KABARAK UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

A PROPOSAL DOCUMENT FOR AN ONLINE AIRLINE TICKET RESERVATION

A research proposal submitted to the department of computer science and information

technology of Kabarak University of undergraduate studies in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree in Bachelor of Business Information Technology.

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DECLARATION
This proposal is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in Kabarak University
or any other university.
NAME:
DATE:
SIGN:

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DEDICATION
I dedicate this project to my parents, my siblings and all my benefactors. Your continued support
gives me the enthusiasm to move on even when difficult time strike. May the almighty God bless
the work of your hand.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to express my gratitude to God for guiding me through this endeavor effectively and
allowing me to progress so far despite innumerable obstacles and disappointments.
Additionally, I would like to sincerely thank my system development project supervisor, Mr.
Francis Komen, for his outstanding leadership during the project. I would also like to express my
gratitude to Kabarak University's whole student body as well as classmates for their constant
support.

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ABSTRACT
Online airline ticket reservation systems have revolutionized the way travelers plan and book
their journeys. Tickets are the backbone of any company therefore their management plays a
major role in deciding the success of an organization. Airline ticket Management Software makes
it easy for the employer to keep track of all records.
These platforms provide a user-friendly and convenient interface for passengers to search for
flights, compare prices, select preferred itineraries, and secure their tickets over the internet. The
abstract nature of this process enables travelers to access a vast array of options from the comfort
of their homes, offices, or mobile devices. Moreover, online reservation systems offer real-time
information on flight availability, pricing, and seat preferences, allowing passengers to make
informed decisions and customize their travel plans accordingly. This technological advancement
has not only simplified the booking process but also enhanced the efficiency and accuracy of
travel arrangements, making it a vital tool for both airlines and passengers in the modern era.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.............................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v
CHAPTER 1....................................................................................................................................2
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................2
1.1. Background of the study...................................................................................................2
1.2. Problem statement.............................................................................................................3
1.3. General Objectives............................................................................................................3
1.3.1. Specific objective.......................................................................................................3
1.4. Research questions............................................................................................................3
1.5. Significance of the study...................................................................................................3
1.6. Scope of the study.............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................4
2. LITERATURE REVIEW......................................................................................................4
2.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................4
2.2. Designing and developing a system that can enhance online air ticket Reservation....4
2.2.3. Data............................................................................................................................5
2.2.5. Procedures..................................................................................................................5
2.3. Implementing a system that can enhance online air ticket Reservation........................6
2.3.1. Concept map..............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 3....................................................................................................................................8
3. METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................................8
3.1. Introduction...................................................................................................................8
3.2. Research methodology /Research design use................................................................8
3.3. Data collection methods................................................................................................9
3.4. Design diagrams............................................................................................................9
3.5. Research ethics............................................................................................................14

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 CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION
In this chapter provide the blueprint to background study, problem statement, Research
objectives, Research questions, significance of the study and the scope of the study.

1.1. Background of the study

The modern, automated aspect of airline reservations, known as the Airlines
Reservations System, evolved from manual records and logs in the early 1930s.
Airline reservation system helps in systematic and effective organization of
bookings, prices, schedules and customer data. Online airline ticket reservation has
revolutionized the travel industry by providing travelers with a convenient and
accessible way to plan their journeys. This evolution has come a long way from
manual booking methods to the sophisticated online systems we have today.

A web-based system for purchasing airline tickets was the airline ticket reservation
system. Users of these websites can purchase tickets, change their plans to purchase
tickets, and find out how much they will cost. Today, most work is done online, as
evidenced by the fact that most things are bought from websites and most plane
tickets are booked there. Mobile apps have further simplified the process, enabling
check-in and access to boarding passes on smartphones. Additionally, dynamic
pricing, customer reviews, loyalty programs, and evolving technologies are shaping
the future of online airline ticket reservations, promising a more efficient and
personalized travel experience while facing challenges like system glitches and flight
disruptions that require proactive resolution to ensure customer satisfaction.

