4

1 (a) Table 1.1 lists some SI quantities. Complete the table by indicating with a tick (✓) which rows
are SI base quantities.

Table 1.1

quantity base quantity

current
energy
force
mass
[1]

(b) Use the definition of power to determine its SI base units.

SI base units ......................................................... [2]

(c) A light meter is used to measure the intensity of light in a classroom. Daylight is incident
normally on the sensor of the meter. The sensor has an area of 2.2 cm2. The reading on the
meter is 950 W m–2.

Calculate the power of the daylight incident on the sensor.

power = ..................................................... W [3]

[Total: 6]
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7 (a) Define electric potential difference.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A cell of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 1.8 V and internal resistance r is connected in parallel
with a resistor of resistance 6.0 Ω and a filament lamp, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

1.8 V
r

6.0 Ω

Fig. 7.1

The switch S is open. The ammeter reading is 0.25 A.

Determine the internal resistance r of the cell.

r = ..................................................... Ω [3]

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(c) At time t1 switch S in Fig. 7.1 is closed. Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of the
ammeter reading I.

0
0 t1 t

Fig. 7.2

(i) State whether the e.m.f. of the cell after t1 is greater than, less than or the same as it was
before t1.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) By considering the effect of the lamp on the total resistance of the circuit, explain the
variation of the ammeter reading shown in Fig. 7.2.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

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Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) The ampere, metre and second are SI base units.

State two other SI base units.

1. ...............................................................................................................................................

2. ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The average drift speed v of electrons moving through a metal conductor is given by the
equation:
μF
v=
e
where e is the charge on an electron
F is a force acting on the electron
and μ is a constant.

Determine the SI base units of μ.

SI base units ...........................................................[3]

[Total: 5]

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6 (a) Using energy transformations, describe the electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a battery and the
potential difference (p.d.) across a resistor.

e.m.f.: ........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

p.d.: ...........................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A battery of e.m.f. 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a network of
resistors and a voltmeter, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

Z V
32 Ω

6.0 V

X Y
24 Ω

Fig. 6.1

Resistor Y has a resistance of 24 Ω and resistor Z has a resistance of 32 Ω.

(i) The resistance RX of the variable resistor X is adjusted until the voltmeter reads 4.8 V.

Calculate:

1. the current in resistor Z

current = ....................................................... A [1]

2. the total power provided by the battery

power = ..................................................... W [2]

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3. the number of conduction electrons that move through the battery in a time interval
of 25 s

number = .......................................................... [2]

4. the total resistance of X and Y connected in parallel

total resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

5. the resistance RX.

RX = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(ii) The resistance RX is now decreased.

State and explain the change, if any, to the reading on the voltmeter.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 13]

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6 A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and internal resistance r is connected to a variable

resistor of resistance R, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

E r

I
R

Fig. 6.1

The current in the circuit is I and the potential difference across the variable resistor is V.

(a) Explain, in terms of energy, why V is less than E.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) State an equation relating E, I, r and V.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(c) The resistance R of the variable resistor is varied. The variation with I of V is shown in
Fig. 6.2.

3.0

V /V
2.0

1.0

0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
I /A

Fig. 6.2

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Use Fig. 6.2 to:

(i) explain how it may be deduced that the e.m.f. of the battery is 2.8 V

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) calculate the internal resistance r.

r = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(d) The battery stores 9.2 kJ of energy. The variable resistor is adjusted so that V = 2.1 V. Use
Fig. 6.2 to:

(i) calculate resistance R

R = ...................................................... Ω [1]

(ii) calculate the number of conduction electrons moving through the battery in a time of
1.0 s

number = .......................................................... [1]

(iii) determine the time taken for the energy in the battery to become equal to 1.6 kJ.
(Assume that the e.m.f. of the battery and the current in the battery remain constant.)

time taken = ....................................................... s [3]

[Total: 10]

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5 (a) State Kirchhoff’s second law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 5.6 V and internal resistance r is connected to two
external resistors, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

5.6 V r

90

18

Fig. 5.1

The reading on the voltmeter is 4.8 V.

