded into desired shapes.
H2O
Ph – C – OH + MgBr (OH) 68. (3)
CH3MgBr During an adiabatic process, there is no exchange
of energy between system and its surrounding.
O
Thus, q = 0
CH4 + Ph – C – OMgBr Entropy change is zero in only those adiabatic
(B) process which is also reversible.

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69. (1) 80. (3)
t75% = 2t 1 = 1386 100 g of metal nitride will contain 28 g of nitrogen
2 and 100 – 28 = 72 g of metal.
1386 The atomic mass of nitrogen is 14 g/mol.
t1 = = 693 s
\ 2
2 28 g of nitrogen corresponds to 28 = 2 moles.
14
k = 0.693 = 10–3 s–1
693 s The formula of metal nitride is M3N2.
2 moles of N atoms corresponds to 3 moles of metal.
70. (1)
Hence, 72 g of metal is equal to 3 moles.
H-bonding causes an increase in the inter-particle
72
forces between CHCl3 and acetone, which causes The atomic weight of metal is = 24 g/mol.
3
DVmixing to go negative. Therefore, the volume of the
final solution will be less than 50 mL. 81. (1)
Schmidt reaction
71. (3)
Conc.H2SO4
The carbon atoms in the chemical structure of (2R)- RCHO + N3H
∆
2-chloropentane are implied to be located at the Hrdrazoic acid
corner(s) and hydrogen atoms attached to carbon R — CN + HCONHR + N2
atoms are not indicated – each carbon atom is alkyl caynide N-alkyl formamide
considered to be associated with enough hydrogen Aldehyde is not formed in Schmidt reaction.
atoms to provide the carbon atom with four bonds.
82. (3)
72. (3) Due to hydrogen bonding interactions, the effective
This reaction is called Etard’s Reaction. packing of water molecules in solid state decreases.
73. (4) Hence, density of ice becomes lower as compared to
As 1-alkyne is a terminal alkyne, it reacts with water.
tollen’s reagent whereas 2-alkyne does not react as 83. (3)
it is an internal alkyne. Calcium hypochlorite, calcium chloride, and water
Ammoniacal silver nitrate is also used to distinguish are the end products of the chemical reaction that
between alkyne and other alkyne as it reacts with occurs between calcium hydroxide and chlorine gas.
acidic hydrogen. 2Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2Cl2(g) ®
(Cold/dilute)
76. (3)
CaCl2(aq) + CaOCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Ionic compounds are good conductor of electricity.
[Calcium Chlorate (I)]
77. (4) 84. (4)
Linkage isomerism arises in coordination compounds Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is used in the production of
containing ambidentate ligand because ambidentate lead-acid batteries to activate the lead components
ligand has two different donor atoms. and provide a power effect. Acid at the proper
78. (1) concentration level is needed for this reaction.
Sigma bond is formed by the axial overlapping of 85. (2)
half-filled atomic orbitals and pi-bond is formed The contact process is the current method of
when the atomic orbitals overlap in such a way producing sulfuric acid in high concentrations
that their axis remain parallel to each other and needed for industrial processes.
perpendicular to the internuclear axis. Platinum used to be the catalyst for this reaction;
79. (4) however, as it is susceptible to reacting with arsenic
Only partially filled orbitals need not take part in impurities in the sulfur feedstock, Vanadium Oxide
hybridization. (V2O5) is now preferred.

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 Section - B O

86. (4) C
H3O+ OH
Osmium belongs to the 5d series and exhibits a + MgBr(OH)
maximum oxidation state of +8. Benzoic acid

88. (3) Cl O–Na+ OH

Electron precise hydrides have tetrahedral geometries. + NaOH 626 K HCl
89. (2) 300 atm

According to Henry’s law: Chlorobenzene Sodium phenoxide Phenols

P = KHX N2Cl H
P
KH = H3PO2
+ H3PO4 + HCl + N2
X H2O
Here X is a mole fraction of the gas.
At a constant pressure, KH is inversely proportional 95. (3)
HCl
to X, therefore, higher the KH lower the solubility. CH3–CH = CH2 + HCl 
R O
→ CH3–CH2–CH2Cl
2 2

