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 A Journal on Rural Development
Vol. 72 | No. 7 | Pages 52 | May 2024

Contents
Green Technologies 5
Current Status, Challenges
and Way Ahead
Chief Editor
Kulshrestha Kamal
Manjula Wadhwa
Senior Editor
Sukhchain Singh
Sub Editor Understanding Green 11
Akshit Malik Technologies For Future
Joint Director (Production)
D.K.C. Hrudhainath Subhash Chand
COVER DESIGN
Sheikh Amjid
Pavanesh Kumar Bind
EDITORIAL OFFICE Green Technologies for Clean 20
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Usage of Green Technologies 41
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Green Technologies for 46
Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message of
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Kurukshetra May 2024 3
 T he term “Green technology” describes about the use of technology and science to reduce human
impacts on the natural environment. Green technology encompasses a wide area of scientific research,
including energy, atmospheric science, agriculture, material science, and hydrology. Green technology
offers numerous environmental, economic and social advantages. Sustainable green technologies add
much to a sustainable society while promoting environmental protection and economic development. The
future of green technology holds immense potential for innovation and sustainability.
The Article “Green Technologies: Current Status, Challenges and Way Ahead” indicates that how
the concept of future Green Technologies is changing from the mere new gadgets and solutions to more
sustainable way of living.
Article “Understanding Green Technologies for Future” emphasizes that embracing Green Technologies
is not an option but an imperative for protecting the well-being of present and future generations. It
elaborately discusses about the environmental, economic, social, agricultural and global aspects of adopting
these technologies.
The dependence on fossil fuels for energy production exacerbating climate change, making it imperative
to shift to the maximum use of renewable and clean energy sources. The Article “Green technologies for
Clean and Renewable energy” discusses about all the available renewable and clean energy sources and
technologies.
The Article “Empowering Rural Communities: Embracing Green Waste Tech In India” underlines the
need for adoption and scaling up green waste technologies for paving the way to a greener and more
inclusive future for rural India. It explores the potential of embracing green waste technologies to empower
rural communities and mitigate environmental impacts.
The Article “Biodiversity Conservation using Remote Sensing and GIS Tools” focuses on the potential
and utilization of geospatial tools in terms of forest cover maps, land use, land cover maps, vegetation
maps to check the Biodiversity Conservation problems of habitat loss, over-exploitation, pollution, invasive
species, and global warming, especially in places of inaccessible, rugged terrain.
Water being a scarce resource, the sustainable water management is the utmost necessity in rural
as well as in urban areas. The article “Usage of Green Technologies in Sustainable Water Management”
throws light on how the drinking water, wastewater, rainwater, stormwater and drainage water in a
collective form can be managed together truly in efficient and sustainable manner with the use of modern
green technologies.
The use of green technologies in enhancing the agriculture production sustainably while making
ecological balance is very important. Article “Green Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture” discusses
about the future agricultural technologies which must prioritise both profitability and environmental
impact while acknowledging the importance of natural resources and ecosystem services.
By embracing Green technology, information, and transparency, we can effectively address long-
standing challenges, formalize the rural sector, and unlock the immense potential of rural communities.
Through collaborative efforts among stakeholders, the technology can act as a powerful catalyst accelerating
sustainable rural development. Let us harness the full potential of Green Technology and create sustainable
and inclusive growth. 

4 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Green
Technologies
Current Status,
Challenges and
Way Ahead

The future of green technology is not just about new gadgets and solutions; it is more
about a shift in mindset towards a more sustainable way of living. India’s continually
evolving policies and reforms focused on attaining nationally determined contributions
are clearing a path for faster adoption of green technologies and for facilitating investors
across the globe. Economically, Green technologies open new markets and create jobs.
These technologies also foster business innovation, enabling companies to develop
new products and services that meet growing consumer demand for sustainability.
Environmentally, green technologies significantly reduce carbon emissions contributing
to the fight against climate change and environmental degradation. Socially, they improve
the quality of life by providing access to cleaner air and water. And they also offer a path
to achieving global sustainability at the national level.

* Manjula Wadhwa

I
n view of the huge impact of environmentally friendly renewable energy sources.
greenhouse gas emissions, Let us understand the concept of green
depletion of natural resources, technology. It is the creation and application of
continuously increasing global products, systems, and frameworks that aim to
warming, various stakeholders, protect the natural environment and its properties by
for the past two decades have been pondering over mitigating and reducing the negative consequences
United Nation’s sustainable development goals of human activities. To simplify, the term “green
(SDGs) and their implementation using clean and technology” refers to devices, services, or processes
green technologies. Clean technology refers to the that follow certain criteria, i.e., it emits no or very
use of conventional energy resources to address the few greenhouse gases (GHGs), is safe to use, and
energy demands, without causing environmental encourage a healthy and better climate for all
damage and green technology refers to the use of forms of life. It reduces electricity and natural

* The author is associated with NABARD and is currently DGM of NABARD. Email: [email protected]
resource consumption and also encourages the challenges. Thus, it is like giving Mother Nature a
use of natural energy. Green technologies broadly high-tech helping hand.
encompass innovations focused on environmental Ever wondered, how we can make our planet
enhancement and resource efficiency. They range greener while still enjoying the benefits of modern
from renewable energy solutions like solar and wind technology. Here are the unresistible goals of Green
power to advanced waste management solutions Technologies, summarised as under: -
and eco-friendly materials. These technologies
are crucial in addressing global environmental  Reduce the rate of increase in energy demand
challenges such as climate change and resource thus promoting economic growth
scarcity, marking a significant shift from traditional  To promote the development of the green
practices to sustainable alternatives. They offer technology sector and its contribution to the
new opportunities for growth and development, national economy
challenging conventional business models and  To increase the potential for competition in the
promoting sustainable business operations. This production of green technology and to improve
shift is evident in the rise of green startups and the sector’s performance in the field
investments in sustainable innovations. Renewable
 To ensure long-term sustainability for posterity
energy technologies for energy production, such
as solar and wind power, are at the forefront,  In addition, to raise public consciousness about
offering alternatives to fossil fuels. Energy efficiency green technologies as well as to promote their
technologies, focusing on reducing energy wider use
consumption in buildings and industries, are also  While discussing the current promotion and
critical. Green transportation technologies, including coverage of green technologies, we find their
electric vehicles and sustainable public transit footprints in various sectors such as
systems, are gaining momentum. Furthermore, waste
Energy Sector: Green Technology in electricity
management technologies are revolutionising the
generation and energy resource management,
way we handle waste, turning it into sustainable
including cogeneration in the manufacturing and
resources or energy. Lastly, sustainable materials
commercial sectors.
are replacing traditional, non-renewable materials
in the construction industry. These varied types Building Sector: Green technology is being used
of technologies underscore the comprehensive in the design, administration, repair, and demolition of
scope they can have in addressing environmental houses.
Water and Waste Management Sector: Green
technology usage in water supply control and usage,
wastewater disposal, and solid waste landfills.
Transport Sector: Green technology integration
into transportation infrastructure and automobiles,
including bio-fuels and public transportation.
Now that we have dipped our toes into the world
of green technology, let us dive deeper into the heart
of the matter. The opportunities presented by green
technologies are vast. Economically, they open new
markets and create jobs. These technologies also
foster business innovation, enabling companies to
develop new products and services that meet growing
consumer demand for sustainability. Environmentally,
green technologies significantly reduce carbon
emissions contributing to the fight against climate

6 Kurukshetra May 2024

change and environmental degradation. Socially, to a broader audience. Another area of notable
they improve the quality of life by providing access progress is being witnessed in the electric vehicle
to cleaner air and water. Additionally, they offer a technology. EVs are becoming popular day by day,
path to achieving global sustainability at the national thanks to improvements in battery life and charging
level. These opportunities can augment the pace of infrastructure. Waste management technologies
economic growth and serve as a step towards a more are also undergoing transformation. Innovations in
sustainable and equitable world. recycling and waste-to-energy processes are enabling
It is the best way to address environmental issues more sustainable management of resources. These
while still promoting economic development. It technologies have the potential to reduce landfill
also aligns with the global agenda of governments waste and greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, green
currently prioritising environmental betterment, architecture is gaining momentum, with sustainable
including the phenomena of climate change. The buildings designed for energy efficiency and minimal
greatest advantage of using green technologies is environmental impact. These structures utilise
that it improves people’s quality of living by making sustainable materials and incorporate features like
the climate more sustainable. If air, water, and noise green roofs and energy-efficient lighting, contributing
pollution continues, it would have a very bad effect on considerably to urban sustainability and lowering
the quality of life. The negative effect on the climate temperatures in adjacent areas.
is minimised as we use green technologies. Green While looking at the Agricultural sector, we
technology has a lot of promise for propelling the find sustainable farming technologies are evolving.
nation forward. Industries that use or produce goods Techniques like precision farming, which uses Artificial
based on green technologies may help the local Intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) for efficient
population find work. resource usage, are revolutionising food production,
In the coming days, the green technology making it more sustainable and less harmful to the
landscape will be marked by several adventurous environment. These illustrations clearly signify the
innovations. One important development is in the dynamic and impactful nature of green technologies.
realm of solar energy, where advances have led to They are not just transforming industries but are
more efficient and affordable solar panels, making also paving the way for a more sustainable and eco-
renewable energy from solar energy accessible friendly future. The continued evolution and adoption

Kurukshetra May 2024 7

of these technologies will, undoubtedly, be crucial in consumption, which requires us to change our
addressing the global environmental challenges of habits and lifestyles. Reducing Waste is yet another
our time. challenge. Green technology promotes a circular
Currently, the manufacturing sector contributes economy where waste is minimised and resources
to nearly 40% of the country’s total energy are reused or recycled. However, to achieve it, we not
consumption and is one of the major sources of only need to recycle more, rather design products and
greenhouse gas emissions. As manufacturing sector systems that generate lesser waste. Products need to
continues to witness growth, its rapid consumption of be designed not just for functionality and efficiency
coal, oil, and natural gas has become a concern due to but also for longevity and end-of-life recyclability.
their significant contribution to pollution. The adoption In Agriculture, the shift towards more eco-friendly
of renewable energy sources offers opportunities for practices may pose a challenge. It is a complex
companies to reduce their carbon footprint. Renewable issue that requires a balance between maintaining
energy such as biomass, green coal, and solar power productivity and protecting the environment. Green
can provide reliable energy for manufacturing technology also aims to reduce water consumption.
processes. The initiative taken by Government Of India Realising this objective, particularly in the industries
under Production Linked Incentive scheme. where water use is high, requires an out of the
box approach and a staunch commitment to
Another initiative is National Green Hydrogen conservation. Another challenge is reducing Air
Mission, which will lead to significant decarbonisation pollution, particularly in big cities where pollution
of the economy, reduced dependence on fossil fuel levels are very high. Effectuating it requires cleaner
imports, and enable India to assume technology and energy sources, improved industrial processes and
market leadership in Green Hydrogen. Initially, two stricter regulations. Reducing Carbon footprints,
distinct financial incentive mechanisms proposed with though a global challenge, is the one that green
an outlay of ₹ 17,490 crore up to 2029-30, are: technology is uniquely equipped to tackle. Not
 Incentive for manufacturing of electrolysers only renewable energy sources and energy efficient
 Incentive for production of green hydrogen technologies are required but also a societal shift
towards sustainable lifestyles. Addressing these
It will support the development of supply
challenges is essential for the successful integration
chains that can efficiently transport and distribute
and maximisation of green technologies’ potential.
hydrogen. This includes the use of pipelines,
The Vertical Farming, No-till Farming, changing
tankers, intermediate storage facilities, and last-leg
dietary habits, and embracing innovative foods
distribution networks for export as well as domestic
like plant-based meat substitutes and Precision
consumption. Here are the Mission outcomes
Fermentation can help us to create foods which
presented in pictorial form: -
can reduce our carbon footprints and contribute to
The journey of green technologies is of course, more sustainable food systems. In the manufacturing
quite optimistic but not without challenges. sector, the challenges hinder the widespread
Economically, the high initial investment costs adoption of renewable sources. For instance, India
for green tech is a big barrier. Businesses may heavily relies on imported materials for the solar
face challenges in securing the necessary funding supply chain, leading to foreign exchange pressure.
for implementing green technologies. There Based on conservative estimates, more than 50%
are also challenges in achieving widespread of the project costs for each megawatt of solar PV
adoption and integration into existing systems and power plant installation in India lead to the outflow
infrastructures. Regulatory hurdles can impede of foreign exchange. To overcome this, developing a
the development and implementation of these domestic solar value chain could help stimulate the
technologies. Furthermore, public acceptance usage of renewable energy in manufacturing sector
and awareness remain crucial for widespread as well as lead to the creation of jobs.  Bioenergy offers
adoption. One of the key challenges in adopting promising solutions to mitigate carbon emissions,
green technology is the need for reduced energy especially in sectors that are challenging to transition