(i) Calculate:

1. the combined resistance of the two resistors connected in parallel

combined resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

2. the current in the battery.

current = ....................................................... A [2]

(ii) Show that the internal resistance r is 2.5 Ω.

[2]

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(iii) Determine the ratio

power dissipated by internal resistance r

.
total power produced by battery

ratio = .......................................................... [3]

(c) The battery in (b) is now connected to a battery of e.m.f. 7.2 V and internal resistance 3.5 Ω.
The new circuit is shown in Fig. 5.2.

5.6 V 2.5

7.2 V 3.5

Fig. 5.2

Determine the current in the circuit.

current = ....................................................... A [2]

[Total: 13]

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 5

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) (i) Define resistance.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) A potential difference of 0.60 V is applied across a resistor of resistance 4.0 GΩ.

Calculate the current, in pA, in the resistor.

current = ..................................................... pA [2]

(b) The energy E transferred when charge Q moves through an electrical component is given by
the equation

E = QV

where V is the potential difference across the component.

Use the equation to determine the SI base units of potential difference.

SI base units .......................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

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(d) Calculate the horizontal component of the acceleration of the particle.

horizontal component of acceleration = ................................................ m s−2 [2]

(e) (i) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength.

electric field strength = ................................................ N C−1 [2]

(ii) The sand particle has mass m and charge q. Use your answers in (d) and (e)(i) to
q
determine the ratio .
m

ratio = ............................................... C kg−1 [2]

q
(f) Another particle has a smaller magnitude of the ratio than the sand particle. This particle is
also released from point X. m

For the movement of this particle, state the effect, if any, of the decreased magnitude of the
ratio on:

(i) the vertical component of the acceleration

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) the horizontal component of the acceleration.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

[Total: 13]

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 14

6 (a) Define the ohm.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and internal resistance 1.5 Ω is connected to a
network of resistors, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

E 1.5

I
2.0 RZ
1.8 A
Y Z
8.0

0.60 A X

Fig. 6.1

Resistor X has a resistance of 8.0 Ω. Resistor Y has a resistance of 2.0 Ω. Resistor Z has a
resistance of RZ. The current in X is 0.60 A and the current in Y is 1.8 A.

(i) Calculate:

1. the current I in the battery

I = ....................................................... A [1]

2. resistance RZ

RZ = ...................................................... Ω [2]

3. e.m.f. E.

E = ...................................................... V [2]

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(ii) Resistors X and Y are each made of wire. The two wires have the same length and are
made of the same metal.

Determine the ratio:

cross-sectional area of wire X

1.
cross-sectional area of wire Y

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

average drift speed of free electrons in X

2. .
average drift speed of free electrons in Y

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 10]

Please turn over for Question 7.

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 14

6 (a) Define electric potential difference (p.d.).

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The variation with potential difference V of the current I in a semiconductor diode is shown in
Fig. 6.1.

30

25
I / mA
20

15

10

0
0 0.5 1.0
V/V

Fig. 6.1

Use Fig. 6.1 to describe qualitatively the variation of the resistance of the diode as V increases
from 0 to 1.0 V.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

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(c) The diode in (b) is part of the circuit shown in Fig. 6.2.

2.0 V

15 mA
60 Ω

X Y

Fig. 6.2

The cell of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 2.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected in
series with the diode and resistors X and Y. The resistance of Y is 60 Ω. The current in the cell
is 15 mA.

(i) Use Fig. 6.1 to determine the resistance of the diode.

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [3]

(ii) Calculate:

1. the resistance of X

resistance = ..................................................... Ω [3]

2. the ratio

power dissipated in resistor Y

.
total power produced by the cell

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]
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 5

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Distinguish between vector and scalar quantities.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The electric field strength E at a distance x from an isolated point charge Q is given by the
equation
Q
E=
x 2b
where b is a constant.

