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MICROBIOLOGY: study of very small objects (micron size)

using an optical instrument [Microscope] at higher
magnification and resolution

WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?

Study of living organisms of microscopic size

which include bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa
and viruses.
Deals with the form, structure, reproduction,
physiology, metabolism and classification of
microorganisms.
Microorganisms have both beneficial and
detrimental effects on environment and human
welfare.

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EXAMPLES:

 Yogurt and cheese making: Lactobacillus and

streptococcus (bacteria)
 Wine making: Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Yeast)
 Antibiotic Penicillin production: Penicillium notatum
(Fungi)
 Disease causing bacteria: Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
 Spoil food: Fungus
 Deterioration of materials like leather, iron and
wood by bacteria and fungi

Microbiology is the study of microscopic living organisms

such as bacteria and fungi.

The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure

and applied sciences.

APPLIED BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY

 Medical Microbiology
 Pharmaceutical Microbiology
 Industrial Microbiology
 Microbial Biotechnology
 Food Microbiology
 Soil Microbiology
 Agricultural Microbiology
 Aquatic Microbiology

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Microorganism are used as a source for

 Synthesis of Antibiotics
 Synthesis of Enzymes
 Synthesis of Amino acid
 Synthesis of Vitamins
 Synthesis of Steroidal Hormones, food
source and Synthesis of Vaccine.

Antibiotic Source
Penicillin Penicillium Group 1ST
chrysogenum, of DISCOVERED
P. notatum Antibio (Alexander
[FUNGI] tics Flemming)

Bacitracin Bacillus subtilis

[BACTERIA]

Chloramphenicol Streptomyces
venezuelae
[ACTINOMYCETES]

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Antibiotic Source

Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Group 2nd

of DISCOVERED
[ACTINOMYCETES] Antibio (Salman
tics Waksman)

Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvum

Nystatin Streptomyces noursei Antifungal

Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus

Polymixin Bacillus polymyxa Antifungal

[BACTERIA]

Antibiotic Source

Neomycin Streptomyces fradiae

Oxytetracycline Streptomyces rimosus

Cephalosporins Cephalosporium acremonium

Gentamycin Micromonospora purpurea

Rifamycin Nocardia mediterranei

Amphotericin B Streptomyces Antifungal

nodosus

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TAXONOMY is the science of naming, describing

and classifying organisms and includes all plants,
animals and microorganisms of the world.

IMMUNOLOGY: study of immune systems in

living organisms ….. Our Defence System

GENETICS: study of heredity and the variation of

inherited characteristics

Viruses + Fungi
Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Bacteria + Fungi
Saprophytic
or Parasitic Intracellular obligate
Bacteriology

Eukaryotes parasites

Virology
Mycology

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Binomial nomenclature
• Universal System
• Single common name for two different species – all living
organisms
• It consists of two epithets [words] – Generic and Species
names
• 1st introduced by C. Linnaeus in 1751 and accepted
widely ….till now
• How to write ?
– Genus comes first
– Species follows next
– Should be in Greek or Latin
– Genus name should be capitalized
– Species name should be in small letter
– It should be italics (type) or underlined (writing)

Scope of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

1. Isolation and Identification of new species with novel
applications / as cause of certain ailments
2. Microbial Limit Tests – sterile and non-sterile pharmaceuticals
3. Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics
4. Industrial Biotechnology – Fermentation and Production of
Various antibiotics, vitamins, enzymes, alcohols, secondary
metabolites, etc.
5. Biohazards BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture
03

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Scope of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

6. Biotechnology – Recombinant Engineering Technology

7. Immunology – Diagnostic Kits, ELISA, PCR, Western Blot
Tests, etc.
8. Vaccines and Serological preparations
9. Hypersensitivity Reactions – Allergy, Erythroblastosis foetalis,
Fever, etc.
10.Sterilization, Disinfection , Preservation, etc.
11.Medical Devices BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY
(Theory) Lecture 03

Applications of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

1. Microorganism are used as a source for

• Antibiotics
• Enzymes
• Amino acid
• Vitamins
• Steroidal Hormones, food source and Synthesis of Vaccines
• Alcohols
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture
03