8 Kurukshetra May 2024

to sustainable and clean practices. Bioenergy involves can play a crucial role in bringing down emissions
deriving renewable energy from organic matter, throughout the manufacturing supply chain.
such as agricultural waste or energy crops. However, Way Forward
the adoption of bioenergy in manufacturing faces
obstacles, particularly in regions where consumer and Looking ahead, we visualise the future of green
producer markets for manufacturing products are not technology is not just about new gadgets and
abundant in biomass resources. This misalignment solutions; it is more about a shift in mindset towards
creates logistical barriers to integrating and utilising a more sustainable way of living. India’s continually
biomass. To enable widespread adoption, solutions evolving policies and reforms focused on ease of
such as developing efficient supply chains, establishing doing business and attaining nationally determined
biomass collection and processing infrastructure, and contributions are clearing a path for faster adoption
implementing supportive policies and incentives are of green technologies and for facilitating investors
needed. Overcoming these challenges would allow across the globe. India’s ‘Aspirational District
the manufacturing sector to tap into the potential of Programme’ is the best initiative to channel such a
bioenergy, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transformation by leveraging local communities,
promoting sustainability. The adoption of electric as it removes heterogeneities in regional variations
vehicles (EVs) and hybrid vehicles for logistics and in development. The programme, with its increased
transportation can significantly reduce emissions. scope in energy transitions, will power India’s
Certain companies like ‘Exponent Energy’ have ambitions as a world leader in green energy and
developed a charging infrastructure and battery pack achieve Agenda 2030. It serves as a lighthouse
that enables rapid 15-minute charging for commercial not just for our green energy revolution but also
electric vehicles, which have different requirements provides a model that is replicable across the world.
than passenger vehicles. ‘Log9 Materials’ is also To conclude, we must remember the words of Bob
developing batteries specifically designed for Brown, the Senator of Australian Greens:
commercial vehicles. This shift toward electric mobility “The future will either be green or not at all” 

Kurukshetra May 2024 9

10 Kurukshetra May 2024
 Understanding Green Technologies For Future
As humanity stands at a critical juncture in history, the transition to green technology offers a
pathway towards a sustainable and resilient future. By harnessing the transformative power of
innovation, collaboration, and collective action, we can overcome the challenges of environmental
degradation and build a world where prosperity is harmonised with planetary health. Embracing
green technology is not merely an option but an imperative for safeguarding the well-being of
current and future generations.

* Subhash Chand
** Sheikh Amjid

U
nderstanding Green Technology create projects that are good for the planet, making it
means understanding new ways to healthier and safer for everyone, now and in the future.
help the environment. It is defined by Understanding its evolution and development is crucial
principles such as resource efficiency, for navigating towards a greener future and achieving
renewable energy adoption, and environmental sustainability.
waste reduction. Knowing how these ideas have Environmental Benefits of Green Technology
changed over time is important for realising how they Green technology offers numerous environmental
can help make the world a better place. By learning advantages, including mitigating climate change by
about Green Technology, we can all work together to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting

*The author is Professor, Division Soil Science, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST Kashmir. Email: [email protected]
** The author is PhD Research Scholar, Division Soil Science, Faculty of Horticulture, SKUAST Kashmir.
 Hydrogen,
the Fuel of
the Future,
Powering
Tomorrow's
World

renewable energy sources. It also plays a pivotal role Improved Air and Water Quality: By reducing
in curbing pollution and emissions, conserving natural reliance on fossil fuels and adopting cleaner energy
resources and preserving biodiversity, ensuring a sources, green technologies can help improve air
healthier and more sustainable planet for current and quality by reducing emissions of pollutants such as
future generations. Here are some environmental sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
benefits associated with green technology: Additionally, technologies for wastewater treatment
Reduced Carbon Emissions: Green technologies and pollution control can help improve water quality
often focus on renewable energy sources such as and protect aquatic ecosystems.
solar, wind, and hydroelectric power, which produce Climate Resilience: Green technologies can also
significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions as contribute to building resilience to climate change
compared to fossil fuels like coal and oil. By transitioning impacts such as extreme weather events, sea-level
to renewable energy sources, we can mitigate rise, and drought. For example, sustainable land
climate change by reducing carbon dioxide and other management practices can help mitigate soil erosion
greenhouse gas emissions. and flooding, while renewable energy systems can
Energy Efficiency: Many green technologies are provide decentralised power sources that are less
vulnerable to disruptions.
designed to improve energy efficiency in buildings,
transportation, and industrial processes. By using Mitigation of Environmental Degradation: Green
energy more efficiently, we can reduce overall energy technologies offer solutions to address various forms
consumption and decrease the environmental impact of environmental degradation, including deforestation,
associated with energy production, including air and desertification, and habitat destruction. For instance,
water pollution. reforestation efforts supported by technology tools
such as remote sensing and geographic information
Resource Conservation: Green technologies systems (GIS) can help restore degraded landscapes and
promote the efficient use of resources such as water, sequester carbon.
land, and raw materials. For example, innovations in
Economic Implications of Green Technology
water-saving technologies for agriculture and urban
infrastructure can help conserve water resources, while The adoption of green technology drives economic
recycling and waste-to-energy technologies can reduce growth by stimulating innovation and entrepreneurship
the amount of waste sent to landfills. in sustainable industries. It creates new opportunities
for green jobs and industries, enhances energy security
Biodiversity Preservation: Sustainable agricultural by reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and fosters economic
practices and land management techniques supported resilience by promoting resource efficiency and
by green technologies can help preserve biodiversity by mitigating environmental risks, thereby contributing
protecting natural habitats, reducing habitat destruction, to long-term sustainable development. Here are some
and minimising the use of harmful chemicals that can of the key economic benefits associated with green
degrade ecosystems and harm wildlife. technology:

12 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Application of green principle in agricultural waste valorisation in a circular economy concept

Job Creation: The transition to green technology energy sources and promoting domestic production of
creates new job opportunities across multiple sectors, renewable energy, countries can mitigate the economic
including renewable energy, energy efficiency, waste risks associated with volatile oil prices and geopolitical
management, and sustainable transportation. These tensions.
industries require skilled workers for manufacturing, Market Opportunities: The growing demand for
installation, maintenance, and research and environmentally friendly products and services presents
development of new technologies. market opportunities for businesses that specialise
Innovation and Competitiveness: Investment in green technology. Companies that offer energy-
in green technology fosters innovation and drives efficient appliances, eco-friendly packaging, sustainable
technological advancements, leading to the agriculture solutions, and clean transportation
development of new products, processes, and services. options can capitalise on consumer preferences for
Countries and companies that lead in green technology environmentally responsible products and tap into
innovation can gain a competitive edge in the global emerging markets.
market, attracting investment and stimulating economic Resilience to Climate Change: Adaptation measures,
growth. such as sustainable infrastructure development and
Cost Savings: While the initial investment in green climate-resilient agriculture, can reduce the economic
technology infrastructure and equipment may be losses caused by climate-related disasters and protect
higher than traditional counterparts, the long-term livelihoods.
operational costs are often lower. Energy-efficient Policy Support and Investment: Government
buildings, renewable energy systems, and sustainable policies and incentives play a crucial role in driving the
transportation options can lead to reduced utility bills, adoption of green technology by providing financial
lower fuel costs, and decreased maintenance expenses, incentives, tax credits, subsidies, and regulatory
resulting in significant cost savings over time. frameworks that encourage investment in sustainable
Energy Independence and Security: Green practices and technologies. Public and private
technologies such as solar, wind, and bio-energy reduce investment in green technology research, development,
reliance on imported fossil fuels, thereby enhancing and deployment can stimulate economic growth and
energy independence and security. By diversifying spur technological innovation.

Kurukshetra May 2024 13

Social Impacts and Equity Considerations regions, and low-lying islands, are disproportionately
The adoption and implementation of green affected by the impacts of climate change, such as
technology have significant social impacts and equity sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and food
considerations that need to be addressed to ensure a insecurity. Green technology can contribute to building
fair and inclusive transition to a sustainable future. Here resilience by providing sustainable solutions for disaster
are some key points to consider: preparedness, water management, and agricultural
adaptation.
Health Benefits: Green technology can lead to
improved public health outcomes by reducing air and Environmental Justice: Environmental justice
water pollution associated with fossil fuel combustion principles emphasise the fair treatment and meaningful
and industrial processes. By transitioning to cleaner involvement of all people, regardless of race, ethnicity,
energy sources and adopting sustainable practices, income, or geography, in environmental decision-
we can mitigate health disparities and promote making and policy development. Green technology
environmental justice. initiatives should prioritise addressing environmental
injustices and disparities by considering the needs and
Access to Clean Energy and Services: Ensuring perspectives of marginalised communities and ensuring
equitable access to clean energy and sustainable equitable distribution of environmental benefits and
services is crucial for addressing energy poverty and burdens.
promoting social equity. Policies and programs that
prioritise equitable distribution of resources and Key Areas of Green Technology Adoption
support community-led initiatives can help address Green technology adoption spans various sectors
these disparities. and encompasses a wide range of innovations aimed at
Job Creation and Training Opportunities: Green promoting sustainability and reducing environmental
technology offers opportunities for job creation and impact. Here are some key areas where green
skills development, particularly in sectors such as technology adoption is particularly significant:
renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable Renewable Energy: Transitioning to renewable
agriculture. However, it is essential to ensure that energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and
workforce development programs and training geothermal power is one of the most critical aspects
initiatives are inclusive and accessible to people from of green technology adoption. Renewable energy
diverse backgrounds, including women, minorities, and technologies offer clean, sustainable alternatives
disadvantaged communities. to fossil fuels and can help reduce greenhouse gas
Community Empowerment and Participation: emissions and dependence on finite resources.
Engaging communities in the decision-making process Energy Efficiency: Improving energy efficiency
and empowering local stakeholders to participate in the in buildings, transportation, and industrial processes
development and implementation of green technology is another key area of green technology adoption.
projects can enhance social cohesion and promote Energy-efficient appliances, lighting systems, heating,
grassroots innovation. ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, as well
Affordability and Cost Burdens: While green as smart energy management systems, can significantly
technology solutions offer long-term cost savings reduce energy consumption and operating costs while
and environmental benefits, the upfront costs of lowering carbon emissions.
implementation may pose challenges for some Sustainable Transportation: Green technology
households and businesses, particularly those with solutions in transportation include electric vehicles
limited financial resources. Policies such as subsidies, (EVs), hybrid vehicles, fuel-efficient engines, public
incentives, and financing mechanisms can help make transit systems, and alternative fuels such as bio-fuels
green technology more affordable and accessible to and hydrogen. By promoting sustainable transportation
low-income individuals and communities. options, we can reduce air pollution, congestion, and
Resilience to Climate Change: Vulnerable reliance on fossil fuels while improving mobility and
communities, including those living in coastal areas, arid accessibility.

14 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Waste Management and Recycling: Green Agricultural Sustainability: Green technology
technology innovations in waste management and adoption in agriculture promotes sustainable farming
recycling aim to minimise waste generation, maximise practices that conserve soil, water, and biodiversity
resource recovery, and reduce environmental while minimising the use of synthetic fertilisers and
pollution. Advanced recycling technologies, pesticides. Techniques such as precision agriculture,
composting systems, and waste-to-energy facilities agro-forestry, organic farming, and soil conservation
help divert waste from landfills and promote a circular practices help improve crop yields, soil health, and
economy where materials are reused, recycled, or resilience to climate change.
repurposed. Smart Grid and Energy Storage: Smart grid
Water Management: Sustainable water technologies enable more efficient and reliable
management technologies focus on efficient water use, electricity distribution by integrating renewable energy
conservation, and pollution prevention in agriculture, sources, energy storage systems, and demand-side
industry, and urban areas. Innovations such as drip management strategies.
irrigation systems, rainwater harvesting, wastewater Climate Adaptation and Resilience
treatment plants, and water-efficient appliances help
Green technology adoption also includes
optimise water resources and protect freshwater
measures to adapt to and mitigate the impacts
ecosystems.
of climate change, such as sea-level rise, extreme
Green Building Design and Construction: Green weather events, and ecosystem degradation. Climate-
building practices integrate energy-efficient design, resilient infrastructure, ecosystem restoration
sustainable materials, and renewable energy systems projects, and disaster preparedness strategies help
to minimise environmental impact and enhance communities to build resilience and adapt to changing
occupant's comfort and health. Green building environmental conditions. These key areas of green
technologies include passive solar design, green roofs, technology adoption represent opportunities for
high-performance insulation, and energy-efficient innovation, investment, and collaboration to address
lighting and HVAC systems. pressing environmental challenges and create a more

Kurukshetra May 2024 15

sustainable and resilient future. Green technology Costs and Investment: One of the primary barriers
adoption spans various sectors, including renewable to green technology adoption is the upfront costs
energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, associated with implementing new technologies or
waste management, green building, and agriculture. upgrading existing infrastructure. Despite the long-term
Embracing innovation in these areas is critical for cost savings and environmental benefits, the initial
transitioning towards a low-carbon, resource-efficient investment required for renewable energy systems,
economy and mitigating environmental impacts across energy-efficient equipment, and sustainable practices
diverse sectors of society. can be prohibitive for businesses, governments, and
Challenges and Barriers to Adoption individuals.

