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Exam 1 .................................................................................................................................. 3
Task 1: The table below shows the percentage of the population by age groups in one
town who rode bicycles in 2011. .....................................................................................................3
Task 2: Scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the governments
rather than private companies. Do you agree or disagree? .......................................................4
Exam 2 .................................................................................................................................. 7
Task 1: The information below gives details about household income and spending on
food and clothes by an average family in one UK city in 2010 and 2013. ...............................7
Task 2: The only way to improve road safety is to give much stricter punishments on
driving offenses. To what extent do you agree or disagree? .....................................................9
Exam 3 ................................................................................................................................ 12
Task 1: The charts below show the results of a survey conducted by a university library
to find out the opinions of full-time and part-time students about its services. ..................... 12
Task 2: The tradition that the family gets together to eat meals is disappearing. What
are the reasons? What are the impacts?.................................................................................... 14
Exam 4 ................................................................................................................................ 18
Task 1: The chart below shows the annual pay (thousands of US dollars) for doctors
and other workers in seven countries in 2004. .......................................................................... 18
Task 2: Some people think that newly built houses should follow the style of the old
houses in the local areas, while others think that people should have freedom to build
houses of their own styles. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. ........................ 19
Exam 5 ................................................................................................................................ 23
Task 1: The table shows the amount of money given in aid of technology of developing
countries by charities in the US, EU and other countries from 2006 to 2010. ...................... 23
Task 2: When designing a building, the most important factor is intended use of the
building rather than its outward appearance. To what extent do you agree or disagree?.. 24
Exam 6 ................................................................................................................................ 28
Task 2: Some people think that a huge amount of time and money is spent on the
protection of wild animals, and that this money could be better spent on the
human population. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? ................. 28
Exam 7 ................................................................................................................................ 32
Task 1: Water usage in Sydney .............................................................................................. 32
Task 2: The media should include more stories which report good news. To what extent
do you agree or disagree? ............................................................................................................ 33
Exam 8 ................................................................................................................................ 37
Task 1: Air pollutants in UK ..................................................................................................... 37
Task 2: Many university students live with their families, while others live away from
home because their universities are in different places. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of both situations? ............................................................................................... 38
Exam 9 ................................................................................................................................ 41
Task 1: People living alone in the USA ................................................................................. 41
Task 2: Some people say that economic growth is the only way to end hunger and
poverty, while others say that economic growth is damaging the environment so it must be
stopped. Discuss both views and give your opinion. ................................................................ 42
Exam 10 .............................................................................................................................. 45
Task 1: International conferences in 3 cities (line)............................................................... 45

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Task 2: In the modern world it is possible to shop, work and communicate with people
via the internet and live without any face-to-face contact with others. Is this a positive or
negative development? ................................................................................................................. 47
Exam 11 .............................................................................................................................. 50
Task 1: Noise pollution in cities and rural areas (bar) ......................................................... 50
Task 2: For school children, their teachers have more influence on their intelligence and
social development than their parents. To what extent do you agree or disagree? ............ 52
Exam 12 .............................................................................................................................. 55
Task 1: Two tunnels (diagrams) ............................................................................................. 55
Task 2: In countries where there is high unemployment, most pupils should be offered
only primary education. There is no point in offering secondary education to those who will
have no hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree or disagree? ........................... 56

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Exam 1
Task 1: The table below shows the percentage of the
population by age groups in one town who rode
bicycles in 2011.
Age group Female Male
0-9 51.3 50.3
10-17 42.2 24.6
18-39 17.1 9.7
40-59 12.3 8.0
60+ 18.5 13.2

Report Plan:

Paraphrase: shows>compares; percentage>proportion; rode

bicycles>cycled

Overview paragraph: (1) a higher percentage of females - all ages - than

males rode bicycles (2) between 18 and 59, the figures for cyclists - both
genders - were lower than for other age groups.

Paragraph 3: compare proportions of males and females who cycled in

the age groups 0-9 and 10-17.

Paragraph 4: compare declining percentages of males and females who

rode bicycles in the 18-59 age groups.

Paragraph 5: contrast the rise in the figures for cyclists aged 60+.

Report:

The table compares the proportion of the population of one town who cycled in
2011, according to five age groups.

Overall, it is clear that in all the age groups, the percentage of female cyclists
was higher than male cyclists. However, for both genders, the proportion of the
population who rode bicycles was lowest between the ages of 18 and 59.

Just over half of all females and males rode bicycles in the age group 0-9, and
this proportion remained high among 10-17 year old girls, at about 42%.
However, among boys aged 10-17, the percentage who cycled declined by over
half to less than 25%.
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The figures for the 18-39 and 40-59 year olds are much lower. In the former age
group, only about 17% of women cycled, compared with just under 10% of men.
Between the ages of 40 and 59, the figures fell further, to a little over 12% for
women and 8 per cent for men.

However, the percentage of those over 60 who rode bicycles then rose
significantly, reaching 18.5% for women compared with around 13% for men.

183 words

Task 2: Scientific research should be carried out and

controlled by the governments rather than private
companies. Do you agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:

Introduction: (1) refer to the statement (2) opinion: recognize the

arguments for the opposing view, but agree with the statement

Paragraph 2: two dangers of private conduct of research (1) results may

be flawed, due to profit motive - example, thalidomide (malformed births)
(2) ethical - social consequences of research are not prioritized - example,
GM crops.

Paragraph 3: governments should control research (1) universities can

conduct high-quality research and share knowledge (2) expenditure on
areas of research can be prioritized - example: renewable energy.

Conclusion: agree with the statement.

Essay:

At present, scientific research across the world is carried out and controlled
sometimes by governments, sometimes by private companies. While there are
some arguments in favour of scientific research by corporations, I agree with
the view that this should be funded and supervised by the state.

The private sector argues that it is willing to undertake scientific research, but
there are two significant dangers in this. In terms of the quality and objectivity
of the research itself, corporations which carry this out may be tempted to
manipulate results in order to maximize profits. There have been numerous
scandals as a result of new products being introduced hurriedly after
inadequate trials. For example thalidomide, developed by a German drug

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company, resulted in the birth of thousands of malformed children. From an

ethical perspective, leaving research into areas such as genetic
engineering in the hands of corporations may have profound social
consequences -such as GM crops, with unproven effects which may destroy
whole ecosystems as a result of meddling with nature.

Although governments have to allocate resources to many areas of public

spending, it is essential that they be responsible for scientific research. Firstly,
the highest standards can be set by providing funding for university
departments to carry out high-quality research designed to benefit society,
not to break into new markets or to gain a competitive edge. Knowledge
thus gained can be shared worldwide throughout the academic community.
Secondly, government-decision making is the best way to prioritize
expenditure on specific areas of research, taking into consideration the
needs of society, both present and future. One example is the development
of renewable energy to meet growing demands.

In conclusion, I agree strongly with the view that governments should bear sole
responsibility for scientific research.

291 words

Vocabulary:

Business and money:

• to maximize profits

Meaning: to increase profits to the highest possible level

Example: The company has hired a marketing consultant to recommend how to

maximize profits next year.

• to break into new markets

Meaning: to enter new markets that are difficult to enter

Example: It is difficult to break into new markets for designer sportswear,

because there is too much competition for leading markets like Nike.

• to gain a competitive edge

Meaning: to achieve an advantage over another company or organization, often

by providing goods or services at a lower price.

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Example: The high quality of vw cars has enabled the company to gain a
competitive edge over all its rivals in world markets.

Genetic Engineering:

• genetic engineering

Meaning: the science of changing how a living creature or plant develops by

changing the information in its genes.

Example: Scientists have used genetic engineering to protect tomatoes

against the effect of freezing temperatures.

• genetically-modified (GM) crops

Meaning: plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been changed by
using genetic engineering techniques.

Example: There is a scientific consensus that currently-available food derived

from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food.

• unproven effects

Meaning: effects which have not been tested or shown to be true Example:
Critics of GM crops argue that the unproven effects of this technology may
have disastrous results in the future.

• to damage ecosystems

Meaning: to harm the physical environment in which all the plants and animals
living in a particular area are able to survive.

Example: Genetic applications in agriculture have many unknown effects, one

of which is that they may damage ecosystems and threaten many species.

• to meddle with nature

Meaning: to try to change or to have an influence on the environment, especially

by acting in a way that is not scientific.

Example: Some scientists have said that GM crops mean more plentiful food,
but opponents argue that we do not know the consequences of meddling with
nature.

Government:

• to allocate resources to

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Meaning: to make money and materials available to do something.

Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public

transport, this will reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.

• to provide funding for

Meaning: to give money to enable something to be done

Example: Providing funding for health care must be a priority of governments.

• government decision-making

Meaning: the process of deciding about something official Example: Pressure

groups are sometimes able to influence government decision making.

