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Homeostasis

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21 views

Homeostasis

Uploaded by

shasthika.nepal
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HOMEOSTASIS

Bibek Koju
Lecturer
Department of Physiology
Lumbini Medical College
Objectives
• Definition
• Feedback systems
What is Homeostasis?
HOMEOSTASIS
DEFINITION- Maintenance of relatively
constant internal environment of our
body.

a process by which physiologic self-


regulatory mechanisms maintain
steady states in the body through
coordinated physiological activity.
Contd……
• The term homeostasis was coined was an
American physiologist Walter B.Cannon.

• French physiologist Claude Bernard described


it as “The fixity of the internal environment
that is the condition of free and independent
life”.
Contd….
• Ex- when for any reason, the
concentration of the O2 in the blood
decreases below the normal, the
nervous system detects the change and
increases its output to the skeletal
muscle responsible for breathing
movements.Thus, increasing the O2
uptake.
Contd……..
• Ex- a person resting in a room of 20oC is
comfortable as he is in steady state.

• Steady state is defined as a system in


which a particular variable (here,
temperature) is not changing but the
energy (here, heat) must be added
continuously to maintain the variable
constant.
Contd….
• Continued change in the external environment do
not maintain complete constancy of the internal
environment but can only minimize changes.
• E.g. Temperature, pH, Electrolyte composition, fluid
volume, glucose level,O2 and CO2 conc., hormonal
conc. etc. are adjusted at constant level.

Various organ systems of the body work together


cooperatively and coordinately to adjust IE.
Respiratory, CVS, Renal, Endocrine, CNS,
GIT, MSK, REPRO etc.
• Each cell is surrounded
by fluid called
interstitial fluid or
tissue fluid.

• Nutrients must pass


through this interstitial
fluid to reach the cells
and waste products
must move through this
tissue fluid to the
transport system to be
excreted.
• Origin of nutrients in ECF • Protection of body
– Gastrointestinal system – Immune system
– Integumentary
– Liver and other organs
system
perform metabolic
function
• Removal of metabolic
end products
• Regulation of body – Removal of CO2 by
functions lungs
– Nervous system – Kidneys
– Hormonal system – Gastrointestinal
system
– Liver
Feed back Systems of Homeostasis
• Negative feed back system-
– the feed back initiated by stimuli act to shut off
the effect of the stimuli.

– The response to a feedback signal opposes the


original signal.

– increase or decrease in the variable being


regulated brings about responses that tend to
move the variable in the direction opposite
(“negative”) to the direction of the original
Negative feedback
• Most of the feedback system of the
body is negative feedback.

• Negative feedback mechanism


decreases the cause that initiated it.
• Error always remain in the negative
feedback system.
Examples of Negative feed back control
system
• Secretion of T3/T4 hormones
(-)TSH Secretion

Decrease (-)Thyroid gland


Increase T3/T4 stimulation

• Maintenance of normal blood glucose (BG)


Rise BG (+) insulin secretion se glucose
uptake se BG to normal
• Hormones and other humoral
signals function to provide
feedback control, a mechanism in
which the response to a signal
feeds back on the signal generator
(e.g., endocrine gland).
Disadvantages of negative
feedback system
• Compensation is generally
incomplete

• Responses may be slow and


incomplete

• Too much feedback causes instability


• Positive feed back system-
– The feedback initiated by stimuli act to intensify
the effect of stimuli by acting on same direction
of the stimuli.

– an initial disturbance in a system sets off a train


of events that increase the disturbance even
further.

– In positive feedback control, the response to the


feedback amplifies the original signal and
heightens the overall response (e.g., in autocrine
regulation)
Contd….
• positive feedback does not favor stability and often
abruptly displaces a system away from its normal
set point.
• Ex- blood clotting mechanism, LH surge, milk
ejection, AP, SR release Ca2+ and labor.

• Positive feedback enhances the disturbance but


negative feedback also does not bring the variable
back to the starting point.
Example of positive feedback control
system
• Parturition:
Onset of labor Release of Oxytocin
from HT
(+) (+)

Contraction Impulses to
of uterus hypothalamus (HT)
(+)

Stretching of Stimulation of
cervix cervix receptors
Feedforward regulation
• anticipates changes in a regulated variable such as
internal body temperature, improves the speed of
the body’s homeostatic responses, and minimizes
fluctuations in the level of the variable being
regulated

• Improves speed of response

• Cancel steady-state errors

• Does not provoke instability of system

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