Investigating the Fluid's Characteristics

Subject Code:

PHYS 221 - Applied Physics

Submitted by:

Jurdz Elezabeth B. Salo

Submitted to:

Sir. Edison Molina

Course/Set:

BSFT 2B
 I. Abstract

Liquid pressures can arise from external forces on a liquid. In thermodynamics, a

control volume is a fixed point in space where masses and energy pass through its
boundaries. Understanding the control volume and its boundary is crucial for solving
fluid flow problems. "Open" system analysis involves examining the control volume
technique, while "closed" system analysis is used for various cases. The mass flow
rate (m) is the mass of fluid passing through a point in a system in a unit of time. The
volumetric flow rate (V) is the amount of fluid flowing through a system in a unit of time,
calculated by multiplying the average flow velocity (v) by the cross-sectional area (A).
Therefore, this exercise demonstrates that increasing pressure by covering half of a
hose causes water to flow more quickly and continuously. It uses Pascal's law, which
states that pressure changes in a fluid enclosed in a container travel through the fluid's
entire volume and container walls without diminishing.
 II. Introduction

Liquid pressures can also result from applying external forces to a liquid. In
thermodynamics, a control volume is a fixed point in space where you may examine
the masses and energy that pass through its boundaries. A control volume's
comprehension is crucial for the investigation of fluid flow problems. The boundary of
a control volume for fluid flow is usually defined as the physical boundary of the
component through which the flow is occurring. Once the control volume and its border
are understood, the fluid problem can be solved by solving equations for the various
forms of energy that cross the fluid boundary. The term "open" system analysis refers
to the control volume technique, which is similar to the concepts addressed in
thermodynamics, because fluid flow problems usually include a fluid that crosses the
boundary of a control volume. Fluid in the nuclear field can, under exceptional
conditions, remain inside the control boundary. We use the "closed" system technique
to various cases for analysis.

The mass flow rate (m) of the system is the mass of fluid that passes through
a point in the system in a unit of time. There is a correlation between the volumetric
and mass flow rates, where the density of the fluid is represented by ρ. m = ρV If the
density is given in pounds-mass per cubic foot and the volumetric flow rate is given in
cubic feet per second, then the mass flow rate is given in pounds-mass per second.
Furthermore, units of measurement for mass flow rate that are frequently employed
include kilograms per second and pounds-mass per hour.
The symbol Q is typically used to denote the volumetric flow rate, while the
calculus symbol V̇ is often used to express the rate of change of volume velocity or
volumetric flow. The SI unit is cubic meters per second (m3/s). In countries where
imperial measurements are still commonly utilized, ft3/s or gal./min are typically
displayed. The volumetric flow rate, or V, is the amount of fluid that flows through a
system's location in a unit of time. It is calculated by multiplying the average flow
velocity (v) by the cross-sectional area (A) for flow. V = A v
III. Materials and Methods
Materials:

 Hose
 Faucet

Methods:

• connect a hose to a Step 2 • as the water flows

faucet. away from the hose
• open the faucet and opening, half-cover
let the water run. the opening.

Step 1 Step 3

IV. Results
Table 1. Observation of hose with before and after half covering the hose opening
Before half cover the opening After half cover the opening
Did not reach the flowers Reach the flowers
Shorter flow because there isn’t much Longer flow because the is pressure
pressure
 V. Discussion

Because of its shorter flow and low pressure, the non-half-covered hose was unable
to reach the flower, but the half-covered hose was able to do so with a longer flow
thanks to high pressure. As a result, when a contained fluid undergoes a change in
pressure, that change is transmitted to all of its components and the container walls
without decrease. In an enclosed fluid, pressure is applied to the walls of the container
as well as the full volume of the fluid since the fluid's atoms are free to move around.
Changes in pressure are communicated without becoming less.

1.What happened to the water flow as you half-cover the opening?

ANS: The pressure increases and the water flow became longer and faster.

2. Do you expect it to happen? Why and Why not?

ANS: yes, because by covering half of the hose the water flow speed up due to
increase in pressure.

3. What physical law allow this to happen? Can you relate this to any other event?
ANS: This is allowed to happen by a physical law called Pascal's law, also referred to
as Pascal's principle. It states that a change in pressure in one part of a fluid is
transmitted, lossless, to the walls of the container and all other parts of the fluid. Since
the pressure travels without diminishing, Pascal's law suggests that the total fluid
pressure is equal to the sum of the pressures from all sources.
VI. Conclusion

This exercise aims to illustrate the fluid's characteristics and behavior. The exercise
demonstrates that increasing pressure by covering half of the hose causes the water
to flow more quickly and continuously by comparing the water flows in the uncovered
and partially covered hoses. Pascal's law, which asserts that a change in pressure
imparted to a fluid enclosed in a container would travel through the fluid to all of its
parts and to the walls of the container without diminishing, is applicable in this situation.
Since the fluid's atoms are free to travel about, pressure is transferred to the fluid's
entire volume as well as the container's walls in an enclosed fluid. Pressure changes
are conveyed without diminishing.
VII. References

Fluid pressure and flow. (n.d.). PhET. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulations/fluid-

pressure-and-flow/activities

Bhuyan, S. (2023, April 6). Pascal’s Law: Statement, Formula, Examples, &
Application. Science Facts. https://www.sciencefacts.net/pascals-law.html

VIII. Appendices