• to prioritize expenditure on

Meaning: to put the need to spend money on certain things first.

Example: I believe that it is important to prioritize expenditure on medical

research in order to save lives.

The Environment:

• renewable energy

Meaning: energy is renewable when its source, like the sun or wind, cannot be
exhausted or can easily be replaced (like wood, as we can plant trees for
energy).

Example: More money is required from government funds to help companies to

develop renewable energy, such as companies which produce solar panels
for buildings.

Exam 2
Task 1: The information below gives details about
household income and spending on food and clothes
by an average family in one UK city in 2010 and 2013.

2010 2013

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Total income £29,000 £25,000

Spending on food and clothes £14,000 £15,000

Report Plan:

Paraphrase: gives details about>shows, illustrates;

spending>expenditure. Write one sentence for each type of diagram.

Summary/overview paragraph: (1) total family income fell (2) percentage

spent on fruits and vegetables rose significantly in 2013.

Paragraph 3: total household income fell; proportion spent on food and

clothes rose (see the table).

Paragraph 4: Compare spending on clothes (% falls) with spending on

fruits and vegetables/dairy products (% increases).

Paragraph 5: Compare spending on ‘other food and drink’ (stable) and

meat and fish (% decreases).

Report:

The table shows total family income per household in a UK city in 2010 and
2013, together with specific expenditure on food and clothes. The pie chart
illustrates how spending on food and clothes was broken down into 5
categories.

Overall, it is clear that total income fell in 2013, whereas spending on food and
clothes increased from the 2010 figure. The proportion spent on fruits and
vegetables rose sharply in 2013.
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Total household income saw a significant fall, from £29,000 in 2010 to £25,000
in 2013. Despite this overall decline, expenditure on food and clothes rose by
£1000, to reach £15,000 by 2013

Taking this expenditure on food and clothes, the proportion spent on clothes
decreased from 22% in 2010 to 12% in 2013. In terms of spending on food,
there was a notable increase in the figure for fruits and vegetables, from 20%
to 35%. The proportion spent on dairy products also rose, reaching 20% in
2013.

In contrast, while the percentage spent on other food and drink remained the
same at 18%, the figure for spending on meat and fish fell significantly from
25% in 2010 to 15% in 2013.

193 words

Task 2: The only way to improve road safety is to give

much stricter punishments on driving offenses. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:

Introduction: stricter punishments are necessary. They are not

the only way to improve road safety - there are other effective measures.
So, disagree with the statement.

Paragraph 2: stricter punishments will be effective - motoring offenses

are crimes. Non-custodial sentences - heavy fines, driving bans. Prison
sentences - serious offences e.g. drinking and driving (UK example).

Paragraph 3: additional measures (1) install speed cameras (2) traffic

calming (3) vehicle inspections.

Conclusion: repeat opinion that harsher penalties and other measures are
necessary.

Essay:

It is true that stricter punishments will deter many motorists from driving
dangerously or carelessly on the roads. However, I strongly disagree that this
is the only way to improve road safety, because there are alternative measures
which would also be effective.

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Stricter punishments will undoubtedly act as a deterrent, so that motorists will

think twice before committing traffic offenses. It is often forgotten that motoring
offenses are, in fact, crimes. The full weight of the law should be applied in
imposing a range of non-custodial sentences, such as heavy fines, and the
confiscation of driving licences. The letter of the law must be strictly
implemented, banning offenders from the roads so they will no longer pose a
danger to other road-users, including pedestrians. Those who drive while
intoxicated should serve a prison sentence, as is sometimes imposed in
the UK, because they endanger innocent lives.

While harsh penalties for offenders should be high on the government

agenda, there are other steps which national and local authorities should
take to improve road safety. Firstly, installing speed cameras has made
drivers aware of the need to adhere to speed limits. Many authorities around
the world have adopted this very cost-effective measure. Secondly, traffic
calming measures have succeeded in reducing the number of accidents,

especially in built-up areas. Finally, it is necessary to adopt a policy

of conducting regular vehicle inspections, at authorised centres, to avoid
accidents caused by mechanical failures.

In conclusion, in order to improve road safety, it is not enough to be tough on

traffic crimes by punishing more harshly those who violate the law. A range of
road safety measures should accompany harsher driving penalties.

277 words

Vocabulary:

Crime:

• to act as a deterrent

Meaning: to act in a way that makes somebody less likely to commit some
crime. Example: Longer prison sentences would act as a deterrent and would
be one useful measure to tackle crime.

• the full weight of the law

Meaning: all the strictest punishments available according to the laws of a

country.

Example: In order to deter crime, the full weight of the law must be imposed
for serious offenses.

• a non-custodial sentence

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Meaning: a sentence which is not served in prison.

Example: There is a wide range of non-custodial sentences which a court may

give to offenders, including fines, probation orders or community service orders.

• the letter of the law

Meaning: the exact wording of the law, without any excuses

Example: I believe that the courts must apply the strict letter of the law and

impose the harshest possible sentences on criminals.

• to serve a prison sentence

Meaning: to be confined in a prison as a punishment for some crime.

Example: They are serving long prison sentences for their part in the murder.

• to be tough on crime Meaning: to punish crime severely

Example: The crime rate is likely to fall if governments take strong measures to
be tough on crime.

Transport:

• driving while intoxicated

Meaning: the crime of driving a vehicle after drinking too much alcohol.

Example: Driving while intoxicated is a serious crime, and those who drive
while under the influence of drink must be severely punished.

• to install speed cameras

Meaning: to put cameras on certain roads to check that cars are obeying the
speed limits.

Example: Local authorities must install speed cameras near all schools and
hospitals to limit the speed at which vehicles are allowed to travel.

• traffic calming

Meaning: building raised areas on roads, as a way of making sure that cars go
more slowly.

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Example: Traffic calming measures in towns and cities would make the roads
safer for cyclists and pedestrians.

• to conduct regular vehicle inspections

Meaning: to inspect all cars, buses and trucks at regular intervals to check that
they are in good condition and safe to drive.

Example: Every town and city should have centres which conduct regular
vehicle inspections.

Government:

• high on the agenda

Meaning: something which is among the first things in the list of actions to take
Example: The rehabilitation of prisoners must be high on the agenda of
prison authorities everywhere.

• national and local authorities

Meaning: government organizations acting at a national level or within a

smaller, local area.

Example: Tackling crime is a responsibility of both national and local

authorities.

• to adhere to

Meaning: to behave according to a particular law, rule or set of instructions.

Example: Governments which fail to adhere to their election promises
generally become unpopular very quickly.

Exam 3
Task 1: The charts below show the results of a
survey conducted by a university library to find out
the opinions of full-time and part-time students
about its services.
How happy are you with the IT support offered?

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How happy are you with our current opening hours?

Report Plan:

Paraphrase: show>illustrate; conducted> carried out; services> IT

support and opening hours.

Summary/overview paragraph: (1) IT support - more full-time students

happy than part-time students (2) opening hours - great majority of
students were satisfied.

Paragraph 3: compare percentages of students happy with IT support.

Paragraph 4: compare percentages happy with opening hours.

Report:

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The pie charts illustrate the responses of students to a survey carried out by a
university library about its IT support and opening hours.

Overall, it is clear that a larger proportion of full-time students were satisfied

with the IT support than in the case of part-time students. However, the great
majority of students were happy with the library opening hours.

In terms of IT support, almost the same percentage of full-time and part-time

students were quite happy with this service, at 32% and 35% respectively.
However, only 20% of part-time students said they were very satisfied
compared with 55% of full-time students. While only 13% of full-time students
were not at all happy with the IT support, this figure was almost half (45%) for
part-time students.

Most students were very happy with the opening hours, 67% and 72% for full-
time and part-time students, respectively. 32% of full-time students stated that
they were quite happy with these hours, compared with 23% of part-time
students. Finally, only a small minority of students were not at all satisfied - just
5% or less.

180 words.

Task 2: The tradition that the family gets together to

eat meals is disappearing. What are the reasons?
What are the impacts?
Essay Plan:

Introduction: comment on the statement, state that you will discuss some
reasons and impacts.

Paragraph 2: reasons (1) children eat in front of the TV (2) close-knit family is
disappearing - so no regular mealtimes.

Paragraph 3: impacts (1) on family life - stability of family routine impacts on

upbringing of children (2) on children’s health - they develop unhealthy eating
habits, leading to disorders.

Conclusion: some reasons can be identified and the impacts are serious.

Essay:

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It is true that the traditional family mealtime is becoming a thing of the past.
There are some reasons which can be put forward to explain this
changing pattern of behaviour, and there are significant impacts on family life
and health.

