EXPLOSIVE USE OPERATIONAL

PLAN

BC Ministry of Transportation Avalanche and Weather

Programs
2021

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

DEFINITIONS _________________________________________________________________________ 3

GENERAL PROCEDURES 6

INTRODUCTION 6
GENERAL AVALANCHE CONTROL RATIONALE 7
REGULATING AUTHORITIES 8
PERSONNEL AND CERTIFICATION 9
HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES 10
CLOSURES /SWEEPS 11
RECORD KEEPING 12
MISFIRE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES 13
STANDARD DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS 14
ACCIDENTAL IGNITION OF SAFETY FUSE PREPARING THE WYSSEN TOWER PROCEDURES 14
EXPLOSIVE USE REVIEW AND REVISION PROTOCOLS 15

OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES 16

PROCEDURES FOR HELICOPTER DEPLOYMENT OF EXPLOSIVES 16

CASE CHARGE PROCEDURES 22
HAND CHARGE PROCEDURES 24
AVALANCHE GUARD PROCEDURES 26
CORNICE CONTROL – BURIED CHARGE PROCEDURES 33
WYSSEN TOWER PROCEDURES 35

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A – AVALANCHE AREA LOCATIONS BY PROGRAM

APPENDIX B – WORKSAFEBC SAFETY FUSE ASSEMBLY VARIANCE VR202100063
APPENDIX C – WORKSAFEBC EXPLOSIVES AVALANCHE CONTROL PROCEDURES FOR FIRM # 4000-175

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Definitions
anchor The part of a fall protection system that connects to
an anchorage.

Avalanche Guard A remotely fired avalanche control device that is

comprised of towers mounted with magazines that
contain mortar barrels with propellant and explosive
charges.

ALARP Engineering standard; As Low As Reasonably

Practicable.

blaster A person who holds a valid blaster’s certificate issued

by WorkSafeBC.

blaster of record The blaster who is designated to oversee a

blasting operation.

blasting area An area extending at least 50 m (165 feet) in every

direction from a place where explosive materials are
being prepared or fixed, or where an unexploded
charge is known or believed to exist.

blasting operation Work that involves preparing, placing, and firing

a charge, handling a misfire, and/or destroying or
disposing of explosive materials.

case charge The detonation of explosives, often multiple bags of

ammonium nitrate/fuel oil (ANFO), which have been
placed (as opposed to thrown or dropped) at the
bottom of the targeted avalanche path.

charge Explosive materials, which may or may not contain a

primer, placed for the purpose of detonation.

cornice control An avalanche control technique where personnel on

the ground use mountain rope access techniques to
safely place charges and/or detonate several charges
at once with detonating cord.

danger area An area in which there may be danger to persons or

property from flying material or other hazardous
conditions resulting from a blast. The danger area

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 includes the blasting area, all areas affected by the
blast concussion and materials, and all terrain where
avalanches could result from the use of the applied
explosives.

dangerous incident An accident or near miss resulting from the use of

explosives, including an unexpected result or
problem with explosive products.

detonator or detonator products Explosives used to detonate commercial explosives,

commonly called “blasting caps” or “electric caps,”
or other similar devices.

explosive A substance that is made, manufactured, or used to

produce an explosion or detonation, including but not
limited to blasting explosives, pyrotechnic devices
and accessories containing explosives.

fall restraint system A system to prevent a worker from falling or

moving to an unguarded steep edge.

hand charging A technique where personnel on the ground throw or

place explosives into the avalanche path start zone.
Often performed while wearing skis.

helicopter deployment A drop placement of explosives from a

helicopter to perform avalanche control.

misfire (mishole) A dangerous condition in which a charge or part of a

charge fails to completely detonate or function on
initiation.

mislight A type of misfire where there is a failure or perceived

failure of a pull-wire lighter to ignite the safety fuse
assembly.

lanyard A flexible line of webbing, rope or wire rope that is

used to secure a safety belt or full body harness to a
lifeline or anchor.

primer An explosive to which a detonator or other initiating

device has been attached.

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safety fuse assembly A manufactured blasting accessory consisting of a
precut length of safety fuse, an igniter cord
connector, and a detonator.

Wyssen Tower A remotely fired avalanche control device that drops

an explosive charge hanging from a cord at a pre-set
height above the snowpack. Two igniters are pulled,
and the explosion is set off after a delay

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I. GENERAL PROCEDURES
A. INTRODUCTION
The Avalanche and Weather Program’s unit in the British Columbia Ministry of
Transportation and Infrastructure administers an integrated avalanche risk
management program along provincial highways in British Columbia. A key
aspect of this program is the use of explosives to release unstable snow under
controlled circumstances to mitigate a current or potential avalanche hazard. The
ministry’s avalanche control programs also use explosives to analyze snowpack
stability and evaluate the overall avalanche hazard.
The purpose of this Explosives Use Operational Plan is to define the personnel,
competencies, procedures, specific safety measures, training, equipment, and
primary locations used by ministry staff in carrying out this important work.

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B. GENERAL AVALANCHE CONTROL RATIONALE
The ministry artificially triggers avalanches to reduce the threat of naturally
triggered avalanches along provincial highways.
Predicting where and when avalanches could occur requires a thorough
understanding of the interaction between weather, terrain, and the mountain
snowpack. The ministry’s analysis draws on this expertise, supported by many
observations and tests.
The decision to conduct explosive control is based on a complex analysis of
current and future weather and snowpack conditions, and the effect these
conditions may have on the avalanche hazard.
Appendix A identifies the ministry’s avalanche explosives use program
areas.

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C. REGULATING AUTHORITIES
Explosive treatment for avalanche risk management is regulated by the Prevention
Division of WorkSafeBC [OHS Part 21].
Regulations for the storage of explosives used by the ministry’s avalanche control
programs are governed by the Explosives Regulatory Division of Natural
Resources Canada.
The transportation of explosives for the ministry’s avalanche control programs
operates in accordance with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act, governed
by Transport Canada.
The ministry’s Manager of Avalanche and Weather Programs is responsible for the
site-specific procedures, review, approval, and quality assurances of the Explosives
Use Operational Plan.

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D. PERSONNEL AND CERTIFICATION
All blasting operations and teams must have at least one blaster with a
WorkSafeBC Code 1 blasting certificate and the appropriate endorsements for the
control method being employed. When more than one certified blaster is present in
a team, a blaster of record must be designated to oversee all aspects of the blasting
operation [OHS 21.5 (1)(2)].
All blasters have up to date certifications, accreditations, education and/or
experiential equivalent, and training standards compliant with provincial and
federal regulations, and ministry policies to work with explosives for avalanche
control.
Blasting operations must have a minimum of two personnel: the blaster and an
assistant. Exceptions may apply in helicopter control operations as specified in the
respective procedural descriptions. If the assistant does not hold a valid blasting
certificate (with required endorsements), the blaster is required to visually
supervise the assistant and is responsible for their work during explosive priming,
initiation, and deployment [OHS 21.5(3)].
Blasters must be familiar with the manufacturer’s handling recommendations
[OHS 21.36], as well as current legislation and regulations concerning all relevant
aspects of explosive acquisition, transportation, storage, use and disposal. All
blasters are required to review these procedures annually during a training se ssion
prior to the avalanche season.
Blasters are also responsible for immediately reporting any theft or attempted theft
of explosives to the Chief Inspector of Explosives under Natural Resources
Canada’s Explosives Regulatory Division.
Any dangerous incident involving explosives, whether there is personal injury,
must be reported to WorkSafeBC [OHS 21.3]. Such incidents are also to be
immediately reported to the Manager of Avalanche and Weather Programs.

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E. HANDLING OF EXPLOSIVES
Specific explosive preparation procedures are contained in each respective
avalanche control operation procedure. Explosive materials must be stored,
transported, handled, and used in a manner recommended by the manufacturer of
the material [OHS 21.36].
The blaster of record will determine the most appropriate primer assembly
location closest to the blasting site, while ensuring that explosives and detonators
are brought together at the last most practicable moment [OHS 21.85 (2)].
The blaster of record will select their crew for risk reduction treatments, capturing
all opportunities within our integrated risk management plan.
A person operating a vehicle transporting explosives (a) must operate the vehicle
in a safe manner, consistent with prevailing road and weather conditions, and (b)
must not drive faster than 90 km/hr. [OHS 21.29].
If the AWP have an explosives spill along the highway, they will initiate the
MOTI AWP Emergency Response Assistance Plan 2-0804.

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F. CLOSURES/SWEEPS
The danger area includes the blasting area, all areas affected by the blast
concussion and materials, and all terrain where avalanches could result from the
use of the applied explosives.
The danger area must be cleared before the commencement of each avalanche
control operation and confirmed clear by radio communication. Maintenance
contractors or ministry personnel must execute road closures and perform sweeps
prior to every ministry avalanche control operation. Where backcountry users are
possible, a visual sweep of the danger area will be performed.
Blasting signals for avalanche control are not necessary, as per WorkSafeBC
regulation 21.69, provided the above measures are taken to ensure safety within
the blast area.
Signs warning of expected avalanche control should be used whenever feasible at
off-highway access points to the danger area, to inform backcountry users of the
ministry’s local avalanche control operations.
Traffic control persons with warning signs and physical barriers will be used at
each highway end of the closure area. The sweep vehicle(s) is responsible for
travelling the highway between the identified closure points to ensure that no
traffic remains within the danger area and that it is safe to proceed with avalanche
control operations. The sweep vehicle(s) will notify the blaster of record by radio
once it has left the danger area.
Once avalanche control is complete, the blaster of record will notify the
maintenance contractor personnel on site. Provided no further avalanche activity
is expected, the maintenance contractor is responsible for clearing the highway of
avalanche deposits and ensuring it is safe to reopen to the public.
If there has been a misfire at all during the season and has not b een located nor
disposed of, a qualified blaster needs to be at the site when the avalanche deposits
are being cleared out in case the misfire is found in the deposit.

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G. RECORDS KEEPING
Standard avalanche observation records are to be kept for each explosive placed
and its results. These records include the time, date, location, type and size of
explosive, detonation status, avalanche characteristics and any resulting damage, as
well as closure and sweep start and end times. Refer to the Canadian Avalanche
Association’s Observation Guidelines and Recording Standards for Weather,
Snowpack and Avalanches for further details.
Ministry avalanche programs will also record details of all explosive use in a
blasting log. Blasters will also keep records of all blasting operations in their
personal blasting log [OHS 21.4].
A copy of the ministry’s Avalanche and Weather Programs’ Explosive Use
Operational Plan will be kept by the blaster of record on site and will be available
for inspection by members of WorkSafeBC staff upon request.

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H. MISFIRE DISPOSAL PROCEDURES
All misfires and suspected misfires are to be recorded in keeping with the standard
records. Their location is to be marked as soon as possible and georeferenced to
identify the area to be searched later. Suspected misfires are explosions that may
have detonated properly, but which may not have been observed due to; deep
snowpack’s, caught in an avalanche, strong winds or poor visibility.
Misfires are to be disposed of as soon as safely possible. Care shall be taken to
ensure that a misfire is not disturbed. It should be detonated with a hand charge if
possible; using a new primer that is placed in contact with the unexploded material
[OHS Guideline 21.75]. Non-sparking shovels shall be used when digging for
misfires within the snowpack.
A waiting period of at least one hour, as recommended by the manufacturer [OHS
21.36], must be observed before the control team approaches the misfire location. If
a misfired charge contains a safety fuse and is re-blasted, workers must not return
to the blast site until 30 minutes after detonation [OHS 21.36].
A qualified blaster needs to be at the highway deposit site in case the misfire is
uncovered by the Maintenance Contractor’s machine.
In the event snow or avalanche conditions prevent access to the misfire, it must be
left until conditions have reached an acceptable risk level.
Due to the inaccessibility and inherent danger of travelling in avalanche start zones,
misfires may be left until spring melt conditions enable safer access. At least two
patrols throughout the spring and summer should be conducted to discover and
dispose of misfires. These recovery missions are usually performed as soon as the
snow melts and before significant vegetation growth.
Locations requiring access to very steep or hazardous terrain must adhere to the
OHS guidelines applicable to the techniques being employed.
Access points where recreationists could enter areas affected by ministry
avalanche control operations, must have physical barriers with signs warning
users of the dangers of misfires. If blocking access to the area is not feasible,
prominent warning signs with current information must be clearly visible at all
access points.

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I. STANDARD DISPOSAL OF EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTS
If it becomes necessary to dispose of any explosive products, the disposal of
these explosive products must be conducted in accordance with the
manufacturers’ recommendations.
The ministry no longer uses artillery rounds for avalanche control; however, dud
projectiles or failure-to-fire rounds could be found. In this event, rounds must be
disposed of by appropriately trained personnel from the RCMP or Department
of National Defense.

ACCIDENTAL IGNITION OF SAFETY FUSE WHEN PREPARING THE

WYSSEN TOWER
1 1 Prior to assembly of the primers, the assembly team will identify:
a. An accidental ignition area
b. Human evacuation area
2 2 The person recognizing an accidental ignition will call: “ ignition,
evacuate, evacuate!”
3 3 The person handling the charge will take the charge container to the
predesignated accidental disposal area and retreat quickly out of the danger
area. Whenever possible frontal and overhead protection will be used.
4 4 Everyone else will move to the predesignated evacuation area at least
50 meters from the deposited charge
5 5 Confirm detonation of charge
6 6 Observe the minimum waiting period of 30 minutes or greater as
recommended by the manufacture before approaching the charge in case
detonation is not confirmed
7 7 Cease assembly operation and review the incident

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J. EXPLOSIVE USE REVIEW AND REVISION PROTOCOLS

The Manager of Avalanche and Weather Programs will review these procedures
annually [OHS 21.85 (4)].
Avalanche program personnel will regularly review the procedures to ensure they
reflect current industry best practices. Amendments of this docu ment will be
subject to review by the Manager, prior to submission to WorkSafe BC for
approval.

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II. OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
A. HELICOPTER DEPLOYMENT PROCEDURES

1. Equipment
− Helicopter with radio set to highway closure frequency
− Intercom headsets or flight helmets (preferred)
− Fall restraint system, including approved harness or belt, anchor(s),
and lanyard [Transport Canada TDG CAR 527]
− Timing device(s)
− Blasting log (notebook, tablet, etc.)
− Explosives (ANFO, cast boosters, safety fuse assemblies, etc.)
− Pull-wire lighters
− Blasting tools and accessories (burlap, tape, zip ties, etc.)

2. Personnel
The blasting team consists of a helicopter pilot and a blaster of record. Additional
blasters or assistants may be used, with a maximum of four personnel on board
during active control.
i) Pilot is responsible for the following:
a) Operation and safety of the aircraft and occupants
ii) Blaster of Record is responsible for the following:
a) Safety in the use of the explosives
b) Directing the pilot to avalanche sites
c) Ensuring that the area closure and sweep is complete
d) Preparing, igniting, and dropping explosives on to the slopes
e) Recording the time of burning fuses
f) Recording the placement of charges
g) Recording the observations (detonation and results)
h) Re-opening the road (or sections of the road) to workers for maintenance
and deposit removal and/or to the travelling public.
i) Ensuring all members of the team understand the blasting plan, their role,
and responsibilities.
Any member of the blasting team has the responsibility and authority to call a halt
to the avalanche control mission if they believe that worker safety is, or is likely
to be, compromised.

*Note: When additional blasters or assistants are being used, the blaster of record
is responsible to ensure that additional team members understand which parts of
the blasting operation they are to perform. Blasters without a helicopter

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 endorsement may prepare and deploy charges; however, they must be under direct
visual supervision of a qualified blaster [OHS regulation 21.5(3)].

3. Preparation of Explosives
Primed charges are to be made up prior to entering the aircraft, at the last
practicable moment and as close to the helicopter landing zone as safety permits
[OHS 21.85(2)]. Pull-wire lighters must be transported separate from charges.
A minimum of a one-meter safety fuse must be used [OHS 21.56(2)]. A specific WSBC
Variance allows 30 cm safety fuse assembly for Wyssen Tower and Avalanche Guard.
Ideally, all explosives carried by the helicopter will be used during a particular
control mission. If primed explosives have not been used and the mission is
complete, the fuse and explosive of the primed charge may only be separated if
the primer is a cast booster. The products’ manufacturers must approve the
procedure [OHS 21.36].
Primers transported in the helicopter must use a container made of antistatic
material (e.g. wood) capable of being easily jettisoned.
Provisions:
• A minimum amount of fuse should be exposed outside of the bag
(approximately 10-25cm)
• The helicopter staging area should be near target locations. Primed bags of
ANFO should not be flown considerable distances [OHS 21.85(2)]
• If requested by the pilot, the sleeve of the ANFO bag can be securely
taped shut to contain prills. Burlap covers or other means should also be
considered to aid in containing prills and preventing ANFO bags from
sliding on hard snow surfaces

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4. Preflight Safety Check

All persons working in the blasting mission around the helicopter will discuss the
procedures and processes for the mission. Topics will include:

• Working safely around the helicopter

• Safe refueling, explosive assembly and helicopter loading areas
• Experience levels of the blaster of record, pilot and
assistants-both individual experience and experience working together as a
team. Consider using dry run flights with limited weight on board to build
experience as a team before conducting a live explosive mission
• Weather conditions and any weather-related terrain access limitations
• Fuel, personnel, and explosive loads – consider the terrain, weather
and elevations expected for the mission
• Harness anchor points
• Safety instructions for ground support personnel
• Mission specific terrain considerations and a discussion of safe standoff
distances (blade strikes) – see Safety Precautions 7 (a) (page 20)
• Seating arrangements and the limitations of pilot visibility when the
blaster is seated side opposite from the pilot – see Safety Precautions 7 (c)
(page 21)
• Radio call signs and channels/frequencies for support and closure
personnel
• Targeting, and how the blaster and/or assistant will guide the pilot to the
targets
• Blasting run commands
• Methods for emergency jettison of explosives
• Method the team will use for timing the 90 second period after the first
fuse is lit
• Safe standoff distance from the blast and the avalanche in motion
(dust clouds, airborne debris)
• Mis-light procedures and predetermined placement locations
• Ensuring that all members of the mission team understand they can abort
the mission if they feel any unsafe condition is about to arise.

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5. Procedures – Pre-Flight

a) The pilot will arrange the helicopter in an appropriate manner to ensure that
explosives can be safely dropped (e.g. remove the rear door and/or ski basket
or racks as required).
b) The pilot and blaster will ensure that the intercom and radio on closure
frequency are functioning correctly.
c) The blaster will attach a lanyard to two related anchor points in the helicopter
that is approved by the pilot and check the lanyard for correct length.
d) The blaster will put on an approved harness or belt with a non-instantaneous
release system and attach it to the helicopter via the anchor lanyard.
The assistant(s) will be suitably restrained by standard safety belts.
e) A complete dry run will be instituted on the ground, including the use of the
harness, intercom, stopwatch, field notebook and bombing commands,
to ensure all systems are operational and understood.
f) Closure and sweep are to be initiated at a time that is appropriate for the
mission.
g) If required, primers will be loaded aboard the helicopter in a suitable container
so that they can be easily jettisoned, if necessary.
f) The explosives will be loaded into the helicopter. Primed bags of ANFO may
be used.
g) The pilot or additional team member will verbally or visually check the
blaster’s tie in.

6. Procedures – In-Flight

a) Ensure that the road closure and sweep of the highway is complete and any
necessary visual sweep from the helicopter has been performed
[OHS 21.66(2)(3)].
b) The blaster will ready the primer and lighter as the helicopter approaches the
target area.
c) The blaster will trim the fuse no more than 10 centimeters and attach the
lighter. Dialogue should be as follows:
Blaster: "Lighter on"
Pilot: "Lighter on"
e) The blaster will direct the pilot into the final position for shot placement.

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f) The blaster will take approximately five seconds to confirm the burning fuse
Burning indications will include:
• visible grey smoke
• acrid smell of smoke
• discoloured fuse
• fuse droop
g) The blaster will not apply a non activated pull wire lighter on the safety fuse assembly
earlier than necessary

If the blaster confirms that the fuse is NOT burning, he will announce to other
team members "MIS-LIGHT." Confirmation from team member(s) and pilot is
necessary.

Once the pull-wire has been activated, the pull-wire igniter manufacturer’s
instructions dictate that the charge must be deployed and no further attempt to re-
cut or re-light the fuse will be attempted. Locations for mis-light placement
should be discussed prior to the control mission for ease of access after the
elapsed wait time for disposal.

Mis-Lights must be placed in predesignated safe location immediately.

Important Notice:
Manufacture’s approximate safety fuse burn rates.
- 40 seconds per foot At Sea Level
- 46 seconds per foot at 6000’ asl
- 48 seconds per foot at 8000’ asl
Helicopter explosives placement Safety Fuse Assembles are 3.3 feet
(1 Meter) in length, hence at 6000’ asl it will take 132 seconds,
(2 minutes 12 seconds) from ignition to detonation. +/- 10%.

h) After ensuring that the fuse is lit, the dialogue should be as follows:
Blaster: "Fuse lit"
Pilot: "Fuse lit"
i) DROP the charge down and away from the helicopter.
Blaster: "Shot is away"
Pilot: "Shot is away"
k) Record the time and location
j) If the charge slides away from the target, the blaster should communicate this
to the team and, where practical, the helicopter should move to a location to
observe the final resting place of the charge and/or primer.
l) When multiple primed charges are being deployed, placement of all
charges will stop 90 seconds after lighting of the first fuse. The helicopter
will then move to a safe location to observe the detonations and results.
m) Record the results (and any misfires).
n) Notify closure control personnel when blasting operations have been
completed.
7. Safety Precautions

a) All blasting team members must be mindful of the need to always maintain
sufficient standoff distance between the helicopter and the surrounding terrain.

b) The blaster should be seated on the same side of the machine as the pilot

c) Explosive charges should be deployed with the blaster and pilot facing the
uphill slope. If contrary winds prevent this orientation, it will be left to the
discretion of the blaster and pilot to determine one of the following options:
i. deploy shots on the downhill side.
ii. deploy shots on the uphill side, with the blaster seated on the side
opposite the pilot. If this option is selected, use greater standoff
distances from the terrain to allow for the compromised pilot visibility
of this seating configuration.
d) When using the “large” charge technique (multiple charges at the same
placement), ANFO bags should be unprimed, except for the final shot. The
requirement for extended hover and accurate shot placements needs to be
considered when assessing the feasibility of using a “large” charge.
e) When deploying hand charges from the helicopter, the blaster’s hand must be
on top of the shot with the thumb facing down toward the ground. The charge
should be pushed down and away from the aircraft when released.
f) The lighters are to be placed on the fuses at the last possible moment.
g) In the event of an emergency, the pilot must request or approve the jettison of
explosives.
h) The blasting team will decide if weather conditions are safe; however, the
pilot will make all flying decisions.
i) Extra personnel, other than those in training situations, shall not be on board
the helicopter during any phase of the explosives control operation.
j) A minimum distance of one meter should be maintained between a landing
helicopter and explosives to reduce the possibility of static discharge.
k) At no time shall a primer be assembled or dismantled in a helicopter.