An online flight reservation web application is a software program that allows users
to book flights online. Online flight reservation System practically was a web
application that helps the commuters to book flight ticket online. In order to book
ticket, the commuter had to register himself by filling up the details. Once the user
had registered himself, he/she has to login in order to book the ticket. While booking
the user has to select the type of airlines he will be travelling and he has to specify the
place he is going to travel between. According to the type of airlines and place, the
system provides information regarding flight and venue which are available on the
date specified by the commuter. Commuter could view the reservation after booking
the ticket. Commuter would be able to view the details related to his reservation. The
system will provide notice related to flight to the passengers. In online airline ticket
reservation System, the admin can view the reservation done by the passengers and
can add notice that is related to flight.

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1.2. Problem statement
Airline companies Experienced problem in usability on their previous system. The
system was not user friendly, some airline websites or reservation platforms may have
complex and cluttered user interfaces, making it challenging for users to find the
information they need or complete their booking without feeling overwhelmed.

1.3. General Objectives

The objective of an online air ticket reservation system is to provide a convenient and
efficient way for customers to book flights. It should allow customers to easily search
for flights, compare prices, and book tickets securely.

1.4. Specific objective

i) To Design an online air ticket system.
ii) To implement an online air ticket system.
iii) To evaluate an online air ticket system.

1.5. Research questions

i) How do you design an online air ticket system?
ii) How do you implement an online air ticket system?
iii) How do you evaluate an online air ticket system?
1.6. Significance of the study
Convenience: Travelers can browse, compare, and book flights from the comfort of
their homes or anywhere with an internet connection. This eliminates the need to visit
travel agencies or airlines in person.

24/7 Accessibility: Online reservation platforms are available 24/7, allowing travelers
to make bookings at any time that suits them, even during non-business hours. This
flexibility is especially valuable for people with busy schedules or those in different
time zones.

Paperless Travel: Online bookings often provide electronic tickets (e-tickets),

reducing the need for physical paperwork. Passengers can simply present their ID and
e-ticket at the airport, making the check-in process smoother.
1.7. Scope of the study.
This scope of the system covers Eastern Africa routes only. It covers those destination
routes for the locals visiting the country to access the online platform and make
reservations.

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 CHAPTER 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Introduction
Organizations from all over the world are fighting in the worldwide marketplace by utilizing the
most complete and cutting-edge technical features. The fields of information technology and
communication are where innovation is most frequently seen. Various sectors now keep and
track their commercial transactions using technology, software improvements, and the internet.
The airline business is the one that uses informational systems the most frequently. This chapter
review the objectives outlined in chapter one.

2.2. Designing and developing a system that can enhance online air ticket Reservation.
A comprehensive airline ticket booking system is the backbone of the modern travel industry,
enabling passengers to make reservations efficiently and facilitating airline operations. The
literature on this subject highlights the critical elements and challenges involved in designing
such a system. Firstly, usability and user experience play a significant role in ensuring customer
satisfaction. Nielsen (2003).

Works Cited
There are no sources in the current document.

A user-friendly interface, quick search and booking processes, and transparent pricing are
essential components. Security is another paramount concern, the need for robust encryption and
data protection measures to safeguard passengers' personal and financial information. Anderson
(2008)
Additionally, efficient inventory management, is vital for airlines to maximize their revenue and
optimize resource allocation. The integration of cutting-edge technologies like artificial
intelligence and machine learning can enhance the system's capabilities, offering personalized
recommendations and efficient demand forecasting. Ben-Daya and Al-Sultan (2010)
sustainability has become a contemporary focus in airline ticket booking system design, eco-
friendly features, and options, contribute to the reduction of the industry's environmental
footprint. In summary, a successful airline ticket booking system should encompass usability,
security, inventory management, technological innovation, and sustainability to meet the
evolving needs of the aviation and travel sectors.
2.2.1. Components of Reservation Information System
These fully functional information technology subsystems are what kept the reservation
information system up and running. They were designed to work together, so if one component
fails, it might impair the performance of other system components. They include the people,
data, computer resources, and business processes that are utilized in today's businesses. Internet

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distribution system for customer booking on an airline website scheme for central reservations
Running airline is a travel agent.

