3

Trigonometric
Functions

NASA scientists utilise the knowledge of trigonometry to build and launch rockets and
space shuttles. Without trigonometry, humans would not have been able to travel to
the moon.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANGLES 1
| TOPIC 1 |
ANGLES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT
Angle
An angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common end-point.
The two rays are called sides of the angle, and the common end-point is
called vertex of the angle.
The word angle is also used to designate the measure of an angle of a
rotation. Also, the sides of an angle are called initial sides and terminal
sides.

ide
lS
ina
rm

Anti-clockwise
Te

Vertex Initial Side

e
Sid
ial

Clockwise
Init

Terminal Side

We have the following conventions:

Positive Angle: If the direction of rotation is anti-clockwise, then the
angle is taken as positive.
Negative Angle: If the direction of rotation is clockwise, then the angle
is taken as negative.
Units for Measurement of Angles
The two most commonly used units for measurement of angles are the
following:
Degree Measure th
 1 
An angle is said to be of 1 degree (denoted by 1°) if it is  part of
 360 
a revolution.

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So, one revolution is of 360°. One advantage of this unit is that many
angles common in simple geometry are measured as a whole number
of degrees. Fractions of a degree may be written in normal decimal
notation (e.g. 7.5° for seven and a half degrees) but the ‘degree-minute-
second’ system is also in use.
Some of the common angles are shown below:
360° A
180°
O | | |
B O A
B
270° A
O | A

|
|
B O
|

B
A

45°
O
B

Minutes
Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes. A measure of
an angle in minutes is denoted by a single prime (‘).
1° = 60′
So, 7.5° can be called 7 degrees and 30 minutes, written as 7° 30′.
Second
Each minute is further divided into 60 equal parts called seconds. A
measure of an angle in seconds is denoted by a double prime (′′) .
1′ = 60′′
So, an angle of 2 degree 5 minutes 30 seconds is written as 2° 5′ 30′′.
The division of degrees into minutes and seconds of angle is analogous
to the division of hours into minutes and seconds of time.
Radian Measure
An angle is said to be 1 radian (denoted by 1 rad) if the length of arc is
equal to the radius of the circle.

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But the radian notation is frequently omitted. So, any measure of angle
without units means that the angle is in radian.
The angles that measures 1 radian (1c) and –1 radian (–1c) are shown
below:
B

1
1
1 radian 1 A
O
O 1 1 radian
A
1
1

Relation between Degree and Radian

Consider a circle of radius r. Then, the angle (in radian) subtended by the
circle at the centre is given by
1 2πr
q= = = 2pq
r r

Also, the angle (in degrees) subtended by the circle at the centre is 360°,
which implies.
360° = 2p radian
We now list some frequently used angles in degrees and radians.
Degrees 0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 120° 135°
0 p p p p 2p 3p
Radians
6 4 3 2 3 4

Degrees 150° 180° 225° 270° 315°

5p p 5p 3p 7p
Radians
6 4 2 4
Important
p
 Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
 Degree measure = 180 × Radian measure
p

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Conversion from Degree Measure to Radians
Step I. Convert the seconds (if given) into minutes by using the relation
1 æ 1 ö¢
1 second = minutes or 1″ = ç ÷
60 è 60 ø

Step II. Convert the total minutes (given minutes + minues obained in
step I) into degrees by using the relation
1 æ 1 ö°
1 second = degree or 1′ = ç ÷
60 è 60 ø
Step III. Convert the total degrees (given degree + degree obtained in
step II) into radians by using the relation
p
Redian measure = ´ Degree measure
180
Illustration: Convert 240° into radians.
p
240° = ´ 240 rad
180
4π
= rad.
3
l
l
l

Trigonometric Functions 5
 OBJECTIVE Type Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