91. (1)
(Anti-Markovnikov’s rule)
Barium gives light green or apple green colour in
flame test. This is the preliminary test for detecting 96. (3)
Barium in any salt mixture. Ether
NMgBr
CH3 –CH2 –C  N + C6 H5 MgBr CH3CH2–C
NaOH is produced from the letter Na (strong base). C6H5
–NH3 H3O+
One mole of it can replace one mol of H+ from acid,
–Mg(OH)Br
making it the strongest monoacidic base known.
O
The melting point of alkali metals decreases as atom C2H5—C
size increases due to a decrease in metallic bonding C6H5
(1-phenylpropanone)
strength. Cs melts at 30 degrees, which is the lowest
melting temperature of all the elements. 97. (2)
92. (3) Since N, O, and F are elements of the same period,
In sp 2 hybridisation one s and one 2p orbitals their bond length is equal to the multiplicity of the
hybridise to produce three equivalent hybrid bond, which minimizes the bond distance. Their
orbitals. In sp 3 hybridisation one s and three bond length is in the order of:
p-orbitals intermix to form sp3 hybrid orbitals of N2 < O2 < F2
equivalent energy and identical shape. These four Further since chlorine is bigger in size than F,
sp3 hybrid orbitals are directed towards the four therefore bond distance in F2 is smaller than in Cl2.
corners of a tetrahedron.
98. (3)
93. (1) In the reaction the electrophile involved is
Neutral molecule is most stable. dichlorocarbene (:CCl2).
94. (4) Cl Cl Cl
OH Cl NaOH Cl •
OH H H • Cl
CaO Cl Cl Cl
—COOH + NaOH
1 2 3
Phenol
100. (2)
O
CH3CH2NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH
→
MgBr C – + +
(alc.)
O Mg Br
+ CO2 ether
→
CH3CH2 — N C + 3KCl + 3H2O

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 BOTANY

Section - A 107. (3)

Auxin – Apical dominance
101. (2)
Cytokinin – Promote nutrient mobilisation
Apomixis is a natural asexual method of reproduction
Gibberellins – Bolting in beet
in flowering plants that can help in the preservation
of traits throughout generations. Apomixis results in Ethylene – Breaks seed dormancy
the production of seeds that are genetically identical 108. (2)
to the mother plant. This helps in the preservation of Brown algae (Dictyota) possess chlorophyll a,
beneficial features in crop plants and the production c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. They vary in
of hybrid seeds with desired traits. colour from olive green to various shades of brown
102. (3) depending upon the amount of the xanthophyll
Communities with more species tend to be more pigment, fucoxanthin present in them. Food is stored
stable than communities with fewer species. as complex carbohydrates, which may be in the form
This is because they are better able to withstand of laminarin or mannitol.
occasional disturbances. A stable community should 109. (3)
exhibit fewer variations in productivity from year to There is no air in the mercury-filled test tube as
year and be more resistant to alien species invasion. demonstrated in figure 1, therefore the introduced
103. (2) soaked seeds do not obtain enough O2 to breathe.
Considering the gene pairs independently due to However, they may respire in the absence of oxygen,
independent assortment, for each pair of genes: as shown by the evolution of CO2 as demonstrated
in figure 2. In the lack of free oxygen, anaerobic
On selfing AA × AA will produce 100% offspring AA
respiration occurs in the seeds. The experiment
On selfing Bb × Bb will produce 25% offspring bb
also demonstrates that CO2 is produced during the
On selfing Cc × Cc will produce 25% offspring cc anaerobic respiration of seeds.
On selfing DD × DD will produce 100% offspring DD
110. (2)
Now calculating the proportion of AAbbccDD as: A stable community is a self-sustaining and final
1 1 1 biotic community that exists in complete harmony
1× × ×1 =
4 4 16 with its physical environment. It exhibits minimal
variation in year-to-year production and is usually
104. (4)
resistant to natural or man-made disturbances as
The pericycle is a few layers of thick-walled
well as alien species invasion.
parenchyomatous cells located next to the
endodermis. During secondary growth, these cells 111. (1)
initiate the formation of lateral roots and vascular Radial vascular bundles consist of separate groups
cambium. of xylem and phloem tissues on alternate radial
positions, found in roots of angiosperms. Collateral
105. (4)
vascular bundles are common in dicotyledon stems,
Epiphyllous stamens – Lily
present in sunflower stem. Bicollateral vascular
Monodelphous – China rose bundles have two patches of phloem on either side
Epipetalous stamens – Brinjal of the xylem on the same radius. Example, members
Polyadelphous – Citrus of Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae. Amphicribal
106. (3) vascular bundles surround xylem tissue entirely,
If light is available for a given duration and then found in pteridophytes like Lycopodium, Selaginella,
made unavailable, the biosynthetic process will and ferns. Amphivasal vascular bundles surround
continue for a short duration before stopping. xylem tissue from all sides, found in monocot plants
The formation of sugars or carbohydrates is the like Dracaena after secondary growth.
biosynthetic phase of photosynthesis. This process 112. (2)
is not directly dependent on light but on the results The endosperm, often referred to as coconut meat, is
of the light reaction. These products include ATP, the edible part of a coconut. The edible coconut flesh
NADPH, CO2, and H2O. develops from the endosperm, which is suspended

