MUHAMMAD AFAQ F20602036

A rotary engine, also known as a Wankel engine, is a type of internal combustion engine that operates on a
different principle than conventional piston engines. The key difference lies in the engine's design and the
mechanism by which it generates power.

In a rotary engine, the basic components include a triangular rotor that rotates inside an oval-shaped housing. The
rotor is connected to the engine's output shaft, and as it spins within the housing, it creates chambers of varying
sizes between the rotor and the housing walls. These chambers expand and contract as the rotor moves, creating
the necessary conditions for the combustion of fuel and air mixture.

Here are some key differences between rotary engines and conventional piston engines:

1. Rotating Motion: In a rotary engine, the motion of the rotor is rotational rather than reciprocating, as in a
piston engine. This rotational motion allows for smoother operation and eliminates the need for complex
mechanisms like pistons, connecting rods, and crankshafts.
2. Simplicity: Rotary engines have fewer moving parts compared to piston engines, resulting in simpler
construction and potentially lower maintenance requirements.
3. High RPM Capability: Rotary engines are capable of operating at much higher rotational speeds than piston
engines, which can lead to high power-to-weight ratios and better performance in certain applications.
4. Compactness: Due to their simpler design and smaller size, rotary engines are often more compact and
lightweight than piston engines of similar power output. This makes them attractive for use in applications
where space and weight are critical factors, such as aviation and racing.
5. Combustion Process: The combustion process in a rotary engine differs from that in a piston engine. Instead
of discrete combustion chambers like in a piston engine, rotary engines rely on the movement of the rotor
to create and compress the combustion chambers as it rotates within the housing.
Rotary engines handle high RPM (revolutions per minute) differently compared to piston engines due to their
unique design and operational principles. Here's how:

1. Rotational Motion: Rotary engines operate on a rotary or orbital motion, with the rotor spinning within a
housing. This rotational motion is inherently smoother and more balanced compared to the reciprocating
motion of pistons in a piston engine. As a result, rotary engines can achieve higher RPMs with less vibration
and mechanical stress.
2. Fewer Moving Parts: Rotary engines have fewer moving parts than piston engines, eliminating the
reciprocating mass and complex valve train found in piston engines. This reduction in moving parts reduces
the inertia forces and mechanical stresses associated with high RPM operation, allowing rotary engines to
rev more freely and reach higher RPMs without encountering issues such as valve float or piston slap.
3. Balanced Forces: The design of rotary engines inherently balances the forces acting on the rotor, minimizing
vibration and mechanical strain during high-speed rotation. This balance contributes to smoother operation
and allows rotary engines to maintain stability and reliability at elevated RPMs.
4. Shorter Stroke Length: Rotary engines typically have shorter stroke lengths compared to piston engines.
This means that the distance traveled by the rotor during each combustion cycle is relatively short, reducing
the time it takes for the engine to complete a full cycle and enabling faster RPM buildup.
5. Cooling Efficiency: Rotary engines have superior cooling characteristics compared to piston engines due to
their larger surface area-to-volume ratio. This allows rotary engines to dissipate heat more effectively at
high RPMs, reducing the risk of overheating and enabling sustained high-speed operation.

The lubrication system in a rotary engine functions similarly to that of a piston engine, albeit with some
differences due to the rotary engine's unique design. Here's how the lubrication system works in a rotary engine:

1. Oil Reservoir: Like piston engines, rotary engines have an oil reservoir, typically located in the crankcase or a
separate oil tank. This reservoir stores the engine oil that is used for lubrication.
2. Oil Pump: The oil pump in a rotary engine is responsible for circulating engine oil throughout the system. It
draws oil from the reservoir and pumps it under pressure to various parts of the engine that require
lubrication.
3. Lubrication Points: In a rotary engine, the main lubrication points include the rotor seals, apex seals,
bearings, and other moving parts. These components require sufficient lubrication to reduce friction,
prevent wear, and maintain proper sealing.
4. Rotor Seals: The rotor seals in a rotary engine form a crucial part of the lubrication system. They help
prevent oil from entering the combustion chamber while ensuring that the rotor remains adequately
lubricated. Proper lubrication of the rotor seals is essential for maintaining engine performance and
longevity.
5. Oil Passageways: The lubrication system in a rotary engine includes oil passage ways that deliver oil to
specific areas requiring lubrication. These passage ways are designed to ensure that all critical components
receive adequate lubrication under varying operating conditions.
6. Cooling: Engine oil in a rotary engine also serves to dissipate heat generated during operation, helping to
cool critical components such as the rotor, bearings, and seals. Proper lubrication is essential for effective
heat transfer and engine cooling.
7. Oil Filter: An oil filter is typically installed in the lubrication system to remove contaminants and debris from
the engine oil. This helps maintain oil cleanliness and prolongs the life of engine components by reducing
wear and tear.
The rotary engine, also known as a Wankel engine, offers several advantages and faces several challenges
compared to traditional piston engines. Let's explore both:

Advantages:

1. Compact and Lightweight: Rotary engines have a simpler design with fewer moving parts compared to
piston engines, resulting in a more compact and lightweight powerplant. This makes rotary engines ideal for
applications where space and weight are critical, such as aircraft and racing cars.
2. Smooth Operation: Rotary engines operate with fewer vibrations compared to piston engines, thanks to
their rotary motion. This smooth operation contributes to improved comfort and reduced noise levels in
vehicles equipped with rotary engines.
3. High Power-to-Weight Ratio: Rotary engines have a high power-to-weight ratio, allowing them to produce a
significant amount of power relative to their size and weight. This makes them suitable for high-
performance applications, including sports cars and motorcycles.
4. High Revving: Rotary engines are capable of high engine speeds and can rev much higher than piston
engines. This characteristic lends itself to a responsive and exhilarating driving experience, particularly in
sports cars and motorcycles.

Spark plug visualization refers to the process of examining the condition and appearance of a spark plug to gather
insights into the combustion process and the overall health of an engine. It involves inspecting the physical
characteristics of the spark plug, such as the color and condition of the electrode, insulator, and deposits, to
diagnose potential issues and optimize engine performance.

The importance of spark plug visualization lies in its ability to provide valuable information about the combustion
process and the condition of the engine. Here are some reasons why it's important:

1. Combustion Analysis: The appearance of deposits on the spark plug can indicate how effectively the air-fuel
mixture is being combusted in the engine. Different deposit colors and formations can suggest whether the
engine is running too lean, too rich, or with the correct air-fuel ratio.
2. Engine Health Assessment: By examining the condition of the spark plug electrodes and insulator,
technicians can assess the overall health of the engine. Signs of fouling, erosion, or overheating on the spark
plug can indicate potential issues such as worn piston rings, valve seals, ignition system problems, or
incorrect engine tuning.
3. Performance Optimization: Spark plug visualization allows technicians to fine-tune engine performance by
adjusting ignition timing, air-fuel mixture, and other parameters based on the observed spark plug
condition. This optimization can lead to improved fuel efficiency, power output, and engine longevity.
4. Preventive Maintenance: Regular inspection and analysis of spark plugs can help identify potential
problems before they escalate into major issues. By monitoring spark plug condition over time, technicians
 can detect early warning signs of engine wear or malfunction and take preventive maintenance measures to
avoid costly repairs.
5. Diagnosis of Engine Problems: In cases where the engine is running poorly or experiencing misfires, spark
plug visualization can help pinpoint the root cause of the problem. By correlating observed spark plug
conditions with specific engine symptoms, technicians can diagnose and address issues more accurately and
efficiently.

Improving engine performance involves optimizing various aspects of the engine to achieve better power output,
efficiency, and reliability. Here are several strategies to enhance engine performance:

1. Air Intake Optimization: Upgrading the air intake system with a high-flow air filter, cold air intake, or
aftermarket intake manifold can increase airflow into the engine, improving combustion efficiency and
power output.
2. Exhaust System Upgrade: Installing a high-performance exhaust system with larger diameter piping, free-
flowing mufflers, and headers can reduce exhaust backpressure, allowing the engine to expel exhaust gases
more efficiently and increasing horsepower.
3. Engine Tuning: Tuning the engine's electronic control unit (ECU) or engine management system can
optimize fuel and ignition timing for maximum performance. This may involve reflashing the ECU, using a
piggyback tuner, or installing a standalone engine management system.
4. Forced Induction: Adding a turbocharger or supercharger to the engine can significantly increase power
output by compressing intake air and forcing it into the cylinders at higher pressure. This increases the
engine's volumetric efficiency and allows for more fuel to be burned, resulting in more power.
5. Upgraded Ignition System: Upgrading to high-performance ignition components such as spark plugs,
ignition coils, and ignition wires can improve ignition efficiency and combustion, leading to better engine
performance and responsiveness.
6. Engine Internals Upgrade: Upgrading internal engine components such as pistons, connecting rods,
camshafts, and valvetrain components can increase engine strength, reduce rotating mass, and improve
airflow, allowing for higher RPM and power output.
7. Cooling System Improvement: Upgrading the engine cooling system with a larger radiator, high-flow water
pump, and upgraded cooling fans can help dissipate heat more effectively, preventing overheating and
allowing the engine to operate at optimal temperatures for performance.
8. Fuel System Upgrade: Upgrading the fuel system with larger fuel injectors, a high-flow fuel pump, and a
performance fuel pressure regulator can ensure adequate fuel delivery for high-performance applications,
preventing fuel starvation and optimizing combustion.
9. Weight Reduction: Removing excess weight from the vehicle, such as aftermarket lightweight wheels,
carbon fiber body panels, and stripped interiors, can improve power-to-weight ratio and overall
performance.
10. Professional Tuning and Dyno Testing: Consulting with a professional tuner and conducting dyno testing
can help fine-tune engine modifications for optimal performance, ensuring that all components work
together harmoniously to achieve the desired power output and drivability.
When conducting experiments involving rotary engines, it's essential to take several precautions to ensure safety,
accuracy, and the integrity of the testing environment. Here are some precautions to consider:

1. Proper Training: Ensure that all personnel involved in the experiment are adequately trained in handling
rotary engines, operating test equipment, and following safety procedures. This includes understanding the
unique characteristics and potential hazards associated with rotary engines.
2. Safety Gear: Provide appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as safety glasses, gloves, and
hearing protection to personnel working near the rotary engine. This helps minimize the risk of injury from
moving parts, hot surfaces, and noise.
3. Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation in the testing area to prevent the buildup of exhaust gases and
fumes emitted by the rotary engine. Proper ventilation helps maintain air quality and reduces the risk of
exposure to harmful gases.
4. Fire Safety: Implement fire safety measures, including the presence of fire extinguishers, smoke detectors,
and emergency evacuation procedures. Rotary engines generate heat during operation, and there is a risk of
fire if fuel or oil leaks occur or if overheating occurs.
5. Engine Cooling: Monitor engine temperature closely during experiments and ensure that the cooling system
is functioning correctly. Overheating can lead to engine damage or failure, so it's crucial to maintain proper
cooling to prevent thermal issues.
6. Fuel Handling: Handle fuel and other flammable liquids with care to prevent spills, leaks, or accidents. Use
appropriate containers for fuel storage and follow proper fueling procedures to minimize the risk of fire or
environmental contamination.
7. Instrument Calibration: Calibrate test equipment regularly to ensure accurate data collection and analysis.
Proper calibration helps maintain the integrity of experimental results and ensures that testing is conducted
reliably.
8. Emergency Procedures: Establish clear emergency procedures and protocols in case of accidents,
malfunctions, or other unforeseen events. All personnel should be familiar with these procedures and know
how to respond quickly and effectively to mitigate risks and ensure safety.
9. Data Logging: Implement robust data logging systems to record engine performance parameters,
environmental conditions, and experimental variables accurately. Accurate data collection is essential for
analyzing results, identifying trends, and drawing meaningful conclusions from experiments.
10. Regular Maintenance: Conduct regular maintenance and inspections of the rotary engine and test
equipment to identify and address any issues promptly. Proper maintenance helps ensure the reliability,
safety, and accuracy of experimental procedures.
The rotary engine, often referred to as the Wankel engine, presents a fascinating alternative to traditional piston engines,
characterized by its unique design and operational principles. Its compact and lightweight construction, featuring a rotor that
revolves within a housing, offers distinct advantages in applications where space and weight are critical considerations, such
as aviation and high-performance vehicles. With fewer moving parts compared to piston engines, rotary engines deliver
remarkably smooth operation, generating less vibration and noise while providing high power-to-weight ratios. However,
challenges persist, notably in fuel efficiency, emissions, and sealing integrity. Despite advancements in technology, rotary
engines have historically struggled to match the fuel economy and emissions performance of piston engines, leading to
limited adoption in mainstream automotive applications. Nonetheless, enthusiasts and engineers continue to explore the
potential of rotary engines, driven by their inherent simplicity, high-revving nature, and potential for innovative designs. While
the rotary engine remains a niche choice in the automotive landscape, its legacy endures as a symbol of engineering ingenuity
and a testament to the pursuit of unconventional solutions in propulsion technology.
The efficiency of a rotary engine can be calculated using various metrics, including thermal efficiency and
mechanical efficiency. Here's how each can be calculated:

1. Thermal Efficiency:

Thermal efficiency represents the ratio of the engine's useful work output (mechanical energy produced) to the
total energy input (fuel energy). It is expressed as a percentage.

Thermal Efficiency=Useful Work OutputTotal Energy Input×100% \text{Thermal Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Useful

Work Output}}{\text{Total Energy Input}} \times 100 \%Thermal Efficiency=Total Energy InputUseful Work Output
×100%

To calculate thermal efficiency, you would need to measure the engine's output power (mechanical work) and the
energy content of the fuel used. The useful work output can be determined by measuring the engine's torque and
rotational speed and then calculating the power output. The total energy input can be calculated based on the
amount of fuel consumed and its energy content (usually given in terms of energy per unit volume or mass).

2. Mechanical Efficiency:

Mechanical efficiency represents the ratio of the engine's output power (mechanical work) to the input power
(indicated power), accounting for losses such as friction and pumping losses. It is also expressed as a percentage.

Mechanical Efficiency=Output PowerInput Power×100% \text{Mechanical Efficiency} = \frac{\text{Output Power}}{\

text{Input Power}} \times 100 \%Mechanical Efficiency=Input PowerOutput Power×100%

To calculate mechanical efficiency, you would need to measure the engine's output power (as described above) and
its input power, often referred to as indicated power. Indicated power can be determined using measurements
such as cylinder pressure, displacement volume, and engine speed.

It's important to note that calculating the efficiency of a rotary engine may be more complex than for a piston
engine due to differences in design and operational characteristics. Factors such as sealing efficiency, combustion
efficiency, and thermal management may also need to be considered in the analysis.
PV (Pressure-Volume) diagrams provide valuable insights into the thermodynamic processes occurring within
different types of engines, including petrol, diesel, and rotary engines. Here's what you can assume from the PV
diagram of each engine type regarding the efficiency of the cycle:

1. Petrol Engine:
o In a petrol (gasoline) engine, the PV diagram typically shows a four-stroke cycle consisting of intake,
compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
o The area enclosed by the PV diagram represents the work done by the engine during one cycle. A
larger area indicates greater work output, which correlates with higher efficiency.
o The efficiency of the petrol engine cycle can be inferred from the compression ratio, combustion
process, and heat transfer characteristics. Higher compression ratios and efficient combustion
processes typically result in higher thermal efficiency.
2. Diesel Engine:
o The PV diagram of a diesel engine also depicts a four-stroke cycle, but with differences in the
combustion process compared to a petrol engine.
o Diesel engines operate on the principle of compression ignition, where air is compressed to a high
temperature and pressure, causing self-ignition of the fuel when injected into the combustion
chamber.
o The efficiency of the diesel engine cycle can be influenced by factors such as compression ratio, fuel
injection timing, and combustion chamber design. Diesel engines tend to have higher thermal
efficiency compared to petrol engines due to the higher compression ratios and leaner air-fuel
mixtures.
3. Rotary Engine:
o The PV diagram of a rotary engine may exhibit different characteristics compared to piston engines
due to its unique design and operational principles.
o Rotary engines operate on a rotary motion rather than reciprocating motion, which can result in
different pressure-volume relationships and thermodynamic processes.
o The efficiency of the rotary engine cycle depends on factors such as rotor sealing efficiency,
combustion efficiency, and heat transfer characteristics. Proper sealing and efficient combustion are
crucial for maximizing thermal efficiency in rotary engines.
When using a sandblaster, it's essential to follow safety precautions to prevent accidents and minimize health risks.
Here are some necessary safety precautions:

1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

o Wear appropriate PPE, including safety goggles or a face shield to protect your eyes from flying
debris, a respirator or dust mask to prevent inhalation of dust and abrasive particles, ear protection
to reduce noise levels, and heavy-duty gloves to protect your hands from abrasives and sharp edges.
2. Ventilation:
o Operate the sandblaster in a well-ventilated area or use local exhaust ventilation to remove dust and
airborne particles from the work area. Avoid working in confined spaces where dust can accumulate.
3. Respiratory Protection:
o Use a respirator equipped with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter to prevent inhalation of
silica dust, which can cause respiratory issues such as silicosis. Make sure the respirator fits properly
and is rated for the specific hazards present.
4. Abrasive Selection:
o Use appropriate abrasives suitable for the material being blasted and the intended surface finish.
Avoid using silica sand, which can cause silicosis. Instead, use safer alternatives such as garnet,
aluminum oxide, or crushed glass.
5. Equipment Inspection:
o Inspect the sandblasting equipment, including hoses, nozzles, and pressure vessels, before each use
to ensure they are in good condition and free from defects. Replace worn or damaged parts as
necessary to prevent equipment failure or accidents.
6. Pressure Regulation:
o Adjust the pressure settings on the sandblaster according to the requirements of the job and the
type of surface being blasted. Excessive pressure can cause damage to surfaces and increase the risk
of injury.
7. Distance and Angle:
o Maintain a safe distance between the sandblaster nozzle and the workpiece to prevent injury from
rebounding abrasive particles. Hold the nozzle at the appropriate angle to achieve the desired
blasting effect without compromising safety.
8. Work Area Safety:
o Keep bystanders and unauthorized personnel away from the work area to prevent accidental
exposure to flying debris and abrasive particles. Use barricades or warning signs to cordon off the
area if necessary.
9. Emergency Preparedness:
o Have an emergency plan in place in case of accidents or injuries. Know the location of emergency
exits, first aid supplies, and firefighting equipment. Train personnel in proper emergency response
procedures.
10. Training and Supervision:
 o Ensure that operators receive adequate training in the safe use of sandblasting equipment and are
supervised by experienced personnel until they demonstrate competency. Provide ongoing safety
training and refresher courses as needed.

A sandblaster, also known as a sandblasting machine or abrasive blasting equipment, is a tool used for surface
preparation and cleaning by forcibly propelling abrasive material against a surface under high pressure. Here's how
it works:

1. Components:
o A typical sandblaster consists of several main components: an air compressor, a blasting pot or tank,
a blasting nozzle, an abrasive material (such as sand, garnet, or glass beads), and a dust collection
system.
2. Air Compression:
o The process begins with the air compressor, which generates high-pressure compressed air. The air
compressor pumps air into the blasting pot, creating pressure within the tank.
3. Abrasive Material Loading:
o The blasting pot is filled with abrasive material, such as sand or other abrasive media, which is then
pressurized along with the air inside the tank.
4. Blasting Nozzle:
o The blasting nozzle is attached to the end of a hose connected to the blasting pot. The nozzle directs
the pressurized air and abrasive material towards the surface to be cleaned or prepared.
5. Blasting Process:
o When the operator activates the sandblaster, compressed air is released from the blasting pot
through the nozzle at high velocity. Simultaneously, the abrasive material is drawn from the blasting
pot into the airflow and propelled out of the nozzle onto the surface being treated.
6. Surface Impact:
o The abrasive particles impact the surface with significant force, effectively removing rust, paint,
scale, corrosion, or other contaminants. The velocity and hardness of the abrasive material
determine the efficiency and effectiveness of the cleaning or preparation process.
7. Dust Collection:
o As the abrasive material strikes the surface, it dislodges particles and generates dust or debris. A
dust collection system, often consisting of a vacuum or exhaust fan, removes the dust and debris
from the work area, ensuring a cleaner and safer working environment.
8. Control and Adjustments:
o The operator can control the pressure, flow rate, and angle of the blasting nozzle to achieve the
desired surface finish and cleaning results. Adjustments may be made based on the type of surface,
the condition of the material, and the specific requirements of the job.
9. Safety Considerations:
o Sandblasting generates significant amounts of dust and airborne particles, posing health hazards to
operators and bystanders. Proper ventilation, personal protective equipment (PPE), and dust
suppression measures are essential for safe operation.