2.2.2. Hardware
These are actual objects and things that are utilized in the processing of information. In
particular, it covers all tangible items from pieces of paper to magnetic disks—on which data are
stored, in addition to devices like computers and data media. In addition, there are keyboards,
mice, printers, scanners, etc. (2001) O'Brien
2.2.3. software
Software consists of many sorts of programs that allow the hardware to perform a variety of
activities. It also includes all sets of information processing instructions. System software and
Applications software are further categories for software. (1996) Rochester et al. (1996)
2.2.4. Data
defines data as all raw and unprocessed facts that can readily be used. Rochester et al., (1996)
2.2.5. People
These are necessary for the operation of all information systems, according to O'Brien (2001).
They comprise information system experts and end consumers. Users of an information system
are referred to as end-users. The creation and administration of the information system are
assisted by the reservation information system specialists. System analysts, programmers,
computer operators, and others are among them. The factor that most likely determines the
success or failure of information systems is people.
2.2.6. Procedures
These are set of instruction about how to combine the above components in order to process the
information and generate the desired output.
2.2.7. Database
As a grouping of non-redundant data that can be shared by several application systems, a
database. A database is a collection of data and the software needed to manage it. (2002) Merril
Wells

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 2.3. Implementing a system that can enhance online air ticket Reservation.
The introduction of an online method for booking airline tickets has revolutionized the travel and
tourism sector by giving customers a quick and easy way to book their flights.
Evolution of Online Air Ticket Reservation Systems since its inception, online air ticket
reservation systems have advanced significantly. D'Alessio and Pinkerton (1994), who created
computer reservation systems (CRS), are credited with conducting the first study in this area.
Their invention revolutionized how airlines and passengers interacted with ticketing, paving the
ground for the key change from conventional paper-based to electronic distribution methods
((D'Alessio & Pinkerton, 1994).
A critical aspect of online reservation systems is user experience and adoption. Han and Hyun
(2010) delved into the factors that influence customer adoption of online ticket reservation
systems. They emphasized the significance of usability, trust, and the mitigation of perceived
risks. Ensuring a user-friendly interface and building trust in online platforms were found to be
crucial for increasing user adoption and satisfaction.
With the continuous advancement of technology, the integration of artificial intelligence and
machine learning into air ticket reservation systems has been a significant development. Wang et
al. (2019) explored the implementation of AI and ML techniques, emphasizing the potential for
personalized recommendations, dynamic pricing, and predictive analytics. These advancements
have greatly enhanced the booking experience for travelers.

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2.3.1.1. Concept map

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 CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Introduction
This chapter focuses on research methodology, data collection used, design diagram and research
ethics. The research methodology for an online air ticket reservation system involves a
systematic process to gather, analyze, and interpret data related to the development,
implementation, and improvement of the reservation system.