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 in the water inside the coconut. When pollen grains 120. (1)
are shed at the 2-celled stage rather than the 3-celled The flowers of Vallisneria and Zostera do not emerge
stage, syngamy occurs quickly. above the water’s surface and are pollinated by
113. (4) the water itself. In flowering plants, pollination by
Net primary productivity is the rate at which water is confined to approximately thirty genera,
producers produce or store organic materials in the majority of which are monocotyledons.
their bodies in a unit area or volume per unit time.
Net productivity is gross primary productivity 121. (2)
minus respiration and other losses. Secondary Tridax – Syngenesious
productivity is referred to as the rate of increase in Dolichos – Diadelphous
energy-containing organic matter, or biomass, by Ceiba – Polyadelphous
heterotrophs or consumers per unit time and space.
Cucurbita – Synandrous
114. (4)
122. (4)
In photosystem II the reaction centre chlorophyll
a absorbs 680 nm wavelength of red-light causing Scrubbers are commonly used in air pollution control
electrons to become excited and jump into an orbit systems to remove contaminants from industrial
farther from the atomic nucleus. These electrons emissions, especially during gas treatment. On the
are picked up by an electron acceptor which passes other hand, sewage treatment plants treat domestic
them to an electrons transport system consisting or industrial wastewater to remove impurities and
of cytochromes. pollutants before discharging the purified water.
115. (3) 123. (3)
Endosperm development is an essential step in
Asexual reproduction does not involve the processes
the embryonic development of angiosperms. The
of meiosis and syngamy. As the genetic makeup
endosperm provides the nutrients required by
the developing embryo. After a specific amount of remains the same in asexual reproduction,
endosperm is available to support the growing plant the offspring and parents are genetically and
embryo, zygotes divide and form an embryo. This morphologically identical.
ensures that the embryo receives adequate nutrients 124. (1)
during its early stages of development.
A frame shift mutation occurs when a base pair or
116. (4) base pairs in a gene’s DNA are added or deleted,
Mycorrhizae are symbiotic associations between resulting in the translation of the genetic code in
fungi and plant roots. They help the host plant by an unnatural reading frame from the point of the
increasing its phosphorus uptake capacity, drought
mutation to the end of the gene.
tolerance, and resistance to root pathogens.
125. (1)
117. (2)
Protein synthesis and translation require amino acid 2H+ passes through F0 from the intermembrane
activation. It is ATP-dependent, and it is activated by space to the matrix down the electrochemical proton
an enzyme called aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. tRNA gradient for each ATP production. So, from 12H+
is an adaptor molecule that recognizes and arranges ions 6 ATP will be synthesised.
the codons carried by mRNA to allow peptide bond
formation. Outer
ATP
side
118. (1)
Competition is a negative interaction (–ve, –ve)
because both competing species could suffer
decreased fitness as an outcome of sharing limited 2H+
resources. F0 F1
119. (1)
The yeast cell cycle lasts roughly 90 minutes or 1.5 Inner
ADP Pi
hours. The duration of the cell cycle varies from mitochondrial
membrane
organism to organism and cell type to cell type. Matrix
Plant cells, for example, divide once every 24 hours.

