Lighting

Energy Efficiency

Prepared by Eth Oudaya 1

Introduction
Types of lighting systems
Assessment of lighting systems
Energy efficiency opportunities

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Background
• Lighting energy consumption
• 20-45% in commercial buildings
• 3-10% in industrial plants
• Significant energy savings can be realized with a minimal capital investment

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Basic Theory
• Light: electromagnetic waves in space
• Light is emitted through:
a) Incandescence
b) Electric discharge
c) Electro luminescence
d) Photoluminescence

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Basic Theory
- Incandescence Solids and liquids emit visible radiation
when they are heated to temperatures about 1000K. The
intensity increases and the appearance becomes whiter as
the temperature increases.

- Electric Discharge: When an electric current is

passed through a gas the atoms and molecules emit
radiation whose spectrum is characteristic of the
elements present

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Basic Theory
- Electro luminescence: Light is generated
when electric current is passed through
certain solids such as semiconductor or
phosphor materials

- Photoluminescence: Radiation at one wavelength is absorbed, usually by a

solid, and re-emitted at a different wavelength. When the re-emitted radiation is
visible the phenomenon may be termed either fluorescence or phosphorescence

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Definitions and Common Terms

✓ Lumen
• 1 lumen = a unit of measurement for the
brightness of light
•1 lumen = luminous flux per m2 of a
sphere with 1 m radius and a 1 candela
isotropic light source at the centre
•1 watt = 683 lumens at 555 nm wavelength

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Definitions and Common Terms
✓Lux
• Metric unit of measure for
illuminance on a surface
•1 lux = 1 lumen / m2

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Definitions and Common Terms
✓ Luminous intensity (I)

Candela (cd) is the international unit of

luminous intensity, a measure of light
emitted by a light source in a particular
direction.

Any given light source will have

different luminous intensities in different
directions considered.
[candela = lumen/solid angle]

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Definitions and Common Terms

✓ Luminous flux (lm)

• 4 x luminous intensity

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Definitions and Common Terms

✓ Installed load efficacy

• Average maintained illuminance on a working plane: lux/W/m2
✓ Installed load efficacy ratio
• Target load efficacy / Installed load
✓ Rated luminous efficacy
• Rated lumen output of the lamp / rated power consumption expressed in
lumens per watt

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Definitions and Common Terms

✓ Room index
• Room index (RI) is the ratio of
room plan area to half the wall area
between the working and luminaire
planes
•where L = length of room
•W = width of room
•Hm = mounting height, i.e. the
vertical distance between the working
plane and the luminaire
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Definitions and Common Terms

✓Target load efficiency

• Installed load efficacy
considered achievable under
best efficiency(Lux/W/m²)

✓Utilization factor
• A measure of the
effectiveness of the lighting
scheme

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Definitions and Common Terms
✓ The inverse square law
• Defines the relationship between illuminance from a point source and
distance
E = Illuminance
E = I / d2 I = Luminous intensity
E1 d12 = E2 d22 d = distance

Example: If one measures 10.0 lm/m² from a light bulb at 1.0 meter, what will the
flux density be at half the distance?
Solution: E1m = (d2 / d1)² * E2
= (1.0 / 0.5)² * 10.0
= 40 lm/m² 14
Definitions and Common Terms
✓ Color temperature
• Color appearance of a lamp and the light it produces
• Measured in Kelvin (K)
• Color temperatures over 5,000K are called cool colors (bluish white), while
lower color temperatures (2,700-3,000 K) are called warm colors (yellowish
white through red)

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 Definitions and Common Terms
✓ Color rendering index (CRI)

- Color rendering, expressed as a rating from 0 to 100 on the Color Rendering Index (CRI),
describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to human eyes and how
well subtle variations in color shades are revealed
- The higher the CRI rating is, the better its color rendering ability. Imagine two objects, one
red, one blue, which are lighted by a cool light source with a low CRI. The red object
appears muted while the blue object appears a rich blue. Now take out the lamp and put in a
cool light source with a high CRI. The blue object still appears a rich blue, but the red object
appears more like its true color.