There are two obvious reasons why families no longer share mealtimes as they
used to do in the past. Firstly, children are often too impatient to eat at the table,
and parents sometimes allow them to have their meal in front of the TV or sitting
in front of the computer. Secondly, the close-knit family is disappearing in the
face of economic pressures. In single-parent households, or in families
with working mothers, it can be almost impossible to arrange regular times for
meals when all the family is together.

The consequences for family life and for children’s health are serious. From the
perspective of the family, meals taken together are an important feature of a
stable family background. This stability of family routine is a essential factor
in shaping children’s personality during their formative years. Family
mealtimes are a time to share news, give guidance and to make plans together.
In terms of children’s health, family meals were an opportunity to provide all
the family members with a healthier diet, based on wholesome home-made
food. Without this routine, children are sometimes left to have snacks, or to
eat junk food at fast food chains. Health consequences such as obesity
and hyperactivity often result when youngsters fail to eat a balanced
diet, such as used to be provided at family mealtimes.

In conclusion, some reasons can be identified for the decline in shared family
meals and the impacts are overwhelmingly negative.

281 words.

Vocabulary:

Family and children:

• patterns of behaviour

Meaning: ways of acting and doing things (either positive or negative).

Example: Patterns of behaviour copied from parents often influence the way
that children grow up.

• a close-knit family

Meaning: a family having strong relationships with each other, helping with
problems and enjoying a lot of time together.

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Example: Children who come from a close-knit family generally perform well
at school and enjoy a happy childhood.

• a single-parent household

Meaning:a family in which one parent takes care of the children without the help
of a husband, wife or partner.

Example: As a result of changes in society, single-parent households are no

longer considered unusual.

• working mothers

Meaning: women who have a job and also have to take care of their children.
Example: As more and more women have entered the
workforce, working mothers have to balance the demands of home and work.

• family background

Meaning: the details of a person’s family life

Example: Criminals sometimes have a bad family background, neglected or

abused by parents.

• to shape a child’s personality

Meaning: to decide or influence the form of a child’s personality.

Example: Parents are very influential in shaping their children’s personality

through the example that they set.

• formative years

Meaning: A period of a person’s life, usually childhood, that has a big influence
on the person that they become later in life.

Example: UNICEF states that the early childhood years from birth through age
8 are formative years in terms of intelligence, personality and social behaviour.

Food and diet:

• to provide somebody with a healthier diet

Meaning: to give somebody a diet which is more healthy than that which they
have at present.

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Example: Eating only fresh fruit and vegetables provides people with a
healthier diet.

• home-made food

Meaning: food which is prepared at home using individual ingredients.

Example: In developed countries, the young generation must rediscover the art
of preparing home-made food, as part of a healthy lifestyle.

• to have a snack

Meaning: to eat a small amount of food between main meals.

Example: Unless people are doing vigorous exercise, it is a bad habit to have
a snack between meals.

• junk food

Meaning: food that is quick and easy to prepare and eat, but that is thought to
be bad for your health.

Example: The consumption of too much junk food is a major factor in the
increase in childhood obesity.

• fast food chains

Meaning: groups of shops owned by the same company, serving food to the
public.

Example: Healthy eating means avoiding eating out at fast food chains like
McDonald’s or Pizza Hut.

• to eat a balanced diet

Meaning: to eat the correct types and amounts of food.

Example: The health benefits of eating a balanced diet are obvious.

Other vocabulary:

• hyperactivity (noun)_

Meaning: a state in which a person, usually a child, is only able to keep quiet
and still for a short period.

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Examples: Children who show signs of hyperactivity cause problems for

teachers and parents.

• overwhelmingly (adverb)

Meaning: in a way that is very great or very strong.

Example: they voted overwhelmingly against the plan to raise taxes.

Exam 4
Task 1: The chart below shows the annual pay
(thousands of US dollars) for doctors and other
workers in seven countries in 2004.

Report Plan:

Paraphrase: shows>compares; annual>yearly; pay>salary; seven

countries> several countries

Summary/Overview paragraph:(1) pay of US doctors higher than in the

other countries (2) doctors earned more than other workers

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Paragraph 3: doctors: contrast US (highest earnings) and Finland (lowest

earnings). France & Switzerland - same salary - higher than Italy, Czech
Republic, Germany.

Paragraph 4: other workers: lower pay than doctors. Compare the US and
Switzerland (highest), next France and Finland, then Italy, Czech Republic
and Germany with the same figure.

Report:

The bar chart compares the yearly salary of doctors and other workers in
several countries in the year 2004.

Overall, it is clear that the pay of US doctors was much higher than that of
doctors in the other countries. In each country, the annual salary of doctors was
far higher than that of other workers.

The annual pay of doctors in the US was $120,000, whereas in Finland doctors
received a comparatively low yearly salary of $50,000. In France, and
Switzerland doctors earned $70,000 per year, compared with around $60,000
annually in Italy, Germany and the Czech Republic.

In contrast, the annual wages of other workers were much lower, at about
$45,000 and $40,000 in the US and Switzerland, respectively. Other workers in
France earned $30,000, a little more than other workers in Finland, who had an
annual salary of $25,000. The lowest annual earnings were for other workers in
Italy, Germany and the Czech Republic, at exactly $20,000.

160 words.

Task 2: Some people think that newly built houses

should follow the style of the old houses in the local
areas, while others think that people should have
freedom to build houses of their own styles.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Essay Plan:

Introduction: refer to both views. Agree with the first view.

Paragraph 2: modem view: (1) individuals should choose their modem house
style if they wish (2) costs of traditional construction make old style housing too
expensive.

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Paragraph 3: traditional view: (1) preserve cultural heritage (2) mixing modem
architectural styles is an eyesore.

Conclusion: modem housing developments must respect the existing

architecture of an area.

Essay:

While some people believe that new houses should be constructed in the same
style as the more traditional houses in the locality, others contend that everyone
should be free to choose their own style of house. I agree with the view that
new housing should follow the traditional architecture of the area.

On the one hand, there are some who argue that it is essential to welcome
change and allow individuals to have the right to live in a modem style of house,
if they so wish, irrespective of the locality. They also tend to dismiss
traditional ideas on terms of building costs. Traditional construction
materials, like natural stone from local quarries, are difficult to obtain and very
expensive even if they are available, whereas new houses are built using more
affordable materials. The maintenance costs of houses constructed in the old
way also tend to be higher compared with their modern counterparts. Wood,
for example, is nowadays commonly replaced by aluminum or plastic materials
in house construction.

On the other hand, there are strong arguments that new houses should adopt
the existing architectural style of a local area. In terms of the tangible cultural
heritage of a small town or village, traditional houses possess character and
they give a strong sense of identity to the locality. Buildings which have
historical significance provide a link to our roots, while a modem estate
designed by property developers is certain to be incompatible
with historical connections. From an architectural perspective, modem houses
alongside traditional dwellings are an eyesore. They fail to blend in
with the housing which has grown organically, perhaps during centuries.

In conclusion, though it may be costlier, the traditional architecture of localities

should be respected by modem housing developments.

291 words

Vocabulary:

Traditional versus modern:

• to welcome change

Meaning: to accept change with enthusiasm

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Example: While it is important to welcome change, the public must try to

preserve all that is worthwhile from the past.

• to dismiss traditional ideas

Meaning: to decide that traditional ideas are not important and not worth
considering any more.

Example: Although the views of older people may sometimes seem unhelpful
in today’s world, we should not dismiss all traditional ideas as irrelevant.

• to possess character

Meaning: to have an interesting or unusual quality.

Example: Whereas most modem buildings look similar, the architecture that has
survived from the past possesses character.

• a strong sense of identity

Meaning: the feelings or customs of people which distinguish them from others.
Example: Small village communities often have a strong sense of
identity, due to their shared customs and beliefs.

• to provide a link to our roots

Meaning: to connect with previous generations or traditions.

Example: Traditional skills provide a link to our roots, and they are part of our
shared heritage.

• to be incompatible with

Meaning: not able to exist/be next to another thing or person because of basic
differences.

Example: The way of life of indigenous people is incompatible with modern

cultures.

Housing and architecture:

• traditional construction materials

Meaning: materials like stone or wood that have been used for building
purposes for hundreds of years.

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Example: The new theatre was built using traditional construction

materials in order to blend in with the architecture of the old part of the city.

• maintenance costs

Meaning: the costs associated with keeping a building in good condition by

regularly repairing it.

Example: The maintenance costs of old houses are comparatively very high.

• modern counterparts

Meaning: modem buildings which have the same function as the older ones that
they replace.

Example: Old buildings are gradually being replaced by their modern

counterparts in the centre of London.

• tangible cultural heritage

Meaning: refers to physical objects produced and maintained for generations

within a society.

Example: Tangible cultural heritage includes buildings and historic places,

monuments, craft objects etc which are worth preserving for the future.