8. Misfires and Disposal

For mis-lights and misfires, refer to Section I: General Procedures (H) , "Misfire
Disposal Procedures" (page 13) and Section I: General Procedures (I), "Standard
Disposal of Explosive Products" (page 14).

9. Helicopter Loading Calculations and Considerations

The pilot is responsible for ensuring that the total weight of explosives, personnel
and equipment inside the helicopter does not exceed the aircraft’s maximum gross
weight limit. In addition, the pilot will determine the weight of 75 per cent of the
Hover-Out of Ground Effect (HOGE) based on the highest altitude planned on the
flight in order to calculate the maximum weight of explosives that may be loaded
in the helicopter.

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 Department of Transport Regulations require helicopter operators to obtain
approval to permit dispensing of explosives from rotorcraft and Transportation of
Dangerous Goods certificate of training.

B. CASE CHARGE PROCEDURES

1. Equipment

− Truck and portable radios set to the highway closure frequency

− Timing device(s)
− Blasting log (notebook, tablet, etc.)
− Explosives (ANFO, cast boosters, safety fuse assemblies, etc.)
- Pull-wire lighters
− Blasting tools and accessories
− Hearing protection

2. Personnel
The blasting team consists of a minimum of a blaster of record and an assistant.
Only personnel directly involved in the control work will be in the danger area.
i) Blaster of Record - is responsible for the following:
a) Safety of the entire blasting operation.
b) Ensuring that all members of the team understand the blasting plan, their
roles, and responsibilities.
c) Ensuring that the area closure and sweep is complete.
d) Placement and location of charges.
e) Record keeping (times, locations, results, etc.)
f) Re-opening of the road (or sections of the road) to workers for
maintenance and deposit removal and/or to the travelling public.
Any member of the blasting team has the responsibility and authority to call a halt
to the avalanche control mission if they believe that worker safety is, or is likely
to be, compromised.

3. Preparation of Explosives

a) Prepare primers at the most appropriate safe location closest to the blast site
[OHS 21.85(2)].
b) Assemble explosives according to manufacturers’ recommendations [OHS
21.36].
c) Primers should be double fused when practical.
d) No sparking materials should be present when transporting primers.
e) Safety fuse igniters must be kept dry and should be transported separately
from primers.

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4. Procedures

a) Ensure that the highway sweep/closure has been performed and that the
danger area around the blasting site is clear.
b) Park motor vehicle so that it can be quickly and directly driven away from the
blasting site. Do not turn the engine off.
c) Charges should be placed on a pillow of snow above the gravel shoulder. Care
must be taken to place explosive charges in a fashion that will not result in
damage to the road. Suspended in the air with a tripod is also acceptable.
d) Light the fuses and confirm burn. See 6(f) in Section II.A. “Procedures for
Helicopter Deployment of Explosives” (page 16).
e) After ensuring that the fuses are lit, immediately drive out of the danger area.
f) Record the results.
g) Notify closure control personnel when blasting operations have been
completed.

5. Safety Precautions
a) If natural avalanche activity is possible, the blasting plan should consider risk
treatment options such as blasting into the avalanche area; placing the truck
between the blaster and the slope for charge placement; and using a designated
watchman with a signaling device.
b) Every effort must be made not to work directly beneath the area of the
avalanche path being controlled by the case charge.
c) Hearing protection is to be used during detonation.
d) Longer safety fuses may provide additional safety margins when case
charging. Some examples of situations where their use should be considered
include: the possibility of natural avalanche activity; multiple charges being
deployed simultaneously; and the possibility of vehicles becoming stuck. It is
the responsibility of the blaster of record to ensure that there is ample time for
members of the team to clear the danger area, including situations where
unforeseen events may occur.

6. Misfires and Disposal

Refer to Section I: General Procedures (H) , "Misfire Disposal Procedures" and
Section I: General Procedures (I), "Standard Disposal of Explosive Products"

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C. HAND CHARGE PROCEDURES

1. Equipment
− Portable radios
− Timing device(s)
− Blasting log (notebook, tablet, etc.)
− Explosives (cartridge primer, cast boosters, safety fuse assemblies, etc.)
− Pull-wire lighters
− Blasting tools and accessories (tape, rope, etc.)
− Hearing protection

2. Personnel
The blasting team should have a minimum of two members: one blaster of record
and an assistant.
Blaster of Record - is responsible for the following:
a) Safety of the entire blasting operation.
b) Ensuring all members of the team understand the blasting plan and their
roles and responsibilities.
d) Ensuring that the area closure is complete and danger area is clear.
e) Placement and location of charges.
f) Record keeping (times, locations, results, etc.)
Any member of the blasting team has the responsibility and authority to call a halt
to the avalanche control mission if they believe that worker safety is, or is likely
to be, compromised.

3. Preparation of Explosives

See Section II.B.3 - “Case Charge Procedures: Preparation of Explosives”

(page 22).

4. Procedures
a) Initiate danger area closure and sweep.
b) Trim the fuse(s) no more than 10 centimeters immediately prior to attachment
of the pull wire lighter. Announce: "Lighter on" so that the other team
members hear and ensure that they acknowledge it.
c) Light the fuse and confirm the burn. See 6(f) in Section II.A. “Procedures for
Helicopter Deployment of Explosives” (page 16).
d) After confirmation, notify the other team members by announcing "Fuse Lit"
and deploy charge.
e) All team members move to a pre-determined safe location.
f) Record the results.
g) Notify closure control personnel when blasting is complete.

24
5. Safety Precautions

a) The blaster of record and assistant(s) must always be in contact.

b) Hearing protection is to be used during detonation.
c) Consider using longer length safety fuse assemblies if there is uncertainty
about the length of time required to move to a safe location.
d) Rope or cord may be used to position charges and prevent them from sliding.

6. Misfires and Disposal

Refer to Section I: General Procedures (H) , "Misfire Disposal Procedures"
(page 13) and Section I: General Procedures (I), "Standard Disposal of Explosive
Products" (page 14).

25
D. AVALANCHE GUARD PROCEDURES

1. Equipment for Loading

− Explosives
− Safety-fuse assemblies
− Avalanche Guard pull-wire lighters
- Propellant cup assemblies
- Replacement lanyards and twin connector hooks
− Fire control computer and communication equipment
− Portable radios
− Blasting tools to cut fuses and crimp pull-wire lighters
− Keys for Avalanche Guard controls and magazines

Additional Equipment for Unloading

- Container for safety fuse/detonator
- Container for safety fuse/pull-wire lighters
- Container for explosives
- Container for propellant cups

2. Personnel
The blasting team for loading and unloading consists of a blaster of record and
assistant(s).
i) Blaster of Record - is responsible for the following:
a) Safety of the entire operation
b) Lock-out of Avalanche Guard system
c) Supervision of the assembly (or disassembly) of the charges
d) Supervision of the destruction of disassembled pull-wires, fuses,
and detonators
e) Ending of the lockout, returning the system to service
f) Post-loading function and communication tests
ii) Assistant - is responsible for the following:
a) Assisting in the assembly (or disassembly) of the charges
b) Assisting in the destruction of disassembled pull-wires, fuses,
and detonators
c) Observing for anomalies during assembly and loading
Any member of the blasting team has the responsibility and authority to call a halt
to the procedures if they believe that worker safety is, or is likely to be,
compromised.

26
3. Avalanche Guard Loading Procedures

3.1 Preparing the Avalanche Guard for Loading

On arrival at the launching device, proceed as follows:

a) Place the lower service platform, handrails, and ladder into position.
b) The blaster of record unlocks the control cabinet.
c) Turn the switch in the control cabinet to the SERVICE position using the
secure control box key. The complete firing control system is now LOCKED
OUT while the switch is in the SERVICE mode. Remove the key from the
service switch.
d) Place the upper service platform, handrail, and ladder into working position.
e) Unlock and open the terminal access panel.
f) Remove the launching squib leg wires from the contact panel. Shunt each pair
of leg wires as they are removed by twisting the bared ends together.
g) Use the secure control box key to turn the key switch on the bottom of the
launching box to the DOOR OPEN position. The door of the launching box
will swing open. Remove the key from the switch. The blaster of record must
now retain this key in his or her possession to ensure LOCK-OUT for the
duration of the procedure.
h) Check the launching device housing, including the door for icing and soiling.
Clean as required.
i) Remove all used launching cups and leg wires. Check to ensure the wing nut
on the bottom outside of the barrel is backed out so as not to disrupt loading of
the charge.
j) Check the barrels for icing and soiling. Clean as required.
k) Inspect the lanyards and twin connector hooks and replace if worn or
damaged. Tuck the lanyards into operational position.
l) Ensure the barrel retention wing nut is tight on all barrels.

27
3.2 Procedure for Loading - Charging the Barrels

a) Remove a propellant cup from the packaging and test for continuity using an
approved galvanometer. Shunt the leg wires by twisting the bared ends
together.
b) Run the leg wires up the side of the charge in the 9 o’clock position.
c) Insert the charge into the barrel, propellant end first. Leg wires remain in the
9 o’clock position and the fuse tie down strap in the 12 o’clock position.
Lower the propellant cup and charge into the barrel until the top end is flush
with or below the upper rim of the barrel.
d) Hand-tighten the wing nut at the bottom of the barrel to secure the propellant
cup.
e) Pass the leg wires down the conduit and through the numbered hole in the top
of the connection panel that corresponds to the number of the barrel being
loaded.
f) Repeat this procedure for each barrel that is being loaded.

3.3 Procedure for Loading - Fusing the Explosive

a) Remove a one-meter fuse assembly from the packaging and insert the
detonator into the cap well of the first charge. Ensure the detonator is at the
bottom of the 10 cm deep cap well. Secure the fuse by hand-tightening the
screw-down fuse holder at the top of the cap well. Repeat this step with a
second one-meter fuse in the second cap well of the same charge.
b) Cut both fuses to the correct length using an approved fuse cutter.
c) Crimp a pull-wire lighter onto each fuse using an approved crimping tool. DO
NOT remove the protective cap from the pull-wire lighter.
d) Pass both fuses through the fuse tie down strap attached to the explosive
charge and loosely tighten the tie down strap. Do not tighten the fuse tie down
strap all the way currently.
e) Repeat these steps for each barrel that is being loaded.

3.4 Procedure for Loading - Attach Lanyards

a) Remove the protective caps from both pull-wire lighters of one charge.
b) Attach the twin hooks on the end of the lanyard to the eyehooks on the
pull-wire lighters.
c) Tighten the fuse tie down strap onto the pull-wire lighters until the fuses are
held securely.
d) Replace the lanyard cover.
28
 e) Cover the end of the barrel with a plastic bag and use a rubber band to secure.
f) Repeat this procedure for each barrel being loaded.
g) The assistant inspects each charge to ensure all lanyards are connected and all
barrels are covered.

3.5 Returning Avalanche Guard to Operating Mode

a) The blaster of record turns the secure control box key to the DOOR CLOSED
position and removes the key after the door is fully closed.
b) Connect the leg wires to the terminals starting with the leg wire for barrel
number one. Repeat this for each barrel that is loaded, connecting the wires to
the terminal of the same number as the barrel number.
c) Close and lock the terminal access panel.
d) Fold away the upper service platform, ladder, and handrails.
e) Insert the secure control box key into the key switch in the control cabinet and
switch from the SERVICE (locked out) position to the AUTOMATIC
position. The firing system is NO LONGER LOCKED OUT. The key cannot
be removed in this position.
f) Lock the control cabinet and remove the key.
g) Fold away the lower service platform, ladder, and handrails.
h) Use the fire control computer to confirm system readiness.

29
4. Avalanche Guard Unloading Procedures

4.1 Preparing the Avalanche Guard for Unloading

On arrival at the launching device, proceed as follows:

a) Place the lower service platform, handrails, and ladder into position.
b) The blaster of record unlocks the control cabinet.
c) Turn the switch in the control cabinet to the SERVICE position using the
secure control box key. The complete firing control system is NOW LOCKED
OUT while the switch is in the SERVICE mode. Remove the key from the
SERVICE switch.
d) Place the upper service platform, handrail, and ladder into working position.
e) Unlock and open the terminal access door.
f) Remove the launching squib leg wires from the contact panel. Shunt each pair
of leg wires as they are removed.
g) Use the secure control box key to turn the key switch on the bottom of the
launching box to the DOOR OPEN position. The door of the launching box
will swing open. Remove the key from the switch. The blaster of record must
now retain this key in his or her possession to ensure LOCK-OUT for the
duration of the procedure.

4.2 Procedure for Unloading - Detonator Removal

a) Using an approved fuse cutting device, cut a section approximately 15 cm in

length out of each fuse between the fuse tie down strap and the detonator.
b) Loosen the screw-down fuse holder at the top of the cap well, gently pull the
fuse and detonator out of the mortar and place them in the detonator container.
Repeat this for all fuses in each charge that is being unloaded.
c) Cut the fuse tie down strap. Detach the twin lanyard hooks from the eyehooks
on the pull-wire lighters and put them in the used pull-wires container.
d) Repeat this procedure for each barrel being unloaded.
e) Remove the detonator container and the pull-wire lighter container to a safe
location off the service platforms.

4.3 Procedure for Unloading - Remove Explosive and Propellant

a) Loosen the propellant cup clamping screws, then extract the explosive charge,
propellant cup, and leg wires.
b) Place the explosive in the explosive’s container.
c) Place the propellant cup in the propellant cup container.
30
 d) Repeat this procedure for each barrel being unloaded.
e) Remove the explosives container and the propellant cup container to a safe
location off the service platforms.

4.4 Securing Avalanche Guard after Unloading

a) Close and lock the terminal access panel.

b) The blaster of record turns the secure control box key to the DOOR CLOSED
position and removes the key after the door is fully closed.
c) Fold away the upper service platform, ladder, and handrails.
d) Insert the secure control box key into the key switch in the control cabinet and
switch from the SERVICE (locked out) position to the AUTOMATIC or OFF
position. The firing system is NO LONGER LOCKED OUT. The key cannot
be removed in this position.
e) Lock the control cabinet and remove the key.
f) Fold away the lower service platform, ladder, and handrails.

5. Procedures for Remote Firing of the Avalanche Guard System

a) Initiate area closure.
b) Proceed to the safe firing location.
c) Ensure that the closure is effective, and the area is clear.
d) Use the firing control computer to fire the selected Avalanche Guard on the
selected target.
e) Detonation will be confirmed by the firing computer through the geophone.
f) Check for misfire and fall out procedures. Refer to Section I: General
Procedures (H), "Misfire Disposal Procedures" (page 13).
g) Record the results.
h) Repeat steps (d) through (g) for the next target(s).
i) Notify closure control personnel that blasting is complete.

6. Safety Precautions
a) The blaster of record and assistant(s) must always be in contact.
b) No flammable or sparking materials may be carried in the same containers as
the explosives, detonator assemblies, pull-wire lighters, or propellant cups.
c) Only cast explosive primers made for the Avalanche Guard may be used.

31
7. Misfires and Disposal
Refer to Section I: General Procedures (H) , "Misfire Disposal Procedures"
(page 13) and Section I: General Procedures (I), "Standard Disposal of Explosive
Products" (page 14).

32
E. CORNICE CONTROL – BURIED CHARGE PROCEDURES

1. Equipment
− Portable radios
− Timing device
− Blasting log (notebook, tablet, etc.)
− Explosives (ANFO, cast boosters, safety fuse assemblies, detonating cord,
etc.)
− Pull-wire lighters
− Blasting tools and accessories
− Hearing protection
- Appropriate mountaineering equipment

2. Personnel
The blasting team consists of a blaster of record and an assistant(s).
i) Blaster of Record - is responsible for the following:
a) Safety of the entire operation
b) Determining appropriate primer assembly location closest to blasting site
c) Supervision of the construction of the explosive network
d) Ensuring that the area closure is complete
e) Designating the cornice charge placement locations
f) Ensuring that all team members are aware of the blasting plan, routes and
safe alternative routes and rope techniques being employed
Any member of the blasting team has the responsibility and authority to call a halt
to the avalanche control mission if they believe that worker safety is, or is likely
to be, compromised.

3. Preparation of Explosives
See Section II.B.3 - “Case Charge Procedures: Preparation of Explosives”
(page 22).

4. Procedures
a) Identify the work area and proper belay locations and techniques.
b) Lay out a section of detonating cord along the length of the area to be blasted.
Include enough extra cord to have the end of the detonating cord well off the
cornice area. Cut the detonating cord from the roll. Secure both ends with ski
poles.
c) Dig or punch holes in the snow at the required spacing and depth.
d) Bury an explosive charge with detonating cord assembly.
e) Extend detonating cord branch line back to a safe area.
f) Once all charges are placed, properly connect the detonating cord branch lines
from the charge to the main trunk line.
g) Move everyone out of the blasting area and remove ski poles from the ends of
the detonating cord.
33
 h) Ensure the highway sweep/closure has been performed and that the danger
area around the blast area is clear.
i) Properly attach two safety-fuse assemblies to one end of the detonating cord
and notify the team.
j) Trim the fuses immediately prior to the attachment of the pull-wire lighters.
Say "Lighter on" and get confirmation from other team members.
k) Light the fuses and confirm burn. See 6(f) in Section II.A. “Procedures for
Helicopter Deployment of Explosives” (page 16).
l) After ensuring that the fuse is lit, notify team members by saying "Fuse lit."
m) Move to a pre-determined safe location to await detonation.
n) Check for misfire and fall out procedures. Refer to Section I: General
Procedures (H), "Misfire Disposal Procedures" (page 13).
o) Notify closure control personnel that blasting is complete.
p) Tape detonating cord section ends before storage to prevent magazine
contamination.

6. Safety Precautions
a) The team members must always be in contact.
b) Safety fuse assemblies must be carried separately from detonating cord and
other explosive products and should be attached to the trunk line immediately
prior to performing the blast.
c) Hearing protection is to be used during detonation.
d) If the travel time to safety precludes any of the above, then longer sections of
either detonating cord or safety-fuse shall be used to activate the explosives.
e) Personnel must comply with WSBC Part 34.4 Training and Certification
(1) Before allowing a person to perform rope access, the employer must
ensure and document that the person (a) has received training in the safe use
of rope access systems, as appropriate to the work being done, the safe work
practices, skills and practical experience hours described in the following
Groups: (i) RATA, (ii) SPRAT, (iii) ACMG.
f) Blasters must ensure that det cord is compatible with the primer being used.

7. Misfires and Disposal

Refer to Section I: General Procedures (H) , "Misfire Disposal Procedures," and
Section I: General Procedures (I), "Standard Disposal of Explosive Products."

34
WYSSEN AVALANCHE TOWER
EXPLOSIVE USE PROCEDURES

35
Table of Contents

1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 37

1.1 Location ........................................................................................................................................... 37
2.0 Equipment for Blasting ........................................................................................................................ 38
2.1 System Components ...................................................................................................................... 38
2.2 Explosive Charge Components (Materials Per Charge) ............................................................. 38
2.3 Accessory Tools............................................................................................................................. 38
2.4 Other ............................................................................................................................................... 38
3.0 Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 41
4.0 Personnel Roles and Responsibilities ................................................................................................ 41
4.1 Training and Certification .............................................................................................................. 41
5.0 Operational Procedures ...................................................................................................................... 42
5.1 Pre-Season Commissioning ......................................................................................................... 42
5.1.1 Preparation of the Deployment Box ......................................................................................... 42
5.1.2 Explosive Charge Construction ............................................................................................... 43
5.1.3 Loading the Deployment Box with Explosive Charges ............................................................ 44
5.1.4 Test run with Operating Buttons ............................................................................................... 44
5.2 Transportation of the Deployment Box by Helicopter ................................................................ 44
5.2.1 Pre-planning for Helicopter Transportation............................................................................... 45
5.2.2 Helicopter Attachment .............................................................................................................. 45
5.2.3 Placement of the Deployment box on the Tower ..................................................................... 46
5.3 Live Testing and Operational Use................................................................................................ 47
5.3.1 Area Closure ............................................................................................................................ 47
5.3.2 Firing the System ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.3.3 System Malfunctions ................................................................................................................ 48
5.3.4 Misfire Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 48
5.4 Post-Season Decommissioning ................................................................................................... 49
5.4.1 Return Transportation of the Deployment box by Helicopter ................................................... 49
5.4.2 Unloading Explosive Charges from the Deployment box ......................................................... 50
5.4.3 Charge Disassembly ................................................................................................................ 51
5.4.4 Preparing the Deployment box for Storage ............................................................................. 51
5.5 Emergency Procedure - Dropped Deployment box ................................................................... 51

36
1.0 Introduction
Wyssen Avalanche Towers (WAT) will be used for avalanche control on the Trans-
Canada Highway (TCH) at Three Valley Gap (3VG). A WAT is a remote avalanche control
system (RACS) that an avalanche technician uses to deploy explosives into an avalanche
starting zone. The system is operated from a safe location on the highway by means of a
digital interface (e.g. tablet or laptop computer) connected to an encrypted
communication system (e.g. radio, GSM). Explosives are dropped by remote mechanism
from a removable deployment box installed at the top of a tower and are suspended
several meters above the snow surface. The deployment box holds up to twelve
explosive charges (up to 4.5 kg) that are detonated individually.

These procedures describe blasting equipment used with the WAT, personnel training,
the assembly and loading of explosives in the tower deployment box, flight operations
for transport of the tower deployment box by helicopter, deployment of the explosives
using the remote system, and misfires. Procedures are in accordance with WorkSafe BC
(WSBC) Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (OHS) Part 21 – Blasting Operations
and Part 29 - Aerial Operations, Natural Resources Canada Explosive Regulations,
Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations Part 12.12 – Aerial Work and the
Wyssen Avalanche Tower LS12-5 G3 Instruction Manual (v 3.6, June 2016).

1.1 Location
The TCH crosses Three Valley Gap 19 km west of Revelstoke, BC, and is subject to
significant avalanche hazard. Avalanche paths are located on north facing, steep
forested slopes that have no runout prior to reaching the highway. Small snowfall
amounts can result in avalanches large enough to reach the highway and affect vehicles,
thus frequent avalanche control is required. The TCH has an average daily traffic volume
of approximately 3200 vehicles per day, with commercial vehicles representing a
significant portion of this traffic. Traffic volume can be substantially higher during
weekends and holidays.

37
2.0 Equipment for Blasting

The WAT system components and the equipment used for the assembly, loading and
transport of the explosives and tower deployment box are listed below. Further detail of
the system components can be found in the WAT Instruction Manual, Wyssen
Avalanche Control (2016).