3.2. Research methodology /Research design use

The type of design used will be Agile model. The Agile model is an iterative and incremental
approach to software development that prioritizes flexibility, collaboration, and customer
satisfaction. It is an alternative to traditional waterfall models and is well-suited for projects with
evolving requirements and a need for quick adaptation to changes. The Characteristics of agile
model include:
Iterative Development: Agile promotes the iterative development of software, allowing for the
frequent release of small, functional increments. In the context of online airline ticket
reservation, this means that new features or improvements to the system can be released more
frequently, allowing for quicker response to market demands and changes in customer
preferences.
Customer Collaboration: Agile places a strong emphasis on customer collaboration throughout
the development process. In the case of online airline ticket reservation, this involves continuous
communication with users, gathering feedback, and adapting the system based on changing
requirements. This ensures that the software aligns closely with customer needs and
expectations.
Flexibility to Change: Agile methodologies are designed to accommodate changes in
requirements, even late in the development process. This is important in the dynamic
environment of online ticket reservation systems where market conditions, regulations, and
customer expectations can change rapidly. Agile allows for adjustments to be made efficiently
without disrupting the entire development process.
Cross-functional Teams: Agile encourages the formation of cross-functional teams with members
possessing diverse skills. In the context of online ticket reservation, this could include
developers, UI/UX designers, testers, and domain experts working collaboratively. Cross-
functional teams can address various aspects of the reservation system, ensuring a well-rounded
and efficient development process.
Continuous Testing and Quality Assurance: Agile methodologies emphasize continuous testing
throughout the development lifecycle. In the context of online airline ticket reservation, this
ensures that each increment is thoroughly tested to maintain high-quality standards. This is
crucial for a system where reliability and accuracy are paramount.

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Adaptive Planning: Agile promotes adaptive planning, allowing teams to adjust their plans based
on feedback and changing priorities. In the dynamic field of online ticket reservations, this
adaptability is essential to respond effectively to market changes, regulatory updates, or
technological advancements.

3.3. Data collection methods

Data collection methods refer to the various ways in which data is gathered and collected. As
seen below, the researcher employed a variety of techniques to gather data regarding the system.

3.3.1. Observation
Observation is the act of carefully watching, perceiving, or noticing something in your
surroundings. It involves paying attention to details, gathering information, and making
conclusions based on what you see or experience. Observations can be made in various contexts,
such as in scientific research, everyday life, or even in social interactions. context of online air
ticket reservation it enables watching and recording user behavior, interactions, and patterns on
the reservation platform.

3.3.2. Interviews
The second way to obtain information about an online airline ticketing system web portal is
through an interview. Personnel from the airline operator and members of the public were
interviewed in order to gather information, confirm information, elucidate information, inspire
enthusiasm, and ascertain viewpoints.

3.3.3. Surveys
Surveys involve asking questions to sample of customers. and the responses are then analyzed to
draw conclusions about a larger population. It can be conducted through a phone, in person, or
online.
.
3.4. Design diagrams
Design diagrams are visual representations of a system or process that help communicate and
document the structure, behavior, and relationships within that system. These diagrams are
widely used in various fields, including software development, engineering, architecture, and
business analysis. Design diagrams provide a way to convey complex information in a more
understandable and organized manner.

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 3.4.1. Context diagram
A context diagram is a visual representation that provides an overview of a system and its
interactions with external entities. It is a high-level diagram that shows the boundaries of the
system, the external entities that interact with it, and the flow of information between the system
and these entities. The purpose of a context diagram is to help stakeholders understand the scope
and context of the system without delving into the details of its internal workings.
In the context diagram of an airline ticket reservation system, the central element is the "Airline
Ticket Reservation System." This system interacts with two primary external entities: the
"Customer" and the "Airline System." The "Customer" represents the end-users engaging with
the reservation system, where they initiate ticket bookings and provide necessary information.
On the other hand, the "Airline System" embodies the internal operations of the airline,
managing crucial details such as available flights, seat availability, and scheduling. Additionally,
the diagram acknowledges the presence of a "Payment Processing System" as another external
entity, responsible for handling financial transactions associated with ticket reservations. This
high-level representation illustrates the core interactions between the airline ticket reservation
system and its key external entities, offering a simplified yet comprehensive overview of the
system's functioning within its broader environment.

3.4.2. Level 1 DFD

A Level 1 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) for an online airline ticket reservation system typically
provides a high-level overview of the system's major processes and data flows. In this context, a

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Level 1 DFD would represent the main functions or processes involved in the online air ticket
reservation system.

Login DB

RW
Flight schedule DB Login

RW

Add flight details. Manage flight Seat status

details.