• to have historical significance

Meaning: to be important in terms of history.

Example: Although new buildings may not have historical significance, they
are important to meet housing or business needs.

• property developers

Meaning: people who buy land or buildings, and then make improvements in
order to sell them for more money.

Example: City planning cannot be left in the hands of property

developers, who are only interested in making money.

• to be an eyesore

Meaning: to be ugly to look at.

Example: The new multi-storey car park in the city centre is a real eyesore.

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• to blend in with

Meaning: to be similar to or to match the things around.

Example: The traditional architecture of the art gallery in the park blends in
with _the peaceful greenery which surrounds it.

Exam 5
Task 1: The table shows the amount of money given
in aid of technology of developing countries by
charities in the US, EU and other countries from
2006 to 2010.

Report Plan:

Paraphrase: shows>illustrates; the amount of money>how much money;

given>donated; from 2006 to 2010>in the period 2006 to 2010.

Summary/overview paragraph: (1) total aid increased (2) US charities gave

most money.

Paragraph 3: trend for total aid; share of total aid from US charities.

Paragraph 4: compare trends for aid from EU and other Countries.

Report:

The table illustrates how much money was donated to developing countries in
the period 2006-2010, by US and EU charities, to support technological
development.

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Overall, it is clear that total aid increased during this period. US aid was
considerably higher than that from other donor countries.

There was a significant increase in the total aid given, from $15.7 billion in 2006
to $24.3 billion in 2009, rising sharply to $30 billion in the following year. US
charities provided most of this money, with a rise in aid each year from $9.7
billion in 2006 to reach a peak of $22.7 billion in 2010.

However, contributions from other charities also increased. In EU countries,

charities gave $3.3 billion in 2006 and then aid grew slowly to $3.8 billion in
2008, followed by a slight fall in the next year, before rising again to reach $4
billion at the end of the period. Charities in other countries also provided
increasing aid. Despite a similar fluctuation to EU charities in the amount given
each year, donations went up from $2.7 billion in 2006 to reach $3.3 billion in
2010.

186 words.

Task 2: When designing a building, the most

important factor is intended use of the building
rather than its outward appearance. To what extent
do you agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:

Introduction: refer to the statement - many people believe this. Disagree.

Paragraph 2: function is important. (1) shops - big glass windows are ugly, but
they are necessary to attract customers (2) housing - high-rise apartments are
ugly, but they are the only solution to provide housing in city centres.

Paragraph 3: outward appearance can be combined with function in some

cases. (1) Sometimes it is not possible (e.g. multi-storey car parks). (2) historic
buildings show, however, that it is often possible to combine function and
beauty - eg. Paris.

Conclusion: in design, the function and appearance of buildings is equally

important.

Essay:

Many people consider that the function of a building should be the primary
consideration at the design stage. The appearance of the building from the

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outside is a relatively unimportant factor. While a building must serve its

intended purpose, I disagree that this is necessarily the most important factor
in the design.

The intended purpose of a building is, of course, very important. In terms of

commercial design, most shop facades, for example, have large glass
windows, so that passers-by will be attracted by the goods on display. This is
essential for the purpose of sales, although these shop fronts are an
eyesore, and do not blend in with the conservation of historic buildings of
which they often form an ugly part. From the perspective of housing design,
the population density in many cities is extremely high,
and exorbitant rents are charged for land. In order to make city living
affordable, hideous high-rise buildings are the only solution to provide
apartments for urban dwellers.

The design of buildings to serve a specific function, however, does not mean
that their aesthetic qualities should be ignored. In some countries, there has
been a recent revival of interest in the architectural design of buildings.
Although the construction of ugly utilitarian structures like multi-storey car
parks is an inevitable consequence of modem living, new or renovated
houses, shops and offices can combine pleasing design with their useful
function. The centres of cities like Paris show that it is possible for historic
buildings to possess character, which is not incompatible
with their commercial purposes as stores, offices and apartments.

In conclusion, I believe that the outward appearance is just as important for

planners and architects to consider as the function of buildings.

287 words.

Vocabulary:

Housing and architecture:

• shop facades

Meaning: the front of shops.

Example: The shop facades, with their enormous glass windows and attractive
displays, entice shoppers to go in and browse.

• to be an eyesore

Meaning: to be ugly to look at.

Example: The modem high-rise apartment blocks in the city centre are an
eyesore.
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• to blend in with

Meaning: to be similar to or to match the things around.

Example: The new hotel does not blend in with the historic buildings which
surround it.

• high-rise buildings

Meaning: tall, modern buildings, such as offices or apartments.

Example: The centre of my city is now full of high-rise buildings, mainly offices
and apartments, and the city has lost its old charm.

• multi-storey

Meaning: a large building with several floors.

Example: In my opinion, multi-storey car parks are ugly, noisy places, while at
night they are deserted and dangerous.

Traditional versus modern:

• to conserve historic buildings

Meaning: to protect important old buildings and prevent them from being
damaged or destroyed.

Example: It is important to conserve historic buildings because of their

beauty and cultural significance.

• a revival of interest in

Meaning: the process of something becoming more popular again.

Example: There has recently been a revival of interest in traditional music and
songs.

• an inevitable consequence

Meaning: certain to happen and unable to be avoided or prevented.

Example: Some people believe that the loss of traditional cultures is an

inevitable consequence of globalisation.

• to possess character

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Meaning: to have an interesting or unusual quality.

Example: Whereas most modem buildings look very similar, the architecture
that has survived from the past possesses character.

• to be incompatible with

Meaning: not able to exist along with another thing because of basic differences.
Example: The way of life of indigenous peoples is incompatible
with modem cultures.

Cities:

• population density

Meaning: the number of people in a place when compared with the size of the
place.

Example: Tokyo is a city which has one of the highest population densities in
the world.

• exorbitant rents

Meaning: rents that are much too high and which people can only pay with
difficulty.

Example: One factor in city life which migrants experience are the exorbitant
rents which they have to pay for a flat or house.

• urban dwellers

Meaning: people who live in a city or town.

Example: The main reason that prevents urban dwellers from making friends
with their neighbours is fear of strangers.

Art:

• the aesthetic qualities of something

Meaning: the qualities related to beauty and understanding the beauty of

something.

Example: One advantage of studying the arts is that students learn to

appreciate the aesthetic qualities of paintings, music or literature.

Other vocabulary:

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• hideous [adjective]

Meaning: very ugly.

Example: I think that most modern buildings are hideous.

• utilitarian [adjective]

Meaning: designed to be useful and practical, not attractive.

Example: The beautiful old church was demolished, and replaced by

a utilitarian block of offices.

Exam 6
Task 2: Some people think that a huge amount of
time and money is spent on the protection of wild
animals, and that this money could be better spent
on the human population. To what extent do you
agree or disagree with this opinion?
Essay Plan:

• Introduction: refer to the statement - a dilemma. Disagree with the opinion.

• Paragraph 2: the protection of wild animals is a priority. (1) wildlife

extinction results in an ecological crisis, which affects human survival. Example:
whaling and fish stocks. (2) protecting wild animals = preserving habitats.
Example: rainforests and wetlands. These affect climate. Destroy these and
endanger food production.

• Paragraph 3: protecting wildlife benefits human communities - it

promotes ecotourism. Example: Serengeti National Park in Africa. Tourism
creates local jobs.

• Conclusion: disagree with the statement - we must protect wildlife and this
can help people, too.

Essay:

While there is so much human suffering, the spending of resources to protect

wild animals presents an ethical dilemma. However, I disagree with the

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opinion given, because it is possible to allocate resources intelligently to

benefit both the animal and the human population.

The protection of wild animals must be high on the agenda of every individual
citizen and government. Firstly, the red list of endangered species in
increasing every year. If wildlife extinction continues, then humans may face
an ecological crisis which impacts on their own survival. For example, if the
practice of whaling is not halted, the ecosystems of our oceans will be
altered forever, and this may affect fish stocks on which so many communities
depend for a living. Secondly, protecting wild animals means protecting the
habitats in which they live, such as rainforests and wetlands.
If habitat destruction is permitted, climate change will affect our capacity to
produce food to sustain the growing human population.

The formation of wildlife reserves not only protects wildlife, it also brings
benefits to communities. In order to generate revenue for their management
and to eliminate poaching, responsible ecotourism to observe animals in
the wild can be developed further. This has been shown to create jobs in such
places as the Serengeti National Park in Africa. The result is increased
prosperity when local communities, especially in developing countries, are
involved in the running of wildlife safaris, which attract visitors to the
reserves. Thus, the application of intelligent strategies brings benefits
for humans and wildlife.