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EXAMPLES:
Antibiotics: Chlorotetracycline from Streptomyces aureofaciens

Enzymes: Pectinases and proteases from Aspergillus wentiior and

Aspergillus aureus are used as clarifying agents in fruit-juice industries
Vitamins: Vit C from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is useful against scurvy
Amino acids: Cysteine from diverse Lactobacillus species is an useful
antioxidant
Hormones: Gibberellic acid from Fusarium moniliforme is explored as
plant-growth hormone
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)
Lecture 03

Applications of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

2. Diagnosis of diseases and treatment: ELISA test (for HIV), Widal Test (For
Typhoid) used for detection infectious microorganism.

3. Treatment of industrial waste materials (Bioremediation):

Microorganism are used to decompose the organic waste materials

4. Identification of microorganism: Staining, biochemical, serological,

genetic testing

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)

Lecture 03

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Applications of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

5. Production of Prebiotics: Inulin extract from chicory root, wheat,
banana, onions, garlic, leek from improving g.i.t disorders

6. Production of Probiotics: Lactobacillus bulcaricus prevent colon

cancer by preventing breakdown of enzymes (β-glucuronidase) that
promote growth of cancer causing agents.

7. Testing of raw materials and finished product: Microbial limit test

(MLT) as per IP to detect the level of microbial contamination in
pharmaceutical products.
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)
Lecture 03

Applications of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

8. Microbiological assay: To determine the potency and concentration in

Antibiotics, Vitamins, Enzymes etc.

9. Evaluation of disinfectant: To evaluate the efficacy of unknown

disinfectant (Phenol Coefficient test)

10. Preservative efficacy test: To determines the protection ability of any

formulation against environmental microorganism.
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)
Lecture 03

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Applications of Pharmaceutical Microbiology

11. Screening of antimicrobial activity: Employed to study the

antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against a variety of test
microorganism including both pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains

12. Endotoxin test: LAL (Limulus amebocyte lysate) test and Pyrogen test
for injectable

13. Sterility test: To detect the presence of contamination in sterile

product as per IP
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture
03

DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT

Whooping cough Bordetella pertussis
TB (Tuberculosis) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae
German measles Rubella virus
Bubonic plague Yersinia pestis
AIDS (Acquired immunodeficiency HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus)
syndrome)
Syphilis Treponema pallidum
Tetanus Clostridium tetani
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 03

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DISEASE CAUSATIVE AGENT

Anthrax Bacillus anthracis
Plasmodium falciparum
Plasmodium vivax
Malaria
Plasmodium ovale
Plasmodium malariae
Cholera Vibrio cholerae
Diphtheria Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Typhoid Salmonella typhi
Athletes’ foot Trichophyton mentagrophytes

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory)

Lecture 03

TAXONOMY is the science dealing with the description,

identification, naming, and classification of organisms.

CLASSIFICATION is the ‘grouping’ of organisms based on

particular characters and is not arranged in hierarchical
order.

NOMENCLATURE is concerned with assignment of name

to taxonomic groups in agreement of published rules
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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CAROLEUS LINNAEUS:
 Eighteen century Swedish botanist
 Credited for the science of
taxonomy
 He originated the binomial
nomenclature.

BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE:
 Latinized name composed of two
words;
 1st word is a genus name (Always
capitalized); Always a noun
 2nd word is species name (not
capitalized); Usually an adjective BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL
 Species name must be continued MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04
with genus name.

1. Escherichia coli - Named after Theoder Escherich in

1888; found in colon.
2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae – Saccaro = sugar,
myco=mold, cerevisiae=beer or ale.
3. Staphylococccus aureus - aureus = golden, staphylo
= clustrer, Kokkus = berry
4. Streptococcus lactis – strepto = twisted chain,
kokkus = berry, lacto = milk
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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1967, Robert
Whittaker
introduced
Five-kingdom
classification
system

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

Absorption
Photosynthesis
Ingestion

Mode of
Nutrition
Multicellular cellular
organization

Single cell

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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BP 303 T.
PHARMACEUTICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
(Theory) Lecture 04

CONTRIBUTION OF LOUIS PASTEUR

1. Disproved Spontaneous Theory
Until the 2nd half of the 19th
century, Many scientists believed
that some form of life could arise
spontaneously from nonliving
matter; they called this hypothesis
as ‘Spontaneous Generation’
Experimentally, Pasteur
demonstrated that microorganism
are present in the air and can Father of
contaminate sterile solutions, but Microbiology
air itself does not create microbes.
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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• Microorganisms are not evenly

distributed in the atmosphere
• They differ in number and types from
place to place

How will you prove this ?