(i) Use the definition of electric field strength to show that E has SI base units of kg m A–1 s–3.

[2]

(ii) Use the units for E given in (b)(i) to determine the SI base units of b.

SI base units of b ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

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6 (a) State Kirchhoff’s first law.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The variations with potential difference V of the current I for a resistor X and for a
semiconductor diode are shown in Fig. 6.1.

15.0

12.5
I / mA
resistor X
10.0

7.5
diode
5.0

2.5

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
V/V

Fig. 6.1

(i) Determine the resistance of the diode for a potential difference V of 0.60 V.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [3]

(ii) Describe, qualitatively, the variation of the resistance of the diode as V increases from
0.60 V to 0.75 V.

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(c) The diode and the resistor X in (b) are connected into the circuit shown in Fig. 6.2.

9.3 mA
X

7.5 mA
Y

Fig. 6.2

The cell has electromotive force (e.m.f.) E and negligible internal resistance. Resistor Y is
connected in parallel with resistor X and the diode. The current in the cell is 9.3 mA and the
current in the diode is 7.5 mA.

(i) Use Fig. 6.1 to determine E.

E = .......................................................V [1]

(ii) Determine the resistance of resistor Y.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(iii) Calculate the power dissipated in the diode.

power = ......................................................W [2]

(iv) The cell is now replaced by a new cell of e.m.f. 0.50 V and negligible internal resistance.
Use Fig. 6.1 to determine the new current in the diode.

current = ....................................................mA [1]

[Total: 11]
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 16

6 A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 12 V and negligible internal resistance is connected to a

network of two lamps and two resistors, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

0.50 A

R
0.20 A

12 V X Y

28 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The two lamps in the circuit have equal resistances. The two resistors have resistances R and
28 Ω. The lamps are connected at junction X and the resistors are connected at junction Y. The
current in the battery is 0.50 A and the current in the lamps is 0.20 A.

(a) Calculate:

(i) the resistance of each lamp

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(ii) resistance R.

R = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(b) Determine the potential difference VXY between points X and Y.

VXY = ...................................................... V [3]

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(c) Calculate the ratio

total power dissipated by the lamps .
total power produced by the battery

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(d) The resistor of resistance R is now replaced by another resistor of lower resistance.

State and explain the effect, if any, of this change on the ratio in (c).

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 11]

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5 (a) State Kirchhoff’s second law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[2]

(b) Two batteries, each of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 6.0 V and negligible internal resistance, are
connected in series with three resistors, as shown in Fig. 5.1.

R
4.0 Ω X 6.0 V

6.0 V Y 1.5 Ω

Fig. 5.1

Resistor X has resistance 4.0 Ω and resistor Y has resistance 1.5 Ω.

(i) The resistance R of the variable resistor is changed until the voltmeter in the circuit reads
zero.

Calculate

1. the current I in the circuit,

I = ....................................................... A [1]

2. the resistance R.

R = ...................................................... Ω [2]

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(ii) Resistors X and Y are wires made from the same material. The diameter of the wire of X
is twice the diameter of the wire of Y.

Determine the ratio

average drift speed of free electrons in X

.
average drift speed of free electrons in Y

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

(iii) The resistance R of the variable resistor is now increased.

State and explain the effect of the increase in R on the power transformed by each of the
batteries.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[3]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) Define the volt.

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 4.5 V and negligible internal resistance is connected
to two filament lamps P and Q and a resistor R, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

4.5 V

R P

Fig. 6.1

The current in lamp P is 0.15 A.

The I–V characteristics of the filament lamps are shown in Fig. 6.2.