In conclusion, I disagree with the view expressed in the statement. It is in the

interest of everyone to protect wildlife, and creative solutions have shown that
this need not be a drain on scarce resources.

285 words

Vocabulary:

Animals and animal rights:

• an ethical dilemma

Meaning: a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two

different things, relating to beliefs about what is morally right and
wrong Example: Governments are facing an ethical dilemma over the use of
animals in laboratory testing for drugs and cosmetics.

• the practice of whaling

Meaning: the activity of hunting and killing whales

Example: In order to protect these beautiful creatures, the practice of

whaling should be banned completely.
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• wildlife reserves

Meaning: protected areas for wild animals

Example: The creation of wildlife reserves is essential to save animals such

as tigers from extinction.

• in the wild

Meaning: in a natural environment not controlled by people Example:

Animals in the wild are able to exhibit their natural behaviour.

Government:

• to allocate resources to

Meaning: to make money and materials available to do something

Example: If governments allocate more resources to improving public

transport,

this will reduce the problem of traffic congestion in cities.

• to be high on the agenda

Meaning: to be among the first things in the list of actions to be taken

Example: The security of its citizens must be high on the agenda of

governments

everywhere.

Environment:

• endangered species

Meaning: plants or animals that exist in only very small numbers, so that in
future they may disappear forever

Example: One example of an endangered species is the lowland gorilla, which

has almost disappeared as the result of the destruction of its forest habitat.

• an ecological crisis

Meaning: a serious situation that occurs when the environment of a species

or population changes in a way that threatens its continued survival_

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Example: Environmental degradation caused by human activity is provoking an

ecological crisis which threatens our existence.

• habitat destruction

Meaning: the process that occurs when a natural habitat, like a forest or
wetland, is changed so dramatically by humans that the plants and animals
which live there can no longer survive.

Example: The elephant population in the world is declining because of habitat

destruction caused by human exploitation of the environment.

• to eliminate poaching

Meaning: to stop all illegal hunting of wild animals

Example: In wildlife reserves, guards should be employed to eliminate

poaching and to protect endangered species of wild animals.

Tourism:

• ecotourism

Meaning: organised holidays which are designed so that tourists damage the
environment as little as possible

Example: Ecotourism will become increasingly popular in the future, as more

and more people become aware of the need to protect the environment.

• wildlife safaris

Meaning: holidays (often in Africa) to see wild animals Example: The company
organises wildlife safaris in Africa to see lions and elephants in their natural
habitats.

Other vocabulary:

• an ecosystem [noun]

Meaning: all the plants and creatures living in an area, considered in relation to
their environment

Example: Marine pollution is damaging ecosystems in oceans across the

world.

• running [noun]

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Meaning: the action of operating or managing something

Example: As a shop manager, she is involved in the day-to-day running of the

business.

• to be a drain on [expression]

Meaning: a thing that uses a lot of time, money or energy

Example: Military spending is a drain on the resources of the country, and the

money could be better used to provide a good health service.

Exam 7
The charts below show the percentage of water used by different sectors
in Sydney, Australia, in 1997 and 2007.

Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features,

and make comparisons where relevant.

Task 1: Water usage in Sydney

Report Plan:

• Paraphrase: show>compare; water used>water usage;

different>various
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• Summary/overview paragraph: (1) highest percentage - food industry

(2) service industry - percentage of total water use almost doubled

• Paragraph 3: decline of water use in 3 sectors - compare the food

industry, manufacturing and building, give figures

• Paragraph 4: contrast the increase in water use in the other sectors -

households and service industry, give figures.

Report:

The pie charts compare the water usage of various sectors of the economy in
Sydney, in two years - 1997 and 2007.

Overall, it is clear that the sector which used the highest percentage of water
was the food industry. The percentage of total water use by the service industry
sector in 2007 was almost double the figure for 1997.

The proportion of total water use fell in three sectors in 2007, compared with
the year 1997. The food industry accounted for 48% of all water usage in 1997,
but only 41% in 2007. Manufacturing and the building industry also witnessed
a decrease in the percentage of water used, falling to 11% and 2%,
respectively, of total water usage in 2007.

By contrast, there was an increase in the proportion of total water use in the
other two sectors. The water used by the service sector rose from 13% in 1997
to 25% of the total in 2007. Household use increased slightly to reach 21% of
the total in 2007.

169 words

Task 2: The media should include more stories

which report good news. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:

• Introduction: refer to the opinion. Partly agree.

• Paragraph 2: agree with more reporting of good news. Positive impact

on public morale - example, new cancer treatments

• Paragraph 3: tragic news must still be fully covered by the media. (1)
people should know about civil wars, natural disasters (2) e.g.
environmental issues -there is more bad news to report than good news.
Media must act as a watchdog.
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• Conclusion: more publicity for positive messages; full coverage

must continue for reporting bad news.

Essay:

It is sometimes argued that news coverage should focus more on good news.
While I partly agree with this view, I also consider that bad news should
continue to be reported when necessary.

There is a good case for believing that good news is under-reported. It is rare
to read a positive story which makes front page headlines. Yet it is surely
essential that the public are kept informed about some of the good things which
are happening in the world. In recent years, for example, breakthroughs have
been achieved in the treatment of certain types of cancer. It should form part
of editorial policy to carry stories such as these, because they have a
positive impact on public morale.

However, it would be misguided to introduce restrictions on the reporting of

tragic news events. Civil wars and natural disasters, for example, may sadden
viewers and readers, but they are an unfortunate reality of the world today.
While sensational journalism may at times exaggerate, it is important for the
public to keep abreast of these happenings in order to have some informed
knowledge of contemporary issues. Sadly, for instance, there is relatively little
good news to report on the host of environmental issues facing the world. If
these problems are ignored by the media, in the interests of reporting cheerful
news, then the chances will surely increase of an ecological crisis. The media
must act as watchdogs in the fight against climate
change and environmental degradation.

In conclusion, while I agree that important positive messages should be given

more publicity, it is also necessary for the media to continue reporting all the
significant bad news in the world today.

279 words

Vocabulary:

Media and advertising:

• news coverage

Meaning: the reporting of news in newspapers, on the TV, the internet or the
radio.

Example: The US presidential elections usually receive global news

coverage, as the results are of interest to many people worldwide.

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• to make front page headlines

Meaning: to be an important item of news in the media

Example: It seems that every insignificant event in the lives of celebrities makes
front page headlines.

• editorial policy

Meaning: the policy of a newspaper, TV or radio station, as decided by the

person in charge of producing the newspaper or programme

Example: The editorial policy of a newspaper determines whether serious

news items are reported in a responsible way.

• to carry a story

Meaning: to include an item in a news report

Example: The media today carries too many stories about celebrities, such
as pop stars or footballers.

• sensational journalism

Meaning: reporting which tries to get your interest by presenting facts or events
as more shocking or worse than they are

Example: Unfortunately, sensational journalism has resulted in much public

distrust of the media.

Government:

• to introduce restrictions on

Meaning: to limit what people can do or what can happen

Example: The government must introduce restrictions on smoking in public

places.

Communication and personality:

• to keep abreast of

Meaning: to have the most recent information about something

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Example: The new website helps doctors to keep abreast of the latest
available

treatments.

Environment:

• an ecological crisis

Meaning: a serious situation that occurs when the environment of a species or

a population changes in a way that endangers its continued survival Example:
Environmental degradation caused by human activity is
provoking an ecological crisis that threatens our existence.

• climate change

Meaning: changes in climate patterns, such as rainfall, temperature and winds

Example: Unless we consume fewer of the Earth’s natural resources, it will be

impossible to fight climate change and safeguard our future.

• environmental degradation

Meaning: the process or fact of the environment becoming worse

Example: Africa is a continent in which environmental degradation is evident

in

the spread of deserts and the extinction of animal species.

Other vocabulary:

• breakthrough [noun]

Meaning: a new and important discovery

Example: The work of Charles Darwin was a breakthrough in our

understanding of how evolution has taken place.

• a host of [expression]

Meaning: a large number of

Example: When deciding on a subject to study at university, young people today

can choose from a host of possibilities.

• watchdog [noun]

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Meaning: a person or group of people whose job is to check that everything is

being done legally and in the interests of the general public Example: The
organisation acts as a watchdog to protect consumer interests by exposing the
activities of companies which are cheating the public.

Exam 8
Task 1: Air pollutants in UK
The graph below shows different sources of air pollutants in the UK from
1990 to 2005. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the
main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

Report Plan:

Paraphrase paragraph: shows>illustrates; different>3 sources; from 1990

to 2005>during the period 1990 to 2005.

Summary/overview paragraph: (1) the total amount of air pollutants fell (2)
the most significant fall was from industry

Paragraph 3: describe total trend -figures for 1990,1999 and 2005

Paragraph 4: compares figures from the 3 sources, giving figures for
1990,2005.