Despite the benefits, green technology adoption Lack of Financial Incentives: The absence of
faces obstacles such as technological limitations, high financial incentives, subsidies, and supportive policies
costs, regulatory hurdles, and resistance to change. can hinder the adoption of green technology. Without
Overcoming these challenges requires concerted adequate incentives such as tax credits, rebates,
efforts to address infrastructural constraints, provide feed-in tariffs, or low-interest loans, businesses
financial incentives, enact supportive policies, and and consumers may be less motivated to invest in
foster societal shifts towards sustainable practices. renewable energy, energy efficiency upgrades, or
While green technology offers promising solutions for sustainable practices.
addressing environmental challenges and promoting Technological Challenges: Some green technologies
sustainability, its widespread adoption faces several face technical limitations, performance issues, or
challenges and barriers. Here are some of the key scalability constraints that impede their widespread
obstacles: adoption. For example, renewable energy sources such

16 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Case Studies of Successful Green Technology Initiatives
Examining successful green technology initiatives worldwide provides valuable insights into effective
strategies for sustainable development.
Case Study Location Initiative
Renewable Energy Transition in Germany Germany Transition to Renewable Energy Sources
Sustainable Transportation in Curitiba, Brazil Curitiba, Brazil Integrated Bus Rapid Transit System
Waste Management Innovations in Sweden Sweden Waste-to-Energy Plants and Recycling
Green Building Initiatives in Singapore Singapore Sustainable Building Design and Practices
Agro-ecological Farming Practices in Costa Rica Costa Rica Organic Farming and Biodiversity Conservation
Case studies from Germany’s renewable energy transition to Costa Rica’s agro-ecological farming practices
showcase the transformative potential of green technologies in achieving environmental, social, and economic
objectives on both local and global scales. These case studies highlight successful green technology initiatives
implemented in various regions across the globe, showcasing the effectiveness of innovative solutions in
addressing environmental challenges and promoting sustainable development.

as solar and wind power are intermittent and require energy mandates, carbon pricing mechanisms, or
energy storage solutions to ensure reliability and grid environmental standards.
stability. Similarly, advanced recycling and waste-to- Public Awareness and Perception: Limited public
energy technologies may require further development awareness, misconceptions, and scepticism about
to become economically viable at scale. green technology can impede its adoption. Education,
Infrastructure Constraints: The transition to green outreach, and communication efforts are needed to
technology often requires significant upgrades to raise awareness about the benefits of renewable energy,
infrastructure, such as electricity grids, transportation energy efficiency, and sustainable practices and dispel
networks, and water supply systems. Inadequate myths or misinformation that may deter adoption.
infrastructure or regulatory barriers can hinder the Social and Equity Considerations: The distribution
deployment of renewable energy projects, electric of costs and benefits associated with green technology
vehicle charging stations, and smart grid technologies, adoption may not always be equitable, leading to
limiting their effectiveness and accessibility. concerns about social justice and fairness. Low-income
Market Barriers and Competition: Established communities, marginalised groups, and developing
industries and vested interests in fossil fuels may countries may face barriers to accessing clean energy,
resist the adoption of green technology, leading sustainable transportation, and other green technology
to market barriers and competition. Subsidies and solutions, exacerbating existing disparities and
regulatory frameworks that favour fossil fuel extraction inequalities. Addressing these challenges and barriers to
and consumption can distort market incentives and green technology adoption requires coordinated action
disadvantage clean energy alternatives. Additionally, and collaboration among governments, businesses, civil
monopolies or oligopolies in energy markets may limit society organisations, and communities.
competition and innovation in renewable energy and Policy Frameworks and Strategies for Promoting Green
energy efficiency sectors. Technology
Policy and Regulatory Challenges: Inconsistent or Promoting green technology requires
unclear policies, regulations, and permitting processes comprehensive policy frameworks and strategies that
can create uncertainty and deter investment in green incentivise investment, drive innovation, and facilitate
technology. Lack of political will, lobbying pressure the adoption of sustainable practices across various
from industry stakeholders, and regulatory barriers can sectors. Here are some key policy approaches and
delay or undermine efforts to implement renewable strategies for promoting green technology:

Kurukshetra May 2024 17

 Renewable Energy Targets and Mandates: Setting Education and Outreach Programs: Educating the
renewable energy targets and mandates establishes public, businesses, and policymakers about the benefits
clear goals for transitioning to clean energy sources of green technology and sustainable practices is
such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal essential for building awareness, fostering behavioural
power. Governments can mandate renewable energy change, and mobilising support for policy action.
standards, renewable portfolio standards (RPS), or feed- Education campaigns, training programs, and outreach
in tariffs to incentivise the deployment of renewable initiatives raise awareness about energy conservation,
energy projects and stimulate investment in clean waste reduction, and climate change mitigation and
energy infrastructure. adaptation strategies.
Financial Incentives and Subsidies: Providing The Role of International Collaboration and Cooperation
financial incentives, subsidies, and tax credits for International collaboration is essential for
renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency addressing global environmental challenges. Through
upgrades, and sustainable practices can help offset the agreements, knowledge sharing, and technology
upfront costs and accelerate adoption. transfer, nations can enhance their capacity to adopt
Carbon Pricing Mechanisms: Implementing carbon green technologies. Climate finance and green
pricing mechanisms such as carbon taxes or cap-and- investment further support sustainable development
trade systems internalises the cost of carbon emissions efforts, facilitating the transition to a low-carbon
and creates economic incentives for reducing greenhouse economy and promoting resilience to climate change
gas emissions. Pricing carbon encourages businesses to impacts on a global scale. International collaboration
invest in cleaner technologies, improve energy efficiency, and cooperation play a crucial role in addressing global
and transition to low-carbon alternatives. environmental challenges, promoting sustainable
Regulatory Standards and Codes: Establishing development, and advancing the adoption of green
regulatory standards, building codes, and environmental technology. Here are several ways in which international
regulations that mandate energy efficiency, emissions collaboration contributes to these objectives:
reductions, and sustainable practices can drive Knowledge Sharing and Technology Transfer:
market transformation and ensure compliance with International collaboration facilitates the exchange
sustainability objectives. Energy performance standards of knowledge, expertise, and best practices in
for buildings, vehicle fuel efficiency standards, and green technology development, deployment, and
emissions limits for industrial facilities help raise the bar policy implementation. By sharing lessons learned
for environmental performance. and successful strategies, countries can accelerate
Research and Development Funding: Investing in technological innovation, improve capacity-building
research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) of efforts, and overcome barriers to adoption.
green technologies stimulates innovation and advances Joint Research and Development: Collaborative
technological solutions for sustainability challenges. research and development (R&D) initiatives bring
Government funding for research institutions, together scientists, engineers, and innovators from
universities, and private-sector collaborations supports different countries to work on shared environmental
the development of breakthrough technologies, and technological challenges. By pooling resources,
materials, and processes that enhance environmental expertise, and infrastructure, international R&D
performance and competitiveness. collaborations can drive innovation, accelerate
Public Procurement Policies: Leveraging public technology development, and address complex
procurement policies to prioritise green technology sustainability issues more effectively.
solutions and environmentally friendly products and Capacity Building and Training: International
services can create market demand and drive economies collaboration supports capacity-building efforts
of scale. Governments can adopt green procurement in developing countries by providing technical
policies that require agencies to purchase energy- assistance, training programs, and knowledge-sharing
efficient appliances, renewable energy systems, low- platforms. Capacity-building initiatives enhance local
emission vehicles, and sustainable goods and services. expertise, promote technology transfer, and empower

18 Kurukshetra May 2024

communities to adopt green technology solutions that Technology Diplomacy and Innovation Networks:
address their specific needs and priorities. International collaboration fosters technology
Policy Harmonisation and Coordination: diplomacy and innovation networks that promote cross-
International cooperation helps harmonise policies, border cooperation, trust-building, and mutual benefits.
regulations, and standards related to environmental Diplomatic initiatives, joint research partnerships, and
protection, energy efficiency, and sustainable innovation clusters facilitate collaboration between
development. By aligning policy frameworks and governments, businesses, academia, and civil society
coordinating efforts, countries can create a more organisations, driving progress towards common
conducive environment for green technology adoption, sustainability goals.
investment, and trade while minimising regulatory Climate Diplomacy and Negotiation: International
barriers and trade conflicts. collaboration is essential for advancing global climate
Financing and Investment: International diplomacy and negotiating international agreements
collaboration mobilises financial resources and such as the Paris Agreement. Through diplomatic
investment capital for green technology projects negotiations, countries commit to collective action,
through multilateral development banks, international emission reduction targets, and climate finance
funds, and public-private partnerships. By leveraging commitments, demonstrating a shared commitment to
public and private sector financing, countries can scale addressing climate change and promoting low-carbon
up investments in renewable energy, energy efficiency, development pathways.
sustainable infrastructure, and climate resilience Future Directions and Opportunities
projects, particularly in developing countries. The future of green technology holds immense
Global Environmental Governance: International potential for innovation and sustainability.
collaboration strengthens global environmental Advancements in technology, including artificial
governance frameworks and institutions responsible intelligence and digitalisation offer new opportunities
for coordinating international efforts to address for enhancing resource efficiency and environmental
environmental challenges such as climate change, protection. Embracing circular economy principles and
biodiversity loss, and pollution. Treaties, agreements, decentralised energy systems can further promote
and multilateral forums provide platforms for sustainability, fostering a transition towards a more
dialogue, negotiation, and collective action on shared resilient and regenerative economy that meets the
environmental priorities. needs of both present and future generations. 

Kurukshetra May 2024 19

Green Technologies for Clean
and Renewable Energy
Current reliance on fossil fuels for energy production is
exacerbating climate change, making it imperative
to make a rapid transition to renewable and clean
energy sources. Renewables, including solar, wind,
hydroelectric, nuclear, and emerging technologies like
green hydrogen, offer sustainable alternatives. Green
technology advances in solar power, wind energy,
hydroelectricity, nuclear power, energy storage,
bioenergy, geothermal heat, and smart grids are
reshaping the energy landscape, making clean energy
more efficient, cost-effective, and scalable.
Clean energy investment increased nearly
50% between 2019-2023, reaching USD 1.8
trillion in 2023. The transition to renewable
energy is projected to boost global GDP
and employment. India has a target to
achieve 50 percent cumulative electric
power installed by 2030 from renewables
and achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070.
Clean energy will be key to limiting global warming
to 1.5 degrees Celsius or as close to that as possible
compared with the preindustrial era.

