Scribd
Upload
10 views

Thermodynamics and Chemical Processes Module 2

Uploaded by

bbvfzfxkh9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
10 views

Thermodynamics and Chemical Processes Module 2

Uploaded by

bbvfzfxkh9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 59

¾ Four Laws

Š Zeroth law: When two systems are in thermal


equilibrium
ilib i with
ith third
thi d system,
t th
they mustt b
be iin
thermal equilibrium with each other
Š First Law: energy may be converted from one
form to another, but impossible to create and
destroy.
Š Second Law: All forms of energy are converted
into heat but heat so obtained cannot be
converted into other forms.
forms
Š Third Law: Entropy of a substance approaches
zero at absolute zero.
Š Energygy associated with a system
y byy virtues of its
molecular constitution and motion of its
molecules.
Total internal energy = Internal potential energy
(E) +
Internal Kinetic energy

For a system
y undergoes
g a thermodynamic
y change
g
from state A to B, then change in internal energy
∆E = Eb-Ea
Hence internal energy is called state function.
Hence, function
Š Energy can neither be created nor destroyed,
but may be converted from one form to
another.
∆E = Q − W
positive h added
i i Q : heat t system
dd d to
positive W : work done by system
Š statement of energy conservation for a
thermodynamic system
Š E t bli h an exactt relation
Establishes l ti between
b t h t and
heat d work.
k
Š internal energy E is a state variable
Š W Q process dependent.
W, dependent
Š Heat change at constant pressure.
H = E + PV
E is internal energy, P is pressure and V is volume
∆E or (Eb-Ea) = q – w
w = P(Vb-Va) at constant pressure
(Eb-Ea) = qp – P(Vb-Va)
qp = (Eb +PVb) - (Ea + Pva)
H = ∆H
qp = Hb –Ha
Enthalpy change of a system is equal to heat
absorbed by the system at constant pressure.
pressure
¾ ∆H is –ve, heat will be evolved, Rxn is exothermic

¾ ∆H is +ve, +ve heat will be absorbed,


absorbed Rxn is
endothermic
Š A p p y whose values depend
property p y the
on only
state of the system and not on the path by
which the change from initial to final state is
brought about is called state function.
function
Š The change in the value of the state functions
depends only upon the initial and final state
the system.
Š Some common state functions used in
thermodynamics are, pressure, (P), volume (V),
temperature (T), internal energy (E or U),
enthalpy (H),
(H) entropy (S) free energy (G) etc.
etc
Š Change in any property depends on initial and
final state.
b
∆E = ∫dE = (Eb-Ea)
a

Š Differentials of such functions are exact


differentials.
Š Integration of dE about closed path is zero.
∫ dE = 0
Š A pathth function
f ti iis a property
t whose
h
numerical value cannot be determined
unless one observes the entire process.
process
Š Work is common example of path function.
Š It is process observed from starting to end.
end

You might also like