[ 1 mark each ]
1. A wheel rotates, making 18 revolutions per second. If the radius
of the wheel is 49 cm, what linear distance does a point of its
rim travel in three minutes? (Take p = 22/7)
(a) 9.97 km (b) 9.90 km
(c) 9.80 km (d) 9.85 km
Ans. (a) 9.97 km
Explanation: Radius of the wheel = 49 cm
\ Circumference of the wheel
= 2 p × 49 cm = 308 cm
Hence, the linear distance travelled by a point of the rim in one
revolution = 308 cm.
Number of revolutions made by the wheel in 3 minutes i.e. 180
seconds = 18 × 3 × 60 = 3240

\ The linear distance travelled by a point of the rim in 3 minutes
= 308 × 3240
= 997920 cm = 9.97 km.

CASE BASED Questions (CBQs)

[ 4 & 5 marks each ]

Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow:
2. Nitish is playing with a Pinwheel toy which he bought from a
village fair. He noticed that the pinwheel toy revolves as fast
as he blows it. Consider the Pinwheel toy that makes 360
revolutions per minute.

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 (A) Find the number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in
120 second.
(B) Find the number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in
1 sec and angle made by Pinwheel toy (in degree) in 6
revolutions.
(C) Find the radius of the circle in which a central angle of 60°
22
intercepts an arc of length 37.4 cm. (Use π = ).
7
Ans. (A) Since the number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in 1
minute = 360
And 1 min = 60 seconds
So, the number of revolution made by Pinwheel toy in 60
seconds = 360
The number of revolution made by Pinwheel toy in 1 second
360
=
60
\ Number of revolutions made by Pinwheel toy in 120 seconds
360 × 120
= = 720
60
(B) The number of revolution made by Pinwheel toy in 1 seconds
360
= =6
60
Since, angle made by Pinwheel toy in 1 revolutions = 360°.
Thus, angle made by Pinwheel toy in 6 revolutions = 360° × 6
= 2160°

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 (C) Given,
Length of the arc = l = 37.4 cm
60 × π
Central angle = θ = 60° = radian
180
π
= radians
3
We know that,
I
r=
θ

π
= (37.4) ×  
3

= (37.4 )
 22 
 
 7 × 3 
= 35.7 cm
Hence, the radius of the circle is 35.7 cm.

SHORT ANSWER Type-I Questions (SA-I)

[ 2 marks each ]
−2
3. Convert following radian measure into degree measures .
9
−2 −2 180
Ans. radian = ×
9 9 π
 
= −  2 × 20 
 π
 20 × 7 
= − 2 × 
 22 
 20 × 7 
= −
 11 

 140 
= −
 11 
= – 12.7272°

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Trigonometric Functions 9
 TRIGONOMETRIC TRANSFORMATION
FORMULAE
2
| TOPIC 1 |
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
In earlier classes, we have studied trigonometric ratios (for acute angles)
as the ratio of sides of a right-angled triangle. To recall, there are six
trigonometric ratios defined as follows:

P
(i) sin q =
H

H
(ii) cosec q =
P

B
(iii) cos q =
H

H
(iv) sec q =
B

P
(v) tan q =
B

B
(vi) cot q =
P

Where q is the acute angle, P is the perpendicular, B is the base and

H is the hypotenuse of the right-angled triangle. We will now extend
the definition of trigonometric ratios to any angle in terms of radian
measure and study them as trigonometric functions.
Consider a system of coordinate axes with origin at O. Also, consider a
unit circle with centre at O. For each real number q, let P (a, b) be the point
on the circle such that OP makes an angle q (measured anticlockwise)
with the positive direction of x – axis, as shown in figure.