* Dr. Harender Raj Gautam

E
nergy is vital for development and Asian countries. Renewable and clean energy sources
according to ‘Electricity, 2024 Report’ with low-emissions made up only 40% of the planet’s
from the International Energy Agency electricity generation in 2023. Thus, energy is at the
(IEA), electricity demand worldwide is heart of the climate challenge because a large chunk of
expected to accelerate during the next the greenhouse gases is generated through the process
three years. The report found that the global growth of of energy production by burning fossil fuels to generate
demand for electricity is expected to speed up to a 3.4% electricity and heat. Energy is the dominant contributor
average from this year through 2026 and approximately to climate change, accounting for around 60 percent of
85% of the global increase in demand for electricity is total global greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, to avoid
predicted to come from India, China and South-East the worst impacts of climate change, emissions need to

* The author is recipient of ‘Earth Care Award’, Former Professor and Head, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture
and Forestry, Solan, Himachal Pradesh. Email: [email protected]
be reduced by almost half by 2030 and reach net-zero 10% per year across this period. Important innovations
by 2050. To achieve this, we need to end our reliance on of green technologies with commercial potential and
fossil fuels and invest in green technologies to develop different stages of scalability are as follows:
alternative sources of energy that are clean, accessible, Solar Power: Solar energy is an abundant and
affordable, sustainable, and reliable. renewable energy resource and the amount of sunlight
Present Renewable Energy Scenario that hits the earth in a single hour contains more
We need to rely on renewable energy sources which energy than the world needs in a year. Sunlight can
are available in abundance all around us, provided by be converted directly into electricity with a device
the sun, wind, water, waste, and heat from the Earth. called a photovoltaic (PV) cell. Photovoltaic solar cells
Cleaner sources of energy are gaining ground and have been the backbone of solar power generation.
about 29 percent of electricity currently comes from However, emerging technologies are revolutionising
renewable sources. As per the statistics released by PV technology by enhancing efficiency and reducing
the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), costs. Innovations such as multi-junction cells, tandem
at the end of 2023, global renewable power capacity cells, and perovskite-silicon hybrid cells are enabling
amounted to 3,870 GW. Solar accounted for the largest higher energy conversion efficiency and making solar
share of the global total, with a capacity of 1,419 GW. power more affordable. Concentrated Solar Power
The deployment of solar PV, wind power, nuclear power, (CSP) systems utilise mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight
electric cars, and heat pumps from 2019 to 2023 avoids onto a receiver, generating heat that drives a turbine
around 2.2 billion tonnes (Gt) of emissions annually. for electricity production. Emerging technologies in CSP,
Without them, the increase in CO2 emissions globally such as molten salt storage and advanced heat transfer
over the same period would have been more than three fluids, improve the efficiency and storage capabilities of
times larger. Renewable hydropower and wind energy these systems, enabling continuous power generation
accounted with total capacities of 1,268 GW and 1,017 even when the sun is not shining. Tandem solar cell
GW, respectively. Other renewable capacities included technology is more efficient in converting sunlight into
150 GW of bioenergy and 15 GW of geothermal, plus electricity and achieving power-conversion efficiencies
0.5 GW of marine energy. In India, renewable energy of over 30%. Here, an ultrathin perovskite solar cell is
sources, including large hydropower, have a combined stacked on top of a standard silicon solar cell. Silicon-
installed capacity of 183.49 GW, and about 13.5 GW based photovoltaics which are presently in use convert
of renewable energy capacity was added during only a small range of longer wavelengths of sunlight into
2023. While solar energy maintained its dominance, electricity. However, when combined, an ultrathin layer
contributing 75.57 GW, wind energy contributed of perovskite on top of a silicon solar cell can convert
44.15 GW. India aims for 500 GW of renewable energy more sunlight into usable electric energy than either
installed capacity and five million tonnes of green cell alone.
hydrogen by 2030. India has set a target to reduce the
carbon intensity of the nation’s economy by less than
45% by the end of the decade, achieve 50 percent
cumulative electric power installed by 2030 from
renewables, and achieve net-zero carbon emissions
by 2070. India aims to produce five million tonnes of
green hydrogen by 2030.
Green Technologies for Clean Energy
Emerging green technologies for clean energy are
playing a crucial role in shaping the future of renewable
energy projects, making them more efficient, cost-
effective, and scalable. According to the IEA, from 2019
to 2023, clean energy investment increased nearly 50%,
reaching USD 1.8 trillion in 2023 and growing at around

Kurukshetra May 2024 21

 At the heart of recent solar innovations is this decade. Continued turbine scaling, emphasising
‘Passivated Emitter and Rear Contact’ (PERC) solar low material use and more efficient manufacturing
cells technology where PERC solar cells are modified processes, remains a key option, with cost reductions
conventional cells that enable the cells to produce 6 to estimated at 11‑20% by 2030. The development of
12 percent more energy than conventional solar panels. taller wind turbines with longer blades has dramatically
PERC solar cells have an extra layer within the back side increased their capacity to capture energy, even in
of the cell. Adding to the array of solar innovations areas with less wind. Another area of progress is in
is Heterojunction (HJT) technology and it combines bladeless wind energy generation, where structures
amorphous and crystalline silicon layers, resulting in use the oscillation of wind to generate power without
panels with higher efficiency and superior temperature the traditional turbine structure, reducing maintenance
performance. Vehicle-integrated photovoltaics is also and potentially mitigating the impact on wildlife.
an emerging technology which refers to the integration Offshore wind is poised for significant growth, with
of solar panels into various parts of a vehicle to generate floating turbine technology. These innovations not only
electricity from sunlight, reducing reliance of vehicles allow for tapping into stronger wind currents but also
on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. open up new areas for development, promising higher
Solar panels on a vehicle could charge the on-board energy outputs than ever before. WindFloat is another
battery, increasing the electric range of electric and top wind energy trend and unlike traditional offshore
hybrid vehicles and reducing fuel consumption. To widen wind turbines, WindFloat uses a drag-embedment
the applicability of solar power, offshore solar power anchor that supports the turbine without any
by installing solar panels on bodies of water (oceans, construction on the seafloor. Vertical axis wind turbines
lakes, reservoirs) allows to convert solar energy into (VAWTs) offer a compelling alternative to traditional
electricity. This approach conserves land resources in horizontal axis wind turbines. VAWTs are designed to
densely populated areas, efficiently uses water bodies, capture wind from any direction, making them suitable
and benefits from the cooling effect of water, enhancing for urban environments and areas with complex
solar panel efficiency. wind patterns. Kite wind energy systems utilise large
Wind Power: The wind power grew at an increased kites tethered to the ground to capture high-altitude
rate of 13% in 2023 and total wind capacity reached winds. The kites generate significant amounts of clean
1,017 GW. The generation capacity has increased both energy while requiring fewer resources compared to
in on-shore and off-shore wind power installation conventional wind turbines. Enabling technologies
capacity. The wind power industry is witnessing a include innovative power electronics, use of permanent
rapid influx of cost-effective and reliable innovations, magnet generators, and super conductor technology.
including rooftop bladeless wind turbines, vertical-axis Digitalisation, through advanced sensing and controls,
turbines, floating multi-turbine technology platforms, enables predictive maintenance and is already reducing
and more. According to IEA, technology advancements operation and maintenance costs. Artificial Intelligence
could unlock 80% more wind energy potential during (AI)-Enhanced Turbines, with the use of artificial
intelligence, is revolutionising how wind turbines
operate. By analysing data in real-time, AI enables
turbines to adjust to wind conditions dynamically,
improving efficiency and reducing wear and tear. This
leap in technology means wind farms can expect lower
maintenance costs and higher energy production.
Hydroelectric Energy: Hydropower remains the
largest renewable source of electricity, generating more
than all other renewable technologies combined. In
the Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario, hydropower
maintains an average annual generation growth rate
of close to 4% in 2023-2030 to provide approximately
5,500 Terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity per year.

22 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Kameng Dam and Hydro Power Station, Arunachal Pradesh

Hydroelectricity generation increased by almost can be installed in various locations, including coastal
70 TWh (up close to 2%) in 2022, reaching 4,300 TWh. areas and ocean currents, providing a consistent and
Hydroelectric power is experiencing a renaissance with reliable source of clean power.
advanced turbine designs that are fish-friendly and Nuclear Power: Nuclear power is the second-largest
capable of operating efficiently at low water velocities. source of low-carbon electricity today. Nuclear energy,
This greatly reduces environmental impact and extends with around 413 gigawatts (GW) of capacity operating in
hydroelectricity’s viability to previously unsuitable 32 countries, contributes to both goals by avoiding 1.5
locations. Additionally, kinetic hydro turbines, which gigatonnes (Gt) of global emissions and 180 billion cubic
harvest energy from flowing water without the need metres (bcm) of global gas demand a year. According to
for large dams or reservoirs, are showing promise for the IEA, global nuclear power generation is forecast to
small-scale power generation in rivers and streams. grow by almost 3% annually on average through 2026.
Tidal power generation harnesses the predictable and As of August 2023, there are 410 nuclear power reactors
constant movement of ocean tides
to generate electricity. Innovations
in tidal power systems include
underwater turbines and barrages,
which efficiently convert tidal energy
into electrical power. Run-of-river
hydroelectric systems utilise the
natural flow of rivers to generate
electricity without the need for large-
scale dams. These systems have
lower environmental impacts and
allow for more flexible installation
and operation. Underwater turbines
harness the kinetic energy of ocean
currents to generate renewable
electricity. These innovative turbines Rajasthan Atomic Power Station

Kurukshetra May 2024 23

in operation totalling more than 3,68,000 MW(e) demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIB) is around 1 TWh.
in installed capacity in 31 countries. Small modular Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are currently evolving as a
reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reactors that viable substitute for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) because
typically generate up to 300 MW(e). SMRs technology is of the abundant availability and reasonable cost of
set to broaden global access to nuclear energy because sodium. Furthermore, sodium-ion batteries can use
they are more suitable for small electricity grids and aluminum for the anode current collector instead of
more easily integrated with renewable energy sources. copper, which is used in lithium-ion cells. Furthermore,
There are more than 80 SMR designs in various stages they can be safer than lithium-ion batteries as they
of development in 18 countries, with SMR units already can be stored at zero volts in comparison to around
deployed in China and the Russian Federation, and one 30% state of charge in LIBs, causing less risk during
design under construction in Argentina. While traditional transportation. Conversely, Na-ion batteries do
reactors and some advanced technology use water as a not have the same energy density as their Li-ion
heat transfer medium, some new technologies are using counterpart (respectively 75 to 160 Wh/kg compared
other substances like molten salt or liquid metals. This to 120 to 260 Wh/kg). Aqueous zinc ion batteries have
allows reactors to run safely at higher temperatures also emerged as promising alternatives to lithium-ion
and lower pressures while providing lower construction battery technology for energy storage systems due to
and design costs because the materials do not require their inherent safety, environmental friendliness, and
components that can withstand extremely high pressure cost-effectiveness. These use a water-based electrolyte
like water reactors. Micro-reactors are named because and offer several advantages that make them attractive
of their size. They are one percent or less of the size for various applications. They are safer compared to
of traditional reactors operating today. Micro-reactors other chemistries and are cost-effective because zinc
produce approximately 1 to 10 megawatts and are is abundant and relatively low-cost. Potassium-ion
mobile, which means they can be moved from location batteries use potassium as the anode material and
to location depending on where they are needed. This are interesting for energy storage applications due
technology will be crucial in remote areas that currently to potential for high energy density, abundant and
rely on fossil fuels, for example. Micro-reactors are the comparatively low-cost of potassium, high charge and
answer to providing these areas with clean, carbon- discharge rates for rapid energy transfer and high-power
free energy as they can easily be
transported to where they need to be,
operated for weeks or months, then
moved to their next location.
Energy Storage-Advanced
Technologies in Batteries: Batteries
are an effective energy storage
technology, particularly for the
incorporation of renewable resources,
due to their compact size and wide
availability. However, present battery
technologies have a long way to
go before meeting the cost criteria
for stability, extraordinary power
operation, high energy efficiency,
and large-scale energy storage. The
stationary electric energy storage
market has recently seen the
introduction of Lithium Ion Batteries
(LIBs) for use in mobile devices and
electronic vehicles. The current annual