2.1 System Components

• Wyssen Avalanche Tower LS12-5 G3.
o The tower deployment box (Figure 1).
o The complete Wyssen Avalanche Tower (Figure 2).
• Wyssen Helicopter Latch HK-02 (Figure 3).
• Web-enabled device (PC, notebook, tablet, smartphone)
• WAC.3 base for radio communication with avalanche tower

2.2 Explosive Charge Components (Materials Per Charge)

• Explosives: Dyno TX, 50 mm x 400 mm (0.96 kg), 4 units (total 3.84 kg).
• Safety fuse assemblies, 30 cm (variance, October 2016), 2 units.
• Wyssen percussion fuse lighters, 2 units.
• Wyssen charge container, 1 unit.
• Cord, 3 mm, approx. 7.5 m in cord sack for charge suspension, 1 unit.
• Wire hooks for connecting pull wire lighters to cord, 2 units.
• Retaining ring to connect suspension line to the cable dropper, 1 unit.
• RECCO reflector, 1 unit.

2.3 Accessory Tools

• Fuse cutters.
• Punch tool.
• Electrical tape.
• Eye protection.
• Gloves

2.4 Other
• Portable radio(s)
• Keys for WAT deployment boxes and control unit.
• Locks for WAT deployment boxes
• Container for safety fuse assemblies

38
Figure 1. Components of the tower deployment box.

39
Figure 2. Components of the complete Wyssen Avalanche Tower system.

Figure 3. Wyssen Helicopter Latch HK-02.

40
3.0 Documentation

Inspection, testing, maintenance, loading, and use of the Wyssen Avalanche Towers will
be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and following
the standard procedures outlined in the WAT Instruction Manual, including
recommendations for:

• Charge construction.
• Loading and unloading the deployment box with explosive charges.
• Transport of the deployment box by helicopter.
• Seasonal recommissioning and decommissioning; and
• Maintenance.

The maintenance section of the manual includes inspection and maintenance

instructions, maintenance schedule, and procedures in case of a malfunction. The
supplier provides a 24-hour telephone service in the case of a system malfunction.

Records of inspections, pre-season and post-season maintenance, and testing will be

maintained. A copy of the Avalanche Safety Plan, WAT Instruction Manual, and
Explosive Use Procedures will be kept at the work site and made available to technicians
using the system.

4.0 Personnel Roles and Responsibilities

4.1 Training and Certification

Personnel performing charge assembly will also be trained in:
• Site orientation.
• WHMIS training.
• TDG certification.
• WorkSafe BC blasting certificate for avalanche control.
• Wyssen Avalanche Tower specific training provided by an authorized Wyssen
representative, covering the following topics:
o System components, including maintenance and function tests.
o Communication system operation and tests.
o Pre-season maintenance requirements.
o Charge assembly and loading.
o Aerial transport operations.
o Misfire procedures; and
o Post-season decommissioning.

41
5.0 Operational Procedures

The operational procedures are presented in three sections for each of the following
periods of use: recommissioning the system at the start of the season, operational use,
and decommissioning the system at the end the winter season. Personnel performing
the tasks described below will meet the training and certification requirements list in
Section 4.1 of the procedures. A Blaster of Record will be designated for explosive
charge assembly, loading, helicopter transport of the deployment box, testing and
operations.

5.1 Pre-Season Commissioning

Prior to the start of each winter season, several tasks are required to prepare the
system for use. This includes inspecting all system components, assembling the
explosive charges, loading the deployment boxes, and transporting the deployment
boxes to the towers.

The charge assembly and loading area will be least 400 m from inhabited areas and
publicly travelled roads. This area will be secured during arming of the system to
prevent unauthorized access.

5.1.1 Preparation of the Deployment Box

1. The docking system spike on the tower is to be cleaned and greased. Smooth out any
irregularities, burrs, or edges with a coarse file. Apply a thick layer of waterproof and
low temperature grease to the spike (grease brand/properties approved by Wyssen).
2. The battery (ies) on the deployment box are charged with a voltage of 12.8 V.
3. Position the deployment box to ensure that there is not more than 30 cm of free height
below the bottom of the deployment box (deployment hole).
4. Prior to loading, each deployment box is located such that it is moved less than 50 m to
the helicopter attachment point.
5. Open all padlocks on the cover and turn the locking level through 90°.
6. Lift the cover using handles provided until the safety catch engages. This is a two-person
task due to the heavy weight.
7. Set all sliders of the cable droppers into the rear position.
8. Unfasten the hand screws of the tube holder cover and remove the cover.
9. Remove cable droppers from their notches.

42
5.1.2 Explosive Charge Construction
1. Preparation of the charge container:
a. Place a RECCO reflector on the inside of one of the plastic half shells, between the ribs.
b. Insert the explosive cartridge(s) into one half of the plastic shell. Ensure the cartridge(s)
sits at the bottom end of the plastic shell.
c. Snap the second half of the plastic shell together with the first one, starting with the
tabs at the bottom of the shell working upwards.

2. Preparation of the retaining cord:

a. Guide the retaining cord through the four holes on the top end of the plastic shell join
the two ends with a Flemish bend (Figure 8 Knot).
b. Release the cord attached to the back of the pre-assembled cord sack and then fasten
the sack with a girth hitch to the retaining cord.
c. Clip the spring hooks into the eyelets of the percussion fuse ignitor and insert the cord
sack with the end (ring) on top.
d. Place the foam stopper on the top of the cord sack to protect and secure the inserted
retaining cord and percussion fuse ignitor.

3. Preparation of the safety fuse:

a. Prepare the safety fuse assemblies with approved tools by cutting the fuse to a length of
30 cm.

4. Priming of the charge:

a. Loosen the screw sleeves at the bottom of the percussion fuse ignitors by approximately
1 turn and remove the plug. Do not unscrew completely. Hold the ignitor at the top with
one hand to prevent twisting. NOTE: If the ignitor should be completely unscrewed, do
not reassemble; this ignitor must not be used.
b. Push the free end of the safety fuse assembly fully up into the ignitor and firmly tighten
the screw sleeve (compression fitting). Hold the ignitor by the lug with one hand while
tightening the screw sleeve to prevent twisting. Repeat for the second safety fuse
assembly.
c. Pierce explosive cartridge(s) with the punch tool through the side holes in the plastic
shell and insert the detonator on the safety fuse assembly securely into the cartridge.
Repeat for the second safety fuse assembly.
d. Clip the safety fuse assemblies into the plastic clips on the inside of the plastic shell.

5. Securing the primed charge:

a. The primed charge is placed and secured in the temporary storage rack.
b. A quality control inspection is conducted for each charge by a second trained person,
completely independent of the construction process. This inspection will confirm the
charge is assembled correctly following the procedure described above.

43
5.1.3 Loading the Deployment Box with Explosive Charges
1. Bring the prepared explosive charge to the deployment box and set it down on the
surface next to the flashing light. The prepared charges should never be handled or
transported one-handed.
2. Carefully remove the foam stopper from the charge while ensuring the retaining cord
stays in place.
3. Take hold of the explosive charge on the inside of the plastic shell through the holes at
the upper edge of the tube and carefully insert the charge into the tube holder,
beginning with Tube #12 and working in descending order.
4. Attach the ring on the end of the retaining cord to the cable dropper by inserting the
ring into the center slot on cable dropper and push the slider to the front extended
position, which holds the ring. The slider goes into the front position by pressing the
metal pin at the bottom of the cable dropper.
5. Lay the cable dropper into the notches of the tube holder so that the ball bearings point
to the center of the deployment box. Both recesses in the cable dropper must lie within
the tube holder to prevent the cable dropper from shifting.
6. Ensure the retaining ring is correctly mounted in the cable dropper. After this check,
avoid touching the cable dropper.
7. Replace the tube holder cover and tighten the hand screws.
8. Conduct a test run with the switches on the control system (per section 5.1.4).

5.1.4 Test run with Operating Buttons

Prior to transporting the unit, a test run is carried out using the operating switches on
the control system. The display serves to indicate important information about the
system.

1. Pull out the emergency stop master switch until the yellow marking is visible.
2. Press the test button until the hourglass on the display switches off again (5 seconds).
The flashing warning triangle signals test operation.
3. Press the start button until the hourglass on the display turns off again (2 seconds).
4. The test run now proceeds automatically and lasts about 8 minutes, depending on the
number of charges.
5. When the warning triangle switches off, the test run has been successfully concluded.
Do not switch off the control system or carry out another test run prior to
transportation.
6. Once the system test is completed, close the deployment box, attach the padlocks, and
prepare for transportation.

5.2 Transportation of the Deployment Box by Helicopter

The transportation of the deployment box by air is regulated by Transport Canada and
the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Directorate. Personnel performing the tasks

44
 described below will meet the training and certification requirements list in Section 4.1
of the procedures.

The Wyssen deployment box is a small means of containment designed and secured to
prevent the accidental release and detonation of the explosives during transport.
Further safety measures are described in the procedures below to minimize risk to
workers and the public.

The helicopter loading area and flight corridor will be least 400 m from inhabited areas
and publicly travelled roads. This area will be secured to prevent unauthorized access
during the arming process. If the flight path requires that a publicly travelled road be
crossed, specific procedures must be developed in accordance with WSBC OHS Part 18

5.2.1 Pre-planning for Helicopter Transportation

1. The pilot-in-command is provided with written information for each of the dangerous
goods being transported, including:
a. The shipping name, UN number and class; and
b. The net explosive quantity (NEQ).
2. The pilot-in-command and ground crew review the operational procedures, operation of
the load-carrying equipment, the flight plan, dangers when flying external loads, and
emergency procedures in addition to the standard pre-work tailboard (safety) meeting.
3. A long-line with an automatic electrical latch is used for transporting the deployment
box. The helicopter company is responsible for ensuring good working condition of all
load-bearing elements. The elements must be designed to carry loads of at least 700 kg.
4. No passengers are allowed in the helicopter during transportation of the deployment
box.

5.2.2 Helicopter Attachment

1. In addition to the 400 m distance requirement, the staging area/receiving point of the
loaded deployment box must be suitable for helicopter operations with appropriate
approach and departure corridors.
2. Ensure weather conditions are suitable for helicopter operations.
3. The ground staff must wear an approved helmet or hardhat with chin strap, safety
glasses, high visibility vest, gloves, suitable clothing, and solid footwear.
4. No use of the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre software is allowed during
transportation of the deployment boxes. Use of the software is only permitted after the
deployment box has been placed on the tower and the helicopter has left the danger
area.
5. The Blaster of Record is responsible for a final check of each deployment box prior to
transport to ensure the charge-dropping mechanism is on stand-by and the latch,
padlocks and dropping hole are closed and secure.

45
 6. During the approach to the receiving point, the pilot must establish contact with the
ground staff as a communication check. If this attempt fails, the helicopter must land,
and the malfunction rectified prior to transportation.
7. The electric latch is connected directly to the transport hanger of the deployment box.
8. After attaching the deployment box to the helicopter, no persons can be under the
suspended load.

5.2.3 Placement of the Deployment box on the Tower

1. The pilot brings the insertion funnel directly over the docking spike on the top of the
tower, following the range of permitted approach angle in Figure 4.
2. As the deployment box is lowered onto the docking spike, the deployment box will
automatically turn into the correct alignment. A flashing light on top of the deployment
box blinks for 1 minute as soon as it is correctly positioned.
3. If during the positioning maneuvers, the deployment box hits the tower heavily or is
positioned roughly, the internal mechanism may be damaged and the pilot should not
release the latch and must return the deployment box to the staging area for a test run.
4. One the pilot confirms the deployment box sits firmly on the docking spike and is
correctly positioned; the latch can then be released.
a. In the case the deployment box is released but not positioned correctly (i.e. no flashing
light), the deployment box must be retrieved using the HK-02 latch and returned to the
staging area.
5. After positioning of the deployment box, a test run is conducted. The test must only be
started after the helicopter has left the danger area around the avalanche tower.
6. Once all deployment boxes have been placed, a flight with a second trained person will
be done to confirm each deployment box is placed on the correct tower.

46
Figure 4. Range of permitted approach angle when placing the deployment box on the tower.

5.3 Live Testing and Operational Use

5.3.1 Area Closure

An area closure will be implemented as described in Section 3.2 Closures of the Dynamic
Avalanche Consulting Ltd. General Explosive Use Procedures for Avalanche Control. For
publicly travelled roads, the closure will also be in accordance with WSBC OHSR Part 18
and the managing agency of the roadway (e.g. BC Ministry of Transportation).

The general sequence of events from initiating the closure to re-opening the area
following explosive control will be as follows:
1. Initiate the area closure.
2. Proceed to a safe firing location.
3. Ensure that the closure is effective, and the danger area is clear.
4. Use the firing control system (Section 5.3.2) to control the selected WAT on the selected
target.
5. Confirm detonation of the WAT using one or more of the following means: system
detection by geophone, acoustically, visually.
6. Misfire check.
7. Record the results.
8. Repeat steps 4 through 7 for the next target(s).
9. Notify closure control personnel that blasting has been completed.

47
5.3.2 Firing the System
The Wyssen avalanche towers are controlled using a web application
(control.wyssenavalanche.com) to access the firing system. Individual login credentials
and a code list are used to maintain a high standard of safety and security. The entry of
login credentials and a single-use numeric code from the code list is required prior to
accessing the firing system. The firing system communicates with the towers via an
encrypted radio communication system.

To fire the system:

1. Load the web application and enter your login credentials.
2. Enter the 8-digit numerical code.
3. The firing system is now activated until a charge is deployed, or until the time-out limit
of 15 minutes is reached.
4. After deploying the charge, detonation must be confirmed. Detonation can be
confirmed in three ways:
a. Automatic detection by the geophone and displayed in the firing system.
b. Acoustically.
c. Visually.
5. The firing system will display a “Closed and Secure” status for the tower, indicating that
dropping hole is sealed and the firing system connection is terminated.

5.3.3 System Malfunctions

If a fault occurs during the firing sequence, it is treated as a misfire the misfire
procedures in Section 5.3.4 are followed. The Wyssen Avalanche Control 24-hour
support line should be contacted immediately.

5.3.4 Misfire Procedure

If a misfire has occurred and is not recovered or disposed of before another shot is used
to reduce the avalanche hazard, all miss fire protocols must be followed before snow
removal along the highway can take place. As per the WSBC Variance VR201600107 in
Appendixes.

A misfire occurs when detonation cannot be confirmed by any of the three methods
described in Section 5.3.2. Four types of misfires can occur (Type A1, A2, B1 and B2).
Type A misfires are those which are hanging on the cord and Type B misfires are those
which are lying in the snow. All types of misfires will be handled using the following
procedures:

1. Maintain the area closure.

2. Observe the minimum waiting period of 30 minutes before approaching the danger,
either by foot or in a helicopter.

48
 3. Locate and visualize the misfire. This may require the use of a helicopter for towers that
are difficult to access. Consider that misfires could potentially slide away from the tower
and may have the potential to trigger an avalanche and be carried downslope to
highway elevation.
4. Under no circumstances may a deployment box be transported beneath a helicopter
with a suspended misfire.
5. If a cord is found in a misfire, it must not be pulled since this can activate the percussion
fuse lighter and detonate the charge.
6. A misfire must not be moved. If the charge contains a safety fuse and is re-blasted, the
workers must not return to the blast site for 30 minutes after detonation.
7. For both Type A and B misfires, confirm the wire hooks are evident on the cord, which
confirms the percussion fuse lighter was activated. If the wire hooks are not evident (i.e.
still attached to the percussion fuse lighter), the percussion fuse lighter may not have
been activated and extra caution is required.
8. For Type A misfires, remotely release the charge retaining cord from the deployment
box.
9. Once the misfire is on the snow surface (Type B) or already on the surface (Type B),
deploy a conventional explosive to detonate or destroy the misfire, as per the helicopter
control or hand charging misfire procedure.
10. Confirm the detonation and perform a post-blast inspection to confirm the misfire was
destroyed.

5.4 Post-Season Decommissioning

During the summer, it is preferable to house to the deployment boxes in secure, dry
storage. Explosive charges that have not been used are preferably detonated prior to
deployment box removal, but if this is not possible (e.g. malfunction of the deployment
box), the charges must be removed from the deployment box and destroyed as the
safety fuse must not be dissembled.

5.4.1 Return Transportation of the Deployment box by Helicopter

The Wyssen helicopter latch is attached to the automatic electrical latch on the long line
to retrieve the deployment box.

The Wyssen helicopter latch must be regularly inspected and tested for proper
functioning and damage prior to each transport of the deployment box as follows:

• The latch must be free to move upwards as far as the stop.

• The latch must drop and close independently through its own weight.
• In the closed state, the notch of the latch must lie on top of the supporting bolt.
• No cracks shall be visible on the latch or handle; and
• The latch and the handle must not be deformed.

49
 If any defects are found or if there are any uncertainties, the helicopter latch in question
must not be used.

The Wyssen helicopter latch is used for the return transport of the deployment box
only. This allows the attachment of the deployment box to the helicopter longline
without the assistance of ground personnel. Under no circumstance may the latch be
used for the lifting of other loads. During the lifting of the deployment box, no
personnel are permitted to be on or near the tower.

The following procedure is used to retrieve the deployment box from the tower.

1. The pilot then flies over the deployment box and lowers the Wyssen helicopter latch
over the fork of the transport hanger on the deployment box. Once lowered far enough,
the latch on the Wyssen helicopter hanger will catch the transport hanger and secure
the deployment box to the helicopter longline.
2. As the pilot lifts the deployment box off the tower, they must ensure that they are lifting
vertically to ensure that they do not cause damage to the tower.
3. As soon as the deployment box is lifted off the tower, the monitoring switch
automatically deactivates the power supply to prevent an accidental release of a
charge, should charges remain in the deployment box.
4. The deployment box is transported to the staging area and set down carefully.
5. The deployment box must be resting on the ground and the helicopter longline not
under tension prior to uncoupling. The latch must only be opened by the black lever on
the Wyssen helicopter hanger by ground staff.
6. Once the deployment box is released, the pilot is signaled so they can depart.

5.4.2 Unloading Explosive Charges from the Deployment box

If the deployment box is returned to the staging area with explosive charges still inside,
the following steps are followed when unloading:

1. Open all padlocks on the cover and turn the locking level through 90°.
2. Lift the cover using handles provided until the safety catch engages. This is a two-person
task due to the heavy weight.
3. Press the emergency stop master switch to ensure the system is deactivated and to
protect the batteries during summer storage.
4. Activate all sliders on the cable dropper by pressing the side of the ball bearings toward
the back.
5. Ensure the retaining ring is disengaged from the cable dropper.
6. Remove the cable dropper from the tube holder.
7. Take hold of the charge through the holes at the top of the plastic shell and lift out of
the tube holder.
8. The primed charge is placed and secured in the temporary storage rack until the blaster
is prepared to destroy or disassemble the charge.

50
 9. Close the deployment box.

5.4.3 Charge Disassembly

1. Loosen the screw sleeves at the bottom of the percussion fuse ignitor by one turn.
2. Remove the both safety fuse assemblies from the percussion fuse ignitors through the
openings on the side of the plastic shell.
3. With a slow, smooth, and even pressure, remove both safety fuse assemblies from the
charges. If resistance is encountered, the charge should not be disabled and must be
destroyed in an appropriate safe location using the misfire procedure.
4. The safety fuse assemblies may not be reused if disassembled.
5. If the explosive charges are going to be stored in the plastic shells for future use, the
plugs must be inserted into the bottom of the percussion fuse ignitors to protect them
from moisture.
6. If the explosives are being stored for future use, the expiration date should be noted
and must not be exceeded during subsequent use.

5.4.4 Preparing the Deployment box for Storage

To ensure that the battery survives the summer without any damage, it should be
completely charged prior to being placed in storage. Connect the battery to the
charger for at least 24 hours. The battery must only be charged with a designated
battery charger which has temperature-controlled charging voltage. Battery chargers
such as those used for car batteries are not suitable and damage the battery.

5.5 Emergency Procedure - Dropped Deployment box

In the unlikely event the deployment box is dropped during helicopter transport, it will
be known to the Blaster of Record whether the deployment box contains explosives. If
it does not, then a plan can be put in place to safely recover the deployment box. If
the deployment box does contain explosives, the following procedure is followed by
the Blaster of Record:

1. Dial 911 to activate required emergency services (police, fire and/or ambulance).
2. Begin evacuation of the area around the deployment box to 1600 m in all directions.

3. Contact the following:

a. Local RCMP Detachment (detachment listings can be found here: http://www.rcmp-
grc.gc.ca/detach/index-eng.htm);
b. Emergency Management British Columbia (PEP) 1-800-663-3456 (24 hours)
c. Regional Transportation Management Centre 1-866-706-7862 (24 hours)
d. Explosive technical advisors as necessary (Dyno Nobel Inc.).
e. Wyssen Avalanche Control Inc. (Switzerland) +41 79 628 10 83

51
 f. Notify Explosives Regulatory Division – Pacific Region 604-666-03661.
g. Notify WorkSafe BC 1-888-621-7233.

4. Assist the Emergency Response Personnel (Incident Commander and/or Task Force
Team Leader), in the role of Technical Advisor to recover and disposed of explosive
products safely and efficiently.
a. Assess explosive division type(s), quantity, and conditions at the accident site to
determine minimum evacuation distance.
b. Arrange for the delivery of explosives clean up materials and equipment as necessary
for the severity and extent of spilled explosives.
c. Confirm with Incident Commander and/or Accident Site Commander that assistance
from outside agencies (e.g. RCMP, EMBC and CANUTEC) has been requested and
dispatched as necessary. Ensure that essential personnel only are involved in the
transfer and clean-up of spilled explosive products to minimize risk.
d. In consultation with external expertise (e.g. Wyssen, Dyno Nobel, WorkSafe BC), advise
the Incident Commander and/or Accident Site Commander of the most appropriate
actions to ensure safety of all personnel involved.
e. Liaise closely with the Incident Commander and/or Accident Site Commander and
outside agencies at the accident site (e.g. RCMP) to ensure that all decisions made
reflect the utmost concern for safety of involved personnel.
f. Ensure that the area has been thoroughly searched to confirm that all spilled explosive
materials have been removed prior to re-opening the evacuated area.

6.0 Closure

These procedures have been developed for use by Dynamic Avalanche Consulting Ltd.
with the Wyssen Avalanche Tower (WAT).

They describe blasting equipment used with the WAT, personnel training, the assembly
and loading of explosives in the tower deployment box, flight operations for the
helicopter transport of the tower deployment box, deployment of the explosives using
the remote system and misfires. Procedures are in accordance with WorkSafe BC
(WSBC) Occupational Health and Safety Regulations (OHS Part 21 – Blasting Operations
and Part 29 - Aerial Operations, Natural Resources Canada Explosive Regulations,
Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations Part 12.12 – Aerial Work and the
Wyssen Avalanche Tower LS12-5 G3 Instruction Manual (v 3.6, June 2016).