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Definitions and Common Terms
✓ Color rendering index (CRI)

Color rendering CIE general color Typical application

groups rendering Index(Ra)

Ra Wherever accurate color rendering is required e.g.

1A > 90 color printing inspection
80 < Ra < 90 Wherever accurate color judgments are necessary or
1B good color rendering is required for reasons of
appearance e.g. display lighting

60 < Ra < 80 Wherever moderate color rendering is required

2
40 < Ra < 60 Wherever color rendering is of little significance but
3 marked distortion of color is unacceptable

20 < Ra < 40 Wherever color rendering is of no importance at all

4 and marked distortion of color is acceptable
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Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE)
Types of Lighting Systems

1. Natural Lighting:
(i) Day light (Source: Sun)

2. Artificial Lighting:
(i) Ambient Lighting
(ii) Task Lighting
(iii) Accent Lighting

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Types of Lighting Systems

(i) Ambient lighting

Providing Uniform Level of Illumination through out the space

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Types of Lighting Systems

(ii) Task lighting

Task lighting is lighting that lights a particular area and makes the
completion of a task easier as opposed to ambient lighting that
illuminates a general area.

www.architecturaldigest.com www.aliexpress.com

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Types of Lighting Systems

(iii) Accent lighting

Accent Lighting focus on specific point of interest or to achieve desired
effect

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Types of Lighting Systems

• Incandescent lamps
• Tungsten Halogen Lamps
• Fluorescent lamps
• High pressure sodium lamps
• Low pressure sodium lamps
• Mercury vapour
• Metal halide
• Blended
• LED lamps
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Types of Lighting Systems
Incandescent Lamps
• Emit radiation mainly in the visible region
• Bulb contains vacuum or gas filling
• Efficacy: 12 lumen / Watt
• Color rendering index: 1A
• Color temperature: 2500 – 2700 K
• Lamp life <2000 hrs

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Types of Lighting Systems
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps • Advantages:
• More compact
• Tungsten filament and a halogen gas filled bulb • Longer life
• More and whiter light
• Tungsten atoms evaporate from the hot filament
and move to cooler wall of bulb • Disadvantages:
• Cost more
• Efficacy: 18 lumens/Watt • Increased IR and UV
• Color rendering index: 1A • Handling problems

• Color temperature: warm

• Lamp life < 4000 hrs
Tungsten halogen lamps
(BEE India, 2005)

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Types of Lighting Systems
Fluorescent Lamps
• 3 – 5 times as efficient as standard incandescent lamps and last 10 – 20 times
longer
• Electricity passes through a gas or metallic vapor and causes radiation
• Fluorescent tubes are hot cathode lamps

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Types of Lighting Systems
Fluorescent Lamps
Features
• Different types (T12, T10, T8 and T5)
Efficacy – 60 lumens/Watt
differing in diameter and efficiency
Color Rendering Index – 1B
• Most efficient at ambient temperature of 20- Color Temperature – Warm,
30 oC, Intermediate
Lamp Life – 7-10,000 hours
• Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) have much
smaller luminaries

Compact fluorescent lamp (CFL)

(BEE India, 2005)

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Types of Lighting Systems

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Lamps

• Used in outdoor and industrial applications
• Consist of: ballast, high- voltage electronic
starter, ceramic arc tube, xenon gas filling,
sodium, mercury
• High efficacy: 60 – 80 lumen/Watt
• Color rendering index: 1 - 2
• Color temperature: warm
• Lamp life < 24,000 hrs
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Types of Lighting Systems
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Lamps
• Commonly included in the HID ( High Intensity Discharge) family
• Highest efficacy: 100 - 200 lumen/Watt
• Poorest quality light: colors appear black, white or grey shades
• Limited to outdoor applications ( security or street lighting)
• Efficacy: Color rendering index: 3
• Color temperature: yellow
• Lamp life < 16,000 hours