24 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Green Hydrogen

Renewable Getting electricity H2 Electrolyser Distribution & Storage Not Zero

electricity Generation to an electrolyser of Hydrogen emissions

performance, low self-discharge rate, and increased earth serves as a boiler in which geothermal fluids can
safety compared to other types of batteries. Another achieve the high temperatures and pressures necessary
alternative, solid-state batteries use a solid electrolyte for commercial development. Typically, these fluids
instead of the liquid electrolyte in traditional Li-ion occur in reservoirs at depths of up to 3,000 metres
batteries. This makes them safer, as they are less prone and can be recovered by drilling wells. Surface facilities
to overheating or catching fire. Solid-state batteries can convert geothermal heat into useful form of energy like
also offer higher energy density and faster charging electricity. The heat inside the Earth's core is continually
rates. Unlike conventional electrochemical batteries generated by the decay of the long-lived radioactive
where energy is stored in electrodes, in redox flow isotopes of uranium, thorium, and potassium, which
batteries (RFBs) energy is stored in the electrolytes. In are present in the Earth. Added to this heat, there are
the RFBs, the charge/discharge processes are based other potential sources of heat such as the primordial
on reversible electrochemical reactions of two redox energy of planetary accretion. About 14,000 megawatts
couples that are dissolved in electrolytes. (MW) of geothermal electricity are produced around
Bio-Energy: Bioenergy is a source of energy from the the world till 2023. Conventional geothermal power
organic material that makes up plants, known as biomass. plants are typically located near geysers and steam
Biomass contains carbon absorbed by plants through vents, which indicate the presence of hydrothermal
photosynthesis. When this biomass is used to produce resources belowground. Next-generation technology in
energy, the carbon is released during combustion and geothermal heat includes ‘superhot rock energy’, where
simply returns to the atmosphere, making modern deep drilling reaches temperatures 400°C or hotter, is
bioenergy which is a promising near zero-emission thought to be abundant enough to theoretically fulfill
fuel. Modern bioenergy is the largest source of the world’s power requirements. In fact, just 1% of
renewable energy globally today, accounting for 55% of the world’s superhot rock potential could provide
renewable energy and over 6% of global energy supply. 63 terawatts of clean firm power, which would meet
Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) is another promising source global electricity demand nearly eight times over.
which is gaining ground. MFCs are bio-electrochemical Medium/low-temperature hydrothermal resources
devices that can directly convert chemical energy in refers to geothermal energy resources at moderate
biodegradable organic matter to electrical energy by depths, typically reservoirs at 1,500 to 3,000 metres
exo-electrogenic bacteria as catalyst. Geobacter and below surface, and characterised by moderate to high
Shewanella species have predominantly been utilised in temperatures (150°C to 300°C). Energy is harnessed
MFC technology. Another related and refined process is through drilling of deep wells and injection of fluids to
Plant-Microbial Fuel Cells (PMFC) technology which is capture heat.
more holistic in using bio-resources. PMFC technologies Green Hydrogen: Green hydrogen is produced
are based on the principle of rhizodeposition, which is by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using
the excretion of organic compounds from the roots that electrolysis. The electricity used to power the electrolysis
is the source of electrons and electricity generation by process comes from renewable energy sources, which
electrochemically active bacteria in a microbial fuel cell. makes green hydrogen a clean and sustainable fuel.
Geothermal heat: Geothermal energy is literally Green hydrogen can be used to power fuel cells,
the heat contained within the Earth. In effect, the which are devices that convert the chemical energy of

Kurukshetra May 2024 25

hydrogen into electricity. Adoption of green hydrogen transition to green energy requires an intelligent grid
as an alternative source of energy can enable India to system capable of managing the complexities associated
abate 3.6 gigatonnes of CO2 emissions cumulatively with renewables. Advanced technologies have also
till 2050 and reduce industrial coal imports by 95 per been developed for managing renewable energy.
cent. Approval of the National Green Hydrogen Mission Integration of renewable energy into the grid is being
is a step ahead to make India a global hub for the streamlined by the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart
production, utilisation, and export of Green Hydrogen grid technologies. These systems utilise sensors and
and its derivatives. Hydrogen storage technologies, analytics to predict energy supply and demand, balance
such as hydrogen fuel cells and hydrogen electrolysis, loads, and even automatically adjust to optimise energy
are emerging as promising solutions for long-duration flow and storage. Sophisticated AI-infused analytic
energy storage and transportation. These technologies software can help grid operators turn information into
enable the conversion of excess renewable energy into actionable intelligence too. At the same time, machine
hydrogen, which can be stored and used to generate learning could help in managing asset maintenance
electricity or power fuel cell vehicles. Ongoing research programmes, upkeep of records, forecasts, and weather
aims to enhance the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of tracking. A smart grid can leverage the benefits of digital
hydrogen storage systems. twin technology, one of the most promising applications
Other Promising Options of Renewable Energy of the early industrial metaverse that creates virtual
Sources: Triboelectric nanogenerator in ocean energy replicas of physical objects. Currently, grids in distant
devices is one such option which convert mechanical locations use fiber-supporting Supervisory Control and
energy into electrical energy through the triboelectric Data Acquisitions (SCADA) connectivity for remote
effect. In the context of ocean energy, they are used monitoring and control. Digital twins will allow operators
to harness the mechanical energy generated by ocean to clone the entire environment of a power grid, gain
waves, currents, and motion for various applications. valuable operational insights in real-time and not just
Low-temperature direct ammonia fuel cells is also a experience the physical world in a virtual space, but to
promising technology that efficiently converts ammonia control it. The shift to renewables is triggering a new
into electricity at low temperatures (below 100°C). It trend, the proliferation of microgrids in the energy sector.
offers advantages such as high energy density, clean Microgrids operate independently from the traditional
and carbon-free energy production, reduced heat grid. They offer immense efficiency and flexibility,
management complexity. Ammonia is an abundant especially when it comes to distributed energy resources
fuel source and a clean-burning fuel that does not like solar. Since microgrids can operate during outages, it
produce carbon dioxide during combustion. Direct reinforces grid resilience and help mitigate disturbances.
seawater electrolysis is also a promising process that The IEA’s Electricity 2024 report forecasts that
uses electricity to split seawater into hydrogen and renewable energy is set to overtake the world’s use
oxygen. It has recently gained interest as a method of coal by early 2025 and will account for more than
for producing H2, and it offers several advantages: one-third of the world’s total electricity generation.
abundant raw material, lower environmental impact by Renewables and nuclear energy, which in 2023
using renewable energy, high purity of the H2 produced, accounted for 40 percent of the world’s power
simultaneous production of O2, solution for storage of generation, but the said report projects that renewable
energy, integration with renewable energy sources and energy sources will account for almost half of the world’s
grid systems, applications in marine environments, and power generation by 2026. The energy transformation
potential for carbon capture. would also boost gross domestic product (GDP) by 2.5%
Smart Grids: A smart grid is an electricity network and total employment by 0.2% globally in 2050. IRENA is
that co-ordinate the needs and capabilities of all monitoring the progress towards the 11 terawatts (TW)
generators, grid operators, end users, and electricity of power required by the year 2030. The outlook is key
market stakeholders to operate all parts of the because the United Nations has said a move to clean
system as efficiently as possible, minimising costs energy will be key to limiting global warming to 1.5
and environmental impacts while maximising system degrees Celsius or as close to that as possible compared
reliability, resilience, flexibility, and stability. The with the preindustrial era. 

26 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Publications Division
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
Government of India

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Empowering Rural Communities
Embracing Green Waste Tech In India
Rural India faces significant challenges in waste management, leading
to environmental degradation and socio-economic disparities. This
article explores the potential of embracing green waste
technologies to empower rural communities and mitigate
environmental impacts. It evaluates the current state
of waste management, analyses the impact of green
waste technologies, identifies barriers to adoption,
and proposes potential solutions and innovations.
Bridging urban-rural socio-economic gaps and ensuring
equitable resource distribution are imperative for a
circular economy transition and achieving Net Zero
Targets of 2070.

* Dr. Harveen Kaur

** Sh. Yugal Joshi

Current State of Waste Management in Rural Regions at which the waste is generated. With a large portion

O
verview of Green Waste of the population residing in rural areas, it becomes
Development in Rural India: Waste imperative to empower these communities while
management in rural regions addressing environmental concerns for sustainable
globally, especially in India, remains development. Rural communities face serious waste
undeveloped, leading to detrimental mismanagement practices e.g., open dumping, e-waste
environmental impacts as the waste management open burning, river dumping, pollution from plastic
practices are not upto mark in comparison to the rate waste, etc. due to a lack of or poor access to formal

* The author is Environment & Sustainability Expert. Email: [email protected]

** The author is Programme Director, NITI Aayog.
waste management systems, particularly in Rural India. Analysis of the Impact of Green Waste Technologies
Also, rural landscapes are increasingly threatened on Rural Communities: India’s rural areas are at the
by urbanisation and agribusiness sectors, impacting forefront of environmental challenges, grappling with
organic farming, natural habitats, and biodiversity. Rural both the consequences of fossil fuel use and inadequate
communities further face climate-induced hazards waste management systems. Despite the abundance of
(floods, drought, erosion, etc.) and socio-economic organic waste in livestock-rich villages, the potential
challenges (migration, poverty, poor infrastructure, etc). of technologies to convert this waste into renewable
However, the current state of waste management in energy and fertilisers remains largely untapped.
rural areas presents both challenges and opportunities. Utilising such technologies not only addresses
Rural/ Smart village waste, includes Solid waste resource depletion but also offers economically
(organic material like Agricultural Residues, Wet waste), viable and eco-friendly energy solutions. For instance,
Plastic waste, Biomedical waste, E-waste, Plastic renewable energy technologies like Micro-Hydro Power
waste and C & D waste. With the right approach and (MHP) have shown promise in driving rural development
technology, it can become a valuable resource for rural and poverty alleviation efforts. According to research
communities. Implementation of green waste practices, conducted by Kalyani & Pandey (2014), the choice
such as energy recovery from waste and recycling, can of waste conversion processes depends on several
not only mitigate environmental impact but can also factors including the type, quantity, and properties
generate economic value for rural communities. A of the feedstock, energy requirements, economic
study by Shadbahr et al. (2022) highlights the potential considerations, environmental standards, and project-
of waste-to-energy pathways in rural regions, indicating specific factors. Common conversion processes include
a possible 36% cost saving but with higher greenhouse thermal conversions (such as incineration, pyrolysis,
gas emissions compared to fossil-based heating, gasification, and refuse-derived fuel), bio-chemical
underscoring the need for technological advancements. conversions (like composting, vermicomposting, and
Bridging urban-rural socio-economic gaps and anaerobic digestion), and chemical conversions (such as
ensuring equitable resource distribution are imperative trans-esterification for converting plant and vegetable
for a circular economy transition and achieving Net Zero oils into biodiesel). Each process offers distinct
Targets of 2070. To address these challenges, localised advantages based on the characteristics of the waste
waste management plans are essential, detailing and the desired outcomes. Gasification stands out as
collection, transportation, and treatment strategies. a widely used method for converting coal and biomass
This underscores the urgent need to enhance waste into energy, with successful implementations observed
management services for rural communities globally. in countries such as Japan, the USA, and various
European nations. Notably, gasification produces less
waste and fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared
to traditional methods.
Waste-to-Energy solutions hold immense potential
in sustainable waste management practices while
simultaneously reducing reliance on fossil fuels, as
highlighted by Shadbahr et al. (2022). Moreover,
Kannangara et al. (2018) have developed a machine
learning tool capable of predicting the composition
and volume of different Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
streams based on population centres. In conclusion,
the adoption of green waste technologies holds
immense promise for sustainable rural development.
By harnessing these technologies effectively, rural
communities can pave the way towards a greener, more
prosperous future.

Kurukshetra May 2024 29

Benefits of Implementing Green Waste Technologies and climate change. Inefficient waste management
a. Empowering Rural Communities: Green waste systems also deprive rural populations of potential
technologies offer multifaceted benefits, including resources and economic opportunities. Further,
environmental conservation and socio-economic rural villages face unique challenges due to limited
development. infrastructure, resources, and awareness about proper
disposal practices. In many rural communities, it is
b. Environmental Sustainability: Composting and often burned or disposed of in landfills, leading to
biogas generation help manage organic waste harmful consequences for both the environment and
sustainably while enhancing soil fertility and public health.
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Potential Solutions and Innovations
c. Economic Opportunities: Green waste technologies
create income streams through the sale of compost Smart Waste Management System (SWM) : SWM
and biogas, fostering rural entrepreneurship. Systems employing IoT, are revolutionising waste
processing, enhancing efficiency, and promoting
d. Climate Resilience: Proper waste management
sustainability. With ultrasonic sensor-equipped smart
reduces greenhouse gas emissions, mitigating
bins scattered across rural localities, these systems
climate change impacts.
collect real-time data, communicated to a central control
e. Community Engagement and Awareness: Promoting centre via cloud platforms. Solar-powered sensors
green waste technologies empowers communities ensure continuous operation, while optimised route
with knowledge and skills, fostering ownership and scheduling minimises fuel costs. When waste levels
responsibility. exceed 80%, GPS-guided trucks efficiently collect waste,
Identification of Barriers to the Adoption of Green saving time and resources. This integration empowers
Technologies in Rural Regions : In rural areas, open rural India with greener, smarter waste management
burning of agricultural residues, e-waste, and plastics solutions. Figure 1 is a basic block diagram of an IoT-
release harmful pollutants, exacerbating air pollution based Smart waste management system.

GSM Module for monitor and

control remotely like Mobile
Phones, Display Units etc.