0.20
P
I/A

0.15

Q
0.10

0.05

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
V/V

Fig. 6.2

(i) Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the current in the battery. Explain your working.

current = ....................................................... A [2]

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(ii) Calculate the resistance of resistor R.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [2]

(iii) The filament wires of the two lamps are made from material with the same resistivity at
their operating temperature in the circuit. The diameter of the wire of lamp P is twice the
diameter of the wire of lamp Q.

Determine the ratio

length of filament wire of lamp P
.
length of filament wire of lamp Q

ratio = .......................................................... [3]

(iv) The filament wire of lamp Q breaks and stops conducting.

State and explain, qualitatively, the effect on the resistance of lamp P.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 10]

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6 (a) (i) State Kirchhoff’s first law.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) Kirchhoff’s first law is linked to the conservation of a certain quantity. State this quantity.

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 8.0 V and internal resistance 2.0 Ω is connected to a
resistor X and a wire Y, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

8.0 V 2.0 Ω

2.5 A
15 Ω

RY

wire Y

Fig. 6.1

The resistance of X is 15 Ω. The resistance of Y is RY. The current in the battery is 2.5 A.

(i) Calculate

1. the thermal energy dissipated in the battery in a time of 5.0 minutes,

energy = ........................................................ J [2]

2. the terminal potential difference of the battery.

terminal potential difference = ....................................................... V [1]

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(ii) Determine the resistance RY.

RY = ....................................................... Ω [3]

(iii) A new wire Z has the same length but less resistance than wire Y.

1. State two possible differences between wire Z and wire Y that would separately
cause wire Z to have less resistance than wire Y.

first difference: ...........................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

second difference: ......................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

2. Wire Y is replaced in the circuit by wire Z. By considering the current in the battery,
state and explain the effect of changing the wires on the total power produced by
the battery.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................[2]

[Total: 12]

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 5

Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.

1 (a) An analogue voltmeter is used to take measurements of a constant potential difference across
a resistor.

For these measurements, describe one example of

(i) a systematic error,

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) a random error.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) The potential difference across a resistor is measured as 5.0 V ± 0.1 V. The resistor is labelled
as having a resistance of 125 Ω ± 3%.

(i) Calculate the power dissipated by the resistor.

power = ..................................................... W [2]

(ii) Calculate the percentage uncertainty in the calculated power.

percentage uncertainty = ...................................................... % [2]

(iii) Determine the value of the power, with its absolute uncertainty, to an appropriate number
of significant figures.

power = ..................................... ± ..................................... W [2]

[Total: 8]

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6 A wire X has a constant resistance per unit length of 3.0 Ω m–1 and a diameter of 0.48 mm.

(a) Calculate the resistivity of the metal of wire X.

resistivity = ................................................... Ω m [3]

(b) The wire X is connected into the circuit shown in Fig. 6.1.

5.0 V 2.0 Ω

1.6 A
wire X

4.5 Ω

Fig. 6.1

The battery has an electromotive force (e.m.f.) of 5.0 V and an internal resistance of 2.0 Ω.
The wire X and a resistor R of resistance 4.5 Ω are connected in parallel. The current in the
battery is 1.6 A.

(i) Calculate the potential difference across resistor R.

potential difference = ...................................................... V [1]

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(ii) Determine, for wire X,

1. its resistance,

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [3]

2. its length.

length = ...................................................... m [1]

[Total: 8]

Please turn over for Question 7.

© UCLES 2018 9702/23/M/J/18 [Turn over

 14

6 (a) State Kirchhoff’s second law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) An electric heater containing two heating wires X and Y is connected to a power supply of
electromotive force (e.m.f.) 9.0 V and negligible internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

9.0 V

2.4 Ω
wire X

1.2 Ω
wire Y

Fig. 6.1

Wire X has a resistance of 2.4 Ω and wire Y has a resistance of 1.2 Ω. A voltmeter is connected
in parallel with the wires. A variable resistor is used to adjust the power dissipated in wires X
and Y.

The variable resistor is adjusted so that the voltmeter reads 6.0 V.