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126. (4) the tegmen and the outer integument forming the
Pollen walls lack protein-containing cavities. Pollen testa.
walls are composed of two layers: the inner intine 133. (3)
and the outer exine. The intine is pecto-cellulosic In flowering plants, flowers are the site of sexual
and contains enzymatic proteins. The exine is reproduction. They produce both male and female
made up of sporopollenin, a highly resistant fatty gametes, and their flower also undergoes double
substance comprising enzymes and proteins. fertilisation.
127. (2) 134. (4)
The process of pollination in which animals transfer
Riboflavin also referred to as vitamin B2, is a water-
pollen from one flower to another is referred to as
soluble vitamin that is essential for the formation of
zoophily. Ornithophily is the process that employs
the coenzymes Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
birds to transport pollen from one flower to another.
and Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN).
Pollination by insects is referred to as entomophily.
The transmission of pollen by bats is known as 135. (4)
chiropterophily. Certain plants, such as large Mitosis ends with telophase, or when the
often fragrant flowers that bloom at night, have chromosomes reach the poles. The nuclear membrane
adaptations to attract bats. then reforms, and the chromosomes decondense into
their interphase states. Cytokinesis, or the division
128. (4)
of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells, occurs
In bryophytes, sexual reproduction between
after telophase.
males (antheridium) and females (archegonium)
is commonly observed. Bryophytes comprise Section - B
liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
129. (2) 136. (3)
Zea mays is diploid (2n), which means n = 10. Moisture and aeration are crucial in influencing
decomposer activity and detritus breakdown.
While the aleurone layer is triploid, the ploidy of the
Optimal moisture levels and proper aeration create
radical, hypoblast, epiblast, and scutellum is diploid.
favorable conditions for microbial communities,
So, there are 20 chromosomes in the radical,
while extreme conditions like low moisture or
hypoblast, epiblast, and scutellum (2n = 2 × 10 =
poor aeration can slow down or inhibit the rate of
20) and 30 chromosomes in the aleurone layer (3n
decomposition of detritus.
= 3×10 = 30).
137. (3)
130. (4)
According to the IUCN, India consists of
In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick, based
on the X-ray diffraction data produced by Maurice approximately 45,000 plant species and 91,000
Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin, proposed a very animal species.
simple but famous Double Helix model for the 138. (1)
structure of DNA. One of the hallmarks of their In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping
proposition was base pairing between the two shells, which fit together as in a soap box. The
strands of polynucleotide chains. However, this walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls
proposition was also based on the observation of are indestructible. Thus, diatoms have left behind
Erwin Chargaff for a double-stranded DNA. large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat;
131. (4) this accumulation over billions of years is referred
Neelkuranji and Bambusa are perennial but to as ‘diatomaceous earth’.
monocarpic plants; they flower only once during 139. (3)
their lifetime and on the other hand, mango and Multiple fission is a type of asexual reproduction
apple are perennial trees that flower many times in which the parental body divides into multiple
during their lifetime. daughter cells at the same time to increase the
132. (2) chances of survival of daughter cells during
The seed coat is formed by the two integuments, or unfavorable conditions. The reproductive unit in
outer layers of cells of the ovule, which emerge from this case is the entire parental body. However, the
mother plant tissue, the inner integument forming chances of survival are quite less.