Waste Management Web Portal

Power Supply
(Solar
Wireless Data Transmission through Cloud Technology)

Ultrasonic Sensor of
smart bin 1
Power Supply IoT System (Arduino/ Power Supply
(Solar Raspberry Pi/Intel Ultrasonic Sensor of
smart bin 2 (Solar
Technology) Galileo) Technology)
Ultrasonic Sensor of
smart bin 3

Power Supply
(Solar
Technology)

Source: (Patnaik et al., 2020)

Block diagram of IoT-based smart waste management system

30 Kurukshetra May 2024

 Best Practices for Successful Implementation contributing to environmental conservation. Estimates
of Green Technologies in Rural Regions : Successful suggest approximately 4 million waste pickers in India
implementation of green waste technologies in rural earn their livelihoods from waste management (NITI
regions requires the adoption of best practices and Aayog, 2021). Waste pickers, who play a crucial role
community-driven initiatives. Projects like the National in recycling and waste management, often encounter
Biogas and Manure Management Program (NBMMP) humiliation, discrimination, and socio-economic
and the Swachh Bharat Mission have facilitated the marginalisation. Despite their valuable contributions,
establishment of biogas plants and decentralised they operate in hazardous conditions, facing various
waste management systems, yielding positive socio- health risks. By recognising their contributions and
economic and environmental outcomes. Community- integrating them into local economies and communities,
driven initiatives, such as self-help groups promoting rural villages can not only address waste management
composting and organic farming, demonstrate issues but also promote social equity and environmental
the transformative potential of empowering rural sustainability. Figure 2 below details the vulnerabilities
communities through green waste technology. faced by waste pickers.
Case Studies To address these challenges, a comprehensive
a. In Karnataka, the “Hasiru Mane” project, pioneered framework for the social protection of waste pickers
by the NGO Hasiru Dala, trains women from is imperative (Figure 3). This framework should
marginalised communities to produce compost encompasses recognising their contributions, granting
from organic waste, generating livelihoods and access to basic services, ensuring occupational health
promoting environmental stewardship. and safety, stabilising incomes, promoting social inclusion
and empowerment, and fostering collaboration. It
b. In Gujarat, Punsari village exemplifies sustainable is imperative that policymakers, practitioners, and
development by generating electricity from village advocates work together to implement and uphold this
waste, showcasing the potential of waste-to-energy framework, transforming the lives of waste pickers and
initiatives. advancing the goals of sustainable development.
c. In Punjab, the “Pind Cycle” program incentivises Benefits of Including Social Protection for Rural Waste
villagers to collect agricultural waste for biomass Pickers-
energy production, reducing crop burning incidents,
improving air quality, and providing alternative a. Resilience to future risk
sources of income for rural households. b. Better mitigation capacities for vulnerabilities
Strategies for Overcoming Barriers to Adoption and c. Promotion of Circular economy
Scaling up Green Technologies in Rural Regions d. Legitimacy and recognition
e. Encouragement for entrepreneurship
Social Inclusion of Waste Pickers in Rural Villages :
In rural India, where formal waste management systems Digital Monitoring of Waste Management : Digital
often fall short, waste pickers emerge as unsung monitoring of waste management is transforming
heroes, diverting recyclable materials from landfills and rural Indian villages. Traditional methods struggle to

Source: (NITI Aayog, 2021)

Vulnerabilities of Waste Pickers in Rural India

Kurukshetra May 2024 31

 Environmental benefits of
transitioning to Green Waste Tech
in Rural India : Implementing smart
waste technologies in rural villages can
significantly improve waste management
efficiency, reduce environmental impact,
and enhance the overall quality of life for
residents. Here are some smart waste
technologies suitable for rural areas.
a. Composting Solutions:
Implement community composting
initiatives using smart composting
systems. These systems utilise sensors
to monitor temperature, moisture
levels, and aeration, optimising the
composting process and producing high-
quality compost for use in agriculture or
landscaping.
b. Smart Waste Modelling:
Utilise data analytics platforms to
Source: (NITI Aayog, 2021) analyse waste generation patterns,
Framework for Social Protection of identify areas with high waste
Waste Pickers in Rural India production, and optimise waste
management strategies accordingly.
meet growing waste disposal needs, but technology
offers innovative solutions. Digital monitoring systems, Data-driven insights can help authorities make
utilising IoT, mobile apps, and data analytics, streamline informed decisions to reduce waste generation
waste collection and disposal. These systems integrate and improve recycling rates.
stakeholders—waste pickers, recyclers,
ULBs, and citizens—via mobile apps,
creating a digital cloud. Real-time data
tracks the waste supply chain from
collection to recycling. Real-time data
from the field can be integrated into a
centralised cloud platform, facilitating
seamless tracking of the waste supply
chain from collection points to recyclers.
Embracing such digital solutions
promises to enhance efficiency,
transparency, and sustainability in
rural waste management. The Eco
Green Village Mobile Application
for Waste Management, pioneered
in Indonesia, targets rural areas to
improve cleanliness, predict climate
impacts, and advance Smart Kampung
initiatives through technology (Utama & Source: (NITI Aayog, 2021)
Pratama, 2021). Digital monitoring of Waste Management in Rural Village in India

32 Kurukshetra May 2024

c. Waste-to-Energy Solutions: Explore waste-to- d. Promote Cohesion policies between Urban and
energy technologies such as anaerobic digestion or Peri-Urban areas.
biomass conversion to generate renewable energy e. Concept of Sustainable ‘Green’ Rural Municipalities
from organic waste materials. This not only reduces should be promoted.
landfill waste but also provides a sustainable energy
source for the community. Conclusion

d. Recycling Robots: Introducing AI robotics into Supportive policy frameworks are essential,
recycling centres enhances waste sorting efficiency, incentivising green waste technology adoption and
diverting recyclable materials from landfills. With creating a conducive environment for sustainable
AI robots capable of accurately differentiating waste management. Financial incentives, subsidies,
between materials, recycling centres can operate and technical assistance are crucial for small rural
longer hours, processing larger volumes of waste. entrepreneurs and rural enterprises. Realising these
Studies show that incorporating robotics in benefits requires concerted efforts from policymakers,
recycling processes can increase recycling rates by development agencies, and local stakeholders. Public-
up to 50%. private partnerships can facilitate technology transfer,
fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in rural
e. Pneumatic Waste Pipes: Installing pneumatic areas. By promoting adoption and scaling up green
waste pipes below public containers streamlines waste technologies, India can pave the way towards
waste transportation to processing centres, a greener and more inclusive future for its rural
reducing the need for traditional trash pickups. population. 
This innovative system minimises vehicle
emissions and prevents container overflow, References
contributing to cleaner and more efficient waste 1. Kalyani, K. A., & Pandey, K. K. (2014). Waste
management practices. to energy status in India: A short review. In
f. Solar-Powered Trash Compactors: Solar-powered Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol.
compactors increase trash bin capacity by up to 31, pp. 113–120).
five times, reducing the frequency of pickups and 2. Kannangara, M. Dua, R., Ahmadi, L., & Bensebaa,
optimising waste collection processes. Equipped F. (2018). Modeling and prediction of regional
with waste level sensors, these smart containers municipal solid waste generation and diversion in
enable efficient scheduling of pickups, further Canada using machine learning approaches. Waste
enhancing waste management efficiency. Management, 74, 3–15.
g. E-waste Kiosks: Establishing e-waste kiosks 3. NITI Aayog. (2021). NITI Aayog – UNDP
encourages proper disposal and recycling of Handbook on Sustainable Urban Plastic Waste
electronic devices, mitigating environmental Management.
hazards associated with e-waste. This will help to 4. Patnaik, S., Sen, S., & Mahmoud, M. S. (2020). Smart
prevent harmful chemicals seeping into our soil Village Technology. In Springer Nature Switzerland
and water. AG.
Policy Recommendations and Conclusion 5. Shadbahr, J., Ebadian, M. Gonzales-Calienes, G.
Recommendations Kannangara, M. Ahmadi, L. & Bensebaa, F. (2022).
Impact of waste management and conversion
a. Replication of the local best practices in other rural
technologies on cost and carbon footprint - Case
regions.
studies in rural and urban cities. Renewable and
b. Fostering Rural Entrepreneurship aligned with Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168.
SDGs.
6. Utama, A. A. G. S., & Pratama, D. (2021). The
c. Implementation of Policies to address Eco Green Village Mobile Application for Waste
Environmental injustice towards marginalised and Management. South Asian Research Journal of
remote communities. Engineering and Technology, 3(1), 13–22.

Kurukshetra May 2024 33

34 Kurukshetra May 2024
Biodiversity Conservation using
Remote Sensing and GIS Tools

Growing human-led exploitation of natural resources and climatic changes has put
biodiversity of India (which is one of the twelve mega biodiverse countries in the world)
under severe threat. Globally also, it comes under increasing pressure on account
of factors such as habitat fragmentation/habitat loss, over-exploitation, pollution,
invasive species, and global warming. In such a scenario, the potential of geospatial
tools needs to be utilised in terms of forest cover maps, land use, land cover maps, and
vegetation maps especially in places of inaccessible, rugged terrain for further macro
and micro level planning.

*Dr. Ritesh Joshi

*Dr. Kanchan Puri

B
iodiversity is variability among landscapes encompass overall biodiversity on earth.
organisms from all sources including Consumptive use value of biodiversity covers the
terrestrial, marine and other direct utilisation of timber, food, fuelwood, and fodder
ecosystems at three levels - species, by local communities. Globally also, biodiversity has
genetics, and ecosystem. It deals come under increasing pressure on account of factors
with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere. such as habitat fragmentation/habitat loss, over-
Variety of ecosystems which occur in deserts, forests, exploitation, pollution, invasive species, and global
wetlands, mountains, lakes, rivers, and agricultural warming.

* Both the Authors are Scientists in the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, New Delhi.
Email: [email protected]
 India, with just 2.4% of the land area, has over List of Threatened Species which is a critical indicator
45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals of the health of the world’s biodiversity. Species are
which have been recorded so far. Four of the 34 classified into one of nine Red List Categories: Extinct,
identified hot spots (presence of endemic species) of Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered,
the world are in India: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern, Data
Ghats, and Sundaland. This Biodiversity is spread across Deficient, and Not Evaluated. Vulnerable, Endangered,
10 bio-geographic zones namely (1) Trans-Himalayan and Critically Endangered species are considered to be
zone (2) Himalayan zone (3) Desert zone (4) Semiarid threatened with extinction. Conservation of biodiversity
zone (5) Western ghat zone (6) Deccan plateau zone (7) is crucial because it provides several goods and services
Gangetic plain zone (8) North-east zone (9) Coastal zone
(10) Islands [Rodgers and Panwar, 1988]. The Convention
on Biological Diversity is a legally binding instrument
to address biological diversity with three objectives,
viz. conservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of
its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of
benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. The
Convention has near universal membership with 196
countries (including India) as Parties.
Talking about the information on the global
extinction risk status of species, International Union
for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) prepares the Red

36 Kurukshetra May 2024

necessary for human survival. The need of hour is to Nowadays, new imaging technologies are
use appropriate technologies to formulate effective there to gather digital spatial information at very
and sustainable management of the natural resources. fine resolution. There will be change in dynamics
In this regard, remote sensing and Geographic of land-use/land-cover pattern which is the result
Information System (GIS) play an important role in of anthropogenic interaction with the natural
the field of conservation. GIS is a system that creates, environment. Information on the rate and kind of
manages, analyses, and maps all types of data. It change in the use of land resources is essential for
connects data to a map, integrating location data with proper planning, management, and regularising the
all types of descriptive information (www.esri.com). It use of resources. Satellite data in association with
facilitates storing, manipulating, and retrieving spatially GIS provides cost-effective tools for mapping and
referenced data. It is widely recognised that Remote formulation of conservation and management plans.
Sensing and GIS are powerful tools in the assessment of Geospatial tools have given a new dimension to the
biodiversity and conservation. Remote Sensing provides management of protected area. Effective management
information on biodiversity at landscape, regional, of protected area and conservation of biodiversity
continental, and global spatial levels (Nagendra, 2001). in general demands inventory, evaluation, planning,
The derived information from mapping specific land- and management at scales ranging from local and
cover classes can aid both biodiversity assessment and regional to national, continental, and global (Nix et al.,
conservation. 2000). Previously, protected area managers combined

Case study
Spatial database for Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh has been created, which would be very
valuable in both management and monitoring of resources and especially in regard to rugged terrain conditions
coupled with inaccessibility of the park. The availability of spatial information at the Forest Range level helps in
improving the efficacy of protected area management. The study intended to generate spatial database relevant
to the management of the National Park, which includes maps showing classified vegetation, topography,
drainage, village/town locations, water bodies and major infrastructural facilities. Secondary data for preparation
of current vegetation cover/type map was obtained from various sources. Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite
IRS-P6, LISS-III data procured from the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad was used. In addition,
satellite data was acquired and interpreted (visually/digitally) to generate such maps. The interpretation was fully
supported with adequate ground truth. Vegetation strata observed on satellite image was verified on the ground
for accuracy assessment. The above information formed the basis to prepare documents for interpretation of
the maps consisting of extent, status and species composition of various vegetation types in the PA.
(Source: Baseline Mapping for Namdapha National Park in Arunachal Pradesh,
India using Geospatial Tools available at http://www.igrsm.org/mjrsgis/issues.html).

