Assignment 02

Course Name: Heat and Thermodynamics

Course Code: PHYS-103
Submitted By: Muneeb Ur Rehman (22011510-030)
Manahal Noor (22011510-010)
Oriba Noor (22011510-012)
Isha Tabassum (22011510-118)
Minahil Amjad (22011510-124)
Ayesha Fatima (22011510-022)
Abdur Rehman (22011510-078)

Submitted To: Ms. Khadija Zaman

Date of Submission: 30-June-2023
Group: 07
Q1: Imagine a Carnot engine that operates between the temperatures TH = 850 K and
TL= 300 K. The engine performs 1200 J of work each cycle, which takes 0.25 s.
(a) what is the efficiency of this engine?
(b) What is the average power of this engine?
(c) How much energy |QH| is extracted as heat from the high temperature reservoir every
cycle?
(d) How much energy |QL| is delivered as heat to the low temperature reservoir every cycle?
(e) By how much does the entropy of the working substance change as a result of the energy
transferred it from the high-temperature reservoir? From it to the low-temperature
reservoir?

SOLUTION:

High-temperature reservoir temperature (TH) = 850 K

Low-temperature reservoir temperature (TL) = 300 K
Work done per cycle (W) = 1200 J
Time per cycle (t) = 0.25 s
(a) Efficiency of the Carnot engine (η):
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by the formula:

η = 1 - (TL / TH)

Substitute the values:

η = 1 - (300 K / 850 K)
η = 1 - 0.35294
η ≈ 0.6471 or 64.71%

(b) Average power of the engine:

The average power (P_avg) of the engine can be calculated using the formula:

P_avg = W / t

Substitute the values:

P_avg = 1200 J / 0.25 s

P_avg = 4800 Watts (or 4800 J/s)

(c) Energy extracted as heat from the high-temperature reservoir every cycle (|QH|):
The energy extracted as heat from the high-temperature reservoir can be calculated using the
first law of thermodynamics:

|QH| = W + |QL|
Since it's a Carnot engine, |QL| can be calculated using the efficiency formula:

|QL| = η * |QH|

Substitute the values:

|QH| = 1200 J + η * 1200 J

|QH| = 1200 J + 0.6471 * 1200 J
|QH| ≈ 1200 J + 776.52 J
|QH| ≈ 1976.52 J

(d) To calculate the energy delivered as heat to the low-temperature reservoir every cycle
(|QL|), we can use the formula:

|QL| = |QH| - W

where:
|QH| = Energy extracted as heat from the high-temperature reservoir every cycle
W = Work done per cycle

|QL| = |QH| - W
|QL| ≈ 1854.79 J - 1200 J
|QL| ≈ 654.79 J

The energy delivered as heat to the low-temperature reservoir every cycle is approximately
654.79 J.

(e) Change in entropy of the working substance:

The change in entropy of the working substance during energy transfer from the high-
temperature reservoir can be calculated using the formula:

ΔS_H = |QH| / TH

Substitute the values:

ΔS_H = 1976.52 J / 850 K

ΔS_H ≈ 2.3265 J/K

The change in entropy of the working substance during energy transfer to the low-temperature
reservoir can be calculated similarly:

ΔS_L = |QL| / TL
Substitute the values:

ΔS_L = 654.89 J / 300 K

ΔS_L ≈ 2.18 J/K

So, the change in entropy of the working substance when energy is transferred from the high-
temperature reservoir is approximately - 2.33 J/K, and when energy is transferred to the low-
temperature reservoir, it is approximately 2.18 J/K.

Q2: An inventor claims to have constructed an engine that has an efficiency of 75%
when operated between the boiling and freezing points of water. Is this possible?

SOLUTION:

Efficiency of the engine (η) = 75% = 0.75

Boiling point of water (TH) = 100°C = 373.15 K
Freezing point of water (TL) = 0°C = 273.15 K
The efficiency of a Carnot engine operating between two temperature reservoirs is given by the
formula:

η = 1 - (TL / TH)

Substitute the values:

0.75 = 1 - (273.15 K / 373.15 K)

Now, let's calculate the value of (273.15 K / 373.15 K):

(273.15 K / 373.15 K) ≈ 0.7315

Now, let's solve for η:

0.75 = 1 - 0.7315

Now, let's isolate η:

η = 1 - 0.75

η = 0.25
The calculated efficiency (η ≈ 0.25) is significantly lower than the claimed efficiency of 75%.
Therefore, it is not possible for the engine to have an efficiency of 75% when operated between
the boiling and freezing points of water.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics, as represented by Carnot's theorem, states that no heat
engine can have an efficiency greater than that of a Carnot engine operating between the same
two reservoirs. In this case, the Carnot engine efficiency between the given temperature limits
would be around 25%, which means that any engine operating within this temperature range
would have an efficiency less than 25%.