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140. (1) known as grasses. The Graminae plant family stores
Pteridophytes are plants with a vascular system food in the endosperm. This family is monocot, and
but no companion cells, xylem arteries, or sieve the seeds are endospermic.
tubes. A saprophyte is the primary plant body of
146. (3)
a pteridophyte. The plant bears sporangia, which
The meristematic tissue responsible for secondary
are leaf-like appendages known as sporophylls.
growth in dicot stems is the vascular cambium. It is
Pteridophytes are also referred to as cryptogams as
they do not produce flowers or seeds. a thin layer of cells that lies in the vascular bundle
between the xylem (wood) and the phloem. The
141. (3)
vascular cambium is responsible for producing new
Communities with a wider range of species are
cells inside (xylem, which forms wood) and outside
more durable because they can resist occasional
(phloem).
disturbances. A stable community should have fewer
variations in productivity from year to year and be 147. (1)
more resistant to alien species invasion i.e., there In angiosperms, pollen grains represent male
is less variation in the case of species invasion or gametophytes. However, pollen grains lack the
extinction of an existing species. stigma, style, and ovary. These components are
142. (1) instead found in the female gametophyte (Embryo
Plants pollinated by wind have male and female sac).
reproductive organs present in separate flowers, the 148. (4)
male flowers have exposed extended stamens and The tonoplast is a cytoplasmic membrane that
the female flowers have long feather-like stigmas. separates the vacuole contents from the cytoplasm
143. (4) of the cell. It also regulates the flow of ions into and
Nostoc is a genus of cyanobacteria that can be found out of the vacuole.
in a wide range of environments. It reproduces
149. (2)
asexually through spore formation and colony
formation. Solubilisation is the process by which complex
organic matter is broken down into simpler
144. (1)
compounds by microorganisms. Acidogenesis further
During S-phase, chromosomes replicate, producing
breaks down these compounds into simpler organic
two identical sister chromatids. These sister
chromatids remain attached at the kinetochores. acids and volatile fatty acids, which are converted
As a result, DNA per cell doubles, and there is no into methane and carbon dioxide.
increase in the number of chromosomes during 150. (3)
S-phase. Several proteins synthesised by ribosomes on the
145. (1) endoplasmic reticulum undergo modifications in
The Gramineae family, generally known as the the golgi apparatus’s cisternae before being released
Poaceae family, is a large family of flowering plants from its trans face.

ZOOLOGY

Section - A and stomach lining and helps in absorption and

secretion.
151. (4)
Synaptic cleft is a small gap between two neurons 153. (3)
where neurotransmitters are released by the axon After being treated with different enzymes, the purified
terminal of one neuron to signal the next. Myelinated DNA precipitates on addition of chilled ethanol. This
nerve fibres are found in spinal and cranial nerves. is easily collected and seen as a collection of fine
threads in suspension. The process is termed as
152. (2)
DNA spooling.
The columnar epithelium is made up of a single
layer of tall, slender cells with nuclei at the base. 154. (3)
Microvilli may be present on the free surface. The The ovary does not function as a secondary sex
columnar epithelium is found in the intestines organ. The ovaries are the primary sex organs

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 responsible for the production of female gametes 163. (4)
and steroid hormones. The hormones which regulates the water and
155. (4) electrolyte balance in the body are released from
Forebrain – Association area controls complex pituitary and adrenal glands.
functions like intersensory associations, memory 164. (4)
and communication. The clitoris is a female sex organ that functions as
Thalamus – Major conducting center for sensory a sensory organ, similar to the glans penis in males.
and motor signalling. It is an erectile structure consisting of two corpora
Hypothalamus – Controls the urge for eating, cavernosa and the glans, covered by the prepuce.
drinking and body temperature. 165. (3)
Midbrain – Involved in relay of impulses. Terminal bronchioles give rise to respiratory
156. (3) bronchioles, not a network of bronchi. Terminal
Medical termination of pregnancy (MTP) is not a bronchioles are the smallest airways in the
method of contraception. To prevent pregnancy, respiratory system, and from them, respiratory
contraceptive methods are used during sexual bronchioles branch, eventually leading to alveolar
intercourse. Medical Termination of Pregnancy ducts and alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.
(MTP) can be performed without surgery, especially 166. (2)
in the early stages of pregnancy. The legal age of marriage for women in India is being
157. (1) increased from 18 to 21 years and on the other hand
Hypothalamus is the basal part of diencephalon the legal marriage age for men is still 21 years.
and regulates a wide range of body functions and 167. (2)
is considered as the supreme commander of the The nasopharynx, a part of the pharynx, opens into
endocrine system. the trachea through the internal nostrils (choanae).
158. (4) The nasopharynx diverges into the air pathway,
Fasciola is a flatworm in the phylum Platyhelminthes. which leads to the larynx and trachea, and the
Flatworms have an organ-level body organisation. food pathway, which leads to the oropharynx and
Spongilla belongs to the phylum Porifera and has esophagus.
a cellular aggregate level of body organisation. 168. (1)
Obelia, which belongs to the phylum Coelenterata, Superior vena cava – Brings deoxygenated blood
has a tissue level of body organisation. Pheretima
from upper parts of body into right atrium.
(earthworm), a member of the phylum Annelida,
Inferior vena cava – Brings deoxygenated blood from
has an organ system level of organisation.
lower parts of body to right atrium.
159. (3) Pulmonary artery – Carries deoxygenated blood to
A flame cell is a type of excretory cell found in
lungs.
freshwater invertebrates such as flatworms. Flame
Pulmonary vein – Carries oxygenated blood from
cells act as a kidney, removing waste materials.
lungs.
Bundle of flame cells are called protonephridia.
169. (1)
160. (2)
Functional residual capacity is defined as the sum
Cysteine — –CH2–SH
of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume.
Serine — –CH2OH
170. (3)
Glutamic acid — –CH2–CH2–CH2–COOH
The tertiary structure of a protein is the final 3D
OH
Tyrosin — shape it acquires and is required for its function.
–CH2
The interactions between the amino acid side
162. (4) chains generate the tertiary structure. It is a coiled
The haemoglobin content of an adult individual is structure that gives the protein a distinct 3D shape
between 12-16 g/100 mL of blood. Adult haemoglobin as well as functional groups on its outer surface. Due
consists of 2 α-chains with 141 amino acids and 2 to these functional groups, the protein can interact
β-chains with 146 amino acids. with other molecules, giving it its distinct function.