Kurukshetra May 2024 37

topographical and land ownership maps with their in mountainous areas are affecting the regeneration
knowledge of local climate, species distributions, of various plant species and there may be upward
topography, environment law, and land use to define movement of the habitats of many species from their
management zones and strategies. Today, all this data current locations. Similarly, the State of Environment
can be analysed in digital databases to provide more Report highlights the upward shifting of tree-line
efficient, accurate, and informed decision-making. and decreasing trend of the quantum of rainfall. Any
Protected area mapping is an important aspect of minor or drastic change in the local climate of an
protected area management. It serves as baseline area may affect the species’ distribution and thus
for ecological modelling and future monitoring and the structure of the entire ecosystem. Long-term
assessment. These technologies provide vital geo- studies using geospatial tools are needed to record
information support in terms of relevant, reliable, and the consequences of climate change on species and
timely information needed for conservation planning. natural habitats. Unusual sighting records of various
Land use/land cover mapping of inaccessible, species in middle and higher Himalayas have opened
rugged terrain is helpful for further macro and micro- the scope to revisit our existing knowledge on the
level planning. One can understand the underlying distribution of species and to start working towards
ecological dynamics impact of human pressure on a landscape-level conservation model. Here the
changing vegetation patterns and thereby providing geospatial techniques are imperative to strengthen
better land management options for maintaining its our conservation approaches towards mitigating the
unique richness of biodiversity. These technologies negative impact of climate change on population
can help in preparation of Habitat Suitability Map distribution of species in small area. 
for species, for example in case of tigers, Habitat References
Suitability Mapping can guide the management plans • Nagendra H (2001). Using remote sensing to assess
for fragmented patches of critical tiger habitat. GIS is biodiversity. Int. J. Remote Sens. 22:2377–2400
a powerful tool which not only analyses the present
(NRSA, 2007).
environmental scenario but also helps in projecting
the future, in other words, one can effectively use it for • Nix, H. A., Faith, D. P., Hutchinson, M. F., Margules,
past, present, and future studies on environment. The C. R., West, J., Allison, A., Kesteven, J.L., Natera,
ecological aspects of most of the species have been G., Slater, W., Stein, J. L. & Walker. P. (2000). The
studied in their natural ranges, but our knowledge is BioRap Toolbox: A National Study of Biodiversity
still lacking for new distribution ranges of the species. Assessment and Planning for Papua New Guinea.
We have to strengthen our knowledge on climate CSIRO Press. Canberra.
change at local and regional level and its effect on • Wilson RJ, Thomas CD, Fox R, Roy DB, Kunin
biodiversity. WES (2004). Spatial patterns in species
Uttarakhand Action Plan on Climate Change distributions reveal biodiversity change.
reveals that the abrupt changes in climatic conditions Nature 432:393–396.

38 Kurukshetra May 2024

GS Foundation Course
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 Usage of Green Technologies
in Sustainable Water
Management
Water is an essential but scarce resource and
therefore consuming and managing every drop
of water is vital. Since this management involves
decisions related to billions of lives and vast
quantities of invigorating resources, the usage of
green technology can be a correct path towards
redemption. Green Technologies in the water sector
can create an environment-friendly yet cost-
efficient option for Indian Cities like Bengaluru
which are running out of water.

* Dr. Namrata Singh Panwar

S
ustainable water management is will always be freely available in nature and can be used
just not a luxury but a necessity for without any restrictions. But the reality is far away from
our present and future generations. this impression. Due to the increasing population in the
Achieving this sustainable water country, per capita annual availability of water which
management requires a prolonged was 1816 cubic metre (cu m) in 2001, was reduced to
strategy in four main aspects which are environment, 1544 cu m in 2011 which will reduce to 1140 cu m in the
economic, social, and energy and resources. All these year 2050. Any situation of availability of less than 1000
aspects are interdependent and should be viewed in an cu m per capita is considered by international agencies
integrated manner. The sustainable water management as scarcity conditions. Besides, by 2030, the country’s
approach views the whole water system as an integrated water demand is projected to be twice the available
system. This whole system includes drinking water, supply, implying severe water scarcity for hundreds of
wastewater, rainwater, and stormwater drainage in a millions of people and about 6% loss in the country’s
collective form which should be managed together to GDP (NITI Aayog). This indicates that if indiscriminate
be truly efficient and sustainable. exploitation and poor management continue the way it
The importance of sustainable water management is happening, India may become one of the top 6 Water
particularly in India arises from the fact that not enough Scarce Countries very soon.
attention is paid to the mismanagement of water From the above facts, it can be asserted that
resources in our daily life. A normal resident of the issues like limited potential for augmenting the supply
country is still under the impression that water is and of water, falling water table, water quality, climate

* The author is Assistant Professor, Institute of Tourism Studies, University of Lucknow.

Email: [email protected]
 Technology for Filteration at River Bank, Uttarakhand

change have posed new challenges and it requires Green Technologies in Water Sector
innovative measures to cater to the needs of present Rainwater generally has high water quality.
utilisation and prospective requirements. Thus, Green Although it has some particulate matter, the level of
technology can act as the potential medicine to all our total dissolvable solids (TDS) in the rainwater depends
woes. Green technologies create products and facilities on the surface from which the rainwater is collected.
that are economically and environmentally efficient and According to experts, the TDS varies typically between 2
limit the adverse effects of the surroundings on nature, to 20 mg/litre. Stormwater mainly contains substances
the environment, and society. While the application carried in its path of flow including dust and soil, trash,
of green technology could greatly harness economic metals, oils, fertilisers, and other nutrients, chemicals
opportunities by promoting productivity, prosperity, and pesticides, and micro-organisms, and thus, requires
and living standards, the strategies and innovations diverse management. In the common course, the
can also balance the other environmental, social, and stormwater has to undergo three levels of treatment.
technical aspects, that would underpin sustainable
water management into the future (ATSE 2012). Several studies and water experts have retrofitted
conventional biofilters to filter storm water by
However, green technologies cannot be used introducing a submerged (partly anoxic) zone with
indiscriminately. Every source of water has different an embedded carbon source. With this advanced
characteristics and must undergo separate treatments
technique, denitrification and removal of copper from
and green technologies for different uses of water. For
stormwater have improved significantly, and water
example, rainwater is much more uncontaminated
quality recommended for secondary uses is achieved
than any water that has gone through human use.
concerning the removal of E.Coli.
Thus, it is crucial to be aware of all kinds of water
sources and their characteristics for fit-for-purpose In the case of wastewater treatment, bioreactors are
treatment and applications. In the next section of the the new buzzword. A bioreactor is a device containing
article, we will discuss the various green technologies bacteria and microorganisms placed on a moving
to treat water pollution originating from various bed biofilm reactor, deposited on a packed or fibrous
sources. bed, or attached to a membrane to form a biofilm.

S.No. Stages Treatment

1. Primary Stage Physical screening or rapid sedimentation techniques to settle down
the gross pollutants and coarse sediments.
2. Secondary Stage Applications of finer particle sedimentation and filtration techniques to
remove fine particles and attached pollutants.
3. Tertiary Stage This stage applies techniques to remove nutrients, heavy metal pres-
ence, pathogen removal, etc.

42 Kurukshetra May 2024

 S.No. Green Technology Principles Advantages

1. Forward Osmosis It uses a new eco-friendly chemical Use waste heat to drive
compound to draw the water molecules separation.
through a membrane leaving the salt
Low in energy use.
behind. Then we separate the chemical
from water through a heating process. This
chemical can be reused in the process.

2. Clathrate This technique traps water molecules New technology has been
desalination in carbon dioxide and pressurises water developed which increases the
molecules into clathrate crystals. Later, size of crystals. This technique
these crystals are broken down to release is low on energy use and can be
freshwater. used for any kind of water quality.

3. Dewvapouration This technique humidifies a stream of Newer energy sources such as

heated air by running a stream of saline waste heat and/or solar are used
water on a heated surface. Then collect in the process. The technique is
the condensed water when the saturated highly cost-effective.
air is moved along condensing heat
transfer films.

4. Freeze It uses the phase shift of water from liquid Energy and cost-effective method
Desalination to solid state to remove salt from the ice
crystals. These ice crystals are then melted
to produce fresh water. It uses density
gradients to work.

The table is borrowed from the book: Green Technology for Sustainable Water Management 2016 by ASC

Bioreactors are usually equipped with separators linked efficient. Some other methods to filter waste water
to sequential tanks and a mechanical separator aimed include biofilters, bioremediation, electrowinning, etc.
to accelerate the split of liquid water from the biosolids. In the case of biofilters, microorganisms or bacteria
In addition, they also contain aerators for oxygen are allowed to grow on biofilters to make a biofilm.
supply aimed to speed up the biochemical reactions Then wastewater is passed through biofilm which will
undertaken by living microorganisms. The contact speed up the degradation of pollutants and organic
between the wastewater and bacteria/microorganisms matter present in the waste water. In Bioremediation,
present in the bioreactor’s platform induces biochemical microorganisms are applied to the wastewater sites to
reactions, which in the end lead to a transformation remove dangerous species or to convert toxins into less
of contaminants/pollutants to other less or non-toxic or non-toxic materials. This is a cost-effective method as
forms. In the case of metal-containing wastewater, it does not require excavation, incineration, and other
bioreactors inoculated with sulfate-reducing bacteria cleaning strategies. Electrowinning is the process in
produce hydrogen sulfide which precipitates the which current is passed through wastewater with the
dissolved metals as insoluble metal sulfides that are help of electrodes. Metals are then electro-extracted
recovered as valuable by-products (Barshi, 2017). These from their oxidised forms to deposit on the cathode.
reactors are environmentally friendly and far more cost- Thus, heavy metals including copper, nickel, silver, gold,

Kurukshetra May 2024 43

cadmium, bismuth, cobalt, and others can be recovered tertiary treatment processes, such as membrane
from wastewater through electrowinning. bioreactors and ultraviolet disinfection, to
Green technologies can also be used to harness produce high-quality recycled water. Each year
new sources of water. For example, desalination plant produces 40 billion litres of recycled water
becoming a popular option for nations like Israel which which is then used for irrigation of parks, golf
has very limited freshwater resources. The popular courses, and agricultural lands. By implementing
green innovations regarding desalination technologies these technologies, the plant reduces the demand
to produce freshwater from seawater are stated below- for freshwater resources and mitigates the impact
on local water bodies.
The above-mentioned green technologies are
evidence that environmentally friendly techniques can All these success stories have some elements in
be cost-effective and pocket-friendly. But just knowing common which also provide a roadmap to the successful
them is not enough. It is necessary to assess their adoption of green technology in the water sector. The
practicability in the field. Therefore, next section of the requisites for these successes are as follows:
article highlights the various success stories that have 1. Continuous research and development are essential
used green technology in the water sector as the base for identifying and implementing green technologies
and transformed their surroundings. that are suitable to the needs of the sector.
Success Stories and Keys to Success 2. The presence of researchers, engineers, and
1. The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) is a industry professionals who are ready to innovate
massive underground superhighway for Singapore’s and collaborate is also necessary.
used water management. It is a cost-efficient and 3. Public policy should support the adoption of green
sustainable solution designed to meet Singapore’s technology in the water sector. Policy frameworks
long-term needs for used water collection, can include financial incentives, tax breaks, and
treatment, reclamation, and discharge. The DTSS regulatory requirements that drive the adoption of
comprises a 206 km-long network of deep tunnels green technologies.
that convey used water entirely via gravity to 4. Besides, it is crucial that the public should
three centralised water reclamation plants. The understand the importance of the adoption of
treated used water is then reclaimed and further green technology in the water sector. Massive
purified with excess effluent discharged to the sea public awareness programs along with behavioural
in an environmentally responsible manner. The
change are the key to encourage the public and state
DTSS has adopted green technologies like energy-
towards the embracement of green technology. 
efficient pumps, advanced membrane bioreactors,
and a cogeneration plant that converts biogas into References
electricity. This process has resulted in reduced 1. Composite Water Management Index 2018, NITI
energy consumption, lowered carbon emissions, Aayog.
and increased resource recovery from wastewater.
2. Green Technologies for Sustainable Water
2. It has also been reported that the research unit of Management 2016, Edited by Huu Hao Ngo
Oil India has discovered the process of reducing oil Wenshan Guo Rao Y. Surampalli Tian C. Zhang,
content in the water bodies near the drilling pit. Published by ASCE
They have used a Bio-remediating technique to
3. Official website of Melbourne Water, Australia-
reduce oil contamination in water bodies so that
www.melbournewater.com.au
these areas can be made conducive to the growth
of aquatic life. 4. Official website of Singapore National Water
Agency-www.pub.gov.sg
3. The Werribee Treatment Plant in Melbourne has
successfully implemented green technologies to 5. Sustainable Water Management: Securing
achieve sustainable management of wastewater Australia’s Future in Green Economy 2012,
management. The plant utilises advanced Published by ATSE.