Therefore, the inventor's claim of achieving 75% efficiency in this scenario is not possible based
on the fundamental principles of thermodynamics.

Q3: Suppose 4.00 mol of an ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion from
volume V1 to volume V2 = 2.00V1 at temperature T= 400 K. Find
(a) the work done by the gas and
(b) the entropy change of the gas.
(c) If the expansions reversible and adiabatic instead of isothermal, what is the entropy change
of the gas?

SOLUTION:

Number of moles of the gas (n) = 4.00 mol

Initial volume (V1) = V1
Final volume (V2) = 2.00V1
Temperature (T) = 400 K
(a) Work done by the gas in a reversible isothermal expansion:
In an isothermal expansion, the temperature of the gas remains constant. The work done by
the gas during an isothermal expansion can be calculated using the formula:

W = nRT * ln(V2 / V1)

where:
n = number of moles of the gas
R = ideal gas constant (approximately 8.314 J/(mol·K))
T = temperature in Kelvin
V1, V2 = initial and final volumes of the gas

Substitute the values:

W = 4.00 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * 400 K * ln(2.00V1 / V1)

Simplify:

W = 4.00 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * 400 K * ln(2)

W ≈ 4.00 * 8.314 * 400 * 0.6931

W ≈ 9287.60 J

So, the work done by the gas during the reversible isothermal expansion is approximately
9287.60 J.

(b) Entropy change of the gas in the isothermal expansion:

The entropy change (ΔS) of the gas during an isothermal expansion can be calculated using the
formula:

ΔS = nR * ln(V2 / V1)

where n, R, V1, and V2 are the same as given above.

Substitute the values:

ΔS = 4.00 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * ln(2.00V1 / V1)

Simplify:

ΔS = 4.00 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * ln(2)

ΔS ≈ 4.00 * 8.314 * 0.6931

ΔS ≈ 23.10 J/K

So, the entropy change of the gas during the reversible isothermal expansion is approximately
23.10 J/K.

(c) ΔS = 0 for all reversible adiabatic process.

Q4: An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion at 77.0°C, increasing

its volume from 1.30 L to 3.40 L. The entropy change of the gas is 22.0 J/K.
How many moles of gas are present?
SOLUTION:

To find the number of moles of gas present, we can use the formula for entropy change during
a reversible isothermal expansion:

ΔS = nR * ln(V2 / V1)

where:
ΔS = Entropy change
n = Number of moles of gas
R = Ideal gas constant (approximately 8.314 J/(mol·K))
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final volume

Given data:
Temperature (T) = 77.0°C = 350.15 K (converted to Kelvin)
Initial volume (V1) = 1.30 L
Final volume (V2) = 3.40 L
Entropy change (ΔS) = 22.0 J/K

We need to solve for 'n' (number of moles).

Rearranging the formula:

n = ΔS / (R * ln(V2 / V1))

Substitute the values:

n = 22.0 J/K / (8.314 J/(mol·K) * ln(3.40 L / 1.30 L))

Now, let's calculate the natural logarithm term:

ln(3.40 L / 1.30 L) ≈ ln(2.6154) ≈ 0.9617

Now, let's calculate 'n':

n ≈ 22.0 J/K / (8.314 J/(mol·K) * 0.9617)

n ≈ 22.0 J/K / 7.9907 J/(mol·K)

n ≈ 2.76 mol

So, approximately 2.76 moles of gas are present in the system.

Q5: A 2.50 mol sample of an ideal gas expands reversibly and isothermally at 360 K
until its volume is doubled. What is the increase in entropy of the gas?

SOLUTION:

To find the increase in entropy of the gas during the reversible isothermal expansion, we can
use the formula for entropy change:

ΔS = nR * ln(V2 / V1)

where:
ΔS = Increase in entropy
n = Number of moles of gas
R = Ideal gas constant (approximately 8.314 J/(mol·K))
V1 = Initial volume
V2 = Final volume

Given data:
Number of moles of gas (n) = 2.50 mol
Temperature (T) = 360 K
Initial volume (V1) = V1
Final volume (V2) = 2 * V1 (volume is doubled)

We need to solve for ΔS (increase in entropy).