RW

Reservation
Customer DB process

RW

Customer
Registration

Payment and Print ticket

ticket print

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 3.4.2.1. Use case diagram
a use case diagram serves as a visual representation of the system's functionalities and the
interactions between various actors and the system itself. The primary actors in this scenario are
the "Customer," who wishes to book a flight, who explores available flights without logging in,
and the Administrator, responsible for managing and updating the system.
The use cases, represented by ovals in the diagram, highlight specific actions or functionalities
that users can perform within the system. One fundamental use case is Search for Flights, where
both customers and guest users can look for available flights based on criteria such as date, time,
and destination. Another key use case is "View Flight Details," allowing users to access
comprehensive information about a particular flight, including price, duration, and available
seats.
To engage with the system fully, users need to either Register or Login. This use case ensures
that customers have authenticated access to features like "Book a Flight." In this primary use
case, customers can select a flight, provide passenger details, and submit payment information to
make a reservation.
The system accommodates user flexibility through use cases like Cancel Reservation allowing
customers to modify or cancel existing reservations. Additionally, users can track their travel
history using the View Booking History functionality, which displays past reservations.
On the administrative side, the System Administration use case empowers the administrator to
manage user accounts, update flight information, and perform routine system maintenance. This
use case ensures the smooth operation of the online air ticket reservation sy

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 3.5. Research ethics
When conducting research on human subjects, particularly in the context of online airline ticket
reservations, it is crucial to adhere to ethical principles to ensure the well-being and rights of the
participants. Here's how I would demonstrate the observance of ethical issues, in this specific
research scenario:
Confidentiality:
Use secure and encrypted methods for data collection and storage to protect participants
information.Limit access to the collected data to only those individuals directly involved in the
research.Ensure that any published results or reports do not include personally identifiable
information without explicit consent.
Anonymity:
Use anonymous identifiers or pseudonyms for participants in the data collection process.Avoid
collecting unnecessary personally identifiable information that could compromise
anonymity.Separate participant identity from their responses during data analysis and reporting.
Data Security:
Implement robust security measures to protect data during transmission and storage.Regularly
update and patch any software or systems used in the research to minimize the risk of data
breaches.Clearly communicate the steps taken to ensure data security to participants in the
informed consent process.
Data Transparency:
Be transparent about the type of data being collected and the purpose of its use.Provide
participants with the option to access their own data and request its removal if they choose to
withdraw from the study.
Informed Consent:
Provide clear and transparent information about the research purpose, procedures, potential risks,
and benefits.Clearly explain how the collected data will be used and assure participants that their
participation is voluntary.Obtain explicit consent from participants before collecting any
personally identifiable information.

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 Apendix
References
“Computerized Reservation System”. Retrieved on May 14, 2012
fromhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_reservations_system.htm.

(Usability and User Experience: Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability Engineering. Morgan

Kaufmann)

Norman, D. A. (2002). The Design of Everyday Things. Basic Books.

Security in Online Systems: Anderson, R. (2008). Security Engineering: A Guide to Building

Dependable Distributed Systems. Wiley
.
Inventory Management and Revenue Optimization: Belo Baba, P., Odone, A., & Barnhart, C.
(2009). T (“Computerized Reservation System”. Retrieved on May 14)he Global Airline
Industry. Wile.

Technological Innovation and AI in Travel: Gosling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020).
Tourism and Water. Channel View Publications.

System Components and Interdependence: Reference: O'Brien, 2001

Hardware: Reference: O'Brien, 2001
Software: Reference: Rochester et al., 1996
Data: Reference: Rochester et al., 1996
People: Reference: O'Brien, 2001

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 WORKPLAN SCHEDULE

ACTIVITIES SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER

Background of
the study

Problem of the
statement

Objectives of
the study

Research
questions

Literature
Review

Methodology

Conclusion and
recommedation

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presentation

submission

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 BUDGET AND RESOURCES

ITEM ESTIMATED COST

System software 10,000

Hardware installation
90,000

System Development
300,000

Licensing
30,000

Training
30,0000

Total cost
460,000

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