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Report:

The line graph illustrates data on 3 sources of air pollutants in the UK during
the period 1990 to 2005.

Overall, it is clear that the total amount of pollutants in the air decreased
between these years. The decline in air pollutants from industrial sources was
particularly significant.

In 1990, the total amount of air pollutants in the UK was 7 million tonnes. This
figure fell sharply to 4 million tonnes in 1999, and then continued to decline to
just over 3 million tonnes by the end of the period.

Industry accounted for 5.5 million tonnes of air pollutants in 1990. There was
then a decrease throughout this period to a figure of 2 million tonnes by 2005,
with a particularly sharp fall between 1993 and 1996. In contrast, the amount of
air pollutants was much lower from transport and household sources. Air
pollution from transport remained relatively constant at about 1 million tonnes
from 1990 to 2005, whereas air pollutants from households saw a decrease
from almost 1 million tonnes in 1990 to approximately 0.1 million tonnes by
2005.

180 words

Task 2: Many university students live with their

families, while others live away from home because
their universities are in different places. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of both
situations?
Essay Plan:

• Introduction: refer to the statement, state that there are advantages

and disadvantages.

• Paragraph 2: living with families (1) advantage - economize

on accommodation (2) advantage - enjoy family support: meals, heating
costs, room-sharing (3) disadvantage - too many distractions may harm
studies

• Paragraph 3: (1) disadvantage - high cost of accommodation (2)

advantage -easier to make study routines and to interact with fellow
students.

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• Conclusion: personal circumstances differ, but we can identify

advantages and disadvantages of both situations.

Essay:

It is true that, although some university students are able to live with their
families while studying in their home town, others are forced to live away from
home in order to pursue their studies. There are advantages and
disadvantages of both these situations.

If university students are able to live with their families, there are both benefits
and drawbacks. Firstly, one major advantage is that they are able to
economize, since they do not have to pay for accommodation. Secondly, they
enjoy family support in terms of sharing meals, heating costs, possibly even
sharing a room with a brother or sister. However, the home situation may also
have its disadvantages. Family routines are often disruptive for students who
have to concentrate on their studies in a quiet atmosphere. Without
a dedicated space in which to study, for example in the evenings or
at weekends, it is hard to keep up with a study schedule.

On the other hand, when students live away from home, they also face
challenges. One disadvantage is having to find accommodation. Universities
are often located in major urban centres, where rents are high if students have
to find a room with even the basic facilities. However, there are benefits of
learning to study independently in another city. Students are able to escape
the distractions of family life, and thereby establish study routines and form
friendships with other students who find themselves in the same situation.
These factors may help them in their studies.

In conclusion, while there will clearly be differences in the

personal circumstances of individual university students, some potential
advantages and disadvantages of living at home or away from home can be
identified.

280 words

Vocabulary:

• to pursue their studies [expression]:

Meaning: to continue studying

Example: Peter and Mary have got jobs at McDonald’s, but they plan to
continue their studies part-time.

• to economize [verb]:

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Meaning: to use less money than you normally use

Example: Japan has introduced hydrogen cars to reduce air pollution and to
economize on fuel costs.

• disruptive [adjective]:

Meaning: causing problems, such as noise, so that something cannot continue

normally

Example: The librarian had to warn some disruptive students who were talking
too loudly in the library.

• dedicated [adjective]:

Meaning: used for one particular purpose only

Example: In the USA, some TV channels are dedicated to 24-hour news.

• to keep up with [expression]:

Meaning: to make progress at the same rate as something

Example: The teacher spoke so quickly that it was hard for me to keep up with

all the information she gave us.

• to face challenges [expression]:

Meaning: to have to deal with situations which may be difficult

Example: Children from poor families face many challenges if they want to go
to

university.

• facilities [noun]:

Meaning: equipment provided for a particular purpose

Example: The library has excellent facilities for users to access the internet.

• distractions [noun]:

Meaning: things that take your attention away from what you are doing
Example: I find it hard to work at home because there are too
many distractions.

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• to form friendships [expressions]:

Meaning: to start to create and develop friendships

Example: She formed many close friendships at university, particularly in the

subjects that she was studying.

• circumstances [noun]:

Meaning: the facts and conditions which affect a situation

Example: Police said that there were no

suspicious circumstances surrounding

the death of the President.

Exam 9
Task 1: People living alone in the USA
The bar chart below shows the percentage of people living alone in 5
different age groups in the USA between 1850 and 2000.

Report Plan:

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Paraphrase paragraph: shows>compares; percentage>proportion;

people in the USA>US citizens; between...and...>from....to.....;
different>various

Overview/summary paragraph: (1) % increased in all age groups over this

period (2) the highest percentage in the 55-64 age group

Paragraph 3: compare the percentages in 1850 and 1900, give some

supporting figures

Paragraph 4: 1950: the percentages rise according to age group. (Give no

figures). 2000: compare final figures for each age group (give all figures).

Report:

The chart compares the proportion of US citizens living alone from 1850 to 2000
in terms of various age groups.

Overall, it is clear that the percentage of the US population living alone

increased over the period in all age groups. The highest proportion of those who
lived alone was among the 55-64 year-olds.

In 1850, figures for three age groups are given. Just over 2% of those aged 37-
46 and those aged 47-54 lived alone, slightly less than 3% for the 55-64 age
group. In 1900 the proportion of those living alone in the 37-46 category
remained stable, but there were small increases in the figures for the 47-54 and
55-64 year-olds, compared with only 2% of those aged 17-26.

A new pattern emerged in 1950, with the percentage of those living alone
increasing according to age. The year 2000 then saw a rise in the proportions
of people living alone, with the percentage of the 55 -64 year olds almost
doubling to 17%, ahead of the 47-54 and 27-36 age groups with 13% and 8%
respectively. While 5% of the 17-26 group lived alone, the figure was higher
among the 37-46 year-olds at 7%.

197 words

Task 2: Some people say that economic growth is

the only way to end hunger and poverty, while
others say that economic growth is damaging the
environment so it must be stopped. Discuss both
views and give your opinion.
Essay Plan:

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Introduction: (1) refer to the first view (2) refer to the second view (3) my
opinion -completely agree with the second view.

Paragraph 2: the first view - one main argument: progress and economic
development is the only way to cure hunger and poverty, because the
wealth from profits will find its way into the pockets of the poor. The
argument made for imperialism.

Paragraph 3: the second view - many examples to support it. (1)

Deforestation to produce cash crops for export (2) fossil fuels used for
economic growth....global warming....sea level rise....homeless poor in
Bangladesh.

Conclusion: economic growth which is not sustainable must be stopped.

Production for human need, not profits, is the way forward.

Essay:

It is true that some people contend that economic growth is the only solution to
the global problems of hunger and poverty. Others, however, argue for an end
to economic growth in order to conserve our environment. I agree completely
with this second view.

Those who see economic growth alone as the sole cure for the tragedy of world
hunger and poverty propose one major argument. Only the growth of the
economies of the developing countries will provide the poor with the wealth to
afford the basic necessities of life. The profits made by corporations who are
responsible for this economic growth will trickle down in the form of financial
benefits to be enjoyed by the starving and needy. This view has justified the
age of imperialism and the destruction of the livelihood of millions in the name
of progress.

On the other hand, there are countless examples to support the opposing view
that economic growth results in environmental destruction. Firstly, this is true
for developing countries, where lowland rainforests have been cleared
and unsustainable agricultural practices introduced to produce cash
crops, often for export. Secondly, it is also true for

developed economies. For example, the continued use of fossil fuels, which
provide the energy for growing industrialisation, is causing global warming. This
is leading to a rise in sea levels, which will eventually make tens of millions of
poor people in Bangladesh homeless.

In conclusion, economic growth which is not sustainable must be stopped. If it

is not based on meeting human needs rather than generating profits, such

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growth will only create more poverty and lead to more hunger in the world by
destroying natural resources.

277 words.

Vocabulary

• to contend [verb]:

Meaning: to say that something is true (especially in an argument)

Example: Although Brazil did not win the World Cup, my friend contends that
they were the best team.

• tragedy [noun]:

Meaning: a very sad event or situation

Example: It is a tragedy that many children die of starvation in the world today.

• the basic necessities of life [expression]:

Meaning: the things which you must have in order to live and survive Example:
Many people cannot afford the basic necessities of life, such as food and
clothing.

• to trickle down [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to spread money from rich people to poor people, through the
economic system of a country

Example: Although the corporation made a lot of money last year, none of
this trickled down to its employees.

• livelihood [noun]:

Meaning: means of earning money in order to live

Example: Communities on the island depend on fishing for their livelihood.

• in the name of [expression]:

Meaning: used to give a reason for doing something, often when what you are
doing is wrong

Example: Many wars have been fought in the name of religion.