Rearranging the formula:

ΔS = nR * ln(V2 / V1)

Substitute the values:

ΔS = 2.50 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * ln(2 * V1 / V1)

Now, let's simplify the natural logarithm term:

ln(2 * V1 / V1) = ln(2)

Now, let's calculate ΔS:

ΔS = 2.50 mol * 8.314 J/(mol·K) * ln(2)

ΔS ≈ 2.50 * 8.314 * 0.6931

ΔS ≈ 14.4 J/K

So, the increase in entropy of the gas during the reversible isothermal expansion is
approximately 11.53 J/K.

Q6: How much energy must be transferred as heat for a reversible isothermal
expansion of an ideal gas at 132°C if the entropy of the gas increases by 46.0
J/K?

SOLUTION:

To find the amount of energy transferred as heat (Q) for a reversible isothermal expansion of an
ideal gas, we can use the formula for entropy change:

ΔS = Q / T

where:
ΔS = Increase in entropy
Q = Heat transferred
T = Temperature in Kelvin

Given data:
Increase in entropy (ΔS) = 46.0 J/K
Temperature (T) = 132°C = 132 + 273.15 = 405.15 K

We need to solve for Q (heat transferred).

Rearranging the formula:

Q = ΔS * T

Substitute the values:

Q = 46.0 J/K * 405.15 K

Now, calculate Q:
Q ≈ 18651.9 J

So, approximately 18651.9 J of energy must be transferred as heat for the reversible isothermal
expansion of the ideal gas when the entropy of the gas increases by 46.0 J/K.

Q7: A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 17°C has an efficiency

of 40%. By how much should the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir
be increased to increase the efficiency to 50%?

SOLUTION:

To find out how much the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir should be increased
to increase the efficiency of the Carnot engine from 40% to 50%, we can use the Carnot
efficiency formula:

Efficiency (η) = 1 - (TL / TH)

where:
η = Efficiency of the Carnot engine
TL = Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir in Kelvin
TH = Temperature of the high-temperature reservoir in Kelvin

Given data:
Efficiency (η) at the initial condition = 40% = 0.40
Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir (TL) = 17°C = 17 + 273.15 = 290.15 K

We need to find the change in the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir (ΔTH) to
achieve an efficiency of 50% (η = 0.50).

Step 1: Calculate the initial temperature of the high-temperature reservoir (TH_initial) using the
initial efficiency:

0.40 = 1 - (290.15 K / TH_initial)

Step 2: Rearrange the equation to solve for TH_initial:

TH_initial = 290.15 K / (1 - 0.40)

TH_initial = 290.15 K / 0.60

TH_initial ≈ 483.58 K

So, the initial temperature of the high-temperature reservoir is approximately 483.58 K.

Step 3: Calculate the new temperature of the high-temperature reservoir (TH_new) to achieve
an efficiency of 50%:

0.50 = 1 - (290.15 K / TH_new)

Step 4: Rearrange the equation to solve for TH_new:

TH_new = 290.15 K / (1 - 0.50)

TH_new = 290.15 K / 0.50

TH_new ≈ 580.30 K

Step 5: Find the change in temperature (ΔTH) needed:

ΔTH = TH_new - TH_initial

ΔTH ≈ 580.30 K - 483.58 K

ΔTH ≈ 96.72 K

So, the temperature of the high-temperature reservoir should be increased by approximately

96.72 K to increase the efficiency of the Carnot engine from 40% to 50%.

Q8: A Carnot engine absorbs 52 kJ as heat and exhausts 36 kJ as heat in each cycle.
Calculate
(a) the engine’s efficiency and
(b) the work done per cycle in kilojoules.

SOLUTION:

To calculate the efficiency and work done per cycle of the Carnot engine, we can use the
following formulas:

(a) Efficiency (η) of the Carnot engine:

η = 1 - (|QL| / |QH|)
where:
η = Efficiency of the Carnot engine
|QL| = Heat exhausted by the engine in each cycle
|QH| = Heat absorbed by the engine in each cycle

(b) Work done per cycle (W) by the Carnot engine:

W = |QH| - |QL|

where:
W = Work done per cycle
|QH| = Heat absorbed by the engine in each cycle
|QL| = Heat exhausted by the engine in each cycle

Given data:
Heat absorbed by the engine (|QH|) = 52 kJ
Heat exhausted by the engine (|QL|) = 36 kJ

(a) Calculating the efficiency (η) of the Carnot engine:

η = 1 - (36 kJ / 52 kJ)

η = 1 - 0.6923

η ≈ 0.3077 or 30.77%

The efficiency of the Carnot engine is approximately 30.77%.