These procedures will be reviewed annually and if any changes are made, they must
be approved in writing by WorkSafe BC.

52
 EN

Instruction Manual (original)

Wyssen Avalanche Tower LS12-5 G3
Wyssen Helicopter Latch HK-02

Snow is our element

Safety through technology is our strength

V 3.
06/2016
Safety Information
This manual contains information that must be observed for your personal safety, the safety of other persons and for the
prevention of material damage. Such information is highlighted by a warning triangle and displayed depending on the degree of
risk in the following manner.

Danger indicates that death or severe bodily injury will occur if the corresponding safety measures are not

Warning indicates that death or severe bodily injury can occur if the corresponding safety measures are not

Caution with a warning triangle indicates that mild or moderately sever injury can occur if the corresponding

Qualified Personnel
Personnel operating the Wyssen avalanche towers or the Wyssen helicopter latch must be officially appointed by the company
management. Furthermore, the staff must also possess personal certification of training on the installations carried out by
the manufacturer as well as a nationally valid licence for the artificial release of avalanches with explosives for operating the
avalanche tower.

Instructions by colleagues within the company are not valid as a replacement for the installation training by the supplier.
Persons who have not been trained by the supplier and who do not have the above-mentioned certification may not operate this
installation.

If required, refresher training courses from the supplier may be requested at any time by the operator of the installations.

Intended Use
The avalanche tower is designed to trigger controlled avalanches by blasting. This is to safeguard avalanche-endangered
installations, ski slopes, buildings, transport routes etc. where uncontrolled avalanches could lead to injury or damage to p ersons
or property.

The intended use of this equipment is solely for the controlled release of avalanches and may only be operated by trained
personnel in accordance with the regulations and after precise assessment of the current situation with regard to residual risks.

The installation is only to be used in conjunction with other devices and components that are recommended or approved by
Wyssen Avalanche Control AG.

The proper and safe operation of the product requires correct transportation, assembly, storage as well as careful operation and
maintenance.

3
Introduction
The objective of this instruction manual is to provide the user with complete information and all necessary details in order to use
the installations safely and properly.

This instruction manual is intended specifically for the personnel responsible for operating and maintenance, and who have th e
appropriate qualification and training with the corresponding permit.

Preparation of the foundation and also assembling or disman tling the tower will be described in separate documentation, that is
intended for the responsible engineers and the personnel carrying out the construction.

The recommended FOM supplement given in the Annex is intended for helicopter companies that carry out flights transporting
the avalanche tower magazine-boxes. In order to carry out the order, these must get approved by the State Aviation Authority
with the FOM supplemented with this specific operational procedure.

The present instruction manual must be carefully read and understood prior to commissioning the installations and must be on
hand at all times during operation and maintenance of these. If, for any reason, this document should no longer be available or
becomes illegible, it is imperative that a new document be immediately requested or made available.

Separate courses and literature are necessary in order to be able to make an in-depth analysis of the on-the-spot avalanche
situation.

Service & Support on the Internet

In addition to this documentation, we also offer our expertise online under the following link:

www.wyssenavalanche.com

You will find the following useful information under these addresses:

( product-specific details
( remote maintenance tool download
( newsletter with current information about our products
( information about repairs, replacement parts, service etc.
( e-learning about the Wyssen avalanche tower LS12-5
Technical Support
A technically qualified support team is globally available for you at all times if you have questions and
problems.

Switzerland Austria Norway

Tel: +41 79 628 10 83 Tel: +43 664 460 30 10 Tel: 971 23 582

E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

Canada Chile
Tel: +41 79 628 10 83 Tel: +41 79 628 10 83

E-Mail: [email protected] E-Mail: [email protected]

Certifications
The Wyssen Avalanche Control avalanche tower LS12-5 (Art. no. 411.100B) conforms to the relevant
provisions of the CE-machine directives (CE-directive 2006/42/EG and 2004/108/EG), including their
changes, and also to the corresponding legislation for implementing the directive into national law.

5
Inhalt
Description of the Installation ............................................................................................ 10
General Safety Regulations ................................................................................................ 14
Construction of the Installation .......................................................................................... 21
Charge construction ........................................................................................................... 28
Loading and unloading the magazine with explosive charges ........................................... 35
Remote-control with the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3.................................. 40
Transport of the magazine-box by helicopter..................................................................... 42
Seasonal decommissioning/recommissioning .................................................................. 46
Maintenance........................................................................................................................ 49
Malfunctions ....................................................................................................................... 51
Misfires (sollte doch Duds sein) ......................................................................................... 52
Emergencies ....................................................................................................................... 55
List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 56
Glossary.............................................................................................................................. 57
Recommended literature .................................................................................................... 58
Annex .................................................................................................................................. 59
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Description of the Installation ............................................................................................ 10
Advantages............................................................................................................................................................................ 10
Construction of the complete installation ............................................................................................................................ 11
Technical Data - magazine-box........................................................................................................................................... 12
Mass of avalanche tower ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
General Safety Regulations ................................................................................................ 14
Presentation of the safety notices ....................................................................................................................................... 14
Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................... 14
General information .............................................................................................................................................................. 15
Licensing and training of personnel .................................................................................................................................... 15
Initial commissioning ............................................................................................................................................................ 16
Maintenance .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Work-specific dangers .......................................................................................................................................................... 17
Safety functions .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Construction of the Installation .......................................................................................... 21
Assemblies ............................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Magazine-box ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21
Tower ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Communication ..................................................................................................................................................................... 24
L07 explosive charge............................................................................................................................................................ 25
Wyssen Helicopter Latch HK-02.......................................................................................................................................... 26
Charge construction ........................................................................................................... 28
Requirements for the personnel carrying out the operations ............................................................................................ 28
The work place when assembling the charges .................................................................................................................. 28
Approved explosive products............................................................................................................................................... 28
Individual charge components ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Accessories and tools........................................................................................................................................................... 30
Assembling the charge ......................................................................................................................................................... 31
Loading and unloading the magazine with explosive charges ........................................... 35
Safety regulations when loading and unloading ................................................................................................................ 35
Preparation of the magazine-box ........................................................................................................................................ 35
Loading the explosive charges ............................................................................................................................................ 36
Unloading explosive charges ............................................................................................................................................... 38
Test run with operating buttons in the magazine ............................................................................................................... 39
Remote-control with the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3.................................. 40
Blasting .................................................................................................................................................................................. 40
Service and Support ............................................................................................................................................................. 41
Transport of the magazine-box by helicopter..................................................................... 42
Safety regulations ................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Placing the magazine-box on the tower.............................................................................................................................. 44
Return transport of the magazine-box from the tower ....................................................................................................... 45
Seasonal decommissioning/recommissioning .................................................................. 46
Decommissioning after end of season................................................................................................................................ 46
Recommissioning prior to start of each season ................................................................................................................. 47
Charging the battery ............................................................................................................................................................. 47
Maintenance........................................................................................................................ 49
Maintenance schedule ......................................................................................................................................................... 49
Malfunctions ....................................................................................................................... 51
Procedure in case of a malfunction..................................................................................................................................... 51
Misfires (sollte doch Duds sein) ......................................................................................... 52
Detection of a misfire............................................................................................................................................................ 52
Preparing safety precautions ............................................................................................................................................... 52
Types of misfires ................................................................................................................................................................... 53
Emergencies ....................................................................................................................... 55
List of abbreviations ........................................................................................................... 56
Glossary.............................................................................................................................. 57
Recommended literature .................................................................................................... 58

7
Annex .................................................................................................................................. 59
Error list ................................................................................................................................................................................. 60
FOM “Flight Operations Manual” ......................................................................................................................................... 61
Regulations of recovery of misfires (duds) ......................................................................................................................... 64
Data Sheet Riomon T1......................................................................................................................................................... 65
CE-Conformity LS 12-5 ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
CE-Conformity HK-02 ........................................................................................................................................................... 71
Elektroschema....................................................................................................................................................................... 72
9
1 Description of the Installation
The Wyssen avalanche tower is designed for the controlled release of avalanches with remote-controlled blasting. It can be
used is to safeguard avalanche -endangered installations, ski slopes, buildings, roads etc. where uncontrolled avalanches could
lead to injury or damage to persons or property.

To trigger an avalanche, a command is given by a wireless connection from the command centre to the control system of the
magazine-box to initiate blasting.

The magazine-box contains 12 prepared explosive charges, which can be individually dropped.

When the explosive charge is dropped, two percussion fuses are pulled and the explosion is set off after a time delay.

The charge remains hanging from a cord at a pre-set height above the snow surface, which is completely dropped following
blasting. To reload the explosive charges, the complete magazine-box is lifted from the tower by a helicopter and brought to a
station building.

Besides the charge dropper function, a system test, a so-called test run, can also be carried out. The test run serves as a
function check of the entire mechanism and control system in the magazine-boxes as well as determining whether explosive
charges have been removed by theft.

1.1 Advantages
Smallest residual risk thanks to the greatest sphere of Highest cost-effectiveness
action ( low investment and operating cost in comparison with
( Blasting above the snow with larger charges (4.5kg) gives permanent constructional protective measures

the maximum sphere of action up to 260m in diameter

( minimal operational costs thanks to its ingenious system
( Explosives with a high-frequency N-shaped pressure wave concept
have been proven to lead to the best release effect,
( damage to the infrastructure is avoided by the release of
particularly at a greater distance from the detonation point
smaller portions
( The possibility of positioning the installation in higher
( economic benefits thanks to reduced closure times
locations in addition to suspending the charge higher
enables the effect to be reached in pressure shadow
locations (in couloirs, behind terrain ribs) Highest degree of safety for the operating staff
( thanks to remote-controlled release, no staff in the danger
( Release of the smallest quantities of snow is possible
area
thanks to its high effectiveness
( preparation of the charges takes place in protected areas
( Very good stability test for assessing the local avalanche
danger ( the mobility of the magazine-box means that no
maintenance is necessary in the terrain
Maximum reliability
( No critical or moving parts are exposed to the weather, The smallest interference in nature is very
environmentally friendly
thanks to its intelligent concept
( foundation only requires 1m2
( The solar power supply or wind generator avoid the
necessity of vulnerable supply lines in the terrain ( short construction times in the terrain simplify planning and
implementation
Reduced closure times thanks to rapid release, around ( blasting over the ground prevents damage to the vegetation
the clock and in all weathers cover
( remote-controlled installations allow operation around the ( dismantling after operating life possible without any
clock problems
( very rapid operation possible
( closure times are reduced to a minimum
( clearing away avalanche snow is usually dispensed with,
since the avalanche run-outs are short due to the release
of smaller portions
1.2 Construction of the complete installation

1
5
7

1 Magazine-box 6 Dropping hole

2 Tower 7 Mounting installation
3 Transport hanger for helicopter 8 Retaining line for the charge
4 Radio aerial 9 Dropped charge
5 Solar panel 10 Foundation plate with rock anchors or micropiles
11
1.3 Technical Data - magazine-box
1.3.1 General information
Description Wyssen avalanche tower
Abbreviated designation LS12-5
Weight of complete magazine-box unloaded approx. 544 kg (up to 2008 approx. 620 kg)
Dimensions Magazine-box (l x w x h) 1600 mm x 1050 mm x1200 mm
Protection class when magazine closed IP43

1.3.2 Loading
Number charges per launcher 12 pcs.
Amount of explosives per charge max. 4.5 kg

1.3.3 Energy supply

Battery in magazine-box supplied by solar panel 12V

1.3.4 Data transmission

( EGSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 MHz
( GSM / GPRS Protocol stack 3GPP Release 4 compilant
( Transmission in concession-free data channels in the 430MHz or 868MHz range

1.3.5 Tower
Version Standard height
Typ N (normal) 8m 10m 12m
Typ V (reinforced) 8m 10m 12m

For detailed data about the tower, please refer to the foundation Instructions

1.3.6 Temperature
The permitted temperature range of the magazine-box extends from -20°C to +40°C.

Test runs and blasting may only be carried out when the temperature lies within this range.
 1.4 Mass of avalanche tower

Tower in wint r Tower in summ er

with magazine-box without magazine-box

10.9m
(12.9/14.9)

8.8m
(10.8/12.8)

13
2 General Safety Regulations
2.1 Presentation of the safety notices
Safety notices about danger and warnings, prohibitions and requirements are identified by the following pictograms in the
instruction manual and on the product.

Explosive materials warning Corrosive substances warning

Warning of hand injuries Observe instructions for use

Access for unauthorized forbidden Starting of any fire prohibited

2.2 Principles
Incorrect operation, release of blasting at the wrong time or while there are persons in the danger area can

The installation described here conforms to the state of the art technology and to the recognised safety requirements.
Nevertheless, dangers can arise, particularly when handling explosive materials and at the controlled release of avalanches.
Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that the installation is in perfect condition and operated in compliance with the
instruction manual.

The effective legislation in the country of use must be observed at all costs when handling explosives. This applies particularly
for acquisition, transportation, storage, handling utilisation and destruction/disposal of explosives and pyrotechnic articles.
2.3 General information
Prior to commissioning, the present instruction manual must be read and the instructions contained therein must be strictly
followed. In case of any ambiguity or product defects, contact the supplier immediately.

Care must be taken that no operations are performed with the magazine-box as long as there are persons in

This means that the whole of danger area 1 must be evacuated, cordoned off and secured by checkpoints prior to any
manipulation involving a movement of the dropping mechanism in the magazine-box (blasting, test run). The exact rules of
conduct prior to and during blasting must conform to the rules of blasting technology, in accordance with the instructions to
get authorisation to artificially release avalanches by blasting. The regulations can be found in the explosives legislation of the
respective country.

The danger area mentioned may only then be released for access by persons, if the avalanche fracture zone has been secured
and regarded as being safe.

This cannot be definitely guaranteed with a blast from the avalanche tower described above. The avalanche danger must first be
declared safe by a locally responsible avalanche expert before release of access for persons.

The manufacturer will not assume any liability for damage caused by pressure effects or avalanches arising from blasting or
after blasting with the Wyssen avalanche tower has taken place. If for unknown reasons, blasting with the installation described
above either cannot take place or only inadequately (e.g. if the installation does not function), alternative securing methods must
be used or the area cordoned off for persons.

It is the responsibility of the locally responsible avalanche expert to decide whether and at what point in time blasting will be
carried out. It is also his responsibility to decide after blasting has taken place, whether and when an area endangered by
avalanches can be reopened for persons.

There is a residual risk of a misfire with the avalanche tower, too. In compliance with the statutory provisions, these must be
recovered and defused. The manufacturer will not assume any liability for injury to persons or material damage as a result of
misfires.

It is strictly forbidden to dismantle, bridge or bypass safety and monitoring equipment.

In the case of emergency situations (such e.g. unintentional triggering of the primer during assembly of the charges etc.), the
person responsible for blasting draws up a safety concept and instructs the operating staff accordingly.

2.4 Licensing and training of personnel

Personnel operating the Wyssen avalanche tower must be officially appointed by the company management and trained by the
supplier of the installation with the appropriate personal certification.

Persons who have not been trained by the supplier and who do not have the appropriate certification may not operate
the installation, even if they have been instructed within the company by work colleagues. Refresher courses are to be
commissioned as required by the operator with the supplier.

In addition, personnel must be authorised and possess a permit for handling explosives for artificial release of avalanches.

Switzerland:
Are in possession of a valid permit for the artificial release of avalanches issued by the SBFI (State Secretariat for Education,
Research and Innovation).

Austria:
Expertise certificate for general blasting operations (“person authorised for blasting”) compliant with the expertise ordinance.

Norway:
Are in possession of a valid permit for technical blasting issued by the Norwegian Directorate for Civil Protection (DSB).

15
Service and maintenance work may only be carried out on the installation that are described in this instruction manual. Any
further work must be carried out by the supplier’s qualified personnel. If any malfunctions occur of the installation, the supplier
must be informed at all costs, independent of whether these can be rectified in-house or by qualified personnel.
It is prohibited to independently carry out mechanical modifications and alterations on the installation or to reprogram the
operating software.

Depending on the explosive used, wearing of special protective clothing may be prescribed, e.g. safety gloves o r respiratory
protection for the preparation of explosive charges. Here the safety regulations of the explosives supplier must be observed.

For operating and handling of the installation, the acknowledged rules for occupational safety are to be observed.
(CH: SUVA, AT: Work Inspectorate, NO: The Norwegian Labour Inspection Authority)

2.5 Initial commissioning

Initial commissioning of the installation may only be executed by personnel from the installation’s supplier. The official handover
of the installation is made and confirmed following commissioning by the operator and supplier according to the acceptance and
inspection report.

Recommissioning after the seasonal break in operations can be carried out independently by personnel trained and qualified by
the supplier in accordance with this manual.

2.6 Maintenance
The operator of the installation is obliged to have the supplier carry out maintenance for each individual installation utilised. This
includes an annual inspection with maintenance and servicing of the installation by the supplier.
See chapter 9.1.4
 2.7 Work-specific dangers
The various sources of danger that can arise in the different regions around the installation are explained below.

Gefahr durch
besteigen des Gefahr durch
Masten

Gefahr durch

Gefahr durch

2.7.1 Danger area 1 (G1)

Area when an avalanche is released.
The following dangers exist when an avalanche is released with the avalanche tower.

( Danger through the explosion (pressure wave) in a range of up to 500m

Prior to any blasting it has to be ensured by checkpoints that nobody is in the danger area of the explosion.
( Danger due to avalanche
Prior to any blasting it has to be ensured by checkpoints that nobody is in the region of the avalanche path
( Danger from an unexpectedly long run -out distance of the avalanche
On the basis of the snow conditions (risk after heavy snow falls), it must be assessed whether a controlled
release can be carried out at all.
( Danger though remote-controlled release
The danger of triggering a secondary avalanche must be assessed on the basis of the snow cover stability,
topography, propagation of seismic waves or air pressure respectively.
Fazit
( To prevent personal injury, evacuation, closure and safeguarding of the whole danger area by checkpoints
are prerequisites for a controlled remote-controlled release of avalanches.

17
2.7.2 Danger area 2 (G2)
Area during preparation and reloading of explosive charges.
In this area there exists a danger of unintentional triggering off an explosion during handling (reloading or maintenance work).
For this reason only trained personnel may carry out this work. Access to the following areas during this time is prohibited for
unauthorised persons.

( Explosives magazine including the transport route to the location of assembly of the charges
( Area around the work place during assembly of explosive charges
( Area of the short-term intermediate storage of the explosives after assembly of the charge
( Area along the transport route from the assembly work place to the magazine -box
( Area around the magazine -box during placing and removing charges

2.7.3 Danger area 3 (G3)

Area around a misfire.
If a charge dropped by the avalanche tower does no detonate, this is a misfire. This poses particular dangers, to which attention
must be paid, see chapter 11.0 Misfires.
It is possible that the percussion fuse of the explosive charge has not been pulled, which means that the charge is still live.
Misfires can potentially slide away from the tower and be carried off by an avalanche. In this way they can reach areas that are
frequented by people.
If the retaining cord of a misfire is found by an uninvolved person and then pulled, this can detonate the charge, leading to
serious consequences.

For reasons mentioned, it is important that misfires are located and defused as quickly as possible in compliance with the
Explosives Act.

2.7.4 Danger area 4 (G4)

Area when ascending a tower.
The tower must be climbed in order to carry out maintenance on it or to repair any faults. Here there is the danger of life-
threatening injuries through falling.

As soon as the tower is being climbed, personnel must protect themselves from falling with a safety harness and a safety
retaining rope.

2.7.5 2.7.5Danger area 5 (G5)

Area during helicopter transport.
Along the helicopter transport route during transportation of the magazine -box between the loading/unloading location and the
tower, there exists the danger that the loaded magazine-box could fall due to intentional or unintentional jettisoning or due to
breakage of a load-bearing component.
Since when jettisoning or in the case of an unintentional loss of the loaded magazine-box from a great height, persons could be
injured or material damage could occur, transport flights are prohibited over inhabited areas, heavily used roads, sport facilities
and ski slopes where persons are present etc.
A distance of at least 500m must be kept from uninvolved persons or public buildings. The loading places and the flight route
must be approved by the responsible aviation authority. (CH: BAZL; AT: Austro Control; CA: XXXXXXXXXXXX)
2.8 Safety functions
The safety of the machine is dependent on the electronic control system of the magazine-box. The electronic control system of
the magazine-box contains a part in which safety functions in conformity with ISO 13849 -1 2006 have been realised.

In summary, the functional safety ensures that under no circumstances can the machine start without the operator’s intention.
However, this rather trivial and logical basic function must function if any component fails.

Failure of all safety functions could lead to avalanches being unintentionally released and fatally injuring persons. Thus all safety
functions fulfil the following requirement level:

ISO 13849-1:2006 Category 3 PL d

All safety functions are realised by the electronic control system. The docking system spike switch B1 is additionally used for the
safety function SIF3.

There is only one mode of operation. The override button does not bypass the safety functions, but is simply another way in
which the supply of the motors can be activated.

Troubleshooting and maintenance

Troubleshooting and maintenance work may only be carried out by the manufacturer.

In case of a failure of the safety functions, an undesired start-up of the machine cannot be excluded. In this situation, the risk
exists of an undesired release of avalanches by explosives. Category 3 includes single-error safety, so that a single random
error cannot lead to endangerment.

Errors in the safety functions are automatically displayed at the control point. See also error 32 on the error list (chap. 16.1)

The safety functions cannot be bypassed (no muting).

The safety functions are implemented in the electronic control system and designed for the following environmental conditions :

Power supply: 12V (battery)

Temperature: -45°C to +70°C

For simple troubleshooting, the four LEDs on the control board are used:

H11 Off Switched off (or LED defective)

Flashing Safety channel 1 running, docking system spike not detected
Double Flashing Safety channel 1 running, docking system spike detected
Lights continually Error in safety channel

H12 Off Safety channel 1 is in safe status (disconnects the supply of the motors)
Flashing Safety channel 1 is in active status (supply of the motors released)

H21 Off Switched off (or LED defective)

Flashing Safety channel 1 running, docking system spike not detected
Double Flashing Safety channel 1 running, docking system spike detected
Lights continually Error in safety channel

H22 Off Safety channel 1 is in safe status (disconnects the supply of the motors)
Flashing (dt. Leuchtet) Safety channel 1 is in active status (supply of the motors released)

19
2.8.1 SIF1 Prevention of remote-controlled start-up without a valid blasting code
In order that the drive motors in the magazine-box can be released, a valid blasting code must be entered and accurately
transmitted to the magazine-box.

Once the drive motors have been released, these will be securely cut off again from the supply after a maximum of 15 minutes.
However, they can be cut off at an earlier time by the control system (e.g. after successful blasting).