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 y
B
P(a, b)


C O A x

We define,
Sine Function
(denoted by sin) as
sin q = y – coordinate of point P.
Cosine Function
(denoted by cos) as
cos q = x – coordinates of point P.
From figure, it is clear that the coordinates of the point A, B, C and D are
(1, 0), (0, 1), (– 1, 0) and (0, –1).
We observe the following:
sin 0 = y – coordinate of point A = 0
cos 0 = x – coordinate of point A = 1
p
sin = y – coordinate of point B = 1
2
p
cos = x – coordinate of point B = 0
2
sin p = y – coordinates of point C = 0
cos p = x – coordinate of point c = – 1
3p
sin = y – coordinate of point D = – 1
2

3p
cos = x – coordinated of point D = 0
2

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We observe that, y – coordinates of the points A and C are 0.
So, Sin q = 0. for q = 0, ± p, ± 2p, ± 3p, . . .
i.e., sin q = 0, when q is an integral multiple of p
Also, we observe that, x – coordinates of the points B and D are 0.
p 3p 5p p
So, cos q = 0, for q = ± ,± ,± ,...
2 3 2 2
p
i.e., cos q = 0, when q is an odd multiple of
2
sin q = 0
⇒ q = n p, where n ∈ Z
cos q = 0
p
⇒ q = (2n + 1) , where n ∈ Z
2
We now define other trigonometric functions in terms of sine and cosine
functions:
Cosecant Function
(denoted by cosec) defined as
1 1
cosec q = =
sin q y - coordinates of point P ¢

Where, q ≠ n p (form ∈ Z)
Secant Function
(denoted by sec) is defined as
1 1
sec q = =
cos q x - coordinate of point P ¢
p
Where, q ≠ (2n + 1) (form ∈ Z).
2
Tangent Function
(denoted by tan) is defined as
sin q y - coordinates of point P
tan q = =
cos q x - coordinates of point P ¢

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 p
Where, q ≠ (2n + 1) (form ∈ Z)
2

Cotangent Function
(denoted by cot) is defined as
cos q x - coordinates of point
cot q = =
sin q y - coordinates of point
Where, q ≠ n p (form ∈ Z).
From above definitions, we can have the following table:

0° 30° 45° 60° 90° 180° 270° 360°

1 1 3
sin 0 1 0 –1 0
2 2 2
3 1 1
cos 1 2 0 –1 0 1
2 2
1
tan 0 1 3 n.d. 0 n.d. 0
3
2
cosec n.d. 2 2 1 n.d. –1 n.d.
3
2
sec 1 2 2 n.d. –1 n.d. 1
3
1
cot n.d. 3 1 0 n.d. 0 n.d.
3
Here, ′n.d.′ means that the trigonometric function is not defined at that
value.
We know that, one complete revolution subtends an angle of 2p radian
at the centre of the circle. If we take one complete revolution from the
point P, we again come back to the same point P. Thus, we observe that
if q increases (or decreases) by an integral multiple of 2p, the value of
sine and cosine functions do not change.
Hence, sin(2np + q) = sin q, for all n ∈ Z
And cos(2np + q) = cos q, for all n ∈ Z

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By definition of other four trigonometric functions, we have
1 1
cosec (2np + q) = = = cosec q
(
sin 2nπ + θ ) sin θ

1 1
sec (2np + q) = = = cot θ
(
cos 2nπ + θ ) cos θ

tan (2np + q) =
(
sin 2nπ + θ ) = sin θ = tan q
cos (2nπ + θ ) cos θ

cot (2np + q) =
(
cos 2nπ + θ ) = cos θ = cot θ
sin (2nπ + θ) sin θ
Hence, we can summarise the results as follows:
sin(n × 360° + q) = sin q for all n ∈ Z
cos(n × 360° + q) = cos q for all n ∈ Z
cosec(n × 360° + q) = cosec q for all n ∈ Z
sec(n × 360° + q) = sec q for all n ∈ Z
tan(n × 360° + q) = tan q for all n ∈ Z
cot(n × 360° + q) = cot q for all n ∈ Z

Periods of Trigonometric Functions

We shall now understand the meaning of a periodic function. In simple
words, a periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular
intervals or periods.
l
l
l