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• countless [adjective]:

Meaning: very many (too many to be counted)

Example: I’ve told John countless times, but he still doesn’t remember my
phone number.

• unsustainable [adjective]:

Meaning: that cannot be continued at the same rate or level

Example: The use of oil at the present rate is unsustainable - there are
reserves

only for 20 or 30 more years.

• cash crops [noun]:

Meaning: crops grown for selling, not for use by the person who grows them
Example: The best land in the country is using for growing cash
crops like pineapples for export to Europe.

• to generate [verb]:

Meaning: to produce or create something

Example: In order to generate more electricity, the government is providing

funding for wind farms.

Exam 10
Task 1: International conferences in 3 cities (line)
The graph shows the information about international conferences in three
capital cities in 1980 - 2010

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Report Plan:

Paraphrase: shows>compares; in terms of; hosted; between 1980 and

2010.

Overview/summary paragraph: (1) the number of conferences declined in

Cities A and B (2) contrast rapid increase in the figures for City c.

Paragraph 3: City A and City B: compare 1980 numbers; give numbers for
2005, when both cities hosted the same number of international
conferences; compare final numbers in 2010.

Paragraph 4: contrast City c trend and numbers, giving figures for

1980,1990,

2000 and 2010.

Report:

The line graph compares three capital cities in terms of the number of
international conferences hosted between 1980 and 2010.

Overall, it is clear that the number of international conferences in City A and

City B declined over this period. In contrast, in City c the number of such
conferences saw a rapid increase until the year 2000.

In 1980, there were 35 international conferences in City A, compared with 30 in

City B. Despite similar fluctuations, these figures then decreased overall, until
in 2005 both cities hosted 27 conferences. By 2010, conferences in City B had
overtaken the number in City

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A, with 26 and 24 international conferences respectively.

City c held no international conferences in 1980. However, it was the venue for
20 conferences in 1990, and by the year 2000 this figure had risen dramatically
to 35. The number then remained higher than in the other two cities, although it
fell slightly to 31 conferences by the end of the period.

164 words.

Task 2: In the modern world it is possible to shop,

work and communicate with people via the internet
and live without any face-to-face contact with
others. Is this a positive or negative development?
Essay Plan:

• Introduction: (1) refer to the statement in the question (2) state that you
think there are both positive and negative aspects of this trend

• Paragraph 2: the internet is useful (1) friends - easy to keep in touch

(2) shopping - save time and petrol, look for bargains online (3) work -
own working hours, avoid commuting

• Paragraph 3: people need face-to-face contact (1) false virtual

friendships -e.g. paedophiles (2) clothes, books - better to buy in shops
(3) work - personal contact with colleagues - creativity, avoid
misunderstandings

• Conclusion: there are both positive and negative aspects.

Essay:

It is true that in contemporary life people in many parts of the world are able to
do their shopping, work and communicate with each other via the internet. While
there are clear positive aspects of this trend, there are also negative aspects of
having less face-to-face contact with other people.

On the one hand, the internet can be very handy in many ways. Many people
use it to keep in touch with friends and family, using Facebook, Skype or What’s
App to send instant messages or to enjoy a quick chat. Many also use the
internet for online shopping, thus saving time and petrol on trips to the
supermarket as well as hunting around different sites for bargains. However, it
is in terms of work that the internet offers the most potential benefits. More and
more people are working or even studying from home, at hours which suit their

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own schedules. Many hours are saved each week by eliminating the daily
commute and the stress of coping with the rush hour.

On the other hand, as social beings, people need personal

contacts. Firstly, virtual friendships which are formed online may not be
genuine. The media carries many horror stories of youngsters who have fallen
prey to paedophiles, for example. Secondly, online shopping is not always
appropriate, depending on the item. It is best, for instance, to try on clothes
before buying, and while a bookworm can find almost any book title that
they want online, they will certainly miss browsing the shelves of
bookstores. Finally, personal interaction with work colleagues can generate
ideas and avoid misunderstandings.

In conclusion, although there are positive aspects of this trend, there are also
aspects of face-to-face contact which it would be a shame to lose.

292 words.

Vocabulary:

• contemporary [adjective]:

Meaning: belonging to the present time

Example: Life in contemporary Britain is much easier now than it was for
previous generations.

• handy [adjective]:

Meaning: convenient

Example: I live next door to a supermarket, so it’s very handy if I need to do

some shopping.

• to keep in touch with [expression]:

Meaning: to communicte with somebody regularly

Example: I keep in touch with my sister by Skype or sending e-mails.

• to hunt around [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to look for something that is difficult to find

Example: They have been hunting around for a flat for at least six months.

• bargain [noun]:

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Meaning: a thing bought for less than the usual price

Example: These shoes were half-price in the shop, and I bought them because
they were such a bargain.

• schedule [noun]:

Meaning: a list of things that you have to do at certain times

Example: Even people who work from home need to follow a schedule to

complete all the tasks that they need to do.

• to eliminate [verb]:

Meaning: to remove or get rid of something

Example: People with diabetes must eliminate sugar from their diet.

• to cope with [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to deal successfully with something

Example: It is difficult to cope with a job and to study at the same time.

• the rush hour [noun]:

Meaning: the time (usually twice a day) when the roads are full of traffic and the
trains and buses are crowded, because people are travelling to and from
work. Example: In Paris, it is impossible to find a seat on the Metro during the
rush hour.

• social beings [noun]:

Meaning: people who like to be in the company of others

Example: As social beings, we find it difficult to live in isolation for long periods
of time.

• to fall prey to [expression]:

Meaning: to be harmed or affected by something bad

Example: Unemployed and homeless, he fell prey to drinking heavily.

• paedophile [noun]:

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Meaning: a person who sexually abuses children

Example: Parents must warn their children that paedophiles on the internet
often adopt a false identity.

• to try on [phrasal verb]:

Meaning: to test a piece of clothing to see if it fits

Example: These shoes look very smart - try them on to see if they are the right
size for you.

• bookworm [noun]:

Meaning: a person who likes reading very much

Example: Sarah is a real bookworm, and I never see her without a book in her
hand.

Exam 11
Task 1: Noise pollution in cities and rural areas (bar)
The charts illustrate the number of people who were affected by four types
of noise pollution in day and night in cities and rural areas in 2007.

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Report Plan:

Paraphrase: illustrate>compare; number of people>how many people;

cities>urban areas; four types>four sources

Overall/summary paragraph: (1) people in cities affected more by noise

(2) traffic the main source of noise pollution

Paragraph 3: compare traffic noise day and night in cities and rural areas.
Then compare train noise. Give figures.

Paragraph 4: compare aircraft noise day and night in cities and rural
areas. Then compare noise from industry. Give figures.

Report:

The bar charts compare how many people in urban and rural areas were
affected by noise pollution from four sources during daytime and nightime in
2007.

Overall, it is clear that more people in cities experienced all types of noise
pollution compared with rural areas. In both charts, traffic was the main source
of noise pollution at all times.

Daytime noise from traffic affected 64 million people in cities and 34 million in
rural areas. At night, traffic noise affected 48 million city residents, double the
figure for rural areas. Noise pollution caused by trains affected slightly more

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people in cities compared with rural areas, at 10 million and 8 million

respectively during the daytime, and 8 million and 6 million respectively at night.

The remaining two sources of noise pollution were less significant. In cities,
daytime aircraft noise affected 4 million people and half that number in rural
areas. The figure at night for cities and rural areas was 1 million. Those living
in rural areas were not

affected by noise from industry. However, 1 million city residents experienced

industrial noise pollution in the daytime, four times the number affected at night.

193 words

Task 2: For school children, their teachers have

more influence on their intelligence and social
development than their parents. To what extent do
you agree or disagree?
Essay Plan:

• Introduction: (1) refer to the task question (2) my opinion - teachers

have more influence on intelligence, parents have more influence on
social development

• Paragraph 2: (1) teachers are trained to impart knowledge to children

and stimulate their intelligence - example - dedicated teachers who
inspire youngsters (2) parents may play a supporting role

• Paragraph 3: parents have more influence than teachers on the

social development of their children. (1) parents spend more time with
their children than children spend in school (2) parents can be role
models for their children in a wide range of social situations - give
examples

• Conclusion: re-state opinion given in the introduction, paraphrasing

some words.

Essay:

It is true that school children are at an impressionable age, and two strong
influences on their intelligence and social development are teachers and
parents. While I accept that teachers may have more influence on the
intelligence of their pupils, I would argue that parents probably exert a
greater influence on the social development of their children.