2.8.2 SIF2 Prevention of an undesired start-up if the override button has not been
intentionally actuated
In order that a test run can be started without radio connection (e.g. when loading in the bunker), an override button (S2 test
button) is provided, which releases the drive motors for a maximum of 15 minutes when actuated.

In order that an unintentional actuation of the button does not release the motors, it has to be pressed for 5 seconds (more
precisely 4 to 6 seconds). A shorter (<4s) or longer (>6s) actuation does not release the motors.

2.8.3 SIF3 Prevention of remote-controlled start-up during the flight

During the transportation with a helicopter, the danger exists of an explosive charge being dropped via the
control point. Detonation of an explosive charge under the helicopter could endanger both the helicopter and
the pilot.

In order to reduce this risk, a switch monitors whether the magazine-box has been placed on a tower. Entry of
blasting code is only enabled once the magazine-box has been placed on a tower.

Triggering of an explosive charge during the flight is thus effectively prevented.

3 Construction of the Installation
3.1 Assemblies
The installation essentially consists of the following assemblies:

( Magazine-box
( Tower
( Command centre
( Explosive charge
( Wyssen helicopter latch

3.2 Magazine-box
In the magazine-box there are the prepared explosive charges, the entire mechanism and control system as well as the radio
transmission elements.

12
2
3 13

14
4 15
5 16
6 17
7
8 18
9 19
10 20
11 21

1 Magazine-box cover 12 Antenna holder (antenna not shown)

2 Padlock 3 items 13 Monitoring sensor for the correct position of the
3 Turn lock magazine-box on the tower
4 Control system with operating buttons on top 14 Cable dropper
5 Seismometer 15 Tube holder
6 Solar panels 16 Battery 12V
7 Lock cylinder 17 APOS: Goniometer potentiometer, analogue
8 DPOS: Carousel position switch, cam-controlled 18 RPOS: Carousel rest position end switch
9 Lock cylinder position switch 19 Gear motor
10 LPOS2. Charge detection switch 20 LPOS1. Charge drop detection switch
11 Dropping hole 21 Insertion funnel
21
3.3 Tower
The tower is used to accommodate the magazine-box in the terrain.
It is preferably situated in the upper area of the avalanche fracture zone of an avalanche slope.

Depending on the substrate, the tower is preferably anchored with a drilled anchor into rock or with micro-piles. All that is
required for this is a small foundation (1m*1m) to fix the tower.
The tower itself is practically maintenance-free. Only the docking system spike requires maintenance prior to the start of each
season, see chapter 8.2.3.

The ladder equipment consists of a ladder with permanently mounted rungs, a locking door with a padlock, a platform and safety
equipment to prevent falls. When climbing the tower, a safety harness compliant with European standards must be worn.

Safety regulations when climbing the tower

Towers may never be ascended without supervision from a second person. This means that there must always be someone in
the immediate vicinity when a tower is being ascended. This is so that in an emergency, first aid can be provided or a rescue
requested.

The ladders may only be delivered by the supplier of the tower. Liability will be categorically rejected for ladders that have been
installed by third parties or by the user himself.

There is an information sign on the pedestal of the tower that

explain to unauthorised and non-involved persons the function
of and dangers posed by the avalanche tower LS12-5.

Personal protection equipment

To protect against falls, a safety harness compliant with the European standard EN 361 must be worn in conjunction with a
fall arrester and two Y-shaped supporting ropes with energy absorber. Each of the supporting ropes must be fitted with a large
safety carabiner.

We recommend the Tractel brand HT42 safety harness and the Tractel brand LDAD 11-10-53-53 supporting ropes
(connections) available from Wyssen Avalanche Control AG.

The only fall arrester that may be used is the Fallbloc brand, supplied by the IMMOOS GmbH company in 6414 Oberarth
Switzerland. The operating instructions are included with the delivery and must be observed at all costs when handling this fall
arrester.
Safety equipment on the tower
Along the ladder there must be installed a steel cable with a diameter
of 8mm, to which the guided type fall arrester (see description above)
can be attached.
Above the ladder on the small platform there is a support post with
two steel rings fixed at the top. Before the protection is removed from
the Fallbloc fall arrester and the ladder is left, the safety carabiner
must be clipped into one of these rings.

If the tower is to be climbed to load the magazine-box with explosive

charges, it has to be equipped with platforms at the side. There are
further attachment points on the magazine-box into which the safety
carabiner for entering the platform can be clipped. At least one
protection carabiner must be attached during the entire duration away
from the ground.

Protection against an ascent by

unauthorised persons
In order to deny the ascent by unauthorised persons, either the
ladder is equipped with a locked door or the lower end of the ladder
terminates 4m above the ground.
The closing door must be secured with a padlock against opening by
unauthorised persons.

23
3.4 Communication
Communication functions over the following elements.

( Web-enabled device with Internet connection

( Relays for direct connection to the avalanche towers
( Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre

The operation of the installation can be made from different locations with an Internet-enabled device, or by radio using a relay.

Due to the fact that the installations are permanently connected with the Internet, the supplier has external access to the
installation and can thus assist the customer at any time in case of problems or faults.

1, 2 Device with web browser (PC, Notebook, Tablet, Smartphone)

3 WAC.3 Base for radio connection with avalanche tower (optional)
4 Server of Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
5 Avalanche tower LS12-5
6 World Wide Web
3.5 L07 explosive charge
The explosive charge consists of the elements shown below. The charge containers are packed with 4.5 kg of explosive. Only
the explosives and cartridge sizes listed in chapter 4.3 may be used.

The charges are assembled by the operator on -site. The package contents from Wyssen Avalanche Control AG only contain the
charge containers with integrated percussion fuses 83 and the non-commercial accessories.

Blasting materials (explosives, detonators and safety fuses) are directly obtained from the appropriate supplier by the operator.

Charging tube (2 half-shells- no. 411.950)

Percussion fuse (2 pcs. - no. 5060SZ83)
Explosive (1 cartridge - according to chap. 4.3)
Safety fuses (2 pcs. à 30cm - according to national

Cord sack (1 pc. - no. 411.920)

- Retaining ring (1 pc.)
- Wire hooks (2 pcs. not visible)
- Polyamide braided cord ø 3 mm (approx. 7.5 m)

25
3.6 Wyssen Helicopter Latch HK-02
3.6.1 Intended Use
The helicopter latch is used for the return transport of the Wyssen avalanche tower magazine -box from the tower to the
depot. With the aid of this latch, the helicopter pilot can lift the magazine-box from the tower on his own without any additional
personnel assistance. Under no circumstances may the latch be used for lifting other loads.

Transportation of the magazine-box to the tower is undertaken without this latch and is also possible without any additional aid.
An electrical latch must be used. Then only with this can the pilot unclip the magazine-box from the docking system spike on his
own.

During lifting of the magazine-box, the presence of persons on and around the tower is strictly forbidden.

3.6.2 Safety regulations when handling the Wyssen helicopter latch

Working with the Wyssen helicopter latch without training and instruction by the supplier and the responsible helicopter comp any
is prohibited.

Attaching the Wyssen helicopter latch to the electrical latch fixed to the helicopter is only permitted by personnel from the
helicopter company, or by personnel that have been appropriately instructed.

During the work with the helicopter, it is prohibited for persons to be in the landing zone danger area, who are not directly
participating in the flight manoeuvre.

To unload, the latch may only be opened by means of the black lever on the outside of the latch. Otherwise, there is the threat
of injuries due to the prevailing and undefinable forces.

See chapter 7.0 “Transporting the magazine -box by helicopter” for further safety regulations and the basic procedure when
transporting with a helicopter.

The helicopter latch may only be carried by at least two people on account of its heavy weight. Carrying heavy
loads can lead to permanent damage to health.
3.6.3 Uncoupling the magazine-box
Uncoupling the magazine-box may only be initiated if the
magazine-box is resting on the ground and the holding line to
the helicopter is no longer under tension.

The latch may only be opened by actuating the black lever.

Otherwise injuries can occur to the fingers, hands or arms
through the prevailing forces.

After opening the pilot can be signalled that he can raise the
helicopter again.

3.6.4 Maintenance
Prior to flying a magazine-box with the Wyssen helicopter latch, the latter is to be visibly checked each time for its operational
reliability. Thereby the following points must be observed according to chapter 7.1.17 “Inspection of the Wyssen helicopter latch”.

If any of these points are not in order, work with the Wyssen helicopter latch must be stopped. The supplier is to be contacted
immediately to discuss further procedure.

In the course of annual servicing of the installation by the supplier, the latch is inspected and serviced.
After 100 flight rotations, the latch is subject to a major inspection (magnetic crack testing, new painting) by the supplier.
The maximum operating life of a latch is 10 years or 500 transports.

27
4 Charge construction
Prior to commissioning and operation of the Wyssen avalanche tower, it is imperative to read and strictly comply with the
chapter 2.0 “General Safety Regulations”.
Furthermore, for handling explosive materials, the legislation of explosives and the regulations of the explosives supplier m ust
be read and complied with.

4.1 Requirements for the personnel carrying out the

operations
According to the description in chapter 2.4 “Licensing and Training of Personnel”, the installation may only be operated by
qualified personnel authorised for avalanche blasting with additional personal training certification by the supplier of the Wyssen
avalanche tower.

It is forbidden to operate the avalanche tower when under the influence of alcohol, drugs, medication or under severe
psychological stress or other safety-threatening personal situations.

4.2 The work place when assembling the charges

In order to enable safe working environment when assembling the charges, certain requirements for the work place are
indispensable according to the list below:

( The statutory provisions for the work place and its surroundings, as well as the safety regulations described in chapter 2.7.2,
are to be strictly complied with.
( The magazine-boxes provided for assembly may not stand far away from the work place where the charges are prepared.
The charges should only have to be carried a short distance of maximum 50m. The route from the work place to the
magazine-box must be free from unauthorised persons and obstacles.
( Explosives may never be left unattended.
( For the assembly of the charges, a large solid table should be provided where work can be performed safely. Only
necessary objects and tools may be on the table.
( No unnecessary objects may lie on the ground in the area around the table. These constitute a risk of stumbling, which can
lead to uncontrolled effects.
( The climate at the work place must be warm and pleasant, so that work can be performed without gloves and in comfortable
clothing.

4.3 Approved explosive products

It must be ensured that the explosives used, the detonators, the safety primer cord and the percussion fuse 83 are approved in
the country of application for the artificial release of avalanches and are impact resistant to a temperature down to -30°C.
The properties of the explosives and primers must comply with the local statutory provisions. Explosives, detonators, safety
primer cord and percussion fuse 83 must be compatible and matched to each other.

Designation Supplier Charge Size Country of application

Riomon T1 SSE 4.5 Kg. Switzerland
CH-3900 Brig ø115 * 480 mm

Maxam Norge AS 4.5 Kg. Norway

NO-2120 Sagstua ø115 * 480 mm
Mc Pyro 4.5 Kg. Austria
AT-6842 Koblach ø115 * 480 mm
???? 4.5 Kg Canada
????? ø115 * 480 mm

Details siehe technisches Datenblatt Riomon T1 im Anhang -> MISSING!

4.4 Individual charge components
The charge consists of the following individual components:

pcs Designation Remarks Supplier

1 Explosive according to separate Avalanche explosive Supplier according to separate table
table chap. 4.3

2 Safety primer cord, according to Length of the safety primer cord 25 Sprengstofflieferant
valid national regulations up to 35 cm

2 Obtain safety primer cord in double Explosives supplier Sprengstofflieferant

length with waterproof encapsulated
detonators on both sides.

1 Detonator no. 8 Obtain detonator no. 8 from supplier Explosives supplier

already encapsulated on the safety
primer cord.

2 Charge container complete The complete charge container with Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
two half-shells, two percussion fuses
and a cord sack Art.-no.: 411.950

1 Charge container half-shells Half-shell with two pre-assembled

percussion fuses SZ83

1 Cord sack Incl. ring, retaining cord and wire

hooks

2 Art.-no.: 411.920 (1 pc.) Wyssen Avalanche Control AG

2 Retaining line Accessory cord 0 3 mm, L = approx.

7m

1 Wire hooks Art.-no.: 411.913E

1 Retaining ring Art.-no.: 546902.8/18

Vulcanising tape Do not use normal adhesive tape.

Art.-no.: 5267-10VULK Wyssen Avalanche Control AG

RECCO-Sticker Only prescribed in Austria In corresponding trade

4.5 Accessories and tools
The required accessories and tools can be found in the following list:

Accessories Remarks Supplier

Foam stoppers Are only included in the first delivery of Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
the avalanche tower. Art.-no.: 411.915

Tools Remarks Supplier

Pricking awl Non sparking Explosives supplier

Knife Non sparking Specialist trade

Rule Non sparking Specialist trade

Crimping pliers for detonator no. 8 Non sparking Explosives supplier

4.6 Assembling the charge

It is recommended to order pre-pressed safety primer cord. Thus the work of pressing the detonators no. 8 is

4.6.1 Preparation of the safety primer cord

( Seal both connections between the encapsulated detonators

and safety primer cord with vulcanising tape, 2 pcs per
charge.
( Remove protecting tape from the vulcanising tape, and wind
vulcanising tape very firmly.

( Cut the double length safety primer cord straight in the

middle with a sharp knife on a soft, non-sparking underlay
(e.g. a wooden board)

( The prepared detonator must look like the example shown

on the right. Well pressed and enclosed compactly by the
vulcanising tape. (Not like the examples shown below)

Detonators no. 8 are sensitive to impact and heat and can lead to severe injuries on detonation. See safety

31
4.6.2 Preparation of the charge
container
( Insert the explosives cartridge into one of the half-shells.
Make sure that the cartridge lies at the bottom, so
that later it cannot slide down any lower in the charge
container.
( For Austria: attach a Recco sticker to the blasting
cartridge.
( Put a second half -shell together with the first one.
( Place the charge container on the table

( Loosen the screw sleeves at the bottom of the

percussion fuse 83 by approx. 1 turn and remove the
plug. Do not unscrew completely! Hold the percussion
fuse 83 at the top with one hand to prevent twisting.

If the percussion fuse should be completely

unscrewed, do not screw it together again. The
charge may not be dropped with this housing.
It could result in unexploded material (duds).

( (1) Push the free end of the two safety primer cords up
to the stop into the assembled percussion fuse 83 and
firmly tighten the screw sleeve.
( (2) Hold the percussion fuse 83 by the lug with one
hand to prevent twisting.

( The safety primer cord must be completely inserted into

the percussion fuse 83. Allow the detonators to protrude.
In a later step these will be put into the explosive.
4.6.3 Preparation of the retaining cord

( Cut the cord to the correct length. At least 1m and max. 8m

(in order to achieve the largest effective radius, the dropped
charge should theoretically hang 3.5 m over the snow
cover, so that the ideal cord length varies according to the
terrain around the tower location).
( Diagonally guide the retaining cord through a hole per half-
shell on the charge container and tie securely with a figure
of eight loop

( Release the cord attached to the back of the pre-assembled

cord sack (8m), and then fasten the sack with the resulting
loop to the retaining cord.

33
4.6.4 Conclude charge construction

( Clip the spring hooks into the eyelets of the percussion fuse
83 and insert the cord sack with the end (ring) on top.
( Place the foam stopper on the top of the cord sack to
protect and secure the inserted retaining cord and
percussion fuse 83.

( Pierce explosives cartridge with the pricking awl through

the side holes in the charge container and insert the
detonator no. 8 into the explosive.
( Clip the safety primer cord in the flaps until a click is
heard, in order that tension is relieved.

Make sure that the detonators are embedded all round in the explosive and that they cannot come into contact

The safety primer cord should not be stretched after insertion of the detonators, so that it is not pulled out of the
percussion fuse 83 due to any deformation of the blasting cartridge.
The retaining cord may not hang down to the ground during charge construction, but must lie neatly beside the
charge on the table (avoid danger of unwanted ignition by getting caught by a passer-by)

Explosion hazard: As soon as the detonators are in the explosive, the charge is live. A pulling action on the
eyelet of the percussion fuse 83 leads to an initialisation of the charge.
5 Loading and unloading the
magazine with explosive charges
5.1 Safety regulations when loading and unloading
The magazine-box must stand on a flat surface for this work. Particular care must be taken to ensure that there is not more than
30 cm free height under the dropping hole in the parked position of the magazine-box.

It must be ensured that there are no objects in the insertion funnel that could lead to an activation of the monitoring sensor.

The work place for assembling charges, the transport route to the magazine-box and the area around the magazine-box must
be cordoned off to prevent access from unauthorised persons.

Assembly of the magazine-box must take place in the open, so that it is does not have to be transported more than approx. 50
m (only with a pallet truck) and can be directly attached to the helicopter.

5.2 Preparation of the magazine-box

( Open the padlocks on the magazine -box cover with the keys and turn the locking lever through 90°.
( Lift the cover with the handles provided until the safety catch engages.
( Due to its heavy weight, the cover of the magazine-box must be opened and closed each time by two persons.
( Press all sliders of the cable dropper into the rear position.
( Open the screws on the tube holder cove r and remove the cover
( Remove the cable dropper from the notches (when loading only if tube holders are empty)
( Keep the surface on the magazine-box towards the antenna free, so that the prepared charges can be set down.

There is a risk that during opening and closing, the hand can be seriously injured by the falling cover. For this
reason, do not hold the hand over the edge of the magazine-box.

In older versions there is no safety catch present. When work is being carried out on the magazine-box, the

35
5.3 Loading the explosive charges
Loading of the magazine-box follows according to the following work steps.

( The charge may never be carried with only one hand. The
following method of carrying must be used to transport the
charges.

( Bring the charge to the magazine-box and set it down on

the surface next to the flashing light.
( Carefully remove foam stopper from the explosive charge
and at the same time pay attention to the cord. (Do not pull)

( Take hold of the explosive charges on the inside through

the holes at the upper edge of the tube and carefully insert
into the tube holder. If the magazine-box is not completely
loaded, the charges must be filled from the last tube holder
(no. 12). In order that the control system can correctly
register the number of charges in a test run.
( (1) The retaining ring is attached to the cable dropper and
the slider is brought to the front extended position, so 1
that (2) the ring is held by the cable dropper.
( (3) The slider goes into the front position by pressing the
metal pin at the bottom of the cable dropper.

2 3

( Afterwards the cable dropper is laid in the notches of the

tube holder, so that the ball bearings point to the centre of
the magazine-box. The cable dropper must be held in
mounted position in the notches to prevent shifting, i.e. both
recesses must lie inside the tube holder.

After the cable dropper has been placed, feel to ensure that the retaining ring is correctly mounted.

After this the cable dropper may no longer be touched, since there is a risk of unhooking the retaining ring. This
would result in unexploded material (a dud).

( At the end of loading the magazine-box, the cover is placed

on the tube holder and firmly tightened with hand screws.
( Before the magazine-box is closed again and made ready
for transportation, a test run must be carried out according
to chapter 5.5.

37
5.4 Unloading explosive charges
In the case that there are charges present in the magazine-box after the winter season has finished, these must be removed
according to the following work steps.

( Activate all sliders on the cable dropper by pressing the side

of the ball bearings towards the back.
( Open the tube holder and remove.

Before the cable dropper can be lifted out of

the tube holder, it must be checked that the

must first be disengaged according to the

of activating the percussion fuse 83.

A pulling action on the eyelet of the

percussion fuse 83 leads to an initialisation of

( Carefully remove the cable dropper from the tube holder.

( Take hold of the charge through the holes at the top and lift
carefully out of the tube holder.
( Place the charge on a stable table.
( Loosen the screw sleeves at the bottom of the percussion
fuse 83 by approx. 1 turn.
( First pull both safety primer cords out of the percussion fuse
through the openings at the side.
( Carefully pull out the lower safety primer cord sections with
the detonators out of the explosive.

It can happen that when pulling out the safety primer cord, the detonator remains stuck in the explosive. Care
must be taken at all costs to ensure that both detonators are removed from the explosive.

( The safety primer cord sections and the detonators may

no longer be used and are to be destroyed in compliance
with regulations.
( The charging tubes with the explosive and the integrated
percussion fuses may be stored in compliance with
regulations and kept for future use. However, it is important
that the detonators are fitted on the underside again with the
plugs, so protecting them from moisture.
( In the case of the explosive attention should be paid it is not
used beyond the expiry date.
5.5 Test run with operating buttons in the magazine
The test run is carried out with the switches on the control system. The
display serves to indicate important information about the system.

5.5.1 E mergenc y stop/master switch

Afte r loading the ma ga zine-bo x with charg es (as close a s possible to the
time of transportation), the procedure must be carried out as follows:
( Pull out the emergency stop master switch until the yellow marking is
visible.
( Press test button until the hourglass on the display switches off again
(5s).
( The flashing warning triangle signalises test operation.
( Press start button until the hourglass on the display turns off again (2s).
( The test run now proceeds automatically and lasts about 8 minutes,
depending on the charge number. In operation/On Stop/Off
( When the warning triangle switches off, the test run has been
successfully concluded.
( Do not switch off the control system before transportation or carry out
another test run prior to the helicopter transport.

Danger

As long as the red Caution signal is flashing, the magazine-box is in test operation, and under no
circumstances may it be flown. The magazine-box may only be flown when it is in perfect condition. Likewise
the dropping hole lock cylinder must be completely locked.

If now the system is in proper condition, the cover of the magazine-box can be closed again and secured with the padlocks.
The installation may not be switched off any more, otherwise the charge number is lost.

Temperature Sensor

Display

Start Test Emergency s p

master switch
5.5.2 Di sconne ction device
The d isconnection d ev ice is the X20 b a tte ry plug. When working on the electrical equipment, the emergency stop must be
actuated and the battery disconnected.
39
6 Remote-control with the Wyssen
Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3

The Wyssen avalanche towers are controlled using an intuitive web application.

This can be accessed on https://control.wyssenavalanche.com or with the QR-Code below.

After calling the website, the login window appears. Each user of the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3 must have a
personal login issued by the Wyssen Avalanche Control AG Company, which can be changed at any time by the user.

A login must be issued by the manufacturer of the installation. The same login may not be used by more than one user.

Login with the personal code on https://control.wyssenavalanche.com

Login with the personal code on

https://control.wyssenavalanche.com

If the login data is lost, a new one may be requested at the above address. The transfer of login data internally
or externally is not allowed. Login data are used for reasons of traceability and are personal.

During normal usage of the software, informative and clear support is available at all times to assist you. This support can be
invoked by clicking on the ?-symbol.

6.1 Blasting
The charge drop is controlled by an electronic control system in the Wyssen avalanche tower. The control system of the Wyssen
avalanche tower has been developed according to the latest standards, so that malfunctions do not lead to undesired charge
drops.