14 Mathematics Class XI
 OBJECTIVE Type Questions
Multiple Choice Questions
[ 1 mark each ]
1 1
1. If tan q = 2 and tan f = 3 , then the value of q + f is:
π
(a) (b) p
6
π
(c) 0 (d) [NCERT Exemplar]
4

p
Ans. (d)
4
Explanation: According to the question,
1 1
tan q = and tan f =
2 3
We know that,
tan θ + tan φ
tan (q + f) =
1 − tan θ tan φ
On putting the values, we get
1 1 5
+
= 2 3 = 6 =1
1 1 5
1− ×
2 3 6
tan (q + f) = 1
p
⇒ tan (q + f) = tan  π 
4  ∴ tan = 1 
 4 
p
⇒ q + f =
4

2. If sin θ + cos θ = 1, then the value of sin 2θ is equal to:

1
(a) 1 (b)
2
(c) 0 (d) 2 [Delhi Gov. QB 2022]

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Ans. (c) 0
Explanation: Given, sin θ + cos θ = 1
⇒ (sin θ + cos θ)2 = (1)2
⇒ sin2θ + cos2θ + 2 sin θ cos θ = 1
⇒ 1 + sin 2θ = 1
⇒ sin 2θ = 1 – 1 = 0

Assertion-Reason
[A-R] [ 1 mark each ]

Direction: In the following questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is

followed by a statement of Reason (R).
Choose the correct answer out of the following choices.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A).
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true.

p 2p
3. Assertion (A): The value of q = or , when q lies between
3 3
3
(0, 2p) and sin2 q =
4.
Reason (R): sin q is positive in the first and second quadrant.
Ans. (d) (A) is false but (R) is true.
3
Explanation: Given, sin2 q =
4
3 3
⇒ sin q = or –
2 2 .
3 p
Case I: When sin q = = sin
2 3
p p
⇒ sin q = sin or sin (p – )
3 3

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 p p
⇒ q= or p –
3 3,
p 2p
i.e., q= or
3 3

3
Case II: When sin q = –
, then q lies either in the third or fourth
2
quadrant. 3 ≠
Now, sin q = – 2 = – sin 3

 π  π
= sin  π +  or sin  2π − 
 3  3
π π
q = π+ or 2π −
3 3

4p 5p
⇒ q= or ,
3 3

3
Hence, sin2 q = ,0<q<2p
4
p 2p 4p 5p
⇒ q= , , , ,
3 3 3 3

CASE BASED Questions (CBQs)

[ 5 marks each ]

Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow:
4. Sudhir who is a student of class XI got a Maths assignment from
his class teacher.
3
He did all the questions except a few. If the value of sin x = and
5
12
cos y = − , where x and y both lie in the second quadrant, then
13
help Sudhir in solving these questions.

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 (A) What will be the value of cos x ?
4 −3
(a) (b)
5 5
−4 3
(c) (d)
5 5
(B) What will be the value of sin y ?
5 −12
(a) (b)
12 13

−5 5
(c) (d)
13 13
(C) Which of the following options is correct?
(a) sin (x – y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
(b) sin (x + y) = cos x sin y – sin x cos y
(c) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
(d) sin(x – y) = sin x sin y – cos x cos y
−4
Ans. (A) (c)
5
3
Explanation: Given, sin x =
5
As we know that
cos2x = 1 – sin2x

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 2
3
= 1 −  
5

9 16
= 1 - 25 = 25

25 - 9 16
= 25 = 25

4
Thus, cos x = ±
5
Since x lies in second quadrant
\ cos x is negative
4
cos x = −
\ 5
5
(B) (d)
13
Explanation: Given,
-12
cos y =
13
As we know that
sin2 y = 1 – cos2 y
144 25 5
= 1 −
169 169 = = ±
13
Since, y lies in second quadrant
\ sin y is positive
5
\ sin y =
13

(C) (c) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

Explanation: Trigonometric function of compound angle
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