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In terms of encouraging the intellectual development and stimulating the

intelligence of school children, I believe that teachers play the major role. While
not all teachers are capable of inspiring their students, they are trained to impart
their knowledge of their subject areas in challenging and imaginative ways. For
example, some students owe their lifelong love of a subject
to dedicated teachers who taught this discipline in secondary school. Of
course, at home parents may also reinforce this passion by

encouraging study habits during the formative years of their children. Such
support is vital for academic achievement.

From the perspective of social development, I think that parents are mainly
responsible for guiding their children. Firstly, they spend far more time with
their children than any individual teacher is able to do. They can
therefore monitor the activities of children outside school hours, at weekends
and during holidays. Secondly, parents are able to provide role models in a
whole range of situations. These might include showing
respect towards elders, choice of friends, or proper behaviour in public
when eating out in restaurants.

In conclusion, although teachers probably have a greater effect in stimulating

the intelligence of school children, parental influences on the development of
children are stronger in social situations.

266 words

Vocabulary:

• impressionable [adjective]:

Meaning: easily influenced or affected by somebody or something Example:

Advertising is often targeted at impressionable age groups, such as children
and adolescents.

• to exert influence on [expression]:

Meaning: to use one’s power to affect somebody or something

Example: Rock music exerted a strong influence on me when I was a

teenager.

• to impart their knowledge [expression]:

Meaning: to pass knowledge to other people

Example: Good teachers are inspired to impart their knowledge of their

subject to their students.

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• dedicated [adjective]:

Meaning: working very hard at something, because it is important to you

Example: John is a very dedicated student, so he deserves to be successful.

• discipline [noun]:

Meaning: a subject that people study or are taught

Example: The school has excellent teachers in various

scientific disciplines, such as physics and chemistry.

• to reinforce [verb]:

Meaning: to make a feeling or an idea stronger

Example: In order to reinforce her understanding of mathematics, Ann is

taking a course at night school.

• formative years [expression];

Meaning: having an important and lasting influence on the development of

something or of somebody’s character

Example: Parents should supervise their children closely during the formative
years of their adolescence.

• to monitor [verb]:

Meaning: to watch and check something over a period of time

Example: As a security guard, his job is to monitor who comes into the
building.

• elders [noun]:

Meaning: people of greater age, experience or authority

Example: When we were children, our parents taught US to respect our elders,

because they were older and wiser than US.

• to eat out [phrasal verb]

Meaning: to have a meal in a restaurant, not at home

Example: Last night, Caroline and I ate out at a Chinese restaurant.

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• parental [adjective]:

Meaning: connected with a parent or parents

Example: They don’t want to have children, because they think that they are too
young to accept parental responsibilities.

Exam 12
Task 1: Two tunnels (diagrams)
The diagrams show the cross-sections of two tunnels, one joining France
and Italy and the other joining two Japanese islands.

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Report Plan:

Paraphrase: diagrams/figures; show/compare: illustrate; joining/linking.

Overview/summary: (1) the railway tunnel is longer (2) it took longer to

build than the road tunnel.

Paragraph 3: compare the (maximum) depths of the tunnels. Contrast the

lengths of the tunnels.

Paragraph 4: Compare the Japanese railway tunnel construction dates

with those of the Mont Blanc tunnel. Note that the Japanese tunnel was
built under the sea -the tunnel linking France and Italy was built under a
mountain.

Report:

The figures compare the cross-sections of two tunnels. Figure 1 illustrates a

road tunnel joining two European countries, while Figure 2 shows a railway
tunnel linking two islands in Japan.

Overall, it is clear that the railway tunnel in Japan is much longer than the tunnel
under Mont Blanc. Also, the Seikan Railway Tunnel took much longer to build
than the Mont Blanc Road Tunnel.

The depth of the Mont Blanc Tunnel is 3.5 km at its maximum, compared with
only 240m for the Seikan Tunnel. However, whereas the length of the Mont
Blanc Tunnel connecting Italy and France is only 11.6 km, the Seikan Tunnel is
much longer, at 53.85 km.

The construction times of the two tunnels were markedly different. The railway
tunnel was built under the sea, connecting two Japanese islands, and its
construction took 42 years to complete, starting in 1946 and finishing in 1988.
The road tunnel under Mont Blanc, however, was completed in just 8 years,
between 1957 and 1965.

166 words

Task 2: In countries where there is high

unemployment, most pupils should be offered only
primary education. There is no point in offering
secondary education to those who will have no
hope of finding a job. To what extent do you agree
or disagree?

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Essay Plan:

• Introduction: (1) refer to the task question (2) my opinion: this

argument is too narrow -1 completely disagree

• Paragraph 2: 1st reason for my opinion: the job market is unpredictable

-example: technology replaces jobs but also creates new
employment opportunities

• Paragraph 3: 2nd reason: the real aim of education is to help people to

think critically- this produces informed and responsible citizens

• Conclusion: the job market is volatile, and the real role of education
cannot be neglected - to develop critical skills

Essay:

It is true that in countries which are suffering from high rates of unemployment,
it seems hardly worthwhile to offer education beyond primary level to most
pupils. While I accept that this appears logical, I believe that this is a very
narrow perspective, and I completely disagree with the statement.

Firstly, the prediction of upturns and downturns in the job market is extremely
difficult. At one period there may be a demand for workers in many sectors of a
country’s economy. Wages are high, and the education system needs to
prepare large numbers of students up to and beyond secondary school level,
with the skills to meet the needs of employers. For example, while technology
is replacing many traditional jobs in such areas as agriculture, transport
and heavy industry, it is also creating new jobs in other sectors. Thus, in
economic terms, it is almost impossible to say how many highly-educated
young people will be required for a nation’s workforce.

Secondly, I contend that the purpose of education is much more fundamental

than simply to prepare young people for the world of work. Education is nothing
less than the acquisition of lifelong skills in thinking critically about all aspects
of life. At its best, secondary education plays an essential part of helping young
people to develop these critical skills. If the citizens of a country are informed
and enlightened, problems such as a welfare system or the distribution of
wealth can be intelligently debated. Without mass education to this level, a
country can have no responsible citizens.

In conclusion, although in today’s volatile global economy, any country’s

employment situation is subject to rapid changes, the intangible but real
objectives of education dictate that young people should be educated to at least
secondary level.

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294 words

Vocabulary:

• worthwhile [adjective]:

Meaning: important and worth spending time, effort or money on doing

Example: The high price of dental treatment makes it worthwhile to look
after your teeth by brushing them regularly.

• upturns and downturns [nouns]:

Meaning: a situation in which things either improve or get worse over a period
of time

Example: They have supported Real Madrid through all the upturns and
downturns in the club’s fortunes.

• the job market [expression]:

Meaning: the number of jobs that are available

Example: Why don’t you do a degree in engineering? I hear that the job
market in this field is very good at the moment.

• to meet the needs of [expression]:

Meaning: the things that somebody requires for a particular purpose

Example: The course is designed to meet the needs of students who have
hearing

difficulties.

• heavy industry [noun]:

Meaning: the production of goods using heavy and powerful machines

Example: The UK no longer has heavy industries, such as shipbuilding
or steelmaking.

• workforce [noun]:

Meaning: the people who work for companies or organisations

Example: In Germany in 1932, almost 44% of the workforce were unemployed.

• the world of work [expression]:

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Meaning: employment in general

Example: She decided to leave school at the age of 16 and enter the world
of work_to support her parents.

• to be nothing less than [expression]:

Meaning: used to emphasise how great or extreme something is Example: The

decision to ignore global warming is nothing less than irresponsible and
dangerous.

• acquisition [noun]:

Meaning: the act of getting something, such as knowledge or skills Example:

She is studying the acquisition of language by young children as part of her
course.

• critical skills [noun]:

Meaning: the ability to make careful judgments about the good and bad qualities
of something

Example: Students are encouraged to develop critical skills, not simply to

accept the ideas of others.

• welfare system [noun]:

Meaning: a system by which a government provides a range of free services to

people who need them

Example: Sweden has a welfare system which includes care for the elderly,
free medical services and financial support for the unemployed.

• the distribution of wealth [expression]:

Meaning: the way that goods or money is shared among a particular group of
people.

Example: In the USA, the distribution of wealth is resulting in a small section

of the population owning most of the property.

• citizenship [noun]:

Meaning: the state of being a citizen of a country and accepting the

responsibilities of a citizen

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Example: Schools should provide the type of education that prepares young
people for the responsibilities of citizenship.

• volatile [adjective]:

Meaning: unstable and likely to change suddenly

Example: The economic crisis caused a volatile political situation, with riots in
the streets.

• to be subject to [expression]:

Meaning: to be likely to experience something

Example: Japan is particularly subject to storms in the autumn.

• intangible [adjective]:

Meaning: that exists, but is difficult to describe or measure

Explain: The forest had an intangible atmosphere of danger, perhaps because

it was so dark.

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