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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PASTEURIZATION
• He developed a method to remove the microbial
contamination from juice without affecting its
quality.
• Heating the juice at 62° C for 30 minutes killed
microbes (72 °C for 15 seconds).
• This technique is known as pasteurization, widely
used in milk industries

Pasteur’s findings eventually led to introduction of

sterilizing and cleaning practices & antiseptic methods.

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

FERMENTATION

• In the mid-1850s, Pasteur undertook a

series of studies on alcoholic
fermentation at a local distillery.
• He learned about many aspects of
fermentation, including the compounds
that cause milk to sour.
• In 1857 he presented evidence that all
fermentation is caused by
microorganisms.
• He defined fermentation conditions such
as aerobic / anaerobic fermentation, etc.
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Production of Alcohol using Yeast
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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Molecular asymmetry – Tartaric acid

Crystals – Racemic Mixtures –
Stereochemistry

Germ theory
• Proposed GERM THEORY —that certain
diseases result from invasion of the body by
microorganisms.
• Prior to Pasteur’s time, most people, including
scientists, believed that all disease came from
inside the body rather than from outside.
• Bacteria are the cause of disease –reported
before Pasteur-but not proved
Discovered the Protozoal parasites as the cause of
pebrine disease in silk worms.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• 1st to introduce
‘virulence’ concept:
Ability to produce
disease.
• He developed
vaccines for chicken
cholera and anthrax.
• Concept of
immunization.

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL
MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 04

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BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL
MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

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BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

BP 303 T.
PHARMACEUTICAL
MICROBIOLOGY
(Theory) Lecture 05

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BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

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BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

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BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS OF ROBERT KOCH

 Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis
 Methods for staining bacteria, photographing and preparing
permanent visual records on slides.
 Developed solid culture media and the methods for studying
bacteria in pure cultures.
 Isolated the bacterium—Mycobacterium tuberculosis—that
causes tuberculosis.
 Use of AGAR & GELATIN as a support medium for solid
culture in Koch’s lab by Hesse.
 Isolation of Vibrio cholerae, the cause of cholera.
 Germ theory of disease
 Koch’s postulates
 Petri Plate – Name of his student

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 Paul Ehrlich in collaboration with

Sakahiro Hata, discovered the drug,
Salvarsan, an arsenobenzol compound
in 1910 for the treatment of syphilis
caused by Treponema pallidum.
 Ehrlich popularized the concept of a
"magic bullet".
 Contribution antiserum to combat FATHER
diphtheria. OF CHEMO-
 Ehrlich laid important foundation of THERAPY
the era of chemotherapy which is
defined as the use of chemicals that
selectively inhibit or kill pathogens
without causing damage to the
victim.

GERHARDT DOMAGK

 Discovered Prontosil Red, an azo-dye against

pathogenic streptococci and staphylococci
infections.
 This lead to the rapid development of
sulphonamides or sulpha drugs, which are still
used today.
 In 1939, Domagk received Nobel Prize for this
useful contribution.
BP 303 T. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (Theory) Lecture 05

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Ananda Mohan Chakraborty

Indian American microbiologist,
Genetically engineered microorganism using
plasmid transfer while working at General Electric Died: 10 July 2020
Company, USA won the landmark US Supreme (Illinois, USA)
Court patent case, Diamond v. Chakraborty.
Prof. Chakrabarty's landmark research has since paved the way
for many patents on genetically modified micro-organisms and
other life forms
Discovered a method for genetic cross-linking that fixed all four
plasmid genes in place and produced a new, stable, bacterial
species (Pseudomonas putida) capable of consuming oil one or
two orders of magnitude faster than the previous four strains
of oil-eating microbes. Discovery and Invention
Inventions: Pseudomonas putida are different

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