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 VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions (VSA)
[ 1 mark each ]

5. If a cos q + b sin q = m and a sin q – b cos q = n then show that

a2 + b2 = m2 + n2 [NCERT Exemplar]
Ans. Given, a cos q + b sin q = m (i)
and a sin q – b cos q = n (ii)
On squaring and adding of eqs (i) and (ii), we get
m2 + n2 = (a cos q + b sin q )2 + (a sin q – b cos q )2
⇒ m2 + n2 = a2 cos2 q + b2 sin2 q + 2ab cos q
sin q + a2 sin2 q + b2 cos2 q – 2ab sin q cos q
⇒ m2 + n2 = a2 (cos2 q + sin2 q) + b2 (sin2 q + cos2 q)
⇒ m2 + n2 = a2 + b2
Hence, proved.

SHORT ANSWER Type-I Questions (SA-I)

[ 2 marks each ]
 π
6. Solve tan 4x = − cot  x +  .
 4
Ans. tan q = cot [90° – q]
 n
tan 4x = − cot  x + 
 4
π π
= tan  + x + 
2 4
 3π 
tan 4x = tan  x + 
 4 
 3 π

4x=  x + 
4 
3p
4x=np+x+
4

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 Where n ∈ Z,
3p
3x=np+
4

SHORT ANSWER Type-II Questions (SA-II)

[ 3 marks each ]

7. Find the value of:

p p 2p 5p

sin + sin + sin + sin .
18 9 9 18
π π 2π 5π
Ans. sin + sin + sin + sin
18 9 9 18

π 5π π 2π
= sin + sin + sin + sin
18 18 9 9

 5π π   5π π 
 +   − 
= 2 sin 18 18 cos 18 18 + 2 sin
2 2
  2π π     2π π  
  +    − 
 9 9 
 cos  9 9
 2   2 

  A+B   A−B 
 Using identity: sin A + sin B = 2 sin   cos   
 2  2 


3π 2π 3π  π 
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos 
18 18 18  18 

3π  2π π 
= 2 sin  cos + cos 
18 18 18 

π π π 
= 2 sin  cos + cos 
6 9 18 

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 1 π π   π 1
= 2 ×  cos + cos  sin = 
2 9 18   6 2

π π
= cos + cos
9 18

π π π π   π  
= sin  −  + sin  − sin  − θ  = cos θ 
2 9  2 18   2 

 9π − 2π   9π − π 
= sin  + sin
 18  
18 


 7π   8π 
= sin  + sin
 18   
18 

 7π   4π 
= sin   + sin 
 18   9 

LONG ANSWER Type Questions (LA)

[ 4 & 5 marks each ]
sin α − cos α
8. If tan θ = , then show that sin α + cos α = 2 cos θ.
sin α + cos α
[NCERT Exemplar]
sin α − cos α
Ans. Given, tan θ =
sin α + cos α
Dividing by cos α
sin a cos a
-
tan q = cos a cos a
sin a cos a
+
cos a cos a

tan α − 1
⇒ tan θ =
tan α + 1

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 π
tan α − tan
tan θ = 4
⇒ [∴ tan π/4 = 1]
π 
1 + tan tan α
4

 π
α −
⇒ tan θ = tan  4 

π
−
⇒ θ = α 4

π
⇒ α = θ + 4

∴ L.H.S. = sin α + cos α

 π  π
sin  θ + + cos θ +
= 4   4 

 π π
 sin θ cos + cos θ sin +
4 4 
=
 π π
 cos θ cos − sin θ sin
4 4 

 1 1   1 1 
=  sin θ ⋅ + cos θ ⋅ +
  cos θ − sin θ 
 2 2  2 2

 π 1 π
sin = = cos 
 4 2 4
1
= [(sin θ + cos θ) + (cos θ – sin θ)]
2
2 cos θ
=
2

= 2 cos θ = R.H.S.

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24 Mathematics Class XI