A code list is used in order to maintain the high standard of safety. If you want to start a blast or a test run with the Wyssen
Avalanche Centre WAC.3, you will be asked for a code. Using the number of the blasting code, you read off the eight digit
blasting code from the code list and enter this into the numeric field.

When the blasting code is entered, the power supply is activated for the drive motors of the dropping
mechanism. As soon as you enter the blasting code, the control system can blast during the next 15 minutes

If the blasting procedure test run has been concluded, the release is automatically finished. This is displayed
on the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3 by the status “Closed and secured”. In this case no further
 If the code list has been used up or is lost, a new one can be requested online under Wyssen Avalanche

6.2 Service and Support

When the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre WAC.3 is installed, the system will be completely configured and thoroughly
explained to you by our service personnel. If you should be uncertain or if any problems should arise, we are available for you
at any time on our 24h service hotline.

41
7 Transport of the magazine-box
by helicopter
7.1 Safety regulations
7.1.1 Helicopter company approval
Transport flights with the avalanche tower magazine-box may only be carried out by helicopter companies that have these
operations described and officially approved in the Flight Operation Manual (FOM). In Switzerland or in Austria this can take
place through e.g. the responsible civil authorities.

7.1.2 Agreements between pilot and ground staff

Prior to the first flight transport order, the pilot has to discuss the procedure and the particular dangers involved in this work with
the specified personnel. The personnel must be instructed particularly in the operation of the load-carrying equipment, the latch
and the general dangers when flying external loads.

7.1.3 Communication check via radio signal

During the approach to the receiving point, the pilot must establish contact with the ground staff as a communication check. If
this attempt fails, the helicopter must land and the malfunction rectified prior to transportation.

7.1.4 Personal protective equipment for the ground staff

The ground staff must wear the following protective equipment when attaching and detaching the magazine -box under the
hovering helicopter: Helmet, safety goggles, gloves, suitable clothing and solid footwear.

7.1.5 Conditions at the receiving /unloading point

The receiving /unloading point of the charged magazine-box must be flat and provide sufficient space for the flight manoeuvre.
There must be a take-off and approach corridor available, so that no inhabited area or other areas occupied by people have
to be flown over. No objects are permitted in the area around the receiving /unloading point that under certain circumstances
could activate the monitoring sensor in the insertion funnel of the magazine-box.

7.1.6 No unauthorised persons in the danger area

During the flight manoeuvre no unauthorised persons or persons not participating in the manoeuvre are allowed to be in the
region of the receiving /unloading point. The location is to be cordoned off with a safety distance of 500 m.

7.1.7 No manipulating with the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre during transports
of magazines
No manipulating with the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre is allowed as long as transports are being made with magazine-
boxes. Manipulating is only permitted with the Wyssen Avalanche Control Centre after the helicopter has left the danger area.

7.1.8 Perfect condition of the magazine-box

Prior to each initial and return transport, the responsible blaster has to ensure that the charge-dropping mechanism is on stand-
by, the dropping hole is closed and that the whole system is in perfect condition.

7.1.9 Weather
The w ind and wea th e r c onditions have to be taken into consideration. If the conditions do not allow a safe flight manoeuvre, the
transport must be postponed.
7.1.10 Air passengers (P AX )?? ?
No pa ss engers a re allowed during tran sporta tion o f the magazine-box.

7.1.11 Flight route

Since persons can be injured or material damage can occur in the event of an emergency drop or unintended loss of the
magazine-box, the following points must be complied with.
Flying directly over densely populated areas, used roads as well as people, technical installations (e.g. mountain cableways,
mountain restaurants and relay stations) and ski runs is prohibited.
The routes taken by which magazines are transported to the Wyssen avalanche blasting system must be so chosen that from
the loading/unloading place to the avalanche tower at all times and in all directions a distance of at least 500m is maintained
for any persons not immediately necessary for the operation.
Transport flights with the specified system may only be carried out within the country borders.
The flight route must be accepted by the appropriate civil authorities of the respective country.

7.1.12 No transport over any systems in operation and ski runs

Magazine-boxes are not allowed to be flown over installations, ski runs or similar during operating hours.

7.1.13 Positioning the magazine-boxes

If during the positioning manoeuvre, the magazine-box hits the tower heavily or is positioned jerkily, the internal mechanism may
be damaged.

7.1.14 Function test

After a fresh positioning of the magazine-box, a test run is always to be carried out in order to verify proper functioning. The test
may only be started after the helicopter has left the danger area around the avalanche tower.

7.1.15 Do not stand under suspended loads

After attaching or prior to detaching the magazine-box to or from the helicopter, no persons are allowed to be under the
suspended load.

7.1.16 Attached loads and load-bearing parts on the helicopter

An electrical latch (Holzer latch) is used for transporting the magazine-box. The helicopter company is responsible for the
flawless condition of the load-bearing elements and their operational reliability. The elements must be designed to carry loads of
at least 700 kg.

7.1.17 Testing the Wyssen helicopter latch

The Wyssen helicopter latch must be regularly inspected and tested for proper functioning and damage prior to each transport of
the magazine-box as follows:
( The latch must be free to move upwards as far as the stop
( The latch must drop and close independently through its own weight.
( In the closed state, the notch of the latch must lie on that of the supporting bolt.
( No cracks shall be visible on the latch or handle
( The latch and the handle must not be deformed.

If any defects are found or if there are any uncertainties, the helicopter latch in question may not be used.

43
7.2 Placing the magazine-box on the tower
Before the magazine-box is placed for operation on the tower, the maintenance work and the test run must be carried out in
accordance with the instruction manual.
An electric (e.g. a Holzer latch) latch with a hanger length of about 10 - 30 m has to be mounted on the helicopter for the
transportation of the magazine-box to the tower, so that after correct positioning, the pilot can uncouple the load unassisted from
the cockpit.

( The electric latch is directly mounted onto the transport hanger of the magazine -box.
( In order to place the magazine-box onto the tower, the pilot has to bring the insertion funnel exactly over the docking system
spike on the tip of the tower.
( Then the magazine-box is lowered. It thus turns independently into the correct position, mostly in the direction of the valley.
( As soon as the pilot ascertains that the magazine-box is in the correct position, that it has turned and sits firmly on the
docking system spike, he can relieve the load by lowering the helicopter further and releasing the latch. A flashing lamp on
top of the magazine-box begins to blink for approx. 1 minute as soon as it is correctly positioned.

In case the magazine-box has not been correctly positioned on the tower (flashing lamp does not blink), a test run can be made
via the command centre. In accordance with the description in chapter 7.3 “Return transport of the magazine-box from the
tower”, he must retrieve the magazine-box from the tower with the Wyssen helicopter latch in order to rectify the malfunction.

The position of the magazine-box is automatically monitored by GPS. However, an error of the positional
monitoring with GPS cannot be excluded. For this reason after placing the magazine-box, a third person (not
the pilot) checks that each magazine has been placed on the designated tower.

Green: permitted placement angle

7.3 Return transport of the magazine-box from the tower
If all charges have been dropped or if after the season has finished no further blasting takes place, the magazine-box must be
transported back from the tower with the helicopter.
As soon as the magazine-box has been lifted for the tower, the monitoring sensor switches off, and the power supply of the
installation is disconnected in order to prevent an undesired charge drop.
An automatic (e.g. a Holzer latch) latch with a hanger length of about 10 - 30 m has to be mounted on the helicopter, so that in
an emergency, the pilot can uncouple the load unassisted from the cockpit.
Prior to the return transport of the magazine-box, the pilot must find out whether there are any live charges still in the magazine-
box.

( The Wyssen helicopter latch is attached to the electric latch.

The Wyssen helicopter latch must be inspected and tested for proper functioning and damage prior to each
transport of the magazine-box. In case of any deficiencies, the helicopter latch may not be used.

( The pilot must then fly over the magazine-box and lower the Wyssen helicopter latch over the fork of the transport hanger.
This opens the latch, which then shuts again when lowered further. In this way the magazine -box is attached.
( Lift off the magazine-box.
(Care must be taken to ensure that the tension on the magazine-box is exactly vertical. Otherwise it can tilt on the tower.)
( Transport the magazine-box to the unloading point and set down carefully.
( Uncouple the helicopter latch in accordance with chap. 3.6.3

45
8 Seasonal decommissioning/
recommissioning

8.1 Decommissioning after end of season

8.1.1 Magazine-box

In order to exclude the risk of any damage by lightning, the

avalanche tower magazine-box is to be removed as soon as
possible after the season has ended. During the summer, it
should be housed in protected and dry storage. Explosive charges
that have not been used must be removed from the magazine-
box, the detonators taken from the explosive and separated
from the safety primer cord and then stored according to the
Explosives Act. In order to prevent the battery from discharging, it
is important to press the emergency stop master switch.
In operation/On Stop/Off

In order that the battery survives the summer without any damage, it should be completely charged with the designated battery
charger prior to placing in storage. Connect battery to the charger for at least 24 hours. An appropriate battery charger can be
obtained from the Wyssen Avalanche Control AG.

voltage. Battery chargers such as those used for e.g. car batteries are not suitable and damage the battery.

The permitted battery chargers are described in chapter 8.2.

8.2 Recommissioning prior to start of each season

8.2.1 Command centre

Commission optional command centre according to separate operating instructions.

8.2.2 Tower
The docking system spike on the tower is to be cleaned prior to recommissioning.
Smooth out any irregularities, burrs and edges with a coarse file and apply a thick layer of waterproof and low temperature
resistant (down to -30°) grease of type Fuchs Unitemp, which can be obtained from Wyssen Avalanche Control AG. The fixed
ladders and safety equipment on the tower, as also the personal protective equipment, are to be inspected prior to any ascent
of the tower for damage and operational reliability.

8.2.3 Magazine-box
( Charge battery according to chap. 8.3
( Measure battery voltage with the white plug removed. It should be 12.8 V before commissioning. Afterwards replace plug.
( Connect power supply by joining the white plug to the battery cable.
( Afterwards a test run should be carried out with the operating buttons according to chapter 5.5 Test run with operating
buttons in the magazine control system” to determine that this functions properly. Before the explosive charges are brought
into the magazine-box and the latter placed on the tower, an attempt should be made to establish radio connection with the
command centre.

Danger to life through falling: As soon as the tower is being climbed, personnel must safeguard themselves

8.3 Charging the battery

The battery must be charged with a charger delivered by the

manufacturer.

( Connect the battery charger to the power supply

( Connect the battery to the charger with the white plug
( Start the charging process according to corresponding note
below

Never charge the battery with a car or quick battery charger, otherwise the battery will be damaged! If an
additional battery charger is needed, a suitable appliance can be obtained from the supplier.

47
Battery chargers

From 2000 to 2010

Voltcraft
The first battery charger used is simple to handle. The
two connecting cables are just plugged into the associated
connections to start the charging cycle.

When the green pilot light appears, the battery is completely

charged and ready for use.

From 2011 to 2013

Voltcraft VC2000
The Voltcraft VC2000 is slightly more complex in operation
than its predecessor model. After connecting the primary
voltage 230V, the correct charge setting must be selected
with the Mode button.

After the appliance has been plugged in, the green lamp
lights up. By pressing the Mode button three times the lamp
by the battery symbol with the three bars begins to light
up. Now the charger can be connected to the battery for
charging.

From 2014 to date

Yu-Power YPC4A12
By connecting the two cables with the battery and the 230V
supply, the Yu-Power battery charger starts charging the
battery.

When the green pilot lamp lights up, the battery is fully
charged and ready for use.
9 Maintenance
Maintenance may only be carried out by personnel in accordance with the description in chapter 2.4 “Licensing and Training of
Personnel”. In order to guarantee that the installation functions properly and safely, maintenance as described in the following
must be unconditionally performed on time.

The operator of the installation is obliged to have the supplier carry out maintenance. This includes an annual inspection of the
installation and implementation of the necessary maintenance and service work.

Before any maintenance work is carried out on the magazine-box, the main switch in the magazine-box must
be switched to OFF.

9.1 Maintenance schedule

9.1.1 Maintenance work whenever the magazine-box is reloaded
( General visual check
( The Wyssen helicopter latch must be inspected and tested for proper functioning and damage prior to each transport of the
magazine-box.
( It must be checked that all cable droppers function properly and that the sliders can be moved without jamming.
( Lubricating the insertion funnel and cylinder tube.
( Performing the test run with the operating buttons in the magazine-box according to chapter 5.5 Test run with operating
buttons in the magazine control system” with the empty magazine-box in order to detect any malfunctions.
( Performing the test run with the operating buttons in the magazine-box according to chapter 5.5 Test run with operating
buttons in the magazine control system” after loading and before the magazine-box is again transported to the tower.

9.1.2 Maintenance work prior to seasonal decommissioning

( See chapter 8.1 “Decommissioning after end of season”
( After the season has ended, the magazine-box must be lifted from the tower as quickly as possible and after disposal of the
remaining explosive charges, it should be stored in a protected dry room.
( Function Checks and notification to the supplier if malfunctions are known and if special maintenance work is necessary.

9.1.3 Maintenance work prior to seasonal commissioning

( See chapter 8.2 “Recommissioning prior to start of each season”
( Maintenance of the installation by the supplier takes place annually prior to seasonal commissioning.

49
9.1.4 Annual maintenance work by the supplier of the installation prior to seasonal
commissioning
In order to be able to guarantee malfunction and maintenance-free operation during the season, each installation must be
checked once a year by the supplier’s personnel.

During this work, the mechanism and the software are checked for deficiencies and for wear and tear. In case there are any
new updates in the software or modifications in the mechanism available, the installations will be updated.

In order to be able to guaranteed rapid service, certain work steps must be completed in advance by the owner of the
installation.

( The magazine, the Wyssen helicopter latch and if available the laptop with the mobile relay must be stored in a dry, easily
accessible place.
( If a central operating unit PC with a stationary relay is on hand, it must be ensured that this is also readily accessible.
( The batteries for all magazine -boxes, relays and the laptop must be fully charged.
( If possible, a crane or other lifting device should be on hand to lift the magazine-box, so that the maintenance work can be
carried out.
10 Malfunctions
The Wyssen avalanche tower is so constructed that it is largely immune to malfunctions. However, since a fault cannot be
entirely excluded, the procedure for rectification of malfunctions is described here.

10.1 Procedure in case of a malfunction

If a fault occurs during blasting or a test run (e.g. loss of connection, error message from the magazine, etc.), the following
measures are to be taken in any case.

( Continue to safeguard and maintain danger area G1.

( Immediately contact the manufacturer. The manufacturer will be happy to assist you in rectification of the fault with its 24h
hotline.

Only the following listed malfunctions may be rectified by the operating staff. Malfunctions that are not listed must in any case be
reported to the supplier of the installation and rectified either according to supplier’s instructions or directly by the supplier.

10.1.1 Interruption of radio connection

If after a successful command is sent to the avalanche tower, the connection is interrupted, this command is normally carried
out to its conclusion. I.e. following interruption of radio connection, a test run or charge drop that has once been started, will
be executed to the point when the carousel turns back and subsequent closure of the dropping hole. If connection is no longer
possible, it must be ensured prior to flying with the magazine-box that this is completely closed.

51
11 Misfires (sollte doch Duds sein)
If there is a misfire in the area, procedure for the recovery and destruction of the misfire is to be followed
according to the regulations of the respective country.

If explosive charges misfire, then prior to recovery of the misfire, a waiting period of at least 15 minutes must be observed
in every case. After this time limit has expired, misfires are to be cleared as quickly as possible by trained personnel, whilst
observing the appropriate safety measures.

By default, misfires get stuck and are not automatically dropped.

In order to drop, the emergency reset button in the operating software must be pressed while observing from a safe distance.
This will drop the charge and the magazine-box closes again.

If a cord is found in the area of a possible misfire, under no circumstances may this be pulled. The charge
may also not be moved before the retaining cord has been previously separated from the percussion fuses.
Otherwise this can lead to the activation of the percussion fuses and with a high probability, triggers the

11.1 Detection of a misfire

Whether or not the detonation of a charge has taken place, can in most cases be determined acoustically. The detonation of
a dropped explosive charge is also displayed in the operating software. If this display does not appear, it must be assumed
that there is a misfire in the terrain. In case of uncertainties, the supplier can determine with further tests whether a misfire is
involved.

11.2 Preparing safety precautions

In case of a misfire, the responsible blasting expert has to draw up safety measures that describe the procedure after such an
event has occurred. Suitable procedures are to be described that depend on the area. The information provided in the Annex
must be observed at all costs.
11.3 Types of misfires
Generally, a distinction is made between two possible types of misfire, hanging from the tower or lying in the snow. It can occur
in both cases that the detonator has not yet been pulled. This poses increased danger, as a pull on the cord could activate the
detonator.

11.3.1 Type A1 (misfire hangs on stretched cord)

Assessment
The charge was dropped and hangs on stretched cord
underneath the magazine -box, and both wire hooks are evident.

This is a misfire due an interruption in the ignition path or a

command error.

Procedure for recovering the misfire

( Drop the charge with the control point, wait 15 minutes and
afterwards recover according to the locally valid regulations.

Prohibited (no go’s)

Under no circumstances may the magazine -box with a

suspended misfire be flown.

11.3.2 Type A1 (misfire hangs on tangeld cord)

Assessment
The charge was dropped and hangs on tangled cord
underneath the magazine-box. The tangling of the accessory
cord has resulted in only one or neither of the percussion fuses
83 being pulled. From a distance, this can only be ascertained
with difficulty through the two wire hooks attached to the
cord, which are pulled out of the percussion fuses to activate
triggering.

This is a misfire due to tangling of the retaining cord.

Procedure for recovering the misfire

( Drop the charge with the control point, wait 15 minutes and
afterwards recover according to the locally valid regulations.

Prohibited (no go’s)

( Under no circumstances may the magazine-box with a

suspended misfire be flown.
( Under no circumstances may the misfire be fetched with a
helicopter and long-line before dropping and defusing
has been previously carried out.
11.3.3 Type B1 (misfire lies in the snow, percussion fuse pulled)
Assessment
The charge was dropped as usual for blasting, but did not
detonate.

The percussion fuse 83 was pulled out by the drop, but the
charge did not detonate. As a result, this is a misfire due an
interruption in the ignition path or a command error.

This is apparent when the misfire lies in the snow, and the cord
is attached and the wire hooks are visible.

If the charge was not manually dropped with the control point,
then an additional technical problem exists. Please contact
Support immediately.

Procedure for recovering the misfire

( After the waiting interval of 15 minutes, the misfire can be

securely recovered according to the prevailing regulations of
the country.

Prohibited (no go’s)

Under no circumstances may the cord lying on the ground be

pulled.

11.3.4 Type B2 (misfire lies in the snow, percussion fuse not pulled)
Assessment
The percussion fuses 83 were not pulled due to malfunction in the
magazine-box or due to a command error.

This is apparent when the misfire lies in the snow, and the cord is
attached, but the wire hooks are not visible.

Procedure for recovering the misfire

( After the waiting interval of 15 minutes, the misfire can be

securely recovered according to the prevailing regulations of the
country.

Prohibited (no go’s)

Under no circumstances may the cord lying in the snow be pulled.

12 Emergencies
12.3.1 General remarks and delimita
The following scenarios describe emergencies with increased possibility of serious implications such as fatal consequences. In
the case of emergency situations such unintentional triggering of the primer during assembly of the charges etc., the person
responsible for blasting draws up a safety concept and instructs the operating staff accordingly. Even if events occur without
damage, the avalanche tower supplier is to be immediately informed.

12.3.2 Emergency as a result of a controlled avalanche release

Situations connected with controlled avalanche releases such as burying of persons and installations are not considered in these
instructions. Personnel authorised for the operation of avalanche towers have received training in the appropriate behaviour
patterns and must attend refresher courses.

12.3.3 Magazine-box falling during the helicopter transport

As a result of an emergency situation with the helicopter such as incorrect handling by the pilot, a technical fault with the
helicopter or with the load -carrying equipment, a magazine -box falling either with or without explosives cannot be completely
excluded. If such an event occurs, nobody may approach the fallen parts. The crash site is to be evacuated on a large scale,
i.e. in an area of at least 1 km from any persons, cordoned off and safeguarded by checkpoints. The following departments are
to be immediately alarmed:
( Responsible authorities (police)
( Supplier of the installation (Wyssen Avalanche Control AG)

These departments must determine further on-the-spot procedure together with the responsible blasting expert.

55
13 List of abbreviations
Austro Control
Austro Control is responsible for safe and cost-effective procedure of air traffic in Austrian airspace, with up to 4,000 aircraft
daily.

BAKOM
The Swiss Federal Office of Communications BAKOM is a federal authority of the Swiss Confederation.

BAZL
Swiss Federal Office of Civil Aviation (BAZL) is responsible for aviation development and for regulating civil aviation in
Switzerland.

FOM
Flight Operation Manual (FOM)

Recco
RECCO is the trade mark of the search system for avalanche victims, which is globally distributed by the Company RECCO
AB (Sweden). The RECCO system works with passive reflectors and active detection devices using the principle of harmonic
radar. The reflectors require no individual energy supply and can thus be integrated inexpensively into winter sort clothing and
equipment. The system can facilitate professional rescue teams in locating avalanche victims.

S BFI
The State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SBFI in the Federal Department for Economic Affairs, Education,
and Research WBF is the federal centre of competence for nationally and internationally oriented questions for education,
research and innovation policy.

SLF
The duties of the WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF include research, scientific services, teaching and p ublic
relations.

In close connection with its research activities, the SLF also offers a range of services. These include consulting, expert opinions
on avalanche accidents and avalanche protection, and the development of warning systems for natural hazards in the Alps. The
best-known service is the avalanche bulletin or warning report for the Swiss Alps, which is published twice daily in wintertime.

SUVA
The Swiss National Accident Insurance Fund Suva is the largest accident insurer in Switzerland. The independent institution
incorporated under public law with its head office in Lucerne insures around 1.95 million employed people against industrial
accidents, industrial illnesses and leisure accidents. Self-employed people can also insure themselves against the
consequences of accidents with corporate insurance.
14 Glossary

Main switch
Der Hauptschalter der Magazinkasten. Er befindet sich auf dem Steuerungsgehäus e im Magazin selbst.
Er dient dazu, das ganze Magazin auszuschalten und stromlos zu machen.

Holzer latch
The Holzer latch is a docking line on the helicopter, which has a latch on one end to hold objects. This latch can be opened and
closed by the helicopter pilot himself.

57
15 Recommended literature
[1] Gubler, H., & others. (2011). Guidelines for Artificial Release of Avalanches: Wyssen Avalanche Control AG.

[2] Rudolf-Miklau, F., & Sauermoser, S. (2011). Handbuch Technischer Lawinenschutz.

Berlin: Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn Verlag.

[3] Stoffel, L., & andere. (2007). Praxishilfe. Arbeit im Lawinendienst: Organisation, Beurteilung lokale
Lawinengefährdung und Dokumentation. Davos: WSL, Eidg. Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung SLF.