44 Kurukshetra May 2024

Kurukshetra May 2024 45
 Green Technologies for
Sustainable Agriculture
Agriculture plays a vital role in providing food affordably to present and
future generations. Overtime, agricultural research and development
have driven the adoption of new technologies, leading to substantial
increase in productivity and output. However, our current methods of
measuring productivity overlook the environmental services and natural
resources utilised. To ensure sustainable development, future agricultural
technologies must prioritise both profitability and environmental
impact, acknowledging the importance of natural resources and
ecosystem services. Thus, green technologies aim to enhance
production sustainably, bridging the gap between
productivity and ecological balance.

* Dr. Y.S. Shivay

* Kadapa Sreenivasa Reddy

T
he rapid transformation of products and seek environmental friendly alternatives.
agricultural system, along with As expanding agricultural land beyond its current
declining soil fertility and biodiversity utilisation is constrained by the depletion of natural
loss, raises concerns about sustaining resources. Global urbanisation, escalating energy
agricultural productivity. Agricultural costs, and population growth adversely influence the
development is achieved when it yields high-quality environment, highlighting the urgency for technology-
food while protecting and enhancing environmental driven solutions to enhance energy and cost efficiency.
quality. The widespread use of agrochemicals for various The need is to achieve sustainable agriculture that
agricultural purposes can harm both the ecosystem and improves yields and income without compromising
human health due to their persistent nature. To address environmental integrity. Sustainable agriculture is the
this, we must reduce reliance on chemical-based agro- successful management of resources to satisfy the

* Both the authors are Scientists in Division of Agronomy ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
Email: [email protected]
changing human needs, while maintaining or enhancing
the quality of the environment, and conserving natural
resources. Modern agricultural practices have taken
steps towards sustainability, and integrating green
technology offers a promising approach to improve
agricultural methods.
Green Technology (GT) refers to environmentally
beneficial technology designed to mitigate
environmental damage, thereby promoting sustainable
agricultural development. Green technology
encompasses environmentally friendly technologies
that are implemented without damaging environmental
stability, also known as ‘clean’ technology. These
technologies leverage renewable resources to minimise
greenhouse gas emissions, making processes sustainable
and reducing natural resource consumption (Iravani et
al., 2017). Green technology application in agriculture
offers opportunities to increase yield, improve product Agroforestry integrates trees with crops or
quality, maintain soil fertility, and adopt to eco-friendly livestock on the same land, fostering ecological
techniques. However, this necessitates a paradigm and economic interactions. It is a dynamic, natural
shift in research and policy in developing countries. resource management system that diversifies and
Integrating research, awareness, and application sustains production, benefitting farmers at all levels.
of green technologies is essential to strive towards Agroforestry is environmentally sustainable, utilising
sustainable development in the agricultural sector. natural resources to ensure a healthy farming
Green Technologies Adopted in Agriculture environment as it enhances food supply, income, and
health. Practical applications include windbreak trees
Green technologies used by farmers is not
for protection, hedgerow barriers for erosion control
entirely new and holds the potential to increase
and organic matter, and live fences to manage animal
farm yield and profits by employing environmentally
movement while providing fodder and nutrients.
sustainable, ecologically sound, and economically
reliable techniques. These include organic farming, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) offers an
agroforestry, solar energy technology, mixed farming eco-friendly alternative to chemical pest control,
practices, biogas, multiple cropping, crop rotation, and sustainable method promoting the utilisation of
integrated pest management. natural pest control mechanisms to cultivate robust
crops while minimising disruption to ecosystems and
Organic farming, practiced since ancient times,
environmental risk. It minimises environmental risks
relies on techniques like crop rotation, green manure,
and is applicable in both urban and rural areas. IPM
compost, and biological pest control. Key features include
involves preventive actions like growing disease-
weed management without pesticides, soil management
resistant crops and using deterrent strategies to
through crop rotation, and the use of animal manure
discourage pests. However, implementing IPM may be
and green manure crops. Increased awareness about
challenging for farmers due to limited resources and
sustainable development has prompted farmers to
expertise in pest management.
manage fields more efficiently, driven by consumer
demand for locally grown, organic, and sustainable Solar energy, derived from the sun’s radiant light
products. Considered as a green technology, it relies and heat, can be harnessed through solar heating and
on ecological processes to enhance soil fertility and photovoltaic technology. Solar photovoltaic technology
productivity while minimising negative impacts on the converts sunlight into energy using semiconductors,
environment and human health. However, further efforts applicable in agricultural production for tasks like
are needed to advance organic farming practices. water pumping, lighting rural houses, and pest

Kurukshetra May 2024 47

management. Solar water pumping offers advantages Agricultural biotechnology modifies organism
over conventional fuel methods, including no fuel costs, components to enhance crop development, enabling
lower maintenance, and environmental friendliness. farmers to produce abundant and cost-effective crops
Benefitting from ample sunlight, solar-powered sustainably. Professionals engineer pest and disease-
technologies like water pumping systems harness resistant plants to minimise environmental disruptions,
abundant solar radiation. thereby decreasing pesticide usage. Despite this,
Biogas technology utilises agricultural waste to consumer resistance to genetically modified or
produce renewable energy and fertilisers, making engineered foods persists. Many consumers are
it environmentally friendly. Anaerobic digestion unaware of the ecological benefits of biotechnology,
transforms agricultural waste into fuel and fertiliser. which include advanced modification practices targeting
The by-products are used for organic crop production, surface-level and atmospheric pollution, facilitating
enhancing soil fertility, and serving as a sustainable phytoremediation production. These plants can remove
alternative to inorganic fertilisers by providing nutrients and store pollutants from the soil, mitigating ecosystem
and improving soil penetration capacity. degradation.
Drones and digital sensors as a form of green
technology, support sustainable agriculture by enabling
remote monitoring of crop development and gathering
essential field data. They reduce transportation
emissions and produce zero emissions during operation,
optimising field time and minimising crop loss to
increase environmental sustainability and reduce food
waste. Similarly, digital sensors monitor various farming
aspects, such as microclimate and soil pH, contributing
to sustainability by reducing environmental impacts
and health hazards. This technology empowers farmers
to make informed decisions, optimise production,
enhance yields, conserve resources, minimise waste,
and boost productivity.
Smart irrigation systems utilise weather data and
soil moisture levels to schedule irrigation, enabling
them to respond to changes in plant environment
Mixed farming is a common agricultural practice,
involves using crop residues to feed animals and
utilising their faeces as fertiliser for growing crops,
enriching the soil. This approach helps farmers to
reduce the risks associated with single-crop production
and is considered a leading technique for promoting
eco-friendly food production.
Crop rotation offers socio-economic and
environmental benefits, as it enhances profitability by
introducing high-value crops and mitigates economic
risks by combining crops. Diversifying rotations with
pulses or vegetables boosts dietary micronutrient
production to combat hidden hunger. Additionally,
lowers reliance on synthetic fertilisers, reduces pollution
and greenhouse gas emissions, and revives farmland
biodiversity. Automatic Irrigation System for Rice

48 Kurukshetra May 2024

and water needs. By adjusting watering based on and research and development, pose challenges for
plant requirements, these systems reduce outdoor adoption by small-scale farmers.
water usage compared to traditional timers. Efficient  Limited adoption and technological dependence:
water management is essential for sustainability, due Farmers resistance to new green technologies,
to the finite nature of Earth’s water supply. Modern lack sufficient knowledge about the potentials and
technology, including wireless and remote monitoring limitations of green technology. Often, required to
systems, enables farmers to optimise irrigation understand and implement knowledge-intensive
practices, promoting smarter decision-making for approaches like IPM and INM.
sustainable agriculture.
 Location-specific: The environmental and natural
Green nanotechnology in agriculture is an eco- resource impacts of technology depend on the
friendly and cost-effective technology that enhances location; technology may be profitable for one farm
productivity while reducing pesticide usage. Its in a region but not for others.
applications include pathogen detection, targeted
delivery of nano-pesticides, and improved nutrient  Knowledge and training gaps: Farmers frequently
absorption in plants. Additionally, it conserves energy, lack the necessary expertise to effectively employ
protects soil and water resources, and addresses future green technologies, which often demand technical
agricultural challenges, particularly food security in proficiency and the adaptation of farming practices.
developing countries (Igiebor et al., 2023)  Energy requirements: Certain green technologies,
Advantages of Green Technology in Agriculture such as precision agriculture tools and automated
systems, can be energy-intensive, resulting in
Green technology in agriculture provides numerous increased operational expenses and potential
benefits, enhancing sustainability and efficiency conflicts with efforts to reduce carbon footprints.
in farming practices. By harnessing its potential,
farmers can achieve a balance between productivity, Green technology in agriculture aims to use
profitability, and environmental stewardship, ensuring a the natural environment sustainably to enhance
production, allowing farmers to promote self-reliance
and environmental health. Conventional farming harms
ecosystems and food security, while green technologies
minimise damage and protect environment. For
instance, organic farming outperforms conventional
methods by prioritising its environmentally friendly
practices and maximising resource efficiency.
Future of Green Technologies in Agriculture
Growing demand for quality food favours the
adoption of green technology in agriculture, as it
is essential for sustainable food production and
environmental conservation. Recommendations
include educating farmers and promoting literacy
through adult education centres in rural areas. These
Benefits of adopting green initiatives aim to ensure sustainable farming practices
technologies in agriculture and enhance farmers’ profitability while safeguarding
the environment and human health. Technological
more sustainable and resilient food production system
advancements have introduced a range of internet
as depicted.
and GPS-based smart technologies for agriculture,
Challenges for Adoption of Green Technologies by leading to the rise of precision agriculture. These
Farmers innovations help increase crop production and enable
 High initial costs: Initial investments in green efficient management of fertilisers, pesticides, and
technologies, including equipment, infrastructure, irrigation. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) equipped

Kurukshetra May 2024 49

with multiple sensors offer real-time, precise data for creating a more resilient and sustainable global food
enhancing agricultural practices. Additionally, robotics chain. Collaboration between farmers and policymakers
and sensing equipment allow for monitoring vegetable is essential to develop reliable and profitable green
growth, crop health, soil conditions, and other technologies that benefit all stakeholders while
parameters. Advances in greenhouse technologies, minimising environmental footprints. 
including hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics, References
offer promising prospects for vertical farming in urban
areas. 1. Burbade, R.G. 2021. Green technology in agriculture
tools and technologies that drive sustainable Indian
Conclusion
agricultural development. Just Agriculture 2(1): 46-55.
The green technologies are revolutionising the
2. Igiebor, F.A., Ikhajiagbe, B. and Asia, M. 2023. Green
agricultural sector, but it is important to recognise that
Nanotechnology: A modern tool for sustainable
environmental conservation requires a multifaceted
agriculture in Nigeria–A review. International
approach. It won’t be a single technology that
Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology
can addresses environmental challenges, rather a
10(3): 269-286.
combination of new green technologies, sometimes
integrated with traditional methods, will be necessary. 3. Iravani, A., Akbari, M.H. and Zohoori, M. 2017.
Green technology enhances resource efficiency, reduces Advantages and disadvantages of green technology;
environmental impact, and improves agricultural goals, challenges and strengths. International
productivity. Moreover, there is a growing emphasis on Journal of Science and Engineering Applications
cleaner and eco-friendly agricultural technologies for 6(9): 272-284.

50 Kurukshetra May 2024

No. of Pages: 52 RNI: 702/57
ISSN: 0021-5660 Postal Reg. No. DL (S)-05/3232/2024-26
Date of Publishing: 26th April 2024 U (DN)-52/2024-26 (Licensed to post
Date of Dispatch: 29th, 30st April 2024 without pre-payment at RMS, Delhi)
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