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Hypothesi

s
Submitted to :-Mrs. Ketaki Dwivedi

Submitted By:
Priyanka Pangta
M.A. 1st Year (2nd Sem) Sociology
Hypothesis
• A hypothesis is a tentative answer to research problem. Hypothesis are
expressed in form of a relation between independent and dependent
variable. Hypothesis are tentative confections because their veracity can
be evaluated only after they have been tested empirically. When a
researcher suggest a hypothesis, he or she has no assurance that it will
be verified. A hypothesis is constructed and if it is rejected, another
one is put forward, if it is accepted, it is incorporated into scientific
body of knowledge.
Definitions
• According to Webster’s new international dictionary a hypothesis is a proposition,
condition, or principle which is assumed, perhaps without belief, in order to draw out its
logical consequences and by this method to test its accord with facts which are known or
maybe determined.
• George Lundberg, and experienced social researcher and theorist, observed:
The only difference between gathering at without hypothesis and gathering them with one is
that in the latter case we deliberately recognize the limitation of our sense and attempt to
reduce their fallibility by imitating our field of the investigation so as to permit a greater
concentration of attention on the particular aspects
• The researcher should be careful in neither believing nor disbelieving the hypotheses. He
should test them and accept either positive or negative results in their scientific spirit or
inquiry. He should carry out his research in a detached manner. From the above observation
it is quite evident that it is very difficult to formulate the hypotheses but at the same time
very important. In any investigation, the formulation of definite hypotheses is a must.
Types and Sources of Hypothesis
• There are three types of hypotheses:
i. Some hypotheses state the existence of empirical uniformities.
ii. Some hypotheses are concerned with complex ideal types.
iii. Some hypotheses are concerned with relation of analytic variables.
• There are five sources of hypothesis
i. General culture in which a science furnishes many of its basic hypotheses.
ii. The hypotheses originate in science itself.
iii. Analogies are often sources of useful hypotheses.
iv. Hypotheses are also the consequence of personal, idiosyncratic experience .
v. Case study method.
Induction and Deduction
• Induction refers to a research method that uses data
such as observations to create generalizations.
• Deduction refers to a form of logical reasoning that
derives a conclusion from a set of premises and the
conclusion cannot be false if the premises are true.
Methods of Induction
• John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) produce five canons or rules of induction which he said
served as method of discovering causal relationships and also as methods of testing the
validity of inductive argument.
1. The method of Agreement.
2. The method of Difference.
3. The method of Agreement and Difference.
4. The method of Concomitant variation.
5. The method of Residues.
Conclusion
• Here the premises entails the conclusion, but in more complicated arguments it is
sometimes not clear whether the premises do, infact, entail the conclusion.
Sometimes a very careful rigorous, examination of an agreement will show that the
conclusion is not entailed by the premises . It is the task of logic to enable one to
distinguish between such arguments and so the distinction is made between valid
and invalid deductive arguments. A deductive argument is said to be valid. When its
premises and conclusions are so related that it is absolutely impossible for the
premises to be true unless the conclusion is true also.
• Although the distinction between deduction and induction serves the important
purpose of identifying opposite ways to go about theory building, most
investigators finds that their scientific work entails a certain amount of both.

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