[4] BBT, Bundesamt für Berufsbildung und Technologie. (2009). Wegleitung Sprengwesen: Ausbildung künstliche
Auslösung von Lawinen (Lawinensprengung). Bern: BBT.

[5] Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung, Abteilung für Zivil- und Katastrophenschutz, Lawinenkommissionsangelegenheiten.
(2011). Ausbildungshandbuch der Tiroler Lawinenkommissionen. Innsbruck: Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung.

[6] Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung, Abteilung für Zivil- und Katastrophenschutz, Lawinenkommissionsangelegenheiten.
(2012). praxisempfehlung Lawinensprengungen, Richtlinien für den Einsatz temporärer Schutzmaßnahmen
gegen Lawinen. Innsbruck: Amt der Tiroler Landesregierung.

[7] BAFU, Bundesamt für Umwelt. (2012). Beurteilung von Sekundärlawinen bei künstlicher Lawinenauslösung (Anleitung
für die Praxis. Bern: BAFU.

[8] Stoffel, L., & andere. (1996). Künstliche Lawinenauslösung, Hinweise für den Praktiker. Davos: WSL, Eidg. Institut für
Schnee- und Lawinenforschung SLF.

[1] ASTRA. (2009). Risikokonzept NaturDangeren Nationalstrassen. Bern: ASTRA.

[2] Bründl, M., & andere. (2008). Leitfaden -Risikokonzept für NaturDangeren.
Bern: Nationale Plattform für NaturDangeren PLANAT.

[3] PLANAT Nationale Plattform für NaturDangeren. (2012). Sicherheitsniveau für NaturDangeren. Bern: BAFU.

[4] PLANAT Nationale Plattform NaturDangeren. (Dez. 2013). Praxiskoffer Risikodialog NaturDangeren.
Von http://www.planat.ch/de/risikodialog/ abgerufen.

[5] Schweizer, J., & andere. (2006). Lawinen und Recht. Proceedings zum Internationalen Seminar
vom 6.–9. November 2005. Davos: WSL-Institut für Schnee- und Lawinenforschung SLF.

[6] Stoffel, L. (2004). Rechts - und Versicherungsfragen bei künstlicher Lawinenauslösung.

Bern: BUWAL (heute BAFU - Bundesamt für Umwelt).

[7] Wilhelm, C. (1999). Kosten-Wirksamkeit von Lawmenschutzmassnahmen an Ver- kehrsachsen.

Bern: Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft BUWAL (heute BAFU - Bundesamt für Umwelt).

[8] S.Wyssen, S., Kindschi, J., & Feuerstein, G. (2011). Gonda avalanche case study: Controlled avalanche release with
the Wyssen avalanche towers for protecting roads and railways. Reichenbach: Wyssen Avalanche Control AG
16 Annex
16.1 Error list
16.2 FOM “Flight Operation Manual”
16.3 Regulations for the recovery of misfires (duds) in
Austria
16.4 Riomon T1 safety data sheet
16.5 Declaration of conformity LS12-5
16.6 Declaration of conformity HK-02
16.7 Electrical diagram

59
16.1 Error list
The errors can occur during blasting or a test run. The errors numbers are indicated on the operating panel or on the display in
the magazine-box. For all errors please contact the technical service immediately.

Fault no.. Description

1 Time exceeded, hatch does not open.
2 No current is flowing in the motor.
3 The overcurrent protection is active.
4 Time exceeded, hatch does not open.
5 No current is flowing in the motor.
6 The overcurrent protection is active.
7 No current is flowing in the motor.
8 The overcurrent protection is active.
9 The switch for the charge detection is active.
10 The switch for the charge detection is active.
11 The switch for the dropping detection is inactive.
12 The deviation of the angle sensor is too high.
13 The pulse switch is active.
14 No current is flowing in the motor.
15 The overcurrent protection is active.
16 The pulse switch does not react.
17 The deviation of the angle sensor is too high.
18 The reference switch sticks.
19 The switch for the charge detection does not react.
20 The maximum rotation angle has been exceeded.
21 No current is flowing in the motor.
22 The overcurrent protection is active.
23 The switch for the charge detection has been activated.
24 The pulse switch does not react.
25 The deviation of the angle sensor is too high.
26 Time exceeded, no detonation detected.
27 Charge has not been dropped.
28 No current is flowing in the motor.
29 The overcurrent protection is active.
30 The next charge has been detected at the hatch.
31 The dropping switch sticks.
32 Error in the safety module.
33 Battery charge level too low.
16.2 FOM “Flight Operations Manual”
1. General information
A) Instruction of pilots and flight assistants
The pilots and flight assistants that are employed in transporting magazine -boxes to the Wyssen avalanche tower must
previously have been instructed and made aware of the existing risks by the manufacturer.

B) Compliance with the safety measures

Pilots and flight assistants are entitled to and are required to refuse the flight order if there are any safety measures lacking,
particularly concerning cordoning off and clearing of the receiving /unloading point.
C) System description
There is a detailed description of the Wyssen avalanche tower in the main report.

D) System safety
A monitoring sensor in the magazine-box switches on the main power supply to the charge dropping mechanism only if the
magazine-box has been correctly positioned on the tower. Thus during a transport flight, no accidental triggering can occur.

E) Command centre status

For additional safety to the above point, the pilot must receive confirmation from the responsible blasting expert immediatel y
before the flight, that the code list in inaccessible for all operators.

F) Magazine-box status
Prior to transportation, the pilot must receive confirmation from the customer’s responsible blasting expert, that the charge
dropping mechanism of the magazine-box is on stand-by, the dropping hole is closed and that the whole system is in perfect
condition.

G) Helicopter latch status

The Wyssen helicopter latch, which is needed to clip into and lift the magazine-box from the tower, is to be inspected prior
to each operation for its proper functioning and for any damage such as cracks. If any defects are found or if there are any
uncertainties, the helicopter latch in question may not be used.

H) Regulations
The Explosives Act regulations (law on explosives, ordinance on explosives) and those of the explosives suppliers must be
complied with.

I) Weather conditions
The wind and weather conditions have to be taken into consideration. If the conditions do not allow a safe flight manoeuvre, the
transport must be postponed.

J) Crew
Only those people who have a directly concerned with the transport assignment may travel in the helicopter.

K) Flight route - safety corridor

Flying directly over densely populated areas, used roads as well as people, technical installations (e.g. mountain cableways,
mountain restaurants and relay stations) and ski runs is prohibited.
The routes over which the magazine of the Wyssen avalanche blasting system is transported, may only run inside a safety
corridor of 500 m. This means that the routes are to be selected, so that from the loading site to the avalanche tower, a
distance of at least 500m in all directions is maintained from persons not immediately necessary for the operation.
Transport flights with the specified system may only be carried out within the country borders.

L) Weight
The weight of the loaded magazine-box can be up to 700 kg (empty weight about 600 kg).

M) Due dilige
It is very important that the magazine-boxes are placed carefully onto the avalanche towers. If during the positioning manoeuvre,
the magazine-box hits the tower heavily or is positioned jerkily, the internal mechanism may be damaged. This results in
the subsequent operation to misfires, amongst other things. If the pilot or the responsible blasting personnel notice that the
magazine-box has been set down extremely jerkily or has severely hit against the tower, this must be flown back down for
inspection.

61
N) Emergency situations
If due to a technical fault, incorrect handling or an emergency situation, the magazine-box crashes to earth, nobody may
approach the fallen parts. The pilot must immediately inform the local person responsible blasting expert, so that the necess ary
measures can be taken.

The crash site is to be evacuated on a large scale, i.e. in an area of at least 1 km from any persons, cordoned off and
safeguarded by checkpoints. The responsible authorities (police/WFD), and the manufacturer of the installation (Wyssen
Avalanche Control AG) must be notified.

2. Preparations
A) Receiving point
The receiving point of the charged magazine-box must be flat and provide sufficient space for the flight manoeuvre. There must
be a take-off and approach corridor available, so that no inhabited area or other areas occupied by people have to be flown
over.

No objects are permitted in the area around the receiving point that under certain circumstances could activate the monitoring
sensor in the insertion funnel of the magazine-box.

B) Briefing
Prior to the first flight transport order, the pilot has to discuss the procedure and the particular dangers involved in this work with
the specified ground staff. The personnel must also be instructed particularly in the operation of the load-carrying equipment
(the latch) and the general dangers when flying external loads.

The pilot must make sure, that the endangered space is free of persons and vehicles and the checkpoints are manned for
monitoring.

C) Exploratory flight
Prior to the operation, an exploratory flight is to be made in accompaniment of the responsible blasting expert, to ensure that
there are no uninvolved persons within the safety corridor.

D) Personal protection equipment

The ground staff must wear the following protective equipment when attaching and detaching the magazine -box under the
hovering helicopter: Helmet, safety goggles, gloves, suitable clothing and solid warm footwear.

E) Uninvolved persons
There may be no uninvolved persons present at the loading/unloading point. If necessary, this is to be cordoned off.

F) Communications check
Prior to starting work, a radio check for flawless communication is to be made between the pilot and the ground staff.

3. Placing the magazine-box on the tower

A) Loading
The magazine-box is mounted directly onto the designated transport hanger with a mounting line and the electrical latch.

B) Placing the magazine-box on the tower

The pilot brings the magazine-box with the insertion funnel vertically above the docking system spike of the tower. Through
lowering, this turns on its own into the correct position (towards the valley).
In newer installations, there is a flashing light on the magazine-box, which provides information to the pilot by flashing when the
magazine-box has been correctly placed.

C) Releasing the load

As soon as the pilot has determined that the magazine-box has turned into the correct position towards the valley, he can
slacken the mounting line and actuate the electrical latch for release.

D) Leaving the danger zone

After correctly placing the magazine-box on the tower, the pilot should quickly leave the danger zone of the avalanche blasting
installation.
4. Return transport of the magazine box
A) Explosive charges
Prior to the return transport, the pilot must find out whether there are any live charges still in the magazine -box.

B) Transport hangers
For the return transport, the Wyssen helicopter latch is attached to the mounting line with the electrical latch, so that the pilot
can attach the magazine-box on the tower on his own.

C) Loading
The magazine-box can be attached by the pilot himself by bringing the fork of the Wyssen helicopter latch over the transport
hanger on the magazine-box. The latch opens when lowered and then afterwards closes automatically.

D) Lifting the magazine-box off the tower

The pilot must hover exactly vertically over the magazine-box and then climb at least 1m so that the magazine-box is released
from the docking system spike.

It may be that for the newer installations, the mounted light begins to flash, but this is of no significance.

63
16.3 Regulations of recovery of misfires (duds)
Misfire recovery for Austria
Analogously adopted and adapted from the Austrian Ordinance on Blasting Operations and for the regulations for blasting
avalanches from the helicopter.

Recovery of misfires (duds):

( Misfires are to be recovered after at least 15 minutes and without any unnecessary delay. Misfires are to be professionally
defused after recovery.
( Charges that are still hanging on the cord and/or are attached to the magazine-box may not be touched. In this case,
procedure must be followed as described in chapter 9.6 item 2 by dropping the charge deliberately. A blasting expert
should observe from a distance where the charge has dropped, so that its subsequent recovery is facilitated. After dropping
the misfire, a further 15 minutes at least should be waited.
( If the danger of avalanches is high, the personnel can be brought by helicopter to the location of the misfire on a line.
( This has to be performed by the avalanche blasting expert and trained rescue personnel under the following prerequisites:
( Utilisation of a two-motor helicopter (performance class 1 Cat A approval) and suitable recovery line or officially approved
winch.
( Utilisation of a suitable safety harness with a standard -conforming safety carabiner.
( Utilisation of a safety helmet, equipped with a fixed transmitter and receiver system with microphone and earphones.
( Posting the avalanche blas ting expert and the rescue personnel at the recovery site is prohibited.
( If an immediate recovery due to avalanche danger and poor weather conditions is not possible, the danger area of the
explosive charge and possible avalanches is to be secured against uninvolved persons.
( Any remaining, live explosive charges are to be defused immediately after blasting operations or after the misfire has been
recovered, in compliance with all necessary safety measures.
16.4 Data Sheet Riomon T1
SICHERHEITSDATENBLATT
gemäß EG Nr. 1907/2006
überarbeitet am 13.02.2012 Seite 1 von 5

Produkt: RIOMON T1
1. Stoff-/Zubereitungs- und Firmenbezeichnung
1.1 Handelsname: RIOMON T1

1.2 Hersteller/Lieferant: MAXAM Deutschland GmbH Telefon (02364) 689 - 0

Werk Sythen Telefax (02364) 689 208
Werkstraße 111
D-45721 Haltern am See

1.3 Auskunft/Notfallauskunft: Produktionsleitung/Bereitschaft Telefon (02364) 689 - 0

MAXAM Deutschland, Werk Sythen Telefax (02364) 689 208

2. Zusammensetzung / Angaben zu Bestandteilen

2.1 Chemische Charakterisierung:
Pulverförmiger Sprengstoff, wasserfest
2.2 Gefährliche Inhaltsstoffe:

Bezeichnung CAS - Nr. Gehalt Einheit Kenn- R- Sätze

buchstaben

Ammoniumnitrat 6484-52-2 85,0 - 89,0 % O -

2.3 Zusätzliche Hinweise:

Klartexte der R-Sätze siehe unter Abschnitt 15 und 16.

3. Mögliche Gefahren
3.1 Besondere Gefahrenhinweise für Mensch und Umwelt:
- Durch Schlag, Reibung, Feuer oder andere Zündquellen explosionsgefährlich
- Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und bei Berührung mit der Haut

Gefahrenhinweise:
Die Angaben beschränken sich auf den Umgang mit der unpatronierten Masse.
4. Erste-Hilfe Maßnahmen
4.1 Allgemeine Hinweise:
Helfer auf Selbstschutz achten. Ärztliche Hilfe erforderlich bei Symptomen, die offensichtlich auf
das Einatmen von Verbrennungsgasen zurückzuführen sind. Vergiftungssymptome müssen nicht
sofort auftreten. Bei Gefahr der Bewußtlosigkeit Lagerung und Transport in stabiler Seitenlage.
Verletzten schnellstens aus Gefahrenbereich bringen. Patienten sollten mindestens 48 Stunden
unter ärztlicher Aufsicht bleiben.

4.2 Nach Einatmen von Verbrennungsgasen:

Verletzten an frische Luft bringen, Arzt konsultieren. Bei Atemstillstand: Atemspende
ggf. Sauerstoffzufuhr; baldmöglichst Dexamethason-Spray (z.B. Auxiloson) inhalieren lassen,
sofort ärztliche Behandlung veranlassen.

4.3 Nach Augenkontakt:

Augen mehrere Minuten bei geöffnetem Lidspalt unter fließendem Wasser spülen, ggf. Arzt
konsultieren.

4.4 Nach Hautkontakt:

Mit Wasser und Seife gründlich abwaschen.

65
 SICHERHEITSDATENBLATT
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Produkt: RIOMON T1
5. Maßnahmen zur Brandbekämpfung
5.1 Geeignete Löschmittel:
Bei Umgebungsbränden mit Wasser, Wassersprühstrahl oder Löschpulver löschen. Unter allen
Umständen verhindern, daß Brand das Produkt erfaßt.
5.2 Besondere Gefährdung durch den Stoff, seine Verbrennungsprodukte oder entstehende Gase:
Im Brandfall Explosionsgefahr. Keine Löschversuche, wenn Brand das Produkt erfaßt hat;
sichere Deckung (ca. 300 m) aufsuchen, Umgebung warnen ggf. evakuieren. Im Brand- oder
Explosionsfalle Bildung von giftigen Stickstoffoxiden (Lungenödemgefahr).
5.3 Besondere Schutzausrüstung:
Im Brandfalle umluftunabhängigen Atemschutz und dichte Schutzkleidung tragen.
Brandbekämpfung nur aus gesicherter Deckung.
6. Maßnahmen bei unbeabsichtigter Freisetzung
6.1 Personenbezogene Vorsichtsmaßnahmen:
Berührung der Augen und der Haut vermeiden. Unbefugte Personen fernhalten. Bei Aufräu-
mungsarbeiten nicht essen, trinken, rauchen. Absperrung erforderlich. Geeignete Schutzkleidung
und Schutzausrüstung benutzen (siehe Punkt 8.2).
6.2 Verfahren zur Reinigung/Aufnahme:
Von Hand unter Verwendung von Holzschaufeln / funkensicherem Werkzeug aufnehmen und
ausschließlich in gekennzeichnete, abdeckbare Behälter füllen. Bei Regen Produkt mit Plane
abdecken. Nicht in die Kanalisation/Gewässer gelangen lassen.
6.3 Zusätzliche Hinweise:
Kontaminiertes Material und Verpackung als Abfall nach Punkt 13 entsorgen.
7. Handhabung und Lagerung
7.1 Handhabung:

7.1.1 Hinweise zum sicheren Umgang:

Der Umgang mit Sprengstoffen ist nur den nach Sprengstoffgesetz berechtigten Personen
oder unter deren Aufsicht erlaubt.
Unter Verschluß aufbewahren. Vor Feuchtigkeit schützen. Nur verpackt lagern und trans-
portieren. Vor Hitze schützen. Verpackung mit Vorsicht öffnen und handhaben. Schlag und
Reibung vermeiden. Funkensicheres, anistatisches Werkzeug verwenden Für gute
Raumbelüftung sorgen. Dämpfe nicht einatmen. Bei der Arbeit nicht essen, trinken, rauchen.
Kontakt mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung siehe unter 8.2.
7.1.2 Hinweise zum Brand- und Explosionsschutz:
Zündquellen fernhalten, nicht rauchen. Schlag und Reibung vermeiden.
Bei spontaner Erwärmung sichere Deckung aufsuchen, Umgebung warnen.
7.2 Lagerung:
Die Lagerung bedarf einer Genehmigung gemäß nationaler Vorschriften.

7.2.1 Anforderung an Lagerräume und Behälter (Deutschland):

Die Lagerung bedarf der Genehmigung gemäß SprengG.
Lagergruppe: 1.1 D (2. SprengV)
Lagerung nur in versandmäßiger Verpackung
7.2.2 Zusammenlagerungshinweise (Deutschland):
Vgl. Zweite Verordnung zum Sprengstoffgesetz (2. SprengV) und Sprengstofflagerrichtlinien.
 SICHERHEITSDATENBLATT
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Produkt: RIOMON T1
8. Expositionsbegrenzung und persönliche Schutzausrüstungen
8.1 Bestandteile mit arbeitsplatzbezogenen, zu überwachenden Grenzwerten:

-entfällt

8.2 Persönliche Schutzausrüstung:

8.2.1 Allgemeine Schutz- und Hygienemaßnahmen:

Von Nahrungsmitteln und Getränken fernhalten. Berührung der Augen und der Haut mit unpatro-
nierter Sprengstoffmasse vermeiden. Vor den Pausen und bei Arbeitsende Hände waschen.
8.2.2 Atemschutz:
Nicht erforderlich.
8.2.3 Handschutz:
Bei unverpacktem Material Handschuhe aus Gummi oder Kunststoff, bei verpacktem Material
nicht erforderlich.
8.2.4 Augenschutz:
Nicht erforderlich.

8.2.5 Körperschutz:
Arbeitsschutzkleidung aus Baumwolle.
9. Physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften
9.1 Erscheinungsbild:
9.1.1 Form: pulverförmig
9.1.2 Farbe: grau
9.1.3 Geruch: nahezu geruchlos

9.2 Sicherheitsrelevante Daten:

Wert/Bereich Einheit Methode

Thermische Zersetzung ab 161 °C VDE 0166 (BAM)

Patronendichte 1,0 – 1,15 g/cm3 DIN 20 164

Dampfdruck bei 20°C

Glykol 0,08 hPa
Löslichkeit in Wasser bei 20°C
Ammoniumnitrat 650 g/dm3
Glykol 1000 g/dm3
pH-Wert 6,0 - 7,0 (wässriger Auszug)

10. Stabilität und Reaktivität

10.1 Zu vermeidende Bedingungen/Gefährliche Reaktionen:
Erhitzen, Schlag, Reibung vermeiden. Explosionsgefahr.
10.2 Gefährliche Zersetzungsprodukte:
Stickstoffoxide (nitrose Gase); Kohlenmonoxid.

67
 SICHERHEITSDATENBLATT
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Produkt: RIOMON T1
11. Angaben zur Toxikologie

Durch Einatmen von Verbrennungsgasen: Gefahr der Bildung eines Lungenödems

Akute Toxizität der Komponente:

Ammoniumnitrat:
LD50 oral, Ratte >2000 mg/kg

12. Angaben zur Ökologie

Wassergefährdung bei verpacktem Produkt ausgeschlossen. Die unpatronierte Masse
ist schwach wassergefährdend (Selbsteinschätzung). WGK 1

Uns liegen folgende ökotoxikologische Bewertungen vor:

Ammoniumnitrat LC50 (96 h) 1000 mg/dm³ (daphnia magna)
WGK 1 (schwach wassergefährdend)

13. Hinweise zur Entsorgung

Unbrauchbare Sprengstoffe und kontaminierte Verpackung müssen in gesicherter Weise unter
Berücksichtigung nationaler Vorschriften beseitigt oder einer Sonderbehandlung zugeführt
werden. Sie sind möglichst dem Hersteller zurückzuführen.
Abfallschlüssel (EAK) – 16 04 03 Andere verbrauchte Sprengstoffe

Entsorgung/Vernichtung - Produkt/Verpackung - Vorschriften:

Zerlegen von Gegenständen mit Explosivstoff oder Vernichten von Explosivstoff oder
Gegenständen mit Explosivstoff (BGR 114)
Explosivstoffe – Allgemeine Vorschrift (BGV B 5)
Sprengarbeiten (BGV C 24)

Die Entsorgung/Vernichtung darf nur durch berechtigte Personen auf genehmigtem Brand- und
Sprengplatz durchgeführt werden.
14. Angaben zum Transport
14.1 Landtransport ADR / RID und GGVS / GGVE (grenzüberschreitend und Inland):
Klasse: 1.1 D
Verpackungsgruppe: II
Gefahr Nr.: Nicht anwendbar
UN-Nr.: 0082
Bezeichnung: Sprengstoff Typ B, RIOMON T 1
 SICHERHEITSDATENBLATT
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Produkt: RIOMON T1
14.2 Seeschiffstransport IMDG / GGVSee (IMDG code):
Klasse: 1.1 D
UN-Nr.: 0082
EMS-Nr.: F-B, S-Y
Richtiger technischer Name: EXPLOSIVE, BLASTING, TYPE B

14.3 Lufttransport ICAO-TI und IATA-DGR:

Verboten
15. Vorschriften
15.1 Kennzeichnung nach EG-Richtlinien:

15.1.1 Kennbuchstabe und Gefahrenbezeichnung des Produktes:

E - Explosionsgefährlich

15.1.2 Gefahrenbestimmende Komponenten:

Enthält: Ammoniumnitrat
15.1.3 R - Sätze:
R2 - Durch Schlag, Reibung, Feuer oder andere Zündquellen explosionsgefährlich
R 20/21/22 - Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und bei Berührung mit der Haut

15.1.4 S - Sätze:
S1 - Unter Verschluß aufbewahren
S 35 - Abfälle und Behälter müssen in gesicherter Weise beseitigt werden
S 36 - Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen
S 41 - Explosions- und Brandgase nicht einatmen
S 45 - Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt hinzuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses
Etikett vorzeigen)

15.2 Nationale Vorschriften:

Das Produkt ist nach der derzeitig gültigen Gefahrstoffverordnung nicht kennzeichnungspflichtig.
15.3 Wassergefährdungsklasse:
WGK 1 (Selbsteinstufung), schwach wassergefährdend
16. Sonstige Angaben
16.1 Klartext weiterer R-Sätze aus Abschnitt 2:
R 44 - Explosionsgefahr bei Erhitzen unter Einschluß

16.2 Weitere Informationen:

Die Angaben im Sicherheitsdatenblatt geben den derzeitigen Kenntnisstand über unsere Pro-
dukte wieder. Das Sicherheitsdatenblatt dient der Produktbeschreibung im Hinblick auf den
Umgang und auf die sicherheitsrelevanten Erfordernisse. Es werden damit keine verbindlichen
Zusagen über vertraglich vereinbarte Produkteigenschaften abgegeben. Bestehende Gesetze
und Bestimmungen sind vom Empfänger unseres Produktes in eigener Verantwortung zu be-
achten.
Dieses Sicherheitsdatenblatt wurde EDV-technisch erstellt und somit nicht unterschrieben.