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Types of Lighting Systems
Mercury Vapor Lamps
• Oldest HID lamp
• Consists of: arc tube with mercury and argon gas and quartz envelope, third
electrode, outer phosphor coated bulb, outer glass envelope
• Long life and low initial costs
• Very poor efficacy: 30 – 65 lumens/Watt
• Color rendering index: 3
• Color temperature: intermediate
• Lamp life: 16000 – 24000 hours
• However, mercury vapor lamps are still popular sources for landscape
illumination because of their 24,000 hour lamp life and vivid portrayal of green
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landscapes
Types of Lighting Systems
Blended Lamps
• “Two-in-one”: 2 light sources in 1 gas filled bulb
• Quartz mercury discharge tube
• Tungsten filament
• Suitable for flame proof areas
• Fit into incandescent lamps fixtures
• Efficacy: 20 – 30 lumen/Watt
• Lamp life < 8000 hours
• High power factor: 0.95
• Typical rating: 160 W 30
Types of Lighting Systems

Metal Halide Lamps

• Works similar to tungsten halogen lamps
• Largest choice of color, size and rating
• Better efficacy than other HID lamps: 80 lumen/Watt
• Require high voltage ignition pulse but some have third
electrode for starting
• Color rendering index: 1A – 2
• Color temperature: 3000 – 6000 K
• Lamp life: 6000 – 20,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
LED Lamps
• Newest type of energy efficient lamp
• Two types:
• red-blue-green array
• phosphor-coated blue lamp
• Emit visible light in a very narrow spectrum and can produce “white light”
• Used in exit signs, traffic signals, and the technology is rapidly progressing
• Significant energy savings: 82 – 93%
• Longest lamp life: 40,000 – 100,000 hours
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Types of Lighting Systems
Reflectors
• Impact how much light reaches area and distribution
pattern
• Diffuse reflectors:
• 70-80% reflectance but declining in time
• Specular reflectors:
• 85-96% reflectance and less decline in time
• Polished or mirror-like
• Not suitable for industrial open-type strip fixtures
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Types of Lighting Systems
Gear
• Ballast
• Current limiting device
• Helps voltage build-up in fluorescent lights
(The ballast regulates the current to the lamps and provides sufficient voltage to
start the lamps. Without a ballast to limit its current, a fluorescent lamp
connected directly to a high voltage power source would rapidly and
uncontrollably increase its current draw)
• Ignitors
• To start metal halide and sodium vapor lamps
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Types of Lighting Systems
Comparing lamps
Lum / Watt
Color Rendering
Type of Lamp Typical Application Life (Hours)
Index
Avg.
Range

Incandescent 8-18 14 Excellent Homes, restaurants, general lighting, 1000

emergency lighting
Fluorescent Lamps 46-60 50 Good w.r.t. coating Offices, shops, hospitals, homes 5000

Compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) 40-70 60 Very good Hotels, shops, homes, offices 8000-10000

High pressure mercury (HPMV) 44-57 50 Fair General lighting in factories, garages, 5000
car parking, flood lighting

Halogen lamps 18-24 20 Excellent Display, flood lighting, stadium 2000-4000

exhibition grounds, construction areas

High pressure sodium (HPSV) SON 67-121 90 Fair General lighting in factories, ware 6000-12000
houses, street lighting
Low pressure sodium (LPSV) SOX 101-175 150 Poor Roadways, tunnels, canals, street 6000-12000
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lighting
Assessment of Lighting Systems
Designing with Light
• Better lighting: increased productivity
• Two main questions for designer:
• Choose correct lighting level
• Choose quality of light (color rendering)

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Designing with Light
Recommended light levels for different tasks (BEE India, 2005)
Illuminance Examples of Area of Activity
level (lux)
General Lighting for rooms and 20 Minimum service illuminance in exterior circulating areas, outdoor stores ,
areas used either infrequently stockyards
and/or casual or simple visual tasks 50 Exterior walkways & platforms.
70 Boiler house.
100 Transformer yards, furnace rooms etc.
150 Circulation areas in industry, stores and stock rooms.
200 Minimum service illuminance on the task
300 Medium bench & machine work, general process in chemical and food industries,
casual reading and filing activities.
General lighting for 450 Hangers, inspection, drawing offices, fine bench and machine assembly, colour
interiors work, critical drawing tasks.
1500 Very fine bench and machine work, instrument & small precision mechanism
assembly; electronic components, gauging & inspection of small intricate parts
(may be partly provided by local task lighting)
Additional localized lighting for 3000 Minutely detailed and precise work, e.g. Very small parts of instruments, watch
visually exacting tasks making, engraving. 37
How about standard illuminance level in Cambodia?