(i) Calculate the resistance of the variable resistor.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [3]

(ii) Calculate the power dissipated in wire X.

power = ..................................................... W [2]

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(iii) The cross-sectional area of wire X is three times the cross-sectional area of wire Y.
Assume that the resistivity and the number density of free electrons for the metal of both
wires are the same.

Determine the ratio

1. length of wire X ,
length of wire Y

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

2. average drift velocity of free electrons in wire X .

average drift velocity of free electrons in wire Y

ratio = .......................................................... [2]

[Total: 11]

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6 (a) Define the volt.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 7.0 V and negligible internal resistance is connected
in series with three components, as shown in Fig. 6.1.

7.0 V

Z 1.4 V
X Y

5.2 Ω 6.0 Ω

Fig. 6.1

Resistor X has a resistance of 5.2 Ω. The resistance of the filament wire of lamp Y is 6.0 Ω.
The potential difference across resistor Z is 1.4 V.

(i) Calculate the current in the circuit.

current = ....................................................... A [2]

(ii) Determine the resistance of resistor Z.

resistance = ...................................................... Ω [1]

(iii) Calculate the percentage efficiency with which the battery supplies power to the lamp.

efficiency = ...................................................... % [3]

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(iv) The filament wire of the lamp is made of metal of resistivity 3.7 × 10–7 Ω m at its operating
temperature in the circuit.

Determine, for the filament wire, the value of α where

cross-sectional area
α= .
length

α = ...................................................... m [2]

[Total: 9]

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7 (a) The current I in a metal wire is given by the expression

I = Anve.

State what is meant by the symbols A and n.

A: ..............................................................................................................................................

n: ...............................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) The diameter of a wire XY varies linearly with distance along the wire as shown in Fig. 7.1.

X
Y
current I d current I
d
2
drift speed vx

Fig. 7.1

There is a current I in the wire. At end X of the wire, the diameter is d and the average drift
speed of the free electrons is vx. At end Y of the wire, the diameter is d .
2
On Fig. 7.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the average drift speed with position
along the wire between X and Y.

5vx

4vx

3vx
average
drift
speed
2vx

vx

0
X Y
position along wire

Fig. 7.2
[2]

[Total: 4]
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6 (a) Define the coulomb.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) An electric current is a flow of charge carriers.

In the following list, underline the possible charges for a charge carrier.

8.0 × 10–19 C 4.0 × 10–19 C 1.6 × 10–19 C 1.6 × 10–20 C [1]

(c) The diameter of a wire ST varies linearly with distance along the wire as shown in Fig. 6.1.

S T

current I current I
d 2d
drift speed vs

Fig. 6.1

There is a current I in the wire. At end S of the wire, the diameter is d and the average drift
speed of the free electrons is vs. At end T of the wire, the diameter is 2d.

On Fig. 6.2, sketch a graph to show the variation of the average drift speed with position
along the wire between S and T.

1.00vs

0.75vs

average
drift 0.50vs
speed

0.25vs

0
S T
position along wire

Fig. 6.2
[2]

[Total: 4]

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7 (a) State Kirchhoff’s first law.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A potentiometer is connected to a battery of electromotive force (e.m.f.) 9.6 V and negligible
internal resistance, as shown in Fig. 7.1.

9.6 V

800 Ω

X Y
slider

400Ω

Fig. 7.1

The maximum resistance of the potentiometer is 800 Ω. A resistor R of resistance 400 Ω is

connected between the slider and end X of the potentiometer.

(i) State the potential difference across resistor R when the slider is positioned

1. at end X of the potentiometer,

potential difference = ............................................................ V

2. at end Y of the potentiometer.

potential difference = ............................................................ V

[2]

© UCLES 2018 9702/23/O/N/18

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(ii) Calculate the potential difference across resistor R when the slider is positioned half-way
between X and Y.

potential difference = ....................................................... V [3]

[Total: 6]

© UCLES 2018 9702/23/O/N/18