RIOMON T 1

69
16.5 CE-Conformity LS 12-5
16.6 CE-Conformity HK-02

CE-KONFORMITÄTSERKLÄRUNG FÜR MASCHINEN

Wir, Wyssen Avalanche Control AG

Feld 1
CH-3713 Reichenbach

erklären hiermit, dass das Produkt Wyssen Heliklinke

Typ HK-02
Seriennummer 411.600C

allen grundlegenden 2006/42/EG

Anforderungen der mit deren Änderungen
nebenstehenden Richtlinien
entspricht:

Bevollmächtigte Person für das Wyssen Avalanche Control AG

Zusammenstellen der technischen Christian Zumbach
Unterlagen gemäss Anhang VII A Feld 1
der Richtlinie 2006/42/EG: CH – 3713 Reichenbach

Konformitätsbewertungsstelle für SUVA

die Durchführung der Bereich Technik
Baumusterprüfung: Zertifizierungsstelle SCESp 008
Europäisch notifiziert, Kenn-Nr. 1246
Postfach 4358
CH-6002 Luzern

Baumusterprüfbescheinigung Nr.: E 7075.e

Angewendete Normen: EN 13155:2003+A2, EN ISO 12100

Reichenbach, 05.11.2014

Sam Wyssen, CEO

Wyssen Avalanche Control AG – CH-3713 Reichenbach – Tel. +41 33 676 76 76 – Fax. +41 33 676 76 77
www.wyssen.com – [email protected]

71
 1 2 3 4 5 6

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Hauptschalter Über brückungstaste

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2
3
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Bypass 2
Bypass 3
Bypass 4
411.190 +12V Safety Controller Red
12V 38Ah
GND
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SSR-
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Charge Controller Vb GND
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Sol arpanel 1
farbe? 2 G1 -

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G3 Coil 2
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EN Do rn
GND

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G3 +
G4
Sol arpanel 3
W1 GND
6
Kombiantenne SGM/GPS G3 -
GND
SolarCharger

RS-232
1
B X5 DCD
V1 6
DSR

2 RxD
7
GPR S RTS
3 TxD

F2 Modem 8
CTS

4
Blitzschutz DTR
9
W2 RI
5
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+12V
RS -2 3 2 Application Controller
X4 1
V2 DCD +12V Dorn Pwr
6 DSR RS-232 A Comm Red
2
RxD EN Red
7 RS-232 B
RTS Co m m Blu e

868MHz
3 E N B l ue
TxD
F3 Modem 8 CTS VBB INPUTS Power Buffer
Blitzsc hutz 4 VDD IN Motor
DTR
KMotor
9 RI VBB Measure L
5 INPUT
GND
CAN 1
Analog
CAN
EN IN
Kab el #
Baute il

2OutCTRL
X6 Input Circuits
RF Wake
bla u 1 V BB
INp1 RF Pow
S4 3 Sc halter Ruheposi tion (R POS) bra un 2 INn1 VDD IN
sch wa rz 3 GPS
INp2
S5 6 Schalter zur Abw urfdetektion (LPOS1) bra un 4 INn2 SDI-Power
bla u 5 GND S DI-1 2
INp3
S6 7 Sc halter zur Ladungsdetektion (LPOS2) S7 bra un 6 INn3 ApplicationController
sch wa rz 7 V B B M e a su re
INp4 GND
8 Sc halt er Zähler Karuss ell DP
( OS) bra un 8 INn4 INP U T
9

INp 5 Analog
10 INn 5
11 EN
12

GND
Kab el #
Baute il

X7
weis s 1
POT+
B2 brau n 2
Potentiometer Karus sell grün POTa
C 3 POT-
4
B3 Geophon Seismo +
5 Seismo -
6
S8 9 INp6
Schalter Loch z u 7 INn6
8
S9 10 INp7
Schalter Loch auf 9 INn7
10
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2 INn9
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4 INn 1 0
5
6 INp 1 1
B4 INn 1 1
7
INp 1 2
Temper atur 8 INn 1 2
116.1020 9
INp 1 3
10 INn 1 3
11 INp 1 4
12 INn 1 4
INp 1 5
INn 1 5
INp 1 6
INn 1 6 GND
InputCircuits
GND

X18

F4
Blitzsc hutz GN
4
3
2
1

GND

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SDI-1
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 CS215

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Temper atursens or

1 2 3 4 5 6
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SolidStateRelay U1
VIN K1
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GND VOUT Halbleiterrelais aK
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1 7 Ind. Sic her hei tss ensor
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K101-11 X20
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GND
MotorDriver
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2
3
4 X16
5 CAN 1 für Köcherrohre
6
7
8

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4
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2
3
4 X15
5
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6
7
8

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2 X14
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3 CAN 2
L
4
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Universal Drivers
1
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CTRL OUT 2 Horn (opti onal)
2
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GND OUT 4
GND Achtung alte N ummeri erung v erkehrt.
Output Drivers
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P r o d uk t io n s d a t e n
Logo1
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SC215

Tit e l: Hauptschema /nscAhlüsse

Pr o j e kt : Steuerung L1S2-5 G3
Nr. 411.700-1 Version: V15 G e z. M e ie r eBn ja m in 06.04.2016 Blatt 1 von 15

Fil e : LS 1 2- 5 G 3 aMin .S c h D o c 2 6 . 0 3. 2 0 1 4

7 8 9 10 11 12
In Switzerland: In Canada:
Wyssen Avalanche Control AG Wyssen Avalanche Control Inc
CH-3713 Reichenbach i.K. AT-??? ??????????

Tel.: +41 033 676 76 76 Tel.: +

E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]

For further information

Visit us at © Wyssen Avalanche Control Inc.
www.wyssenavalanche.com
Copying this document, giving it to others and the use or communication
of the contents are forbidden.
Violations incur an obligatory payment of damages
All rights reserved, in particular in the event of the award of patents
Ill. APPENDICES

APPENDIX A· AVA LANCHE AREA LOCATIONS BY PROGRAM

Avalanche Avalanche Area Name Avalanche Avalanche Area Name

Program Program

Central APEX MT. Kootenavs COFFEE CREEK

Central BARRIERE Kootenavs BLUEBERRY-PAULSON
Central BELLA COOLA Kootenavs CAPE HOR N BLUFFS
Central CHASE Kootenavs CASTLEGAR BLUFFS
Central COALMONT Kootenavs FERNIE
Central MONASHEE PASS · ECHO LK Kootenavs GRAND FO RKS NO RTH
Central PINE PASS Kootenavs HILLS-SUMMIT LAKE
Central PRINCETO N NORTH Kootenavs LARDEAU
Central RED PASS Kootenays NAKUSP NORT H
Central WELLS-BOWRON LAKES Kootenavs NAKUSP SOUTH
Kootenavs NAKUSP-HOT SPRINGS RD
Coast Chilcotin BRIDGE RIVER Kootenavs NEW DENVER-KASLO
Coast Chilcotin CHEAKAMUS CANYON Kootenavs SEVEN MILE DAM
Coast Chilcotin CYPRESS Kootenavs SHEEP CREEK
Coast Chilcotin DUFFEY LAKE Kootenavs SILVERTON
Coast Chilcotin BIG SLIDE Kootenavs ST. MARYS
Coast Chilcotin MARBLE CA NYO N Kootenavs TOBY CREEK
Coast Chilcotin PEMBE RTON-DA RCY Kootenavs VALLICAN BLUFFS
Kootenavs WHITEWATER
Columbias GALENA PAS S
North West CASSIAR
Columbias GREEN SLIDE
North West DORIS LAKE
Columbias HWY23NORTH
Columbias HWY 31 S-TROUT LAKE North West GREENVILLE-KINCOLITH
Columbias KICKING HORSE CANYON North West MOOSE PASTURE
Columbias TRANS CANADA HWY WEST North West NINGUNSAW PASS
Columbias TRANS CANADA HWY EAST North West SHAMES
North West TELEGRAPH CREEK
North West TERRACE - KITWANGA
North Cascades ALLISON PASS
North West TERRACE - TYEE
North Cascades COQUIHALLA
North cascades FRASER CANY ON
North Cascades HEMLOCK VALLEY Kootenay Pass HWY 3
North Cascades MT. CHEAM FLOODS
North Cascades BOTANIE MOUNTAIN

Bear Pass HWY 37A

Ill. APPENDICES

APPENDIX B – WSBC SAFETY FUSE ASSEMBLY VARIANCE: VR202100063

 OHS Practice and Engineering Support
Mailing address: PO Box 5350 Stn Terminal, Vancouver BC V6B 5L5
P 604.231.8644 | 1.888.621.7233 | F 604.276.3101 | worksafebc.com

July 26, 2021

Val Visotzky
Avalanche Program Supervisor
Rocky Mountain District
Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure
555 Victoria Road, PO Box 710,
Revelstoke, BC V0E 2S0

Dear Mr. Visotzky,

Your request for a Variance – VR202100063

In your letter of March 15, 2021, you requested a variance to section 21.56(2) of the Occupational
Health and Safety Regulation (OHSR) to allow the reduction of the Safety fuse assemblies from 1 m
(3.3 ft) in length to 30 cm (11.8 inches) in length for use in the Avalanche Guard and Wyssen
Towers.

Your application for a variance has been authorized pursuant to the terms set out in the attached
variance order. The variance has been issued under section 60 of the Workers Compensation Act on
the basis that the variance has substantially the same purpose and effect as the provision being
varied.

Please call me at 604-233-4071 if you have any questions concerning the variance process or the
review of your submission.

The Workers Compensation Act section 268 allows a person affected by this decision to request a
formal review of the decision. Affected persons may include an employer, worker, owner, supplier
or union. To exercise this right, a written request will need to be submitted to the Review Division
within 45 days.

NOTE: The Review Division can be contacted at 604-214-5411 or toll free at 1-888-922-8804.
Information is also available on the WorkSafeBC website at
http://www.worksafebc.com/claims/review_and_appeals/default.asp.

The Employers' Advisors office of the Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training and
Responsible for Labour is available to provide advice or assistance to employers. Their
telephone number is 604-713-0303, or toll free at 1-800-925-2233.

The Workers' Advisors office of the Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills Training and
Responsible for Labour is available to provide advice or assistance to workers. Their
telephone number is 604-713-0360, or toll free at 1-800-663-4261.

Yours truly,

Shelley Baldry
Senior Prevention Advisor
OHS Practice and Engineering Support
Prevention Services
WorkSafeBC

VR202100063 Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure s. 21.56(2)

Page 1 of 5
Copies to: Katie Ward, Employer Co-chair, Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure
Cliff Razzo, Worker Co-chair, Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure
Wendy Mah, Union Representative, BCGEU Local 205
BCGEU Occupational Health and Safety Department
Warren Fulton, Certification Officer, Certification Services
Angelique Prince, Manager, Certification Services
Terry Bertram, Manager, Prevention Field Services
Mark Harper, Occupational Safety Officer, Prevention Field Services
Firm File: Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure – 4000-175

Enclosure(s)

VR202100063 Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure s. 21.56(2)

Page 2 of 5
 TERMS OF VARIANCE – VR202100063

Regulation A variance is granted to the requirement in section 21.56(2) of the Occupational

Health and Safety Regulation that states:

21.56 Safety fuse assemblies

…
(2) Safety fuse assemblies less than 1 m (3.3 ft) in length must not be used.

Granting this variance to the section(s) listed above does not relieve the employer
of a duty to ensure compliance with all other sections of the Occupational Health
and Safety Regulation and the Workers Compensation Act.

Date granted July 26, 2021

Responsibility The variance is granted to the employer, Ministry of Transportation and

Infrastructure, Firm No. 4000-175, who has responsibility to ensure that these
terms are complied with.

Jobsite/ The variance is only applicable to the use of The Avalanche Guard in use on Mt.
work process Fortitude and the Wyssen towers in use at Three Valley Gap. The commissioning
of Wyssen Towers and Avalanche Guard must be as laid out in the Explosive Use
Operational Plan (BC Ministry of Transportation Avalanche and Weather Programs,
2021).

Special terms The conditions and procedures set out in your letter of March 15, 2021, which is
attached, must be complied with, as well as the following:

1. The Blaster of Record must hold a valid Avalanche Control blasting certificate.
2. The Blaster of Record must exercise continuous visual supervision over any
assistants who may be involved with preparation, loading and firing of these
devices.
3. Only personnel required to load or unload the Wyssen Tower deployment box
are to be on site. The number of personnel on site must not exceed 6 people,
including any persons in training.
4. Only personnel required to load or unload the Avalanche Guard are to be on
site. The number of personnel on site must not exceed 4 people, including any
persons in training.
5. Safety fuse assemblies must not be trimmed until just prior to assembling the
charges.
6. Unused trimmed safety fuse assemblies must be destroyed as per
manufacturer’s instructions.
7. The initiation of the Avalanche Guard or Wyssen Tower must be from a remote
location by a Blaster of Record who holds a valid Avalanche Control Blasting
Certificate.
8. Manufacturer’s misfire procedures must be used in event of a failure to
detonate.

VR202100063 Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure s. 21.56(2)

Page 3 of 5
 TERMS OF VARIANCE – VR202100063

9. In the event of a misfire being in the avalanche snow pack, a minimum of a 30-
minute wait must be observed after all snow has stopped moving before
permitting anyone to enter the danger area.
10. All members of the helicopter crew, including the pilot, must have TDG
certificates.
11. Under normal circumstances at the end of the season, prior to removing the
Wyssen Tower deployment box, it must be emptied by detonating any leftover
product in the box.
12. Prior to detonating the leftover product, 72-hour notice must be given to local
WorkSafeBC and RCMP offices.
13. Accidental Ignition procedures must be practiced with a dummy round at the
beginning of the season and again if any new team members (workers) come
on site. The training must be documented.
14. All required phone numbers listed in written procedures must be checked and
confirmed prior to transporting any explosives.

Posting A copy of these terms, along with any documents to which they refer, must be
maintained at the worksite and be available for inspection by WorkSafeBC officers.
The same documents must be posted on a suitable bulletin board in legible
condition for the period of the variance. If affected workers will not receive notice
by posting on a bulletin board, then the variance must be otherwise made known
to all affected workers.

Joint A copy of these terms, along with any documents to which they refer,
committee must be given to the Joint Occupational Health and Safety Committee or to the
Worker Health and Safety Representative, as applicable.

Time limited This variance will be valid for five (5) years from the date of this letter, to July 26,
2026.

Verification The worksite may be inspected by WorkSafeBC officers to confirm these terms are
being met.

Failure to If the terms and conditions of this variance order are not met, the
comply order is without effect and the applicable sections of the Occupational Health and
Safety Regulation apply. Any non-compliance with the terms and conditions of this
variance order, or other infractions relating to the subject matter of the variance,
may also result in imposition of orders and administrative penalties.

Validity The granting of this variance is based on the completeness and accuracy of the
information provided to WorkSafeBC. Any failure to have provided complete and
accurate information may result in revocation of the variance and imposition of
orders and administrative penalties.

Reconsider WorkSafeBC may reconsider the granting of the variance, or its terms, if it is later
found to have been granted in error, new information is received since it was
granted or the applicable Occupational Health and Safety Regulation provisions are
substantively amended.

VR202100063 Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure s. 21.56(2)

Page 4 of 5
 TERMS OF VARIANCE – VR202100063

Re-application Application for another variance upon the expiry of this variance must be made to
the Senior Prevention Advisor, OHS Practice and Engineering Support.

Future variance applications can be expedited if the firm's application includes

letters from the union and the relevant Joint Occupational Health and Safety
Committee or Worker Health and Safety Representative setting out their position
in relation to the application.

_________________________________
Shelley Baldry
Senior Prevention Advisor
OHS Practice and Engineering Support
Prevention Services
WorkSafeBC

VR202100063 Ministry of Transportation & Infrastructure s. 21.56(2)

Page 5 of 5
Ill. APPENDICES

APPENDIX C – WSBC EXPLOSIVE AVALANCHE CONTROL PROCEDURES

ACCEPTANCE FOR FIRM # 4000 -175
 Certification Services
Mailing address: PO Box 5350 Stn Terminal, Vancouver BC V6B 5L5
Phone 604.276.3090 | 1.888.621.7233 | Fax 604.279.7494 | worksafebc.com

July 26, 2021

John Buffery
MOTI, AWP
310 Ward St, 4th Floor
Nelson, BC V1L 5S4

Dear John Buffery:

RE: Explosive Avalanche Control Procedures for Firm No. 4000-175

Thank you for submitting your Explosive Avalanche Control Procedures, dated June 7, 2021. These
procedures have been reviewed and accepted by WorkSafeBC under Section 21.85(1) of the
Occupational Health and Safety Regulation (“OHSR”). This acceptance is subject to the following
conditions:

1. This acceptance is in effect until July 31, 2026.

2. You are authorized to conduct the following control measures:

• Helicopter Deployment
• Hand Charging
• Cornice Control
• Case Charging
• Avalanche Guard
• Wyssen Tower

3. Before operations take place, the blaster of record must ensure that they have
considered the entire scope of the danger area that may result from the blast. The
blaster of record must ensure that guarding of the danger area is in accordance
with the OHSR s. 21.66. The information contained in the Avalanche Atlas and the
Avalanche Safety Plan for the specific avalanche area must be considered prior to
designating the danger area and guarding of the area for the duration of the
blasting operation. Furthermore, for industrial settings, the blaster is to ensure
consideration is taken regarding protecting structures and equipment, which may
be exposed to the effects of the blast.

4. Emergency procedures, including a rescue and evacuation response plan, must

be in place for all avalanche control work. All workers must have adequate and
appropriate rescue equipment available for use.

Page 1 of 3
5. All explosive materials must be stored, handled, and used in the manner
recommended by the manufacturer and required by the OHSR. All applicable
manufacturers’ information must be available on site for reference and training by
all blasters/workers involved in your control program.

6. This acceptance is conditional on the employer acquiring the appropriate

authorizations and having satisfied the requirements of all other applicable
regulatory agencies including, but not limited to, Transport Canada, British
Columbia Safety Authority, and Natural Resources Canada. The granting of this
acceptance does not constitute a finding by WorkSafeBC that those requirements
have been met.

7. All misfires must be effectively guarded, and the zone affected closed until such
time as the misfire is located and disposed of. Due to the possibility of movement
of misfired explosives by natural or planned avalanches, persons must be educated
to identify explosive products, what the potential hazards associated with a misfire
are, and who to contact if an explosive product is found. Location of found misfires
must be communicated in a timely fashion to the blaster of record.

8. If misfires are suspected in an avalanche debris deposit, and machinery is

required to clear the debris, a blaster of record must be on site. The blaster of
record is to maintain a minimum number of workers required to clear the debris
and must be in direct control and supervision for all work. Any misfires located or
suspected will be handled as required by the OHSR.

9. Transport of primed charges by vehicles is strictly for case charging operations

and is restricted solely to the specific safe area assigned to the blast site. Primed
charges must be secured and effectively separated from all other explosives and
must not be stored in the passenger compartment of any vehicle. Whenever
possible primed charges should be transported separately from other explosives.

10. The granting of this acceptance does not constitute a finding by WorkSafeBC
that the employer’s procedures or equipment used for belay, or anchoring for
belaying, when conducting cornice or avalanche control meet the requirements for
Part 34 of the OHSR regarding Rope Access.

11. Section 21.85(4) of the OHSR requires that your procedures be reviewed
annually and that any proposed changes be submitted to WorkSafeBC for approval
prior to implementation. WorkSafeBC’s acceptance of your procedures does not
relieve the employer (and the contractor) from its obligation to ensure worker
health and safety in accordance with Section 115 of the Workers’ Compensation Act
(“Act”) or any other obligation under the Act or OHSR.

WorkSafeBC accepts no liability for any loss or damage caused by the employer’s
avalanche control activities, including, but not limited to, the employers use of or
failure to use these work procedures. (This information can be found on our
website at www.worksafebc.com.)

Page 2 of 3
 12. Please keep a copy of this letter available with the procedures for inspection by a
WorkSafeBC officer.

You may be asked to re-submit your procedures, regardless of changes, at any time. WorkSafeBC
may, at its discretion, review and reconsider this acceptance at any time. Reasons that might cause
a review of your procedures include but are not limited to:

a) WorkSafeBC’s receipt of new information or the determination that there has been an error
relating to this acceptance and;

b) Changes to the OHSR, OHS Policies, OHS Guidelines, or other laws affecting occupational
blasting or avalanche control best practices.

If you have any questions on the content of this letter, please contact Certification Services
at 604-276-3090, toll-free at 1-888-621-7233, or via email at [email protected].

Yours truly,

Angélique Prince
Manager, Certification Services
Prevention Programs & Performance

AP/vs

Copies to: Warren Fulton, Certification Officer, Certification Services

Sonja Kristinsson, Certification Officer, Certification Services
Mark Harper, Occupational Safety Officer, Prevention Field Services – Kamloops
Firm Avalanche Control Procedures File
Employer File WSE Ministry of Transportation and Infrastructure – 4000-175

Page 3 of 3