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Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
• Step 1: Make inventory of lighting system elements and transformers
Table: Device rating, population and use profile
Rating in Watts
S. Plant Lighting Device Population Use / Shifts as I / II
Lamp &
No. Location & Ballast Type Numbers / III shifts / Day
Ballast

Table: Lighting transformer/rating and population profile

Measurement Provisions
S. Plant Lighting Transformer Numbers
Available Volts / Amps /
No. Location Rating (kVA) Installed
kW/ Energy

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Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
• Step 2: Measure and document the Lux levels
• Step 3: Measure and document the voltage and power consumption at input
points
• Step 4: Compare the measured Lux values with standard values as reference
• Step 5: Analyze the failure rates of lamps, ballasts and the actual life expectancy
levels

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Assessment of Lighting Systems
Methodology for Efficiency Study
Step-6 : identify improvement options, for example:

• Maximum sunlight use options through transparent roof sheets

• Replacements of lamps and ballasts to more energy efficient types
• Selecting interior colors for light reflection
• Modifying layout for optimum lighting
• Providing individual / group controls for lighting

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Sample:

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Use Natural Day Lighting
• North lighting
• Glass strips across the roof
• Sky lights with fiber reinforced plastic (FRP)
• Atrium with FRP dome
• Natural light from windows

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
De-lamping to Reduce Excess Lighting
• Effective method to reduce energy consumption
• Reducing lamp height combined with de-lamping: illuminance hardly affected

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Task Lighting
• Low wattage lamps at task
• General illuminance at lower level
• Benefits:
• Reduce number of lighting fixtures
• Reduce lamp wattage
• Save considerable energy
• Better illuminance
• Aesthetically pleasing ambience
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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
High Efficiency Lamps & Luminaries

Examples (9 – 75% savings):

• Metal halide lamps to replace mercury / sodium vapor lamps
• HPSV lamps where color rendering is not critical
• LED panel indicator lamps to replace filament lamps
• Luminaries with mirror optics instead of conventional painted ones

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Reduction of Lighting Feeder Voltage

Percentage
• Can save energy
Supply voltage percentage

• Provided drop in light output is acceptable

1) Lamp current 2) Circuit power, 3) Lamp power, 4)

Lamp output 5) lamp voltage 6) lamp efficiency

Effect of voltage variation of fluorescent tube

light parameters (BEE India, 2005)

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How about the effect of voltage variation to other lighting type ?

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Electronic Ballasts instead of Electromagnetic Ballasts

• Oscillators that convert supply frequency to about 20,000 – 30,000 Hz

• Available for fluorescent tube lights, LPSV and HPSV lamps
• Benefits in fluorescent tube lights:
• Reduced power loss: 1 Watt instead of 10-15 Watt
• Improved efficacy at higher frequencies
• Elimination of starter: no flickering

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Low Loss Electromagnetic Ballasts for Tube Lights

Loss per tube lights:

• Standard ballasts: 10 – 15 Watts
• Low loss ballasts: 8 - 10 Watts

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Timers, Twilight Switches & Occupancy Sensors
• Timers: switching of unnecessary lights
• Twilight switches: depending on availability of daylight
• Occupancy sensors: depending on presence of people
• Applicable for general areas, conference rooms, cubicles, restrooms, exteriors

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
T5 Fluorescent Tube Light

• Slimmer tubes than T12 and T8 tubes

• Improved luminaire efficiencies by 7%, and with super-reflective aluminum
luminaire by 11-30%
• Mercury reduction: 3 mg instead of 15 mg per lamp
• Can only be operated with electronic ballasts

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Energy Efficiency Opportunities
Lighting Maintenance
• Light levels decrease >50% due to aging lamps and dirt on fixtures, lamps and
room surfaces
• Maintenance options:
• Clean equipment
• Replace lenses
• Keep spaces bright and clean
• Re-lamping

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Quiz
For the load curve shown below, how many kWh did they use in that period?

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