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171. (3) 178. (1)
Insulin promotes the uptake of glucose by cells, A nerve signal at the synaptic knob triggers
particularly adipocytes (fat cells) and hepatocytes the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels,
(liver cells). It increases cellular uptake of glucose releasing acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. This
and stimulates its use for energy. This lowers blood acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft and
glucose levels by allowing glucose to flow from the binds to receptor proteins on the sarcolemma. A
bloodstream into cells where it can be consumed wave of action potentials spreads from the end plate,
or stored. affecting the T- tubules and sarcoplasm. These action
172. (4) potentials open voltage-gated ion channels in the
Zygomatic bone – Cheek bone of cranium T- tubules, which are linked to calcium channels in
Lacrimal bone – Smallest bone of face the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Parietal bone – Roof of cranium Calcium binds to troponin in thin filaments, causing
Sphenoid bone – Keystone bone of cranium the sarcomere to shorten.
173. (1) 179. (3)
The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting The thyroid gland has two lobes, one on either side
hormones that regulate pituitary gland hormone of the trachea. The lobes are joined together by a
secretion. Melatonin, a hormone that regulates small flap of connective tissue known as the isthmus.
sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, is secreted At the second and third tracheal rings, the isthmus
by the pineal gland. Cretinism is a developmental crosses the midline of the upper trachea.
disorder caused by a lack of thyroid hormone during
fetal development. Growth hormone is produced 180. (3)
by the pituitary gland and is essential for growth, Factor II – Prothrombin
development, and metabolism. Factor III – Thromboplastin
174. (3) Factor VIII – Antihaemophilic globulin
A female frog releases her eggs into the water from Factor XII – Hageman factor
her body. The male then releases his sperm into 181. (2)
the water, and fertilisation occurs in the water. In the rDNA technology method, bacterial cells must
Fertilisation is termed external as it occurs outside be made competent by treating them with a divalent
the body in water. cation such as Ca. The bacteria and rDNA must be
175. (1) kept on ice for a short amount of time before being
Bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and subjected to 42°C temperature and placed back on
Haemophilus influenza cause pneumonia in humans ice.
by infecting the alveoli of the lungs. As a result of
the infection, the alveoli fill with fluid, causing 182. (3)
significant respiratory issues. Pneumonia symptoms Water is absorbed by osmosis from the lumen of the
include difficulty breathing, fever, chills, cough, and small intestine through its epithelial cells and into
headache. the bloodstream through villi. This water absorption
is involved with salt absorption and digested food,
176. (4)
which maintains an osmotic balance with blood
The interstitial spaces, which are located outside
the seminiferous tubules, contain a variety of circulating throughout the body.
components that help in spermatogenesis. Sertoli 183. (1)
cells are an exception since they are not found in Chyme is partially digested food in the stomach.
the interstitial spaces. They are specialised cells It’s a semi-fluid mixture of food particles, water,
found within the seminiferous tubules that play an hydrochloric acid, and other digestive enzymes. It
important role in the support and nourishment of passes from the stomach to the duodenum, which
developing sperm cells. is the first segment of the small intestine, through
177. (4) the pyloric sphincter.
The ECG is made up of three waves: the P-wave, 184. (1)
the QRS wave, and the T-wave. ECG provides Larynx – Voice box
important information about the spread of excitation
to different parts of the heart as well as the Trachea – Wind pipe
identification of abnormal cardiac rhythms and Alveoli – Air sacs
myocardial damage. Epiglottis – Lid of larynx

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185. (3) 193. (4)
Serum is the liquid component of blood that remains Aquatic animals have streamlined bodies as a way of
after coagulation; it lacks fibrinogen as fibrinogen surviving in their environment. A streamlined body
is used during the clotting process. As a result, has tapered ends to reduce resistance to movement
the serum cannot be coagulated. and friction. This produces a smoother surface,
facilitating quicker and easier movement.
Section - B 194. (2, 3)
186. (2) The source of complementary RNA could be from an
Contraceptives should be reversible to provide infection by viruses having RNA genomes or mobile
individuals the option of having children whenever genetic elements (transposons) that replicate via an
they choose. An ideal contraceptive should have RNA intermediate.
minimal side effects to ensure the users’ health and 195. (3)
well-being. The respiratory center, consisting of three major
187. (1) respiratory groups of neurons, is located in the
Symptoms like increased heartbeat, perspiration, medulla oblongata and pons in the brainstem,
and shivering are often linked to an anxiety responsible for generating and maintaining the
response, part of the “fight or flight” response. rhythm of respiration.
These physiological responses, triggered by stress or 196. (1)
perceived threats, can indicate an anxiety disorder. The volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled with
each regular breath is known as the tidal volume.
188. (1)
In a single breath, it is the volume of air that goes
The three primary germ layers namely the endoderm,
into and out of the lungs.
mesoderm, and ectoderm give rise to various
tissues and organs throughout the early stages of 197. (2)
embryonic development. The heart, along with Fossils are preserved remains of once-living
other mesodermal structures, originates from the organisms on Earth’s crust, providing information
mesoderm. on sediment arrangement during geological periods.
Different aged rock sediments contain fossils of
189. (4) different life forms. Layer B and layer A fossils
The conducting part of the respiratory system display similarity, suggesting they belong to the
transports the atmospheric air to alveoli, clear the same region and timeline. This suggests modern
air from foreign particles, humidifies and bring it life forms evolved from earlier life forms, as shown
to the body temperature. The exchange part of the in the diagram.
respiratory system is the actual site at which the
198. (1)
exchange of O2 and CO2 takes place.
Taq polymerase does not induce denaturation of
190. (1) double stranded DNA; instead, during the extension
The lymphatic system is an elaborate network of stage of PCR, it synthesises new DNA strands using
vessels that collect the interstitial fluid and drain a template.
it back to the major vein. This process is called
199. (2)
lymphatic circulation.
The enzyme DNA ligase links antibiotic-
191. (2) resistance genes to plasmid vectors. DNA ligase joins
As the tricuspid and bicuspid valves are open, blood the ends of cut DNA molecules, resulting in a new
from the pulmonary veins and vena cava flows into DNA combination that can replicate independently.
the left and the right ventricle respectively through This new DNA is known as recombinant DNA.
the left and right atria 200. (1)
192. (2) Frogs’ digestive system consists of the alimentary
When a neuron is not conducting any impulse, i.e., canal or digestive tract, as well as the associated
resting, the axonal membrane is comparatively digestive glands. Frogs are carnivores, hence their
more permeable to potassium ions (K+) and nearly alimentary canals are short. As a result, the gut and
impermeable to sodium ions (Na+). intestine length are shortened.

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