(b) Calculating the work done per cycle (W) by the Carnot engine:

W = 52 kJ - 36 kJ

W = 16 kJ

The work done per cycle by the Carnot engine is 16 kJ.

Q9: In a hypothetical nuclear fusion reactor, the fuel is deuterium gas at a

temperature of 7x108 K. If this gas could be used to operate a Carnot engine
with TL=100°C, what would be the engine’s efficiency? Take both temperatures
to be exact and report your answer to seven significant figures.

SOLUTION:
To calculate the efficiency (η) of the Carnot engine using deuterium gas at a temperature of
7x10^8 K as the high-temperature reservoir and TL = 100°C as the low-temperature reservoir,
we can use the Carnot efficiency formula:

η = 1 - (TL / TH)

where:
η = Efficiency of the Carnot engine
TL = Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir in Kelvin
TH = Temperature of the high-temperature reservoir in Kelvin

Given data:
Temperature of the high-temperature reservoir (TH) = 7x10^8 K
Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir (TL) = 100°C = 100 + 273.15 K = 373.15 K

Now, let's calculate the efficiency of the Carnot engine:

η = 1 - (373.15 K / 7x10^8 K)

η = 1 - 5.3311x10^(-7)

η ≈ 0.99999946689

The efficiency of the Carnot engine, when using deuterium gas at a temperature of 7x10^8 K as
the high-temperature reservoir and TL = 100°C as the low-temperature reservoir, is
approximately 0.9999995 or 99.99995% (rounded to seven significant figures).

Q10: A Carnot engine operates between 235°C and 115°C, absorbing 6.30 x 104
J per cycle at the higher temperature.
(a) What is the efficiency of the engine?
(b) How much work per cycle is this engine capable of performing?

SOLUTION:

To calculate the efficiency and work per cycle of the Carnot engine, we will use the Carnot
efficiency formula and the work formula for a Carnot engine:

(a) Efficiency (η) of the Carnot engine:

The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by the formula:

η = 1 - (TL / TH)
where:
η = Efficiency of the Carnot engine
TL = Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir in Kelvin
TH = Temperature of the high-temperature reservoir in Kelvin

Given data:
Temperature of the high-temperature reservoir (TH) = 235°C = 235 + 273.15 K = 508.15 K
Temperature of the low-temperature reservoir (TL) = 115°C = 115 + 273.15 K = 388.15 K

Now, let's calculate the efficiency of the Carnot engine:

η = 1 - (388.15 K / 508.15 K)

η ≈ 1 - 0.7638

η ≈ 0.2362 or 23.62%

The efficiency of the Carnot engine is approximately 23.62%.

(b) For a Carnot engine, the work done per cycle (W) can be calculated using the formula:

W = η * |QH|

where:
W = Work done per cycle
η = Efficiency of the Carnot engine
|QH| = Heat absorbed by the engine at the higher temperature

Given data:
Efficiency (η) ≈ 0.2362
Heat absorbed by the engine (|QH|) = 6.30 x 10^4 J

Now, let's calculate the work done per cycle (W) using the formula:

W = 0.2362 * 6.30 x 10^4 J

W ≈ 1.49 x 10^4 J

The work per cycle performed by the Carnot engine is approximately 1.49 x 10^4 J or 14,900

Q11: A 500W Carnot engine operates between constant-temperature reservoirs at

100°C and 60.0°C. What is the rate at which energy is
(a) taken in by the engine as heat and
(b) exhausted by the engine as heat?

SOLUTION:

To calculate the rate at which energy is taken in by the Carnot engine as heat and the rate at
which energy is exhausted by the engine as heat, we can use the following formulas:

(a) As
= 1 - (TL / TH)
= 1-(333/373) = 0.107
The net workdone by the cycle per unit time is the given value 500J/s.
Heat input per unit time = (W / QH) = (0.500/0.107)
= 4.67KJ/s
(b) To find rate of exhaust heat
= (4.67-0.500)kJ